Academic literature on the topic 'Usufruct'
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Journal articles on the topic "Usufruct"
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Greco, Pedro Teixeira Pinos, and Adilson Rodrigues Pires. "A DOAÇÃO COM RESERVA DE USUFRUTO VITALÍCIO FEITA ANTES DO ART. 42 DA LEI Nº 7.174/2015: A JUSTIÇA TRIBUTÁRIA NA PRÁTICA / THE DONATION WITH LIFETIME USUFRUCT RESERVATION MADE BEFORE ART. 42 OF LAW NO. 7,174/2015: TAX JUSTICE IN PRACTICE." RFD- Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ, no. 41 (October 12, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rfd.2022.70723.
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Resumo: Esse texto objetiva debater a atitude do Fisco do Estado do Rio de Janeiro que ainda faz a cobrança do ITCMD de doações com reserva de usufruto vitalício que foram feitas antes da Lei Estadual do Rio de Janeiro nº 7.174/2015. A causa desse artigo repousa na ação do Fisco Estadual que persiste em fazer a cobrança do ITCMD (apesar da doutrina sólida e do precedente vinculante do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro que desobrigam esse pagamento). Como marco teórico nos orientaremos por Klaus Tipke e seus escritos sobre justiça tributária e ética fiscal do Estado. Dessa forma, por meio de uma metodologia científica indutiva, do exame da Constituição, das Leis, dos autores jurídicos e da jurisprudência estudaremos os institutos da doação, do usufruto, da doação com reserva de usufruto vitalício, da irretroatividade tributária, da legalidade tributária e da segurança jurídica tributária para que possamos explicar nossa visão a respeito dessa conduta estatal, consoante a justiça tributária e ética fiscal do Estado.Palavras-chave: Doação. Reserva de Usufruto.Usufruto Vitalício. Abstract: This text aims to debate the attitude of the Rio de Janeiro State Tax Authority, which still charges the ITCMD for donations with reserve of lifetime usufruct that were made before the Rio de Janeiro State Law No. 7,174/2015. The cause of this article lies in the action of the State Tax Authorities that persists in charging the ITCMD (despite the solid doctrine, the binding precedent of the Court of Justice of the State of Rio de Janeiro). As a theoretical framework, we will be guided by Klaus Tipke and his writings on tax justice and the State's fiscal ethics. Thus, through an inductive scientific methodology, examining the Constitution, Laws, legal authors and jurisprudence, we study the institutes of donation, usufruct, donation with reserve of lifetime usufruct, tax non-retroactivity, legality tax law and tax legal certainty so that we can explain our vision regarding this state conduct, in accordance with the tax justice and fiscal ethics of the State.Keywords: Donation. Lifetime Usufruct Reserve Lifetime Usufruct.
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Kozińska, Joanna. "Perpetual usufruct as an instrument for strengthening socialist state property and contemporary legal effects in property law." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 42, no. 3 (2021): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.42.3.11.
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The first part of this study presents historical reasons for introducing perpetual usufruct by the Management of Urban Areas Act 1961 and the Civil Code 1964. It begins with the general analysis that focuses on the changes of laws from the initial introducing development right and perpetual lease to ownership divided into periods and then usufruct of the state residential property. The author explains the mechanism of influence of the factors arising from communist ideology (Marxism-Leninism) on the proposed legal solutions particularly attributing a prominent role to socialist state property in the People’s Republic of Poland. Next, the official version of the perpetual usufruct’s role is also presented. The perpetual usufruct was introduced as a new real right which was to be attractive for citizens and enabled the state to administer areas in towns and settlements in accordance with a legal town development plan. The aim of the study is the explanation of the real function of the perpetual usufruct of residential lands in towns. The construction of perpetual usufruct was a result of referring to models of Soviet law. It was an instrument which was to protect socialist state property as well as to counteract a depletion of the accumulated state lands through a transfer of those lands for private persons. The perpetual usufruct also was to enable the socialist state to control how urban land was used. The perpetual usufruct was a result of the ideological and political principles of the socialist system in the People’s Republic of Poland, particularly strengthening socialist state property of lands. The perpetual usufruct was really a semblance of ownership of land. This was indirectly explained in the resolutions of the Supreme Court of 1968 and 1969. Therefore, in our times there are difficult legal problems also connected with the issue of granting property rights to perpetual usufructuary. The legal proposals of replacing perpetual usufruct with different rights still haven’t been introduced. The last part of this study expresses in a concise way the contemporary legal acts which were aimed at reducing the accumulation of lands which were let on a perpetual usufruct. Nevertheless, these acts weren’t always effective. The Act of 2018 on Transformation Perpetual Usufruct of Built-up Residential Lands into Ownership of those Lands is the last legal act concerning the discussed issues. In principle this act introduced the enfranchisement in accordance with the law for every perpetual usufructuary of built-up residential land. However, it didn’t eliminate the perpetual usufruct in Polish property law. The analysis in this paper proposes the thesis that the perpetual usufruct of residential lands (on a large scale) was never justified in an economy, but was only determined by ideological and political reasons in the People’s Republic of Poland.
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Stawecki, Marek. "Perpetual usufruct." Studia Administracyjne 8 (2016): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/sa.2016.8-03.
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Eastman, Clyde. "Gambian usufruct tenure." Land Use Policy 7, no. 1 (1990): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(90)90052-z.
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Piccini Roy, Marilyn. "Usufruct in Quebec." Trusts & Trustees 24, no. 1 (2017): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttx194.
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Rodrı´guez-Azuero, Sergio. "Usufruct in Colombia: brief comparison with usufruct in the Netherlands1." Trusts & Trustees 24, no. 1 (2018): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttx184.
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Kuryj, Jan, and Anna Klimach. "The right of perpetual usufruct and the principles of a market economy." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 23, no. 3 (2024): 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.10007.
