Academic literature on the topic 'Usury in literature'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Usury in literature.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Usury in literature"
1
Gvaryahu, Amit. "Usury and Poverty: A Case Study of the Post-Rabbinic Moment in Midrash and Piyyut." Harvard Theological Review 114, no. 1 (January 2021): 72–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816021000067.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Hebrew Bible prohibits lending at interest. This is usually linked to care for the poor. A similar connection is found in post-biblical literature as well. In Deut 23:20–21, however, usury is disconnected from the poverty laws. Classical rabbinic literature (second to sixth centuries) follows Deuteronomy in sharply de-coupling usury from poverty: the usury prohibition in that corpus regulates commerce and property, and is not intended to benefit the poor. In a sharp break with classical rabbinic tradition, the usury prohibition is reassociated with the poor in piyyut and in the Tanhuma midrashim, two late antique genres of Jewish literature associated but not entirely contiguous with classical rabbinic literature. Both genres bring this tradition to the fore through the use of earlier rabbinic materials, which do not espouse it. This combination of usury and care for the poor mirrors fourth-century Christian writings on usury.
2
Asy'ari Ulama'i, Ahmad Hasan, Ferida Rahmawati, and Maaz Ud Din. "Riba in The Perspective of Sharia Bank Customers: A Systematic Literature Review." Velocity: Journal of Sharia Finance and Banking 2, no. 1 (June 5, 2022): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/velocity.v2i1.5422.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to determine the Islamic bank customers to the understanding of usury. This type of research is literature review research. The type of data collected in this study is primary data, namely data obtained from various current and relevant literature regarding the level of understanding of Islamic bank customers about usury, such as from books, journals, articles, papers, and other related reading sources. The data analysis technique of this research was carried out using the data analysis technique of the Miles and Huberman model. The data analysis activities of this model include data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing or verification. The results of a systematic literature review found that usury is an additional take, both in buying and selling transactions and lending and borrowing in vanity. The prohibition of usury in the Qur’an was revealed in stages, preceded by a series of moral teachings relevant to the theme of the prohibition of usury. Conventional banks use the interest system to support their operations. In contrast to the interest system prevailing in conventional banks, Islamic banks determine the amount of return and profit sharing based on the amount of profit sharing between the customer and the bank without determining the percentage that must be paid by the customer. Bank interest is an evolution of the concept of usury that cannot be separated from the development of financial institutions. Riba in modern banking makes business decline and become unproductive. Education and religion can be used as the basis for mu’amalah for all mankind, especially Muslims. Islamic education can lead humans to become individuals who are able to survive in this world and the hereafter (al-falah). Education about usury provides important information that can be a guide for human life in contemporary mu’amalah.
3
Taufiq, Moch Imron. "Konsep Riba dalam Perspektif Hadis." Jurnal Riset Agama 1, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jra.v1i1.14260.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to discuss the concept of usury in the perspective of hadith. This study uses a qualitative type through literature study by applying content analysis. The discussion of this research includes general views on usury, takhrij hadith about the prohibition of usury, and the concept of the prohibition of usury. The conclusion of this study shows that usury is unlawful and in the hadiths of usury eaters, people who order usury to eat, their clerks and their witnesses are cursed by the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam. This research is expected to have benefits for enriching the treasures of Islamic knowledge.
4
Fauziah, Weni Luthfiani. "Dampak Riba mendatangkan Kebinasaan: Sebuah Tinjaun Hadis." Jurnal Riset Agama 1, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jra.v1i1.14368.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to discuss the hadith about the prohibition of usury. This research method uses a qualitative type through literature study with content analysis. The results and discussion of this study include general views on usury, hadith about usury, and prohibitions and threats of usury behavior in the perspective of hadith. This study concludes that usury in the hadith is prohibited and forbidden by Allah and His Messenger and is included in the case that can destroy.
5
Hidayah, Ma'rifatul, and MURTADHO RIDWAN. "ANTARA WAKAF DAN RIBA." ZISWAF : Jurnal Zakat dan Wakaf 3, no. 1 (May 4, 2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/ziswaf.v3i1.2287.
