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Journal articles on the topic 'UV-polymerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 March 2025

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1

Malik, Muhammad Salman, Sandra Schlögl, Markus Wolfahrt, and Marco Sangermano. "Review on UV-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization of Epoxy Monomers." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 20, 2020): 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092146.

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Ultraviolet (UV)-induced cationic frontal polymerization has emerged as a novel technique that allows rapid curing of various epoxy monomers upon UV irradiation within a few seconds. In the presence of a diaryliodonium salt photoinitiator together with a thermal radical initiator, the cationic ring opening polymerization of an epoxide monomer is auto-accelerated in the form of a self-propagating front upon UV irradiation. This hot propagating front generates the required enthalpy to sustain curing reaction throughout the resin formulation without further need for UV irradiation. This unique reaction pathway makes the cationic frontal polymerization a promising route towards the efficient curing of epoxy-based thermosetting resins and related composite structures. This review represents a comprehensive overview of the mechanism and progress of UV-induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy monomers that have been reported so far in literature. At the same time, this review covers important aspects on the frontal polymerization of various epoxide monomers involving the chemistry of the initiators, the effect of appropriate sensitizers, diluents and fillers.

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2

Chen, Ko Shao, Su Chen Chen, Yi Chun Yeh, Hong Ru Lin, Wen Fu Lee, and Heng Hsien Lee. "Comparison with Physics and Chemical Property of SBS/AA Copolymer Using Thermal Polymerization and UV Graft-Polymerization Methods." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1288.

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This study was compare of physics and chemical property of Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)/ Acrylic acid (AA) copolymer after thermal polymerization and UV graft-polymerization. The result of this study shows: when the thermal polymerization was used, the grafting percentage of SBS-g-AA rose along with the increase of the AA monomer concentration. The maximum occurred when SBS=0.5g and AA=2.5 x 0.0065mol, then it decreased along with the increase of the AA concentration. The transition ratio and grafting percentage decreased as the concentration of SBS increased; while AA was fixed on 0.0065mol, the maximum grafting percentage occurred by using 1g SBS. The grafting percentage increase along with the increase of reacting time, and it reached the maximum after reacting 3 hours. The water contact angle was lowered from 82o to 58o. Using the UV graft-polymerization, when AA monomer concentration increased, the grafting percentage increased as well; the maximum occurred when AA concentration was 2.88M. Moreover, the grafting percentage was increasing along with the increase of reacting time, but it stopped increasing around 40 minutes reacting time. The grafting percentage of thermal polymerization was higher than UV graft-polymerization. It shows that the swelling ratio of membranes grafted using the UV light was higher than those grafted by thermal polymerization.

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3

Thangawng, Abel L., Peter B. Howell, Jr, Christopher M. Spillmann, Jawad Naciri, and Frances S. Ligler. "UV polymerization of hydrodynamically shaped fibers." Lab on a Chip 11, no. 6 (2011): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0lc00392a.

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4

Sheth, Saahil, Era Jain, Amin Karadaghy, Sana Syed, Hunter Stevenson, and Silviya P. Zustiak. "UV Dose Governs UV-Polymerized Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Modulus." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5147482.

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Polyacrylamide (PAA) hydrogels have become a widely used tool whose easily tunable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, thermostability, and chemical inertness make them invaluable in many biological applications, such as cell mechanosensitivity studies. Currently, preparation of PAA gels involves mixtures of acrylamide, bisacrylamide, a source of free radicals, and a chemical stabilizer. This method, while generally well accepted, has its drawbacks: long polymerization times, unstable and toxic reagents, and tedious preparation. Alternatively, PAA gels could be made by free radical polymerization (FRP) using ultraviolet (UV) photopolymerization, a method which is quicker, less tedious, and less toxic. Here, we describe a simple strategy based on total UV energy for determining the optimal UV crosslinking conditions that lead to optimal hydrogel modulus.

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5

Świderska, Jolanta, Zbigniew Czech, Waldemar Świderski, and Agnieszka Kowalczyk. "Reducing of on Polymerization Shrinkage by Application of UV Curable Dental Restorative Composites." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2014-0050.