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The right of perpetual usufruct is deeply rooted in the Polish legal system. Perpetual usufruct has a long history, and it is unlikely to be abolished in the near future. Therefore, the extent to which the right of perpetual usufruct is consistent with the principles of a free-market economy should be determined. In the present study, this issue has been examined comprehensively by describing the economic aspects of this right. The fees associated with perpetual usufruct can attract individuals who have an interest in establishing this right. However, these fees can also discourage potential usufructuaries. Despite the above, perpetual usufruct fees constitute a steady source of income for territorial self-governments which grant the right to perpetual usufruct of municipal land. In addition to a comprehensive overview of perpetual usufruct fees, this study also involved a survey to determine the extent to which territorial self-governments exercise the legal rights associated with the collection of perpetual usufruct fees.
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Maydanyk, Roman A., Nataliia I. Maydanyk, and Natalia R. Popova. "Peculiarities of Usufruct in the Countries of Roman-German Law: Implementation of Best Practice in Ukrainian Law." Open Journal for Legal Studies 4, no. 2 (2021): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojls.0402.02061m.
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The article examines the features of usufruct in the European countries of Romano-Germanic law, determines the terms for the implementation of the best European practice of usufruct in the law of Ukraine. The law of European countries of continental law recognizes the usufruct as a real right of personal possession for use, which is considered an independent real right to another's property or a kind of easement. The peculiarities of usufruct in some countries of Romano-Germanic law, in particular in Germany, France, Georgia, Moldova and Russia, are researched. The peculiarities of usufruct in some countries of Romano-Germanic law, in particular in Germany, France, Poland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Georgia, Moldova and Russia, are researched. The issues of usufruct implementation in the law of Ukraine are considered. The issues of usufruct implementation in the law of Ukraine are considered. The authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce the institute of usufruct into the Ukrainian law by supplementing the Civil Code of Ukraine with a new chapter “Uzufruct”, the framework provisions of which are proposed in this paper.
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Maydanyk, R., N. Popova, and N. Maydanyk. "EUROPEANIZATION AND RECODIFICATION. USUFRUCT." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 119 (2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2021/4.119-8.
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The article examines the features of usufruct in the European countries of Romano-Germanic law, determines the terms for the implementation in the Law of Ukraine of the best practice of usufruct in terms of Europeanization and Recodification. The peculiarities of usufruct in some countries of Romano-Germanic law, particularly in Germany, France, Poland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Georgia, Moldova and Russia are studied. Usufruct, which is a flexible and universally recognized in the legal systems of Western Europe property right of personal possession for use, which is treated as an independent property right to another's property in the countries of Roman legal family or a kind of easement in the countries of German legal family, remains unknown to most countries – republics of the former Soviet Union. The law of Ukraine also does not provide for the institution of usufruct and regulates the relationship of long-term use of someone else's real estate through a number of limited property rights (emphyteusis, superficies, the right to economic management, the right to operational management) and obligational legal structures (usually land lease and property management). The authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce the institute of usufruct into the Ukrainian law by supplementing the Civil Code of Ukraine with a new chapter "Uzufruct", the framework provisions of which are proposed in this paper. In the law of Ukraine it is expedient to recognize usufruct as an independent, different from easement, real right of personal possession for use, which serves as a general provision on emphyteusis (the right to use someone else's land for agricultural purposes). In this regard, the provisions of Chapter 32 of the Civil Code of Ukraine on usufruct should be applied to relations under emphyteusis, unless otherwise provided by the provisions of the Central Committee on emphyteusis and does not follow from its essence. According to its purpose, the legal structure of the usufruct can perform any functions of personal possession for the use of another's property, which allows the use of this legal structure in any area of property use, regardless of whether the purpose is income or other socially useful result (charity, etc.). The absence of usufruct in the national law hinders the effective transformation of legal titles on a state and municipal property by waiving the right of economic management and the right of operative management in terms of recodification of the civil legislation, and does not promote formation of the full-fledged land market and its steady development in the terms of cancellation of the moratorium on sale of the agricultural lands, conducting commodity of agricultural production in Ukraine. Regarding the recodification and cancellation of the Commercial Code, usufruct is the most acceptable replacement of the right of economic management and the right of operative management. Along with long-term lease and property management, the usufruct is functionally similar to the right to economic management and the right to operational management. Unlike property management and lease, usufruct provides for paid or gratuitous use of property in the user's own interest (usufructuary), imperatively defined by law, the content of the rights of participants and a list of grounds for their termination under the rules of property rights.
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Hung, Le Minh. "LAWS ON USUFRUCT RIGHTS IN VIETNAM IN THE 15TH CENTURY AND LESSONS LEARNED FOR TODAY." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 12, no. 9 (2024): e3956. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i9.3956.
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Objective: The purpose of this article is to present the current state of the law on usufruct rights, to recognize the advanced values of the regulations on usufruct rights in the 2015 Civil Code. Theoretical Framework: The provision on usufruct rights is included in the 2015 Civil Code of Vietnam is not a completely new provision in the contemporary Vietnam laws. Usufruct right regime was recognized through 04 civil codes promulgated by the old regimes in the years 1888, 1931, 1939, 1972. However, through researching the laws of the feudal period, the author finds a provision similar to usufruct rights, which was recorded many years ago in Vietnam: the provision on the right to exploit and use the property of others in the Hong Duc Code, promulgated in the 15th century. Method: By using the perspective of selectively inheriting traditional values of Vietnamese national history, using historical methods and comparative methods to study the provisions on usufruct rights in the Hong Duc Code, the author presents the current status of the law on usufruct rights, recognizes the progressive values of such rights in the 2015 Civil Code. Result and Discussion: The article serves as an additional source of documents and new information for those interested in usufruct rights in the Hong Duc Code of Vietnam; affirms that there are many progressive points on usufruct rights in the Hong Duc Code: respecting and acknowledging the principle of equality, protecting the rights of women and children. Originality/Value: This article is the first one that focusing on usufruct rights within the Vietnamese acient law. Through this article, the author hope to improve current laws for better protecting the rights of the disadvantaged in a family, encouraging actions to protect public properties, and increasing the provision of additional economic resources to the economy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Usufruct"
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Fabre, Marie. "L’usufruit atypique : contribution à la notion de démembrement de la propriété." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020049.