Full textAbstract:
<em>God destroyed the usury and fertilize the charity. This is a fragment the meaning of paragraph 276 surat al-Baqarah. In this verse Allah promised to destroy usury and fertilize the charity. Among the types of charity who have the quest reward is waqf. Therefore it can be a solution wafaf destruction of usury on this earth. This article aims to examine the role of endowments in eradicating usury that exist in society. The study, which used is a literature review with given examples of cases in the community. The results of the study concluded that if the waqf property is well managed and in line with sharia, the waqf property can be used to destroy usury. Examples are waqf property used to build traditional market for the provision of modern scales, to assist the capital of the merchants, to create exchange programs dime before the feast, and for other programs. For success, the necessary role in empowering Nazhir waqf property. In addition, the Innovation program created by Nazhir determine the success of the role of waqf property in eliminating usury.</em>
6
Ahyani, Hisam. "Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah Di Indonesia Tentang Riba, Bunga Bank, dan Bagi Hasil." JURNAL EKONOMI SYARIAH 6, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37058/jes.v6i1.2538.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction / Main Objective : This study aims to reveal the existence of community conceptions related to profit sharing (Sharia economics), usury, bank interest (conventional), in terms of Islamic economics, where these 3 (three) things are unique and interesting if we discuss in the era of disruption like today. Background: The era of discipline 4.0 as it is now is very interesting and unique regarding the study of the prohibition of usury in Indonesia, what is unique is the Khilafiyah which is the basis for especially Muslims (sharia economic actors), the need for tolerance between the views of schools of thought in Indonesia regarding this usury in sharia economics (muamalah) in order to benefit together in this world and in the hereafter. Research Methods: This study uses the Library Research Method and collects data obtained by means of literature studies from books and journals relevant to studies on usury and bank interest (conventional), profit sharing (Islamic economics).Novelty: Related to research on the perspective of Islamic economics in the current era of disruption, especially in Indonesia regarding usury, and bank interest (conventional), as well as profit sharing (Islamic economics) so far no one has examined it.Findings: from a sharia economic point of view related to profit sharing, usury and also bank interest have a good impact on the economy in Indonesia, where the profit sharing system can help people in terms of social resilience, and overcome social inequalities (making tahsin / benefit of the ummah).Conclusion: The public, in their view of usury, bank interest and profit sharing within the Islamic economic community, requires tolerance in punishing these three things, as a result there is no "bank interest" in the Shariāh economic sphere (replaced by profit sharing), which is currently being shared. this outcome (Islamic economics) is seen as an effective measure to prevent conflict in gaps in dealing with impacts on the Economy and Social Affairs, as well as resilience to the community environment.
7
Rahmatulloh, Rahmatulloh. "Bank Interest In Tafsir Nusantara: Study Of The Book Of Al-Azhar In Genealogy Of Power’s Perspective Michael Foucault." MAGHZA: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur'an dan Tafsir 7, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/maghza.v7i2.6903.
Full textAbstract:
The issue of usury is a topic that has been, is and will continue to be interesting to discuss. Discussions and reformulations related to usury are increasingly in demand, especially when it comes to modern society, which has a different social structure from Muslims in the past—classic ones who are not familiar with banking institutions. This article examines the interpretation of usury verses in Tafsir Al-Azhar. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative method, and is included in the literature research. The collection process is carried out by observing, in the sense of tracking various references that have relevance to the focus of the study, both from books, articles, and so on that function to support these data. The data analysis technique used in this research is the method of content analysis (content analysis). In this analysis, the process of selecting, comparing, combining, and sorting information obtained from related data sources will be carried out to obtain valid inferences. In clarifying the validity of the data, the researcher triangulated both sources and methods. From the study conducted, it can be seen that HAMKA is one of the scholars who gives opinions regarding bank interest in the context of banking. HAMKA said bank interest was usury and a great extortion from those who owed debts to those who owed them. HAMKA absolutely haraams the law of usury of any kind. Both in the form of usury nasi’ah and usury fadl—including the interest system in the banking context. The interpretation of Riba in Tafsir Al-Azhar above is an expression of HAMKA’s position as a figure who is maintaining the status quo. HAMKA is well aware of the condition of Indonesia with a Muslim majority in it. His interpretation is an expression of his social role as a scholar with a strong theological approach with Islam as the basic reference for thinking and acting
8
Wilson, Arthur J., and Geetae Kim. "Put-call parity, the triple contract, and approaches to usury in medieval contracting." Financial History Review 22, no. 2 (August 2015): 205–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565015000098.