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Abstract This manuscript describes dental compositions contain in-organic fillers, multifunctional methacrylates and photoinitiators. The main problem by application and UV curing process is the shrinkage of photoreactive dental materials during and after UV curing process. Total shrinkage of UV curable dental composites is a phenomenon of polymerization shrinkage, typical behavior for multifunctional methacrylates during polymerization process. The important factors by curing of dental composites are: kind and concentration of used methacrylates, their functionality, double bond concentration, kind and concentration of added photoinitiator and UV dose. They are investigated UV-curable dental compositions based on 2,2-bis-[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryxloyloxypropyl)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA) and containing such multifunctional monomers as 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate (1,3-BDDMA), diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (T3EGDMA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), polyethylene glycol 200 dimethacrylate (PEG200DA). Reduction of polymerization shrinkage of dental compositions is at the moment a major problem by dental technology.

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6

Yu, Huan Yang. "Synthesis of Crosslinker Containing Sulfone Group and its Crosslinking with Styrene." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.456.

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A new crosslinker containing sulfone group was synthesized by polymerization of 4,4’-dihydroxydiphenyl-sulphone and methacryloyl chloride. Using this kind of crosslinker, the crosslinked polystyrene beads were prepared by suspension polymerization and UV-light polymerization, respectively. The synthesized crosslinker and crosslinked polystyrene beads were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of crosslinker amount on sulfonation rate of beads was studied. Polystyrene beads made by suspension polymerization possess higher sulfonation rate when the crosslinker amount is lower than 6%. When the content of crosslinker is higher than 6%, the reaction still can be carried out by UV-light polymerization, but the coagulation occurred during suspension polymerization because of the extremely high polarity of crosslinker.

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7

Du, Xin, Linxian Li, Junsheng Li, Chengwu Yang, Nataliya Frenkel, Alexander Welle, Stefan Heissler, Alexei Nefedov, Michael Grunze, and Pavel A. Levkin. "UV-Triggered Dopamine Polymerization: Control of Polymerization, Surface Coating, and Photopatterning." Advanced Materials 26, no. 47 (November 10, 2014): 8029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201403709.

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8

Luo, Bingqing, Zengju Fan, Ziping Li, Yulong Chen, Yanqing Tian, and Xing Cheng. "Volume-expansion polymerization for UV-curable nanoimprinting." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 35, no. 1 (January 2017): 011604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4973301.

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9

Pelgrims, J. "Cationic UV polymerization of Cyracure cycloaliphatic epoxies." Pigment & Resin Technology 16, no. 9 (September 1987): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb042394.

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10

Crivello, James V. "UV and electron beam-induced cationic polymerization." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 151, no. 1-4 (May 1999): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(99)00109-3.

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11

Xia, Jianrong, Yanlian Xu, Jinhuo Lin, and Binghuan Hu. "UV-induced polymerization of urushiol without photoinitiator." Progress in Organic Coatings 61, no. 1 (January 2008): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.08.007.

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12

Usanmaz, Ali, Ahmet M. Onal, and Serap Bostan. "Polymerization ofN-vinylcarbazole initiated by UV-radiation." British Polymer Journal 21, no. 1 (1989): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980210112.

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13

Decker, Christian. "The use of UV irradiation in polymerization." Polymer International 45, no. 2 (February 1998): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199802)45:2<133::aid-pi969>3.0.co;2-f.

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14

Park, Oun-Ho, Ji-In Jung, and Byeong-Soo Bae. "Photoinduced condensation of sol-gel hybrid glass films doped with benzildimethylketal." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 7 (July 2001): 2143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0292.

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Sol-gel hybrid glass films doped with benzildimethylketal (BDK) were prepared from [(methacryloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane, methacrylic acid, and zirconium n-propoxide. Polymerization of methacryl groups and polycondensation of alkoxides by UV illumination and baking were observed using Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. Polymerization kinetics and refractive index increase depend on UV illumination time. The refractive index increase is sensitive to BDK concentration and agrees well with photodecomposition of BDK. Thus, it is found that the refractive index increase is made by incorporation of the radicals produced by photodecomposition of BDK in the network as well as polymerization of methacryl groups.

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15

Zhang, Haiqiao, and Zhihui Wu. "UV-curable self-matting waterborne polyurethane acrylate coating via self-wrinkled surface during curing in open-air." RSC Advances 12, no. 52 (2022): 33945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06010h.

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16

Czech, Zbigniew, and Agnieszka Butwin. "UV-crosslinkable warm-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives based on acrylics." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 12, no. 4 (January 1, 2010): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-010-0051-9.