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Face aux limites d’un modèle social fondé sur la propriété absolue, l’usufruit, défini comme un droit de jouissance temporaire sur la chose d’autrui, apparaît aujourd’hui comme un outil fondamentalement utile. C’est aussi un droit en pleine expansion, comme en témoigne la diversification croissante de ses applications. Le quasi-usufruit, l’usufruit successif, l’usufruit temporaire, conditionnel, éventuel mais aussi l’usufruit des créances, des droits sociaux, des droits de propriété intellectuelle ou des universalités de fait sont autant d’exemples d’un usufruit que l’on peut dire « atypique » en raison de ses particularismes de régime. Ce sont ces mécanismes que la présente étude se propose d’étudier. Plus précisément, il s’agit de déterminer si les usufruits spéciaux peuvent ou non se concilier avec le modèle classique de l’usufruit, autrement dit, si une définition et un régime communs demeurent possibles. La démarche suppose alors de trancher la controverse toujours vive de la définition de l’usufruit en un démembrement de la propriété, et, ce faisant, d’apporter des solutions aux insuffisances bien connues des règles classiques de l’usufruit, telles que l’absence de relations personnelles entre les parties, et de manière générale, leur séparation trop stricte dans l’exercice de l’usufruit. De ce point de vue, la réflexion sur les usufruits atypiques crée l’occasion de repenser l’institution entière, et apparaît comme la source d’un potentiel renouvellement<br>In the face of the limits of a social model organization based on absolute property rights, the right of usufruct (usufruit), which can be defined as a temporary right of use on another individual’s property, appears nowadays as fundamental tool. Usufruct is also a thriving tool, as evidenced by the growing diversification of its implementations. In this regard, the rise of atypical forms of usufruct – usufruct rights that differ substantially from the traditional form and regime of usufruct – is particularly striking. Quasi-usufruct (also known as irregular usufruct), successive usufruct, temporary, conditional or potential usufruct, as well as usufruct on debts, shares, and intellectual property rights are just examples of this booming phenomenon. They are the subject of this research. More precisely, this research seeks to determine whether such atypical rights of usufruct may be accommodated to the more traditional form of usufruct. In other word, the question is whether a characterization and legal regime common to both traditional and atypical forms of usufruct can be achieved. Therefore, this study aims at resolving past debates over the characterization of usufruct as a breaking-up of property rights and at providing remedies to the well-known insufficiencies in the traditional legal framework of usufruct rights, such as the absence of interpersonal relations between the parties, and more generally, their strict dissociation in the actual exercise of the usufruct right. In this perspective, this research on the atypical forms of usufruct is the occasion to fully rethink this legal institution, and opens the way for its prospective renewal
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Laronze, Bertrand. "L'usufruit des droits de propriété intellectuelle /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses Univ. d'Aix-Marseille, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/530632683.pdf.
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Devillers, Hugo. "L'utilisation du bien d'autrui par une personne publique. Recherche sur le statut de personne publique locataire." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3039.
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Les personnes publiques ne sont pas propriétaires de tous les biens qu’elles utilisent. Elles louent ou empruntent souvent les biens nécessaires à l’exercice de leurs missions. L’utilisation du bien d’autrui n’est plus envisagée comme la solution par défaut qu’elle fut longtemps. A cette fin, les personnes publiques optent pour des procédés juridiques multiples. Titulaires de la capacité à contracter, elles concluent des baux civils ou commerciaux, des prêts à usage ou des usufruits conventionnels. Elles peuvent également recourir à des procédés de droit public, tels que les marchés publics de fournitures ou les marchés de partenariat. Enfin, certains mécanismes non-conventionnels permettent également cette déconnexion entre l’usage et la propriété. En vertu d’une prérogative de puissance publique particulièrement exorbitante, l’administration est habilitée à capter unilatéralement un droit d’usage dans le patrimoine d’autrui, via son pouvoir de réquisition, par exemple. L’aptitude unique de l’administration à jouer ainsi sur plusieurs tableaux est la marque de son irréductible spécificité.L’utilisation du bien d’autrui par une personne publique est en principe le support d’une mission ou d’une tâche d’intérêt général. Pour cette raison, son exécution doit respecter les nécessités de l’action publique, ensemble de principes et exigences juridiques qui impliquent que les activités administratives soient mises en œuvre de manière efficace et sans interruption, à l’aide de moyens adaptés et dans de bonnes conditions financières. A cet égard, l’utilisation du bien d’autrui présente des atouts dont l’exercice du droit de propriété est dépourvu, au moins dans deux circonstances. Les besoins de courte durée, qu’ils soient ponctuels ou discontinus, sont mieux assouvis par la location, le prêt à usage, ou la réquisition, que par l’acquisition d’un bien. La même remarque s’applique, avec quelques nuances, à la satisfaction des besoins complexes de l’administration. Mais la difficile adaptation à l’évolution des besoins et la précarité qui caractérise un nombre important de ces techniques juridiques présente le risque d’une certaine perte de maîtrise, qui peut mettre à mal la continuité, la mutabilité, la « qualité » et la « performance » du service public auquel le bien loué est affecté. Dès lors, le droit public est appelé à réagir. Un régime juridique unifié pourrait être appliqué à l’ensemble des biens utilisés par l’administration, quel qu’en soit le propriétaire, dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre d’une activité de service public. Ces règles s’attacheraient à rendre l’utilisation inviolable, abstraction faite de l’instrument juridique qui fonde l’exercice du droit d’usage ou de jouissance par la personne publique<br>Public entities do not own all the goods they use. They often rent or borrow the assets necessary for the performance of their missions. The use of the property of others is no longer considered as the default solution that it was for a long time. To this end, public entities opt for multiple legal processes. Holders of the capacity to contract, they conclude civil or commercial leases, loans or conventional usufruct. They may also use public law procedures, such as public supply contracts or partnership contracts. Finally, some non-conventional mechanisms also allow this disconnection between use and ownership. By virtue of a particularly exorbitant prerogative of public power, the administration is empowered to unilaterally capture a right of use in the patrimony of others, for example, by its power of requisition. The unique ability of the administration to play thus on several tables is the mark of its irreducible specificity.The