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1
Pan, Bin, and Hao Wu. "Success Probability Analysis of C-V2X Communications on Irregular Manhattan Grids." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (August 19, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2746038.
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To overcome the shortcomings of Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communications have been proposed recently, which has a variety of advantages over traditional DSRC, including longer communication range, broader coverage, greater reliability, and smooth evolution path towards 5G. In this paper, we consider an LTE-based C-V2X communications network in irregular Manhattan grids. We model the macrobase stations (MBSs) as a 2D Poisson point process (PPP) and model the roads as a Manhattan Poisson line process (MPLP), with the roadside units (RSUs) modeled as a 1D PPP on each road. As an enhancement architecture to DSRC, C-V2X communications include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication, and vehicle-to-network (V2N) communication. Since the spectrum for PC5 interface in 5.9 GHz is quite limited, cellular networks could share some channels to V2I links to improve spectral efficiency. Thus, according to Maximum Power-based Scheme, we adopt the stochastic geometry approach to compute the signal-to-interference ratio- (SIR-) based success probability of a typical vehicle that connects to an RSU or an MBS and the area spectral efficiency of the whole network over shared V2I and V2N downlink channels. In addition, we study the asymptotic characteristics of success probability and provide some design insights according to the impact of several key parameters on success probability.
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Suresh, Sureddi. "Advancements in V2X Communication: Enhancing Vehicle-to-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Pedestrian, and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Connectivity"." International Journal on Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (2023): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14474489.
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The automotive industry is transforming rapidly with the evolution of 5G, cloud computing, connected and autonomous vehicles, and artificialintelligence. Wireless communication plays a significant role in this industry transformation with continuously evolving V2X (Vehicle-to-everything) communication technologies. V2X in general is referred to as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure), V2N (Vehicle-to-Network) communication and so on.Safety and congestion, two of the major issues in transport, are the best examples, to which the vehicular communication has started to have an influence. These V2Xcommunications provide traffic efficiency, driving safety, and road information in real-time.This paper briefly highlights the evolution of V2X communications, starting from DSRC to 5G NR V2X, and compares different types of wireless communication for vehicle communications. It also provides a list of applications that use V2X. It also briefly highlights the security concerns involved with these V2X communications and the mitigation plans being studied by academia and industry.
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Han, Biao, Sirui Peng, Celimuge Wu, Xiaoyan Wang, and Baosheng Wang. "LoRa-Based Physical Layer Key Generation for Secure V2V/V2I Communications." Sensors 20, no. 3 (2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030682.
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In recent years, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication brings more and more attention from industry (e.g., Google and Uber) and government (e.g., United States Department of Transportation). These Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies are widely adopted in future autonomous vehicles. However, security issues have not been fully addressed in V2V and V2I systems, especially in key distribution and key management. The physical layer key generation, which exploits wireless channel reciprocity and randomness to generate secure keys, provides a feasible solution for secure V2V/V2I communication. It is lightweight, flexible, and dynamic. In this paper, the physical layer key generation is brought to the V2I and V2V scenarios. A LoRa-based physical key generation scheme is designed for securing V2V/V2I communications. The communication is based on Long Range (LoRa) protocol, which is able to measure Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in long-distance as consensus information to generate secure keys. The multi-bit quantization algorithm, with an improved Cascade key agreement protocol, generates secure binary bit keys. The proposed schemes improved the key generation rate, as well as to avoid information leakage during transmission. The proposed physical layer key generation scheme was implemented in a V2V/V2I network system prototype. The extensive experiments in V2I and V2V environments evaluate the efficiency of the proposed key generation scheme. The experiments in real outdoor environments have been conducted. Its key generation rate could exceed 10 bit/s on our V2V/V2I network system prototype and achieve 20 bit/s in some of our experiments. For binary key sequences, all of them pass the suite of statistical tests from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
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Khan, Usman Ali, and Sang Sun Lee. "Distance-Based Resource Allocation for Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Safety Communication." Electronics 9, no. 10 (2020): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101640.