Full textAbstract:
In this article we use put-call parity to show that ambiguity about ownership played a role in medieval businessmen's efforts to circumvent the Catholic Church's usury restrictions. That ambiguity created fertile ground for a financial innovation, the triple contract, that allowed some merchants to accomplish a kind of regulatory arbitrage. We also show that medieval clerics and merchants appear to have had at least an intuitive grasp of put-call parity, and that this insight shaped the Catholic Church's approach to medieval business contracts, and usury, nearly five centuries before put-call parity was described in the scholarly literature.
9
Classen, Albrecht. "Wucher als Thema bei spätmittelalterlichen didaktischen Autoren." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 82, no. 2 (April 12, 2022): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340250.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We have often heard in medieval sources the vicious and violent accusation of Jews being usurers who terribly exploited their Christian debtors. Indeed, loaning money or giving credits was one of the major, if not almost only option for Jews to earn a living in the late Middle Ages, though we have recently learned that even that concept is not quite true. Nevertheless, usury was traditionally associated with Jews, as medieval authors consistently emphasized. However, when we comb through the evidence of thirteenth-century didactic literature, we normally do not discover Jews as involved in that business, even though usury is commonly condemned vehemently. This forces us to acknowledge that the discourse on usury was already fully in swing when the public did not even associate it with Jews. The later accusation was hence the result of deliberate strategies by Christian bankers who needed an effective screen to divert attention from their own financial businesses.
10
Muhamad Komarudin. "Foreign Debt in the Perspective of Tafsir Fii Zilaal Al-Qur'an by Sayyid Qutb." El-Qish: Journal of Islamic Economics 1, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/elqish.v1i1.1510.2021.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to analyze the contemporary interpretation of Sayyid Qutb against usury contained in foreign debt in his book Fii Zhilaal al-Qur'an Surah Al-Baqarah: 275. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis method combined with the method of hermeneutics and supported by a literature review to find Sayyid Qutb’s thoughts on foreign debt. This study is an attempt to gain a proper understanding of usury-based on a contemporary interpretation of Sayyid Qutb in the book Fii Zhilaal Al-Qur'an especially that including in foreign debt. This study described the analysis of usury in foreign debt base on the interpretation of Sayyid. Findings. The results of this study are understandings of the thoughts of Sayyid Qutb in his book related to the impact of foreign debt which may lead to the theory that foreign debt will have an impact on regulatory intervention, colonization, and even warfare.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Usury in literature"
1
Legnani, Nicole Delia. "Love Interest: Figures and Fictions of Venture Capital and the Law in Conquista." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11471.
Full textAbstract:
Inspired by the visual allegory ("Conquista, embarcáronse a las Indias" fol. 73 of the Nueva corónica), Legnani contends that the development of the laws of peoples (jus gentium) by 16th century Spanish jurists should be analyzed within the corpus of commercial law (lex mercatoria) employed by sea merchants, bankers and mercenaries throughout the 15th and 16th centuries. This dissertation explores the movement from figure to fiction in discourses of capital and violence.Romance Languages and Literatures
2
Pedron, Colin Francisco, and Colin Francisco Pedron. "Breaking New Barriers: A Study Of How Natural Boundaries Usurp Divine Boundaries In Modern Post-Apocalyptic Literature." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621968.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, science fiction novelists have increasingly focused on how humanity spells its own doom. This raises the question of what human decisions result in such disaster. My research operates under the premise that authors tend to point to broken boundaries as the root cause of human self-destruction. Human defiance of divine barriers has been a portent of doom in western literature since biblical times. In science fiction, however, we find a more secular iteration of this parable. In God’s stead, Nature fills in. This research argues that natural boundaries currently fill the same role that divine boundaries did in prior eras.