use of the property of others by a public person is in principle the support of a mission or task of general interest. For this reason, its execution must respect the requirements of public action, a set of principles and legal requirements which imply that administrative activities must be carried out efficiently and without interruption, using appropriate and appropriate means financial conditions. In this respect, the use of the property of others presents assets whose exercise of the right of ownership is devoid, at least in two circumstances. Short-term needs, whether they are punctual or discontinuous, are better satisfied by renting, using loans, or requisitioning than by acquiring property. The same remark applies, with some nuances, to the satisfaction of the complex needs of the administration. But the difficult adaptation to changing needs and the precariousness that characterizes a large number of these legal techniques presents the risk of a certain loss of control, which can undermine continuity, mutability, "quality" and Performance "of the public service to which the leased asset is assigned. Consequently, public law is called upon to react. A unified legal regime could be applied to all property used by the administration, whatever its owner, in the context of the implementation of a public service activity. These rules would aim at making the use inviolable, apart from the legal instrument on which the exercise of the right of use or enjoyment by the public person is based
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Kerrick, Benjamin Carl. "Borrowed Ground: Evaluating the Potential Role of Usufruct in Neighborhood-Scale Foodsheds." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366380928.
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Kilgus, Nicolas. "L'usufruit des biens incorporels : contribution à la nature juridique de l'usufruit." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA007.
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L’usufruit est une institution ancienne, dont les origines remontent au droit romain. Les rédacteurs du Code civil se sont inspirés de sa définition telle qu’elle figurait au Digeste. La plupart des solutions qu’ils avaient énoncées n’ont pas été modifiées depuis 1804. Or, le XXe siècle a vu se développer des valeurs nouvelles, caractérisées par leur absence de corpus. Ces biens incorporels, une fois réservés par le droit, sont devenus les objets de l’antique institution. La qualité d’associé revendiquée par l’usufruitier, l’appréhension des réserves distribuées par une société ou la possibilité de conclure des contrats d’exploitation d’une oeuvre sont autant de sources de difficultés. Plutôt que de multiplier les réponses occasionnelles et les droits spéciaux, l’occasion est peut-être donnée de repenser fondamentalement l’institution et de revenir sur sa nature juridique. La sauvegarde des utilités de la chose apparaît alors comme une clef de compréhension du droit et de délimitation des prérogatives de son titulaire<br>Usufruct is an ancient institution, which dates back to Roman law. The draftsmen of the civil code were inspired by the definition contained in the Digest (Corpus Juris Civilis). Most of the principles that were set out have not changed since 1804. However, the twentieth century saw the development of new incorporeal properties. Once enshrined by law, these intangibles assets have become the object of the ancient institution. Shareholder’s status and rights claimed by the usufructuary in a company, the apprehension of distributed reserve funds, or the ability to enter into a contract for the exploitation of Intellectual Property rights are all a source of difficulty. Rather than multiplying piecemeal solutions and specific rights, opportunity may be given to fundamentally rethink the institution and reconsider its legal nature. Safeguarding the uses of the property appears to be key to the understanding of the law and of the delimitation of its holder’s prerogatives
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Baydoun, Tamara. "Regards croisés sur l'usufruit des droits sociaux : France - Liban." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0116.
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L’usufruit est essentiellement envisagé comme un droit réel portant sur un bien immobilier.Jadis, les immeubles constituaient l’élément le plus important du patrimoine des particuliers. Depuis un siècle, il y a une transformation de la nature des patrimoines caractérisé par le développement des fortunes mobilières à côté de celle immobilières.L'objet de l'usufruit des droits sociaux se trouve au confluent de deux disciplines totalement étrangères l’une à l’autre : le droit des biens et le droit des sociétés.Le droit des biens tend à privilégier l’approche réelle de la matière, ce qui peut conduire à négliger la spécificité de l’objet de l’usufruit. Alors que le droit des sociétés met l’accent sur les mécanismes internes de la société et du droit d’associé, ce qui peut perdre de vue que ce droit est envisagé comme un bien.L’ouvrage explore les différents mécanismes d’utilisation de ce procédé d’ingénierie patrimoniale aussi bien en matière d’optimisation qu’en matière de transmission fiscales. Il envisage aussi d’expliciter les différents aspects de conciliation que requiert l’application de cet outil juridique et financier au sein de la société.Cette thèse encouragera le législateur libanais à introduire et adopter la notion de l’usufruit des droits sociaux au Liban et permettra de mettre en place une étude mise à jour et plus riche en la matière<br>Usufruct is a right in rem allowing to use and to enjoy the property of another. Whilst previously, real estates and immovable properties were one’s most valuable assets, with time we have witnessed a shift in the market environment and the development of wealth in movables.In light of the foregoing, usufruct which was initially applicable in real estate, has been applied in other types of property such as corporate shares and stocks. Being relatively a recent development, there is an absence in the French system of adequately applicable legal texts to the usufruct of shares and stocks and accordingly it is subject to both the property law and company law. This gives rise to a number of difficulties because whereas the property law focuses on the various forms of ownership and the legal relationship with the rem, and emphasizes on proprietorship rights; the company law studies the interaction of the shareholders and other stakeholders with the company specifying their rights and duties and thus may lose sight that the usufruct is a property right. With this research I intend to explore the different mechanisms and contexts in which usufruct is used as a legal & financial tool for tax optimization and cost cutting mostly elucidated during inheritance. On the other hand, I will elaborate the way of utilizing it by a shareholder within the company.Finally, I hope that my thesis will contribute to encourage the Lebanese legislator in introducing this notion into Lebanon by developing the relevant laws and will provide an updated and thorough study of shares and stocks usufruct
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Olsen-Harbich, Peter Jakob. "Usufruct in the Land of Tribute: Property, Coercion, and Sovereignty on Early Colonial Eastern Long Island." W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1477068000.