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Cellular Vehicle to Everything (V2X) has redefined the vehicular communication architecture as something that needs an ultra-reliable link, high capacity, and fast message delivery in vehicular networks. The V2X scenarios are broadly categorized as Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Pedestrians (V2P), and Vehicle to Network (V2N). Vulnerable pedestrians belong to the V2P category and hence require an ultra-reliable link and a fast message delivery in case the moving vehicle is in the close proximity of the pedestrian. However, congestion in the network calls for an optimized resource allocation that would allow a fast and secure connection between a vehicle and the pedestrian. In this paper, we have proposed a distance-based resource allocation that classifies the pedestrians in different categories, performs a one-to-many weighted bipartite matching, and finally a reinforcement learning based power allocation.
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Han, Donghee, and Jaewoo So. "Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation Based on Deep Q-Network in V2V Communications." Sensors 23, no. 3 (2023): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031295.
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Recently, with the development of autonomous driving technology, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technology that provides a wireless connection between vehicles, pedestrians, and roadside base stations has gained significant attention. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication should provide low-latency and highly reliable services through direct communication between vehicles, improving safety. In particular, as the number of vehicles increases, efficient radio resource management becomes more important. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based decentralized resource allocation scheme in the V2X communication network in which the radio resources are shared between the V2V and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) networks. Here, a deep Q-network (DQN) is utilized to find the resource blocks and transmit power of vehicles in the V2V network to maximize the sum rate of the V2I and V2V links while reducing the power consumption and latency of V2V links. The DQN also uses the channel state information, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of V2I and V2V links, and the latency constraints of vehicles to find the optimal resource allocation scheme. The proposed DQN-based resource allocation scheme ensures energy-efficient transmissions that satisfy the latency constraints for V2V links while reducing the interference of the V2V network to the V2I network. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of the sum rate of the V2X network, the average power consumption of V2V links, and the average outage probability of V2V links using a case study in Manhattan with nine blocks of 3GPP TR 36.885. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme greatly reduces the transmit power of V2V links when compared to the conventional reinforcement learning-based resource allocation scheme without sacrificing the sum rate of the V2X network or the outage probability of V2V links.
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Santa, Jose, Gómez Antonio Skarmeta, and Marc Sanchez-Artigas. "Architecture and evaluation of a unified V2V and V2I communication system based on cellular networks." Computer Communications 31, no. 12 (2008): 2850–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2007.12.008.
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Vehicle communications are becoming the cornerstone in the future vehicle equipment. More specifically, vehicle to vehicle communications (V2V) are the main object of researching nowadays, because vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) approximations are already being developed as commercial solutions. Cellular networks (CN) are usually applied in V2I solutions, whereas ad hoc networks are practically the only technology considered in V2V communications. Due to fact that CN are currently a reality and the operators are continuously improving the network, this communication technology could be considered as a candidate to deal with V2V necessities as well. The present paper defends the applicability of CN in the V2V field, and presents a novel communication paradigm for vehicles which unifies both V2V and V2I paradigms into one system. A peer to peer network technology has been used over the CN basis to create a group-based communication infrastructure which enables the message propagation among vehicles and between the car and the road side infrastructure. The architecture has been implemented in both hardware and software terms, and multitude of field tests have been carried out, whose main performance results are shown in the paper.
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Yogarayan, Sumendra, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, and Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah. "VEHICLE TO EVERYTHING (V2X) COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART MOBILITY IN MALAYSIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (2021): 534–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.47.
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Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication technology assesses the potential as the new phenomenon for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the context of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-network (V2N). Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is the conventional vehicular communication standard for ITS. The cellular network based on 4G/5G for ITS deployment has become a competitor to DSRC. Recent advancements in technologies have motivated the research community to develop a hybrid DSRC, and cellular networks approach to support reliable ITS applications. Nevertheless, as new techniques come forward, the technical and regulatory challenges may also vary across countries. Given that the existing comparative studies have not been covered as a whole, we evaluated the V2X communication technology to classify the adaptability of DSRC, cellular networks, and hybrid methods. The study also includes available V2X technology platforms and products. In addition, the challenges of deployments are also depicted in this study. The outcome indicates that many automotive industries and telecommunication providers recognize V2X substantial effect on ITS. The work is underway to decide which capabilities will be added since this is a long-term benefit for our future transportation.