This project performs a close study of Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake in order to demonstrate this concept. Atwood depicts a society overrun with both nihilism and human hubris. While not entirely neglecting the old notion of divine boundaries, Atwood creates a world in which natural boundaries now largely determine human safety. On the other hand, the violation of these boundaries leads to inevitable self-destruction.
3
Morton, Jonathan Simon. "The Roman de la Rose : nature, sex, and language in thirteenth-century poetry and philosophy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6e179c13-9046-44d3-801c-9cb12eb28229.
Full textAbstract:
Jean de Meun's continuation of the Roman de la rose (The Romance of the Rose), written in Paris in the 1270s, presents a vast amount of philosophy and natural science in vernacular poetry, while engaging thoroughly with contemporary, local philosophical and institutional debates. Taking this into consideration, this study investigates how the Rose depends for its meaning on questions around human nature, natural philosophy, and the philosophy of language that were being discussed and debated in the University of Paris at the time of its composition. It suggests a reading of the poem as a work of philosophy that uses Aristotelian ideas of nature and what is natural to present a moral framework – at times explicitly, at times implicitly – within which to assess and critique human behaviour. The concepts of the unnatural and the artificial are used to discuss sin and its effects on sexuality – a key concern of the Rose – and on language. The Rose is shown to present itself as artificial and compromised, yet nevertheless capable of leading imperfect and compromised humans to moral behaviour and towards knowledge which can only ever be imperfect. It is read as a presenting a rhetorical kind of philosophy that is sui generis and that appeals to human desire as well as to the intellect. The specific issue of usury and its relation to avarice is examined, studying contemporary theological and philosophical treatments of the question, in order to illustrate similarities and contrasts in the Rose's theoretical methodology to more orthodox modes of philosophical enquiry. Finally, the poem's valorisation of pleasure and of the perversity inherent in artificial productions is explored to show how poetry, though deviating from the strictures of dialectical language, is nevertheless productive and generative.
4
Burtin, Tatiana. "Figures de l'avarice et de l'usure dans les comédies : The Merchant of Venice de Shakespeare, Volpone de Jonson et L'Avare de Molière." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6178.
Full textAbstract:
L'émergence d'un « 'esprit' capitaliste » (Weber) en Angleterre et en France au tournant des XVIe-XVIIe siècles a favorisé la reconfiguration des rapports entre avaritia et cupiditas, qui déterminent tout le champ sémantique de l'usure et de l'intérêt. Cette thèse postule que cette évolution est sensible dans la comédie française et anglaise de l'époque, plus particulièrement chez les dramaturges qui ont marqué l'imaginaire collectif en mettant en scène des personnages avares. À partir d'un type comique issu à la fois du théâtre antique et du canon religieux bien établi dans l'Occident chrétien, l'appréhension nouvelle de l'argent comme objet et comme signe permet de construire une véritable figure moderne de l'avarice.
Les protagonistes de chaque pièce, Shylock, Volpone (Mosca) et Harpagon, sont suspendus entre un or quasi divin, et l'univers plus ou moins connu de l'argent, medium en passe de devenir l'équivalent universel de tout bien, qu'ils pensent maîtriser grâce à leur trésor. S'ils s'intègrent parfaitement à la fluidité moderne des échanges économiques, culturels et sociaux, ils participent aussi à leur dévalorisation, par une activité et un discours proprement usuraires. Leur entourage tente de soumettre cette « labilité » des valeurs (Simmel) suscitée par l'économie de l'usurier-avare à un nouvel ordre, cosmique, éthique ou politique. Le conflit se résout devant la justice, instance discriminatoire externe et prétexte à la mise en abyme du jugement social. L'analyse des dénouements permet dès lors de comprendre le travail de chaque auteur sur la forme et la fonction de la comédie, à travers le texte, les genres, ou une esthétique de l'espace. Elle montre que chacun s'attache à valoriser l'apport de son art au public, dans une période de crise socio-économique.The emergence of a capitalist ‘spirit’ (Weber) in England and France at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries played a leading role in reconfiguring the relation between avaritia and cupiditas which determine the whole semantic field of usury and interest. This thesis postulates that this evolution is perceptible in French and British comedy at that time, in particular for some of the playwrights who staged miserly characters imprinted in our collective imagination. Starting from a comic type as common in Greek and Roman drama as it was in the well-established religious canon in the Christian West, a new understanding of money as object and as sign leads to the construction of a truly modern figure of avarice. Shylock, Volpone (Mosca) and Harpagon, hang on to a almost divine idea of gold and the more or less known world of money, medium they think they control through their treasure, and which is about to become the universal equivalent of any good. Those characters fit perfectly into this modern dynamic of economic, cultural and social exchanges, but they also contribute, with their strictly usurious speech, to its depreciation. Their entourage tries to tame this « lability » of values (Simmel) generated by the economy of the usurer-miser to a new order – a cosmic, ethical or political order. Conflicts are resolved by a court of law, external discriminatory authority and pretext for the mise-en-abyme of social judgment. The analysis of these denouements allows one to understand the work of each author in the comic form and function, through the text, the genres, or an aesthetic of space. It shows how much each author strived to value the contribution of his art to the public, in a time of socio-economic crisis.
Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense
Books on the topic "Usury in literature"
1
Firenze, Alexia. Love's usury: Love and greed in the anti-Semitic world of Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. New York: Vantage Press, 1989.
Find full text
2
Codr, Dwight. Raving at Usurers: Anti-Finance and the Ethics of Uncertainty in England, 1690-1750. University of Virginia Press, 2016.
Find full text
3
Codr, Dwight. Raving at Usurers: Anti-Finance and the Ethics of Uncertainty in England, 1690-1750. University of Virginia Press, 2016.
Find full text
4
Usuy, ed. Kudaman: Isang epikong Palawan na inawit ni Usuy. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1991.
Find full text
5
Kudaman: Isang epikong Palawan na inawit ni Usuy. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1991.
Find full text
6
Wilson Kimber, Marian. Making Elocution Musical. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040719.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Poetic recitation was regularly heard at concerts and in “musical and literary entertainments.” Recitation anthologies designed for homes and schools provided sample programs. Music and elocution were combined outside of the conventions of notation: texts of songs were spoken to their accompaniments, and previously composed or improvised music was used to accompany speech. Contemporary speech pedagogy reveals that performed speech was characteristically musical due to highly-pitched practices, often notated with graphic symbols. The career of Jane Manner demonstrates the full range of melodramatic approaches available. Something between a musical composition and a genre of performed literature, accompanied recitation allowed women to exert their artistic power beyond the traditional boundaries of elocution and to usurp the place of the composer.
7
Ross, Stephen J. Invisible Terrain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798385.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In his debut collection, Some Trees (1956), John Ashbery poses a question that resonates across his oeuvre and much modern art: “How could he explain to them his prayer / that nature, not art, might usurp the canvas?” When Ashbery asks this strange question, he joins a host of transatlantic avant-gardists—from the Dadaists to the 1960s neo-avant-gardists and beyond—who have dreamed the paradoxical dream of turning art into nature. Invisible Terrain examines Ashbery’s poetic mediation of this fantasy, reading his work alongside an array of practitioners, from Wordsworth to Warhol, as an exemplary case study of avant-garde transvaluation of Western nature aesthetics. Ashbery takes his coordinates from a constellation of British, American, and continental European poetic and visual art practices—from romantic nature poet John Clare’s presentational immediacy to the French “New Realism” movement’s “direct appropriation of the real” in the early 1960s—that share an emphasis on somehow transforming the material of art into a “second nature.” Nature, as Ashbery and his company understand it, is a vanguard horizon, a metaphor for art, that which lies beyond “art as we know it.” The fact that the artist can never realize this aesthetic fiction—which overturns what we generally mean by “art” and “nature”—makes it all the more powerful as a tool for staking out the limits of art. In chronicling Ashbery’s articulation of “a completely new kind of realism,” Invisible Terrain tells the larger story of nature’s transformation into a resolutely unnatural aesthetic resource in twentieth-century art and literature. But in documenting Ashbery’s eventual turn against this avant-garde tradition—most conspicuously in his archive of campy, intentionally “bad” nature poems—the project also registers queer resistance to the normative concept of nature itself as a governing conceit for art. The story begins in the late 1940s with the Abstract Expressionist valorization of process, surface, and immediacy—summed up by Jackson Pollock’s famous quip, “I am Nature”—that so influenced Ashbery’s early quest for transparent, anti-mimetic modes of composition. It ends with “Breezeway,” a poem about Hurricane Sandy and climate change. Along the way, Invisible Terrain documents Ashbery’s strategic literalization of the stream-of-consciousness metaphor, his pastoral dispersal of the lyric subject during the politically fraught Vietnam era, and his investment in “bad” nature poetry.