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In reexamining the early colonial history of Eastern Long Island, this thesis combines archaeological, archival, published records, and oral historical sources to explore the relationship between property, coercion, and sovereignty among the Algonquian-Ninnimissinuok and English settlers of New England. It begins with an overview of historical and contemporary models of political economy among Native groups in the pre-contact and pre-settlement era Northeast, emphasizing the importance of neo-evolutionary anthropology as an instructive corollary to more traditional functionalist and evolutionary theories of Native political economy. Special emphasis is placed on passages from classical ethnographic sources that gesture towards coercive and meaningful inequality within Algonquian societies. Subsequently, the relationship between usufruct forms of property ownership, territorial sovereignty, and kinship is analyzed in detail. Focus is placed on the historiographic tension created by the ownership of resource use-rights by multiple kinship lineages and the simultaneous possession of territorial sovereignty by Algonquian polities. Attention is then turned towards the early colonial New England context and the incorporation of Eastern Long Island Algonquians into the nascent English tributary chiefdom following the Pequot War. Focus is placed on the particular connection between sovereign authority and the preeminence of a single lineage of sachems among Eastern Long Island Algonquians, who ruled over a cohesive polity known as the Paumanack ("Land of Tribute"). Turning towards the English settlement of Long Island, it is argued that the planting of English colonists proceeded as Long Island sachems surrendered partial use-rights over those resources least essential for the reproduction of their authority. Confronted directly is the notion that English settlers and Algonquian sachems misunderstood one another's concepts of property ownership from within a usufruct/fee-simple binary. An emphasis is placed on conceptualizing English 'property' acquisitions, and those resources retained by the Long Island Algonquians after 1636, as necessarily limited due to the English Empire's overarching demand for sovereignty. The work concludes with an analysis of coercion within the Paumanack and local customs of lineage and inheritance, which are argued to be cognatic with a preference for patrlineage.
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Lobato, Jose Cristobal Aguirre. "O exercício abusivo do poder familiar e os limites da intervenção judicial na família." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-22112016-163943/.
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A família sofreu, no século passado, séc. XX diversas mudanças. As próprias relações mudaram: industrialização e urbanização aceleradas, emancipação da mulher, duas Guerras Mundiais que alavancaram o tema dos direitos humanos, com evidente repercussão nos direitos da personalidade. Tudo isso alterou o perfil da família e das relações que ocorrem em seu seio. Na verdade, estabeleceu-se uma perspectiva limitadora do poder em geral, da ascendência sobre outrem, inclusive no âmbito do pátrio poder, hoje poder familiar. Sem embargo disso, passada a euforia inicial, é hora de buscar caminhos para a plena efetivação desses direitos. Isso dependerá, em grande medida, da própria interpretação judicial, já que na decisão jurisdicional o ordenamento convertido numa fórmula específica para a solução daquela lide atinge o seu ápice. Se a afetividade e a grita por justiça e ética nas relações familiares é inafastável, mais do que isso, é louvável, porque consagra a dignidade da pessoa humana, por outro lado, a ideologia e a patrulha moral em temas existenciais devem ser evitadas. Ativismo judicial não se confunde com invasividade. A intrujice do Estado na família pela função legislativa, executiva ou judiciária deve incentivar um repensar das próprias expectativas que os operadores do Direito, sobretudo do Direito de Família, possuem a respeito do potencial transformativo de seus saberes. Assim, sempre buscando o justo termo, a dissertação examina as hipóteses de intervenção judicial no exercício abusivo do poder familiar, tanto na dimensão patrimonial quanto na dimensão existencial. Na primeira, analisa-se a administração dos bens dos filhos, o usufruto que, por lei, lhe é correlato e sua interpretação à luz do princípio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente. Na segunda, o objeto da investigação é o ponto ótimo de equilíbrio entre a intervenção que concretiza os direitos e a intervenção invasiva, errônea. Surgem ponderações sobre a ideologia e sua influência na exegese judicial, em temas como alienação parental e abandono afetivo que habitam o novo léxico deste Direito de Família sequioso de substância o qual, entretanto, não pode abdicar de uma postura autocrítica sob pena de manietar as próprias possibilidades de realização pessoal que alega defender.<br>Family underwent several changes in the last century, the twentieth century. The very relationships did change: accelerated (rapid) industrialization and urbanization, women´s emancipation, two World Wars, levered the human rights subject, with obvious repercussion on the rights of personality. All of that has modified family profile and the relationships that occur within its core. Actually, in general, a limiting perspective of power was established on the ascendancy over the other, inclusively in the extent of parental power, currently said family, or parental authority. With no embargo of this, after leaving behind the initial euphoria, now is the moment to look for ways towards the thorough accomplishment of these rights. This will depend, largely, on the judicial interpretation, for in the jurisdictional decision converted into a specific formula aimed at the solution of that dispute, it reaches its climax. If, on one hand, affectivity and the outcry for justice and ethics within family relationships cannot be set apart, and, more than that, they are praiseworthy - for they consecrate dignity of the individual - on the other hand, when it comes to existential matters, ideology and moral patrolling ought to be avoided. Judicial activism does not confound with invasiveness. State intrusion on family through legislative, or executive, or judiciary activity, should encourage a review of the very expectations that Law operating professionals have particularly those in the Family Law field regarding the transformational potential of their knowledge. Therefore, looking always for the right boundary, the dissertation investigates the hypotheses for judicial intervening in abusive family authority, considering not only property dimension, but also the existential. On the first we analyze the administration of assets of sons, the usufruct that by force of law correlates to it, and its interpretation in the light of best interest for child and adolescent. On the second, the object of our investigation is the optimal balance point between intervention that makes rights concrete, and the invasive, erroneous interference. We ponder over ideology and its influence on the judicial exegesis, in subjects such as parental alienation and affective abandonment, which dwell in this Family Law new lexicon, avid for substance, but which, however, cannot waive from a self-criticism posture, under penalty of handcuffing the very own possibilities of personal fulfillment it alleges to defend.