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UV-crosslinkable warm-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives based on acrylics The target of this article is to show the preparation of new generation of UV-crosslinkable warm-melt acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) and the experimental test of their adhesive properties in comparison with typical conventional hot-melts adhesives. New generation of UV-crosslinkable acrylic warm-melts PSAs containing unsaturated photoinitiator, incorporated during polymerization process into polymer chain, and photoreactive diluents added to PSA systems after polymerization allows producing of wide range of self-adhesive materials, such as labels, mounting tapes, masking and splicing tapes, and sign and marking films.

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17

Czech, Zbigniew, Janina Kabatc, Marcin Bartkowiak, Karolina Mozelewska, and Dominika Kwiatkowska. "Influence of an Alkoxylation Grade of Acrylates on Shrinkage of UV-Curable Compositions." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 2617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112617.

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Commercially available UV curable restorative materials are composed of inorganic filler hydroxyapatite, multifunctional methacrylate, photoinitiator and alkoxylated acrylate. Especially, the application of alkoxylated monomers with different alkoxylation grade allows the reduction of polymerization shrinkage which plays the major role by application of low shrinkage composites as high quality restorative dental materials or other adhesive materials in the form of UV-polymerized self-adhesive acrylics layers (films). There are several ways to reduce polymerization shrinkage of restorative compositions, for example, by adjusting different alkoxylated acrylic monomers, which are integral part of investigated UV curable restorative composites. This article is focused on the studies of contraction-stress measured as shrinkage during UV-initiated curing of restorative composites containing various commercially available alkoxylated acrylates. Moreover, studies with experimental restorative materials and recent developments typical for UV curing technology using special photoreactive monomers are described.

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18

Tikhonov A., Chugunov S., and Shishkovsky I.V. "Determination of the polymerization depths of lead-free piezoceramic pastes for UV 3D printing." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 10 (2022): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.10.54866.3825-22.

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In present study, the polymerization depths for the implementation of the laser stereolithography process in the system (oligomer - piezoceramics) on the wavelengths of 445-465 nm UV range were determined in the original BTO, KNN and NBT lead-free piezoceramic pastes. It was shown that powder pastes, which provide a polymerization depth more than 150 μm, are promising for using in 3D printing. Such depth was chosen to guarantee a sufficient overlap of neighboring layers during polymerization, at the laser beam velocity speed from 1 m/s and the distance between the laser paths of 50 μm. For NBT pastes, successful photo polymerization was carried out for the first time, and for KNN paste the process performance was significantly increased. Keywords: lead-free piezoceramics, stereolitography (SLA) - based ceramics 3D printing, UV- curing and bandwidths

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19

Mouquinho, Ana, and João Sotomayor. "The Impact of Curing Temperature and UV Light Intensity on the Performance of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Devices Exhibiting a Permanent Memory Effect." Crystals 14, no. 6 (June 20, 2024): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14060571.

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PDLC films, synthesized via polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) utilizing both temperature and UV monochromatic radiation, were derived from a blend of E7 nematic liquid crystal (LC) and PolyEGDMA875 (polyethyleneglycoldimethacrylate) oligomers, serving as the precursor for the polymeric matrix. The influence of the curing temperature on thermal polymerization, UV light intensity on photochemical polymerization, and exposure time during these processes on the electro-optical characteristics of PDLC films was thoroughly examined. Observations revealed that employing thermal polymerization during device preparation notably enhanced the permanent memory effect of the PDLC films. Sustained high transparency (TOFF = 45%) over an extended duration at room temperature, even subsequent to voltage cessation, was achieved. This transition initiated from an opaque state (T0 = 0%) through to a transparent state (TMAX = 65%), resulting in a substantial 70% permanent memory effect.

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20

Ishak, Siti Atiqah, S. M. Iskandar, and Azhar Abdul Rahman. "Sensitivity of HEMATEG Induced by Radiation Dose in the Diagnostic X-Ray Energy Range." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.267.