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Yogarayan, Sumendra, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, and Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah. "VEHICLE TO EVERYTHING (V2X) COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART MOBILITY IN MALAYSIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (2021): 534–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.47.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication technology assesses the potential as the new phenomenon for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the context of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-network (V2N). Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is the conventional vehicular communication standard for ITS. The cellular network based on 4G/5G for ITS deployment has become a competitor to DSRC. Recent advancements in technologies have motivated the research community to develop a hybrid DSRC, and cellular networks approach to support reliable ITS applications. Nevertheless, as new techniques come forward, the technical and regulatory challenges may also vary across countries. Given that the existing comparative studies have not been covered as a whole, we evaluated the V2X communication technology to classify the adaptability of DSRC, cellular networks, and hybrid methods. The study also includes available V2X technology platforms and products. In addition, the challenges of deployments are also depicted in this study. The outcome indicates that many automotive industries and telecommunication providers recognize V2X substantial effect on ITS. The work is underway to decide which capabilities will be added since this is a long-term benefit for our future transportation.
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Yuan, Dizhe, Denghua Hu, and Xihong Chen. "Resource Allocation in C-V2X Mode 3 Based on the Exchanged Preference Profiles." Electronics 12, no. 5 (2023): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051071.
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In this paper, we investigate the resource block (RB) allocation problem in cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) networks mode 3, where the cellular networks schedule the RBs for direct vehicular communications. First, we establish the communication model and introduce the effective capacity and queuing theory to describe the reliability of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) links. Then, we introduce the α-fair function and formulate the joint power control and RB allocation problem considering the allocation fairness and the different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and V2V links. Our objective is to maximize the sum capacity of all V2I links with the α-fair function while guaranteeing the allocation fairness among V2I links and the transmission reliability for each V2V pair. To achieve this objective, we propose a novel matching game theory algorithm based on the exchanged preference profiles between the two participant sets, i.e., V2V and V2I links. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm is adaptive to the dynamic vehicular network and achieves better efficiency and fairness trade-offs, outperforming the classic allocation method.
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Liu, Yu, Xinzheng Wang, and Huiling Zheng. "5G-V2X Based Traffic Safety Warning System through Mobile Sensor and Wireless Communication." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (2021): 022025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022025.
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Abstract This project designs a traffic safety early warning system based on 5G-V2X for the current situation of increasing traffic accidents in China, which concentrates on two modules of V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle), V2I (vehicle-to-road) for early warning system design, with OBU (vehicle communication unit) and RSU (roadside communication unit) based on 5G-V2X communication technology to establish vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-road interactive communication, and realize V2V collision warning and V2I traffic light emergency event warning at intersections through collision risk warning algorithm and intersection passage assistance algorithm, thus alerting drivers to avoid dangerous situations and reducing the incidence of traffic accidents.
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Santa, Jose, Fernando Pereñiguez, Juan C. Cano, Gómez Antonio Skarmeta, and Pietro Manzoni. "Comprehensive Vehicular Networking Platform for V2I and V2V Communications within the Walkie-Talkie Project." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2013 (July 14, 2013): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/676850.