Book chapters on the topic "Usury in literature"
1
"Usury." In Social Criticism in Popular Religious Literature of the Sixteenth Century, 201–35. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203042724-10.
Full text
2
Mil’kov, Vladimir V. "Attitude to Usury in Old Russia of the 12th Century." In Hermeneutics of Old Russian Literature. Issue 21, 345–67. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/horl.1607-6192-2022-21-345-367.
Full textAbstract:
In the article based on a large number of historical sources, the author analyzes the attitude of the Old Russian hierarchs to usury (mainly in the 12th century). Church rules on the usury sin are analyzed in detail. The Old Russian hierarchs were guided by the rules of the translated nomokanons. It was established that some hierarchs did not show rigor to eradicate the sin of lichoism (Novgorod bishop Lukа Zhidyatа, Novgorod archybishop Nifont, metropolitan Nikifor). An irreconcilable fighter against moneylenders was the Novgorod archbishop Ilya-Ioann. Hierarchs focused on different recommendations of church rules, which differed significantly from each other. This explains the paradox of difference. In 1113, an uprising broke out in Kiev against moneylenders. Riot was stopped by Vladimir Monomakh, who was called to the Grand Duke’s table. He also took measures to prevent profit at the expense of gigantic interest. In the situation of 1113, he developed the Charter on Cuts, which was included in the Russkaya Pravda (Russian Justice). However, the usury was not outlawed by Monomakh. He only limited the “great rez (cut),” alleviating the position of debtors. The most basic anti-usurious declaration was stated in Asking by Quiricus of Novgorod. Problem of usury sin did not lose relevance in subsequent years. Since the party of principled fighters against usury was small and did not win influence, sin continued to exist for centuries.
3
Trivellato, Francesca. "The Riddle of Usury." In The Promise and Peril of Credit, 49–65. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691178592.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter argues that Étienne Cleirac's words locate him at an important and little understood historical junction, when the late medieval habit of treating money and the economy as part of the moral and theological universe intersected with the emerging “science of commerce.” This literature assigned multifarious meanings to the word usury. Church doctrines about usury were neither uniform nor uncontested. The most salient phase in these debates occurred in the sixteenth century, when Catholic theologians devised new and subtle arguments about the legitimacy of various financial contracts, including marine insurance and bills of exchange, in order to control but not hamper the expansion of European commercial society. By the eighteenth century, writers of the ars mercatoria (writings on commerce and economy) treated the term usury as a placeholder for all sorts of unsavory economic behaviors, and because of the enduring influence of an earlier discourse, they often assumed that Jews personified such behaviors.
4
Soloveitchik, Haym. "Jewish and Roman Law: A Study in Interaction." In Collected Essays, 379–93. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113997.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the laws regulating usury (ribbit). In the course of studying ribbit, more specifically, the problem of personal surety in usury contracts, certain peculiar developments in Provençal halakhic thought came to the author's attention which were not explainable by indigenous forces. The geographical distribution of the discussion seemed oddly disproportionate, the fictions too blatant, the types of problem that were raised seemed inappropriate for the period, and the terminology was occasionally alien. The author was compelled to look outside Jewish law for possible stimuli. Placing the Jewish developments within the context of twelfth-century Provençal law shed light on a number of seemingly inexplicable points. The Jewish literature, on the other hand, provided new information about the Gentile law of the time and yielded fresh corroboration for theories of the penetration of Roman law in Provence. However, at the same time this material seemed to point to an earlier date for certain legal developments than is generally accepted. It is these findings that the author wishes to bring to the attention of the scholars of Provençal law.