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The aim of this study is to determine sensitivity of new recipes polymer gel HEMATEG with varied x-ray exposure by using UV-visible spectrophotometer as an evaluation technique. The gels were irradiated by x-ray radiation and the polymerization of HEMATEG were followed. Polymerization was read based on absorption spectra in the range wavelength UV 300 nm to 700 nm. The dependency of polymerization with increasing of exposure dose was determined by changes in the band gap energy (Eg) and Urbach energy (∆E). In the UV-visible region,Egwith indirect transition of HEMATEG were decreased with increasing radiation dose while,∆Ewere increased with increasing radiation dose. This observation supported the increase of structured disorder of the polymer with increasing radiation dose. This study proved that HEMATEG had a high potential to be used as a 3-dimensional dosimeter in the diagnostic x-ray.

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21

Czech, Zbigniew, Dominika Sowa, and Paulina Ragańska. "Manufacturing of Solvent-Free Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives in Form of Self-Adhesive Layers." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (September 2013): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.13.147.

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The present publication is related to a process for producing the non-solvent acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA). New applications and technical specifications stimulate the continuous development of new methods of polymerization of solvent-free acrylate. New synthesis of solvent-free acrylics includes polymerization in the reactor with removal of the solvent and polymerization of the carrier. The polymerization process is connected with UV-crosslinking.

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22

Czech, Zbigniew, Dominika Sowa, and Paulina Ragańska. "Manufacturing of Solvent-Free Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives in Form of Self-Adhesive Layers." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (May 3, 2013): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-496l8f.

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The present publication is related to a process for producing the non-solvent acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA). New applications and technical specifications stimulate the continuous development of new methods of polymerization of solvent-free acrylate. New synthesis of solvent-free acrylics includes polymerization in the reactor with removal of the solvent and polymerization of the carrier. The polymerization process is connected with UV-crosslinking.

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23

Gause, Samuel, and Anuj Chauhan. "Incorporation of ultraviolet (UV) absorbing nanoparticles in contact lenses for Class 1 UV blocking." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 2 (2016): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb01532d.

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24

Zhu, Menglu, Zhanshuo Cao, Haijun Zhou, Yijun Xie, Guohua Li, Nongyue Wang, Yingchun Liu, Lianqi He, and Xiongwei Qu. "Preparation of environmentally friendly acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives by bulk photopolymerization and their performance." RSC Advances 10, no. 17 (2020): 10277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra10514j.

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Polyacrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives based on butyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid were prepared by a bulk polymerization process triggered by a radical photoinitiator under UV irradiation and UV-crosslinking.

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25

Kadir, Aygul, Tursun Abdiryim, Xiong Liu, Ruxangul Jamal, and Yaolong Zhang. "Self-Powered UV Photodetector Construction of the P(EDOS-TTh) Copolymer-Modified ZnO Nanoarray." Nanomaterials 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2024): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14080720.

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To solve the problem that zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs)-based self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors cannot obtain both higher responsiveness and shorter response time, P(EDOS-TTh) was prepared using 3,4-ethylenedioxyselenphene (EDOS) and terthiophene (TTh) as copolymers, which modify the ZnO NRs surface, and the ZnO/P(EDOS-TTh) P-N junction self-powered UV device is assembled. The effect of the number of electrochemical polymerization cycles on the UV photodetection performance of ZnO/P(EDOS-TTh) P-N heterojunction was studied by adjusting the number of electrochemical polymerization cycles at the monomer molar ratio of 1:1. Benefiting from the enhanced built-in electric field of the ZnO/P(EDOS-TTh) interface, balancing photogenerated carriers, and charge separation and transport. The results show that the contact between N-type ZnO NRs and P-type P(EDOS-TTh) is best when the number of polymerization cycles is 3, due to the fact that EDOS-TTh and ZnO NRs form excellent P-N heterojunctions with strong internal electric fields, and the devices show good pyroelectric effect and UV photodetection performance. Under 0 V bias and 0.32 mW/cm2 UV irradiation, the responsivity (R) of ZnO/P(EDOS-TTh) reaches 3.31 mA/W, the detectivity (D*) is 7.25 × 1010 Jones, and the response time is significantly shortened. The rise time is 0.086 s, which exhibited excellent photoelectric properties and stability. UV photodetection performance with high sensitivity and fast response time is achieved.

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26

Liu, Lian, Teng Yu, Pei Wang, and Guang Shuo Wang. "In Situ Polymerization and Characterization of Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.371.