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Communication architectures integrating vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications will be the key of success for the next generation of cars. Nevertheless, the integration of these communication partners in the same platform is a challenging issue because most of the literature is focused on individual parts, such as V2V routing protocols or specific safety services. The Walkie-Talkie project was proposed to fill this gap, focusing on the integration of V2V and V2I systems to equip vehicles with a set of intelligent services addressing safer, smarter, and sustainable driving. This paper describes the developed communications platform. The network design is based on IPv6 to support middleware and applications executed on both the vehicle and infrastructure sides. Whereas V2I is focused on the usage of IPv6 network mobility, V2V is provided by means of a hybrid solution based on intelligent delivery and delay tolerant networks. On top of the networking protocols, a service access middleware exploiting concepts from next generation networks is proposed, together with a proper on-board application management based on the open service gateway initiative. A prototype of the network and real evaluations are also presented as a proof of concept of our platform.
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Padmavathi*, T., Dr Kusma Kumari Cheepurupalli, and Dr R. Madhu. "Optimal Power Allocation and Capacity Analysis for D2D-Enabled Vehicular Communications." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8, no. 4 (2019): 4110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d873141.118419.
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Wireless Communication is important to recover transmitted information by accommodating reliable Information flow to allow safety, mobility and environmental applications. In cellular communication resources are shared with the users to improve spectral reuse and enhance channel capacity. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has become a promising technology for wireless engineers to optimize the network performance. In vehicular environment, the design of resource allocation schemes for D2D-enabled networks need to be properly addressed because of the fast channel variations due to high mobility. In this work, Radio Resource Management (RRM) for D2D-based V2X (Vehicle to Everything) communications including both vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication are implemented. Power is allocated based on slowly varying large-scale fading information of wireless channels of LTE standard The objective is to maximize the ergodic capacity of V2I connections by ensuring reliability for each V2V link. Sum ergodic capacity of all V2I links is first taken as the optimization goal to maximize the general V2I link throughput. Minimum ergodic capacity maximization is then taken into consideration to offer a more uniform capacity performance throughout all V2I links. Various algorithms that gives optimal power allocation are proposed and compared. Here, the capacity maximization between highway areas and urban areas are compared and concluded that capacity maximization will be higher in urban areas then on highways.
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L., Thulasimani, and Antinita Shilpha Daly A. "Power Optimization for Spectrum Sharing in Vehicular Networks." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 10, no. 6 (2021): 10–13. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.F8703.0410621.
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The main goal of vehicular communication is to provide a more safe and efficient vehicular operation. The challenge in a Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) network is to provide reliable connectivity for the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) links and high data rate connectivity for the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) links at the same time. This requirement leads to spectrum sharing in vehicular communication. As the vehicular systems increases, the transmit power levels increases in the environment which in turn causes harmful effects on the atmosphere. The objective of this paper is to analyze the graph-based spectrum sharing algorithms that are available for vehicular communication and to develop a power optimization algorithm based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and to incorporate it into these algorithms in such a way to achieve better sum capacity for the V2I links along with a guaranteed reliability for the V2V links.
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Wang, Runmin, Xinrui Zhang, Zhigang Xu, Xiangmo Zhao, and Xiaochi Li. "Research on Performance and Function Testing of V2X in a Closed Test Field." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (August 25, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9970978.
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The V2X and cooperative vehicle infrastructure system (CVIS), which leverage the efficient information interactions through V2V, V2I, V2P, and V2N, are known as the advanced and effective technology in reducing traffic accidents and improving traffic efficiency. The complex technical characteristics of V2X and highly reliable service demand of typical V2X applications call for the test needs before the large-scale deployment of V2X. It indicates that the performance and function of V2X devices should be systematically tested and evaluated in extreme and boundary conditions of driving and communication environments before being broadly deployed and applied in infrastructures. Motivated by the previously mentioned needs, a performance and function testing scheme of V2X in a closed test field is studied. According to the analytical viewpoint from the physical layer and MAC layer, the proposed research systematically analyses the technical differences of DSRC and LTE-V, which are two typical V2X protocols, in terms of vehicle speed, communication distance, and channel adaptability. Based on the critical practical test needs from the analytical study, a function and performance test system of V2X specifically for the closed test field is proposed. The performance and typical application effectiveness in intersection environment of DSRC and LTE-V are evaluated. The limitation and proposed improvement strategies of these V2X protocols are analytically discussed.