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Grewis, Barbara. "Etude du régime fiscal de l’usufruit de droits sociaux à l’aune du droit privé." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED058.
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Le traitement fiscal de l’usufruit de droits sociaux n’est pas toujours en cohérence avec les principes issus du droit privé. Ce décalage est critiquable. L’usufruitier supporte une pression fiscale importante. Il est difficile de trouver un régime fiscal global et cohérent de l’usufruit de droits sociaux. L’absence d’organisation juridique spécifique à l’usufruit de droits sociaux réglementant le partage des prérogatives entre l’usufruitier et le nu-propriétaire accroît la difficulté. L’usufruit de droits sociaux se situe lui-même au confluent de deux disciplines totalement étrangères l'une à l'autre : le droit des biens et le droit des sociétés. Cette dualité suppose une approche interdisciplinaire. L’application du critère civiliste de répartition de l’imposition conduirait à taxer l’usufruitier sur la jouissance du bien et le nu-propriétaire sur la propriété du capital. L’étude du régime fiscal de l’usufruit de droits sociaux conduit à abandonner ce critère de répartition de l’imposition. Le critère de répartition de l’imposition entre usufruitier et nu-propriétaire doit être recherché dans la logique pragmatique du droit fiscal<br>The taxation approach of the usufruct of social rights isn’t always in accordance with the principles coming from private law. This discrepancy is questionable. The usufructuary bears an important fiscal pressure. It is hard to find a global and consistent tax system for the usufruct of social rights. The difficulty is increased by the lack of a legal organisation specific to the usufruct of social rights, which would regulate the sharing of prerogatives between the usufructuary and the bare-owner. The usufruct of social rights is situated on the common ground between two fields with very little in commun: property law and corporate law. This duality involves an interdisciplinary approach. The enforcement of the civil criterion of distribution of the taxation would lead to taxing the usufructuary for the right of use of the property and the bear-owner for ownership of the capital. The study of the taxation system of the usufruct of social rights leads to the renunciation of this criterion. The tax distribution criterion between the usufructuary and the bear-owner has to be sought in the pragmatic spirit of tax law
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Hallefält, Sofia. "Nyttjanderättformernas fördelar och nackdelar : En jämförelse av nyttjanderätter med en utblick mot Norge." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36793.
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Det fastighetsrättsliga rättsområdet är stort och innefattar bland annat upplåtelse avnyttjanderätter. Dessa rättigheter kan vara av olika karaktär och uppkommit på olikasätt men det gemensamma för alla nyttjanderätterna är att det grundas på avtal samtär begränsade i tid. Resurser som finns i begränsad om fattning, exempelvis mark,ger upphov till tvisterna och missnöje mellan avtalsparterna, vilket även gällernyttjanderätter. För att minska tvisterna kan en lösning vara attnyttjanderättslagstiftningen i Jordabalken ses över och moderniseras. Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka tvister som uppstår på grund avnyttjanderättslagstiftningen samt hur tvisterna hanteras av rättsväsendet.Frågeställningarna har besvarats med relevant information som inhämtats genomanvändandet av flera metoder. Litteratur från ett flertal informationskällorbehandlades och de uppmärksammar definitionerna av nyttjanderätt i Sverigerespektive Norge samt den historiska bakgrunden till nyttjanderättslagstiftningarna.Det genomfördes en analys och jämförelse av lagstiftningarna för att identifiera vadde respektive nyttjanderättslösningarna innefattar och behandlar. Intervjuer medsakkunniga genomfördes även och genom den metoden inhämtades information vadrespondenterna anser vara det tvistiga, sämre och bra med nyttjanderättstyperna. Resultatet visar att de vanligaste tvisterna vid nyttjanderätter är vad avgiften ska varaoch hyresgästens rätt till förlängning. Vidare visar resultatet att den svenskanyttjanderättslagstiftningen är svår att förstå för gemeneman. Slutsatsen av detresulterar i ett förslag att göra lagstiftningen mer pedagogiskt skriven för att göraden mer lättförstådd och minska risken att de allmänna delarna glöms bort.<br>The field of real estate law is large and includes, among other things, the granting ofrights of use. These rights can be of a different character and arise in different ways,but the common denominator for all usufruct is that they are based on agreementsand are limited in time. Resources that are limited in scope, such as land, give riseto disputes and dissatisfaction between the parties to the agreement, which alsoapplies to rights of use. To reduce disputes, a solution may be to review andmodernize the usufruct in the code of land law. The purpose of the study is to investigate which disputes arise due to usufructlegislation and how the disputes are handled by the judiciary. The questions havebeen answered with relevant information obtained through the use of severalmethods. The literature from a number of sources was analysed and they drawattention to the definitions of rights of use in Sweden and Norway, as well as thehistorical background to the usufruct legislation. An analysis and comparison of thelaws was carried out to identify what the respective usufruct solutions include.Interviews with experts were also conducted and through that method informationwas obtained on what the respondents consider to be the contentious, inferior andgood aspects of the rights of use. The result evinced that the most common disputes regarding usufruct are what thefee should be and the tenant's right to extension. Furthermore, the results show thatSwedish usufruct law is difficult for ordinary people to understand. The conclusionof that results in a proposal to make the law more pedagogically written in order tomake it easier to understand and reduce the risk of the general parts being forgotten.