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Nanocomposites of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and layered double hydroxide (LDH) were prepared by in situ polymerization at low LDHs loadings in this work. The resultants were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). FTIR showed that the PCL/LDHs nanocomposites were prepared successfully by in situ polymerization and XRD spectra showed that the crystal structure did not change greatly in the presence of LDHS. DSC results confirmed that LDHs could act as nucleating agents. UV-vis spectra showed that LDHs had stronger absorbance peak than LDH. Moreover, the PCL/LDHs nanocomposites had strong anti-ultraviolet effect by introduction of LDHs into polymer matrix.

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27

Sung, Jungmoon, Dong Geun Lee, Sukchin Lee, Junyoung Park, and Hyun Wook Jung. "Crosslinking Dynamics and Gelation Characteristics of Photo- and Thermally Polymerized Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogels." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153277.

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The crosslinking behaviors and gelation features of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were scrutinized during the UV and thermal polymerizations of mixtures of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA, monomer) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (PEGDMAs, crosslinkers). The real-time crosslinking behavior of the PEG hydrogels was quantified as a function of the UV irradiation time and reaction temperature during the UV and thermal polymerization, respectively, using real-time FT-IR spectrometry and rotational rheometry. The gelation characteristics of UV- and thermally crosslinked hydrogels were compared through the analysis of the gel fraction, swelling ratio, surface hardness, and the loading and release of rhodamine-B. The gelation properties of the cured hydrogel films were suitably correlated with the real-time rheological properties and crosslinked network state of the PEG mixtures. The crosslinking and gelation properties of the cured hydrogels could be optimally tuned by not only the molecular weight of the crosslinker but also the UV or thermal polymerization conditions.

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28

Lopez de Armentia, Sara, Juana Abenojar, Yolanda Ballesteros, Juan Carlos del Real, Nicholas Dunne, and Eva Paz. "Polymerization Kinetics of Acrylic Photopolymer Loaded with Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Additive Manufacturing." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 4498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244498.

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Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBN) can provide attractive properties to photocurable resins used in 3D printing technologies such as improved mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivity, and biological capabilities. However, the presence of GBN can affect the printing process (e.g., polymerization, dimensional stability, or accuracy), as well as compromising the quality of structures. In this study an acrylic photocurable resin was reinforced with GBN, using methyl methacrylate (MMA) to favor homogenous dispersion of the nanomaterials. The objective was to investigate the influence that the incorporation of GBN and MMA has on polymerization kinetics by Differential Scanning Calorimetry using Model Free Kinetics, ultra-violet (UV) and thermal triggered polymerization. It was found that MMA catalyzed polymerization reaction by increasing the chain’s mobility. In the case of GBNs, graphene demonstrated to inhibit both, thermally and UV triggered polymerization, whilst graphene oxide showed a double effect: it chemically inhibited the polymerization reaction during the initialization stage, but during the propagation stage it promoted the reaction. This study demonstrated that MMA can be used to achieve photocurable nanocomposites with homogenously dispersed GBN, and that the presence of GBN significantly modified the polymerization mechanism while an adaptation of the printing parameters is necessary in order to allow the printability of these nanocomposites.

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Budi, Setia, Eka Puspa Rini, Maria Paristiowati, Agung Imaduddin, and Devi Syafei. "Synthesis and Characterization of High Conductivity Polyaniline Prepared at Room Temperature." Chemistry and Materials 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56425/cma.v1i1.21.

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In this study, polyaniline was successfully synthesized using an oxidative polymerization method at room temperature. The polymerizations were carried out with and without stirring process under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The polyaniline was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, SAA, and Four Point Probe. It is found that UV irradiation and stirring could increase the surface area and conductivity of polyaniline. The surface area obtained for stirred and unstirred polymerization were 37.9 m2/g and 29.0 m2/g, respectively. Moreover, conductivity values for stirred and unstirred polymerization were found as 1.22 S/cm and 1.08 S/cm respectively. This result shows that polyaniline synthesized by stirring treatment obtained uniform morphology, smaller size, greater crystallinity, higher BET surface area, and higher conductivity than that that of without stirring.

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30

Tian, Xiao Fei, Min Wei, David G. Evans, Guo Ying Rao, and Xue Duan. "Tentative Mechanisms for In Situ Polymerization of Metanilic Acid Intercalated in MgAl Layered Double Hydroxide under Nitrogen Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.295.

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A new route has been developed to prepare polyaniline (PANI)/ layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanocomposites through in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of metanilic acid (m-NH2C6H4SO3H) intercalated in MgAl LDH under nitrogen atmosphere by using the pre-intercalated nitrate as the oxidizing agent. The whole process involves the synthesis of the precursor LDHs [Mg2Al (OH)6](NO3)·nH2O, the intercalation of the monomer metanilic acid into LDH and its in situ polymerization between the layers by thermal treatment under nitrogen atmosphere. The interlayer polymerization was monitored by thermogravimetry (TG)-differential thermal analysis (DTA) - mass spectrometry (MS), UV-vis spectroscopy and in situ high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD). UV-vis spectroscopy give strong evidence on the polymerization of the intercalated metanilic acid, with the increase of the interlayer distance and broadening of the diffraction peaks. It has been found by the in situ technologies that the co-intercalated nitrate anions act as the oxidizing agent which participate in the polymerization of the interlayer monomers under nitrogen atmosphere by heating from 300 oC to 350 oC.

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Liu, Zhenzhong, Gongjun Zhang, Wei Lu, Youju Huang, Jiawei Zhang, and Tao Chen. "UV light-initiated RAFT polymerization induced self-assembly." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 34 (2015): 6129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py00907c.

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Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) initiated by UV light is exploited as a new strategy to prepare polymeric nanomicelles at room temperature.

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Nason, Charles, Todd Roper, Charles Hoyle, and John A. Pojman. "UV-Induced Frontal Polymerization of Multifunctional (Meth)acrylates." Macromolecules 38, no. 13 (June 2005): 5506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma048569y.

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33

Wu, Chun-Chang, Steve Lien-Chung Hsu, and Wen-Chang Liao. "A photo-polymerization resist for UV nanoimprint lithography." Microelectronic Engineering 86, no. 3 (March 2009): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2008.10.013.

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34

Uyama, Y., and Y. Ikada. "Graft polymerization of acrylamide onto UV-irradiated films." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 36, no. 5 (August 20, 1988): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070360509.

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35

Mariani, Alberto, Simone Bidali, Stefano Fiori, Marco Sangermano, Giulio Malucelli, Roberta Bongiovanni, and Aldo Priola. "UV-ignited frontal polymerization of an epoxy resin." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 42, no. 9 (2004): 2066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.20051.

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Pola, Josef, Markéta Urbanová, Zdeněd Bastl, and Hiroshi Morita. "UV laser-induced gas-phase polymerization of ethynyltrimethylsilane." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 21, no. 4 (March 2000): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(200003)21:4<178::aid-marc178>3.0.co;2-4.

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37

Arai, Kenichiro. "Polymerization of micelles under irradiation with UV light." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 31, no. 1 (January 1990): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19900310118.

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38

Maruthapandi, Moorthy, and Aharon Gedanken. "A Short Report on the Polymerization of Pyrrole and Its Copolymers by Sonochemical Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots." Polymers 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081240.

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In polymer chemistry, polymerization constitutes the process of the conversion of monomers into polymers using an initiator to form polymeric chains. There are many polymerization techniques and different systems exist by which the polymers are classified. Recently, our group has reported the synthesis of polymers using both carbon dots (CDs) and UV light as initiators. In these reports, the carbon dots were used with or without UV light. The CDs produce free radicals in the presence of UV light, indicating their role as initiators. The CD surface has many unshared or unpaired electrons, making it negatively charged. The present study focuses on the use of CDs for the formation of polymers from monomers containing various functional group. The properties of the synthesized CDs and the polymers obtained from the various monomers were characterized by various analytical techniques, including Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Solid-State NMR spectroscopy. This polymerization technique is of interest both from the scientific aspect and for its applicative potential. The synthesized polymers were investigated for their various applications.

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Urena-Nunez, Fernando, Enrique Vigueras-Santiago, Susana Hernandez-Lopez, Karla Linares-Hernandez, and Isabel Linares-Hernandez. "Structural, thermal and morphological characterization of UV-graft polymerization of acrylated-epoxidized soybean oil onto goat leather." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2008): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.03.191.

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Graft of acrylated-epoxidized soybean oil onto goat leather was achieved using UV-radiation. Graft percentage, structural, morphological and thermal characterizations are discussed in terms of: morphology of the leather grafted face and the UV-radiation dosage. The obtained results are of importance since an environmental friendly monomer could be used to change or improve some properties of leather articles.