Books on the topic "Usufruct"
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Fortunato, Sérgio Fernandes. Früchte und Nutzungen: Eine dogmenhistorische Untersuchung zur privatrechtlichen Erfassung von Vermögenserträgen. P. Lang, 2012.
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Pietrini, Stefania. Deducto usu fructu: Una nuova ipotesi sull'origine dell'usufrutto. A. Giuffrè, 2008.
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Rincón, Iris Beluche. La relación obligatoria de usufructo. Editorial Civitas, 1996.
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Robineau, Mattieu. Le quasi-usufruit: Aspects civils et fiscaux. Editions de Verneuil, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Usufruct"
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Karagöz, Fatma Gül. "Women, land, and usufruct in the eighteenth-century Ottoman Empire." In Gender, Law and Material Culture. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429352980-10.
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Locurcio, Marco, Pierluigi Morano, Francesco Tajani, and Rossana Ranieri. "The Usufruct Right as an Effective Strategy for the Enhancement of Properties in Disuse." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2023 Workshops. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37120-2_32.
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Brobbey, Collins Adu-Bempah. "Land Conflicts in Southern Ghana: A Reflection of Multiple Ownerships of Land and Usufruct Rights to Land Use." In Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78701-5_10.
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"usufruct [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_15631.
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"USUFRUCT FARMERS." In Voices of Change in Cuba from the Non-State Sector. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvb1hr80.7.
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"usufruct, n." In Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/8307506303.
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"usufruct, v." In Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/6856930150.
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Kiralfy, A. K. R. "Usufruct and Use." In Encyclopedia of Soviet Law. Brill | Nijhoff, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004635562_458.
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"Title 2. Usufruct (§§ 1030–1089)." In German Civil Code Volume I, edited by Gerhard Dannemann, Reiner Schulze, and Jonathon Watson. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406765773-1916.
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"14 Usufruct and Related Rights." In Roman Law for Scots Law Students. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781474450201-020.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Usufruct"
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Jeronimo, Laua Esther Correia, Perdo Nicolas Costa, and Raíssa Bespalec Dalóia. "PISQUEAI: RASTREAMENTO DO MOVIMENTO OCULAR UTILIZANDO VISÃO COMPUTACIONAL PARA AUXÍLIO NA COMUNICAÇÃO DE PACIENTES COM ESCLEROSE LATERAL AMIOTRÓFICA (ELA)." In I CONEPEI - Congresso Nacional de Empreendedorismo, Pesquisa, Extensão e Inovação: Integração entre o Mundo Acadêmico, Governo, Empresas e Sociedade. Even3, 2024. https://doi.org/10.29327/1515525.1-1.
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A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença degenerativa que causa a paralisia muscular de forma gradativa, impossibilitando a movimentação dos músculos do paciente que sofre com isso, consequentemente o indivíduo passa a não poder se comunicar com as pessoas ao seu redor, acarretando em diversos distúrbios emocionais. Desta forma, o uso da tecnologia, principalmente por meio de técnicas de Inteligência Artificial (IA), pode demonstrar grande eficiência no auxílio do cotidiano desses seres humanos, trabalhando de maneira a usufruir dos pequenos movimentos que restam para moldar algum método de comunicabilidade. Apesar de equipamentos que fazem esse trabalho já estarem presentes no mercado, apresentam um alto custo que os torna inviável para diversas famílias, sendo assim, o atual trabalho tem como principal objetivo aplicar conhecimentos de visão computacional para desenvolver uma aplicação de baixo custo que possa permitir a conversação por meio do movimento ocular. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo é de natureza aplicada e experimental, utilizando técnicas de IA e bibliotecas de código aberto. O projeto foi conduzido de forma a captar os pontos oculares e identificar a direção do olhar e piscadas, que são a forma de selecionar a letra que será redigida a partir de um teclado virtual para formar frases em um bloco de notas. Como resultados, foi obtida uma performance satisfatória do protótipo inicial, que conseguiu fazer a detecção ocular e utilizar dos movimentos identificados para criar sentenças inteiras, mostrando-se relevante no processo de diálogo entre os pacientes com família, amigos e médicos.
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Wysocki, Pawel. "Transformation of the Perpetual Usufruct Right Into the Ownership of a Real Property Estate." In 2016 Baltic Geodetic Congress (BGC Geomatics). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bgc.geomatics.2016.56.
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Deynekli, Adnan. "Limited Real Rights of Foreigners in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02347.
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Foreigner is a person who does not have any citizenship with the Republic of Turkey.
 According to the third paragraph of Article 35 of the Deed Law, the Council of Ministers/President of the Republic, in the interests of the country, is entitled to define, limit and prohibit, the limited real rights of the foreign real persons and foreign trade companies, in terms of country, person, geographical region, time, number, rate, type, quality, square measurement and amount. 
 To entitle the Council of Ministers/President of the Republic to limit and prohibit the use of limited rights of the foreigners, may be contrary to Article 16 of the Constitution.
 The limited real rights are the usufruct rights (TCC 794), the right of residence (TCC 823), the right of construction (TCC 837) and the right of pledge and immovable load (TCC 839).
 It may be established the right of usufruct, right of construction and immovable load in favor of foreigners in Turkey who can acquire real estates.
 It may be established pledge rights without being subject to restrictions in favor of foreign real and legal persons.
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Wei, Cansheng, Yongjian Li, and Xiaoqiang Cai. "Warehouse Renting Policies with Storage Space Usufruct Lateral Transfer in Products Return Logistics: Definite Distribution and Distribution Free." In 2007 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2007.4280258.
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Wysocki, Pawel. "FUNCTIONING AND LEGAL REGULATIONS OF PERPETUAL USUFRUCT RIGHT IN POLAND IN RELATION TO SIMILAR RIGHTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b22/s9.031.