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Ha, Nguyen Tran, and Duong Ba Vu. "Organic photo-catalyst for controlled synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) using spirooxazine initiator." Tạp chí Khoa học 14, no. 9 (September 20, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.14.9.299(2017).

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Photoinitiated metal-free controlled living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylates was investigated using the nuclear aromatic compound of pyrene. In the presence of photoredox catalysts and UV irradiation, spirooxazine initiator was used as initiator for polymerization of methyl methacrylate with good control over molecular weight in range of 10000 – 14000 g/mol and polydispersity below 1.5. Moreover, the obtained polymer also exhibited photochromic properties under UV irradiation both in solution and in solid state film. We are reliable believe that organic-based photoredox catalysts will enable new applications for controlled radical polymerizations in both small molecules and polymer chemistry.

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41

Han, Junyi, Shengling Jiang, Yanjing Gao, and Fang Sun. "Intramolecular-initiating photopolymerization behavior of nanogels with the capability of reducing shrinkage." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 45 (2016): 10675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc03839e.

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42

Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances on Furan-Based Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization." Catalysts 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030493.

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Photopolymerization is an active research field enabling to polymerize in greener conditions than that performed with traditional thermal polymerization. At present, a great deal of effort is devoted to developing visible light photoinitiating systems. Indeed, the traditional UV photoinitiating systems are currently the focus of numerous safety concerns so alternatives to UV light are being actively researched. However, visible light photons are less energetic than UV photons so the reactivity of the photoinitiating systems should be improved to address this issue. In this field, furane constitutes an interesting candidate for the design of photocatalysts of polymerization due to its low cost and its easy chemical modification. In this review, an overview concerning the design of furane-based photoinitiators is provided. Comparisons with reference systems are also established to demonstrate evidence of the interest of these photoinitiators in innovative structures.

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43

Guo, C., J. D. Xue, L. X. Cheng, R. C. Liu, S. Z. Kang, Q. D. Zeng, and M. Li. "Two-dimensional self-assembly of diacetylenic acid derivatives and their light-induced polymerization on HOPG surfaces." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 24 (2017): 16213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02337e.

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44

Fu, Zheng, Hong Wei, Yang Ding, and Chao Yuan. "Polymerization and Chiroptical Behavior of N-[o-(4-isopropyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl) phenyl] Methacrylamide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 1187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.1187.

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The radical polymerization of optically active methacrylamide derivative, N-[o-(4-isopropyl-4,5-dihydro -1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenyl] methacrylamide ((S)-MeOPMAM), was carried out under various conditions. The effect of Lewis acid, that is, rare earth metal trifluoromethanesulfonates on the free-radical polymerization were examined under different solvents. The polymerization in the presence of rare earth metal trifluoromethanesulfonates produced isotactic-rich polymers compared with those obtained without the Lewis acid. The polymerization characteristics and the chiroptical behavior of the resultant polymers have been examined by using circular dichroism (CD), UV–Vis, and NMR spectroscopies.

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Wang, Junren, Colin McGinty, Robert Reich, Valerie Finnemeyer, Harry Clark, Shaun Berry, and Philip Bos. "Process for a Reactive Monomer Alignment Layer for Liquid Crystals Formed on an Azodye Sublayer." Materials 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071195.

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In this work, the detailed studies of surface polymerization stabilizing liquid crystal formed on an azodye sublayer are presented. The surface localized stabilization is obtained by free-radical polymerization of a dilute solution of a bi-functional reactive monomer (RM) in a liquid crystal (LC) solvent. To optimize the process for surface localized stabilization, we investigate the effects of several process parameters including RM concentration in LC hosts, the types of materials (either RM or LC), the photo-initiator (PI) concentration, ultra-violet (UV) polymerization intensity, and the UV curing temperature. The quality of surface localized stabilization is characterized and/or evaluated by optical microscopy, electro-optical behavior (transmission/voltage curve), the life test, and photo-bleaching. Our results show that, by carefully selecting materials, formulating mixtures, and controlling the polymerizing variables, the RM polymerization can be realized either at the surface or through the bulk. Overall, the combination of surface localized stabilization and photo-alignment offers an elegant and dynamic solution for controlling the alignment for LC, which could play a profound role in almost all liquid crystal optical devices.

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Zhang, Li Juan, Chen Bo Wu, Fei Yang, Xiao Yi Geng, Meng Qian Li, and Ji Jun Xiao. "Preparation and Characterization of UV Curable Hybrid System Based on Free Radical and Cationic Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.141.