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Friedrich, Veroni. "O Hotel Bandeirantes: quando o tombamento não garante o ideal usufruto de um bem cultural." In VI Congresso Internacional de História. Programa de Pós-Graduação em História e Departamento de História – Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/6cih.pphuem.617.
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Reinehr, Sheila, Robert Burnett, and Marcelo Pessôa. "PSPi – Melhorando Estimativas no Ambiente Corporativo." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbqs.2007.15579.
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Apesar da área de tecnologia da informação ter passado por diversas transformações nas últimas décadas, manter sistemas legados em mainframe é a realidade de muitas organizações. Ao mesmo tempo, estas empresas desejam usufruir dos benefícios proporcionados pelas novas tendências da engenharia de software que conferem mais visibilidade e previsibilidade ao desenvolvimento de software. Este artigo apresenta uma instância do método de estimativas do PSP (Personal Software Process) para ser aplicada ao ambiente corporativo mainframe e aos projetos que utilizam a linguagem COBOL.
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Costa Badu de Lima, Lucca de Araújo, Ygor Gabriel Silva Freire, and Sérgio Ricardo Pereira Accioly. "Inteligência Artificial e Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Aprendizagem: Um Novo Caminho para Metodologias Ativas." In Congresso Latino-Americano de Software Livre e Tecnologias Abertas. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5753/latinoware.2024.245778.
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O ensino tradicional enfrenta desafios na sua metodologia, principalmente por não usufruir das novas tecnologias que promovem maior autonomia e personalização. As Inteligências Artificiais permitem adaptar o ensino às necessidades individuais dos alunos. O estudo de Bloom, “O problema dos 2 sigmas”, apresenta que, o ensino individualizado pode melhorar significativamente o desempenho. Os Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Aprendizagem (LMS) complementam essa abordagem, facilitando o acesso, a personalização, e proporcionando ambientes planejados e controlados, com mais inclusão para alunos com os mais diversos perfis de aprendizado.
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Henrique Nascimento Santos, Sebastião, Eduardo Silvia Vieira, Davi Viana dos Santos, Arthur Costa Serra, Layane Menezes Azevedo, and Pedro H. Carvalho. "Projeto Patrino: Um Aplicativo com Inteligência Artificial Aplicada no Gerenciamento de Bancos de Leite Humano." In XV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2019.7458.
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Os bancos de leite humano formam uma rede extensa e complexa que levam a todo país serviços essenciais que garantem que recém-nascidos e mães possam usufruir plenamente dos benefícios do leite materno. Esses centros atendem milhões de pessoas anualmente utilizando milhares de litros de leite humano. Assim, nesse trabalho visamos à criação de um sistema de gestão da distribuição de leite materno, usando inteligência artificial para prever desabastecimentos, o uso de informações geográficas para ajudar na localização de centros de leite humano e levar informações essenciais sobre maternidade e amamentação.
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Wangham, Michelle S., Joni da Silva Fraga, Emerson Ribeiro de Mello, and Josiane Milanez. "Um Modelo para o Gerenciamento Federado do SPKI/SDSI através do Serviço XKMS." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbseg.2006.20938.
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O propósito do XML Key Management Specification (XKMS) é facilitar o uso de uma Infra-estrutura de Chave Pública (ICP), transferindo a complexidade da mesma para um Serviço Web de confiança. Apesar de trazer indicações de como se adequar a ICPs como o PGP e o SPKI/SDSI, esta especificação está fortemente focada na ICP X.509. Para que aplicações distribuídas possam usufruir das vantagens de um modelo descentralizado de autenticação e de autorização, como o do SPKI/SDSI, este trabalho define um modelo de gerenciamento federado através do XKMS.
Reports on the topic "Usufruct"
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Torres Ramírez, Jorge Enrique. Estudio sobre el mercado de arrendamiento de vivienda en Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009940.
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Históricamente la producción formal de vivienda en Colombia ha presentado limitaciones en su dimensión y composición por la localización, el precio, el tipo de vivienda, etc. Esta oferta ha atendido las demandas de servicios habitacionales de los grupos de ingresos medios altos y altos. Los hogares de ingresos bajos y medios bajos han compensado esta condición del mercado principalmente mediante la producción informal y el arrendamiento. Sin embargo, la producción informal de vivienda acoge, por una parte, hogares pobres, marginados tanto del mercado de vivienda nueva como del mercado de arrendamientos, y hogares que, sin ser pobres, asumen la autogestión de su vivienda, más como una reacción de no aceptación de los atributos de la oferta formal que por su condición socioeconómica. En este contexto, el arrendamiento constituye una forma de tenencia de la vivienda aceptada por los hogares que, estando marginados del mercado de vivienda nueva, tampoco consideran la producción informal como una alternativa viable. Esta dinámica ha llevado, desde 1985, a la reducción progresiva de la proporción de propietarios, al punto de que esta forma de tenencia es superada actualmente por el agregado de las otras. Consecuentemente, han ascendido dos tipos de tenencias: el arrendamiento, y otra forma asociada a este, que es la de los hogares que ocupan la vivienda en calidad de usufructo. Este último grupo presenta las condiciones de precariedad habitacional y pobreza más críticas. Los factores que han determinado la naturaleza predominantemente informal de la oferta residencial de arrendamientos están asociados con la baja producción de vivienda de interés social (VIS), las limitaciones en la capacidad económica de la demanda, y un marco legislativo que en el pasado contenía una fuerte regulación del mercado inclinada hacia el arrendatario. La resultante de la interacción de estos factores fue la falta de estímulos para el desarrollo y la consolidación de una producción formal de viviendas para alquilar. En lo referente a propuestas de política pública hay dos grupos de iniciativas: la ampliación de la oferta de vivienda para arrendar y la implementación de subsidios de arrendamiento.