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A UV curable hybrid system with a dual mechanism of radical and cationic photo-polymerization, was investigated. A kind of free radical oligomer with low viscosity named hexahydrophthalic acid diglycidyl acrylate was first synthesized. The structure of the oligomer was characterization by FTIR. The UV curing processing of hybrid system was traced by real-time FTIR, and compared with free radical, cationic system. Thermal decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature of UV curing film for various system were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differental scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. And physical and mechanical properties of those curing films were analyzed and compared. The results show that the radical polymerization of double bond and cationic polymerization of epoxy group could occur simultaneously in hybrid system. The conversion rate of epoxy group for hybrid system was higher than that of epoxy group for cationic system, which demonstrated that the cationic photo-initiator (DPI·PF6) can be sensitized by the free radical photo-initiator (Irgacure 184). Compared with free radical and cationic system, the hardness and mechanical properties of hybrid system curing film were better than those of the cationic system curing film, while closed to those of free radical system.

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Świderska, Jolanta, Zbigniew Czech, and Agnieszka Kowalczyk. "Polymerization shrinkage by investigation of uv curable dental restorative composites containing multifunctional methacrylates." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2013-0027.

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Typical commercial restorative dental compositions in the form of medical resins contain in-organic fillers, multifunctional methacrylates and photoinitiators. The currently used resins for direct composite restoratives have been mainly based on acrylic chemistry to this day. The main problem with the application and radiation curing process is the shrinkage of photoreactive dental materials during and after UV curing. Shrinkage of restorative radiation curable dental composites is a phenomenon of polymerization shrinkage, typical behavior of multifunctional methacrylates during the polymerization process. The important factors in curing of dental composites are: the kind and concentration of the used methacrylate, its functionality, double bond concentration, the kind and concentration of the added photoinitiator and UV dose emitted by the UV-lamp. They are investigated multifunctional 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate (1,3-BDDMA), diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), 2,2-bis-[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryxloyloxypropyl) phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA), ethoxylated Bis-GMA (EBPDMA) and dodecandiol dimethacrylate (DDDMA). Reduction of polymerization shrinkage of restorative dental compositions is at the moment a major problem of dental technology. This problem can be solved through an application of photoreactive non-tacky multifunctional methacrylates in the investigated dental adhesive fillings.

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Dai, Zhongran, Yaqin Cui, Changjuan Chen, and Jincai Wu. "Photoswitchable ring-opening polymerization of lactide catalyzed by azobenzene-based thiourea." Chemical Communications 52, no. 57 (2016): 8826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc04090j.

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An azobenzene-based thiourea compound 1 as a catalyst was successfully used in the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide. The reactivity of a catalytic polymerization system using photoresponsive azobenzene-based thiourea/PMDETA as a catalyst could be switched between slow and fast states by alternating exposure to UV and ambient light.

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Wu, Bing, Walter Chassé, Andreas Heise, Arno P. M. Kentgens, Dermot F. Brougham, and Victor M. Litvinov. "Effect of H-bonding on network junction and macroscopic elastomer properties in photocured polyacrylate films." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 6, no. 8 (2022): 990–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm01535d.

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50

Guan, Xiao Lin, Hong Ting Fan, Dong Hai Zhang, Yang Zhang, Tian Ming Jia, and Shou Jun Lai. "Covalent Binding of CdSe@PMMA Nanocomposite Films with both Good Transparency and UV-Shielding." Journal of Nano Research 41 (May 2016): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.41.42.

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Thin UV-blocking films of poly(methyl methacrylate) and CdSe quantum dots (QDs) (CdSe@PMMA) are built up by CdSe-azo initiator through surface-initiated free-radical polymerization. CdSe@PMMA nanocomposite film possesses excellent transparency and ultraviolet (UV)-shielding properties. The average size of CdSe QDs is found to be less than 5 nm and well dispersed in the PMMA matrices without any significant agglomeration by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement. At the same time, excellent fluorescence (FL) spectra of the nanocomposite indicate that the luminescent properties of CdSe QDs remain effective after the polymerization. Such the transparent and luminescence CdSe@PMMA nanocomposite film exhibits prominent UV-absorbing capability and the high optical transparency in the visible-wavelength region, thus make it to be a promising material for the large scale fabrication of diverse optical devices.

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