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Du, Ning, Changqing Zhou, and Xiyuan Ma. "A Novel Subchannel and Power Allocation Algorithm in V2V Communication." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (October 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5530612.
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This paper investigates resource allocation of latency constrained vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. When a subchannel of a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) link can be reused by multiple V2V links, a nonlinear mixed integer optimization problem with the goal of maximizing the spectral efficiency of the system is derived under the constraints of minimum transmission rate of V2I links and transmission latency of V2V links. The subchannel allocation problem is solved by means of two-sided exchange matching theory, optimal transmission power of V2I and V2V links is solved based on the poly-block approximation (PBA) algorithm, and the system spectrum efficiency is maximized through loop iteration. In order to reduce the computational complexity of power allocation problem, a power allocation algorithm based on iterative convex optimization (ICO) is proposed. The convergence of the resource allocation algorithm is also proved. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can guarantee transmission latency requirements of V2V links and improve the system sum rate and access ratio of V2V links. Compared with two traditional algorithms, latency of poly-block approximation combined with many to one matching (PBAMTO) is reduced by 30.41% and 20.43%, respectively.
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Ding, Yuanfeng, Yan Huang, Li Tang, Xizhong Qin, and Zhenhong Jia. "Resource Allocation in V2X Communications Based on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Attention Mechanism." Mathematics 10, no. 19 (2022): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193415.
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In this paper, we study the joint optimization problem of the spectrum and power allocation for multiple vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) users in cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication, aiming to maximize the sum rate of V2I links while satisfying the low latency requirements of V2V links. However, channel state information (CSI) is hard to obtain accurately due to the mobility of vehicles. In addition, the effective sensing of state information among vehicles becomes difficult in an environment with complex and diverse information, which is detrimental to vehicles collaborating for resource allocation. Thus, we propose a framework of multi-agent deep reinforcement learning based on attention mechanism (AMARL) to improve the V2X communication performance. Specifically, for vehicle mobility, we model the problem as a multi-agent reinforcement learning process, where each V2V link is regarded an agent and all agents jointly intercommunicate with the environment. Each agent allocates spectrum and power through its deep Q network (DQN). To enhance effective intercommunication and the sense of collaboration among vehicles, we introduce an attention mechanism to focus on more relevant information, which in turn reduces the signaling overhead and optimizes their communication performance more explicitly. Experimental results show that the proposed AMARL-based approach can satisfy the requirements of a high rate for V2I links and low latency for V2V links. It also has an excellent adaptability to environmental change.
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Fu, Jinjuan, Xizhong Qin, Yan Huang, Li Tang, and Yan Liu. "Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Resource Allocation for Cellular Vehicular Network Mode 3 with Underlay Approach." Sensors 22, no. 5 (2022): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051874.
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Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has attracted increasing attention since it can improve road safety and traffic efficiency. In the underlay approach of mode 3, the V2V links need to reuse the spectrum resources preoccupied with vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) links, which will interfere with the V2I links. Therefore, how to allocate wireless resources flexibly and improve the throughput of the V2I links while meeting the low latency requirements of the V2V links needs to be determined. This paper proposes a V2V resource allocation framework based on deep reinforcement learning. The base station (BS) uses a double deep Q network to allocate resources intelligently. In particular, to reduce the signaling overhead for the BS to acquire channel state information (CSI) in mode 3, the BS optimizes the resource allocation strategy based on partial CSI in the framework of this article. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme can meet the low latency requirements of V2V links while increasing the capacity of the V2I links compared with the other methods. In addition, the proposed partial CSI design has comparable performance to complete CSI.
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Ibrahim Ali, Qutaiba, and Hussein M. Mohammed. "Enhancing Road Safety and Network Intelligence through Vehicleto-Everything (V2X) Communication: Architectures, Models, and Performance Analysis." Transportation Development Research 3, no. 1 (2025): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.55121/tdr.v3i1.426.
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Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is a transformative and rapidly advancing paradigm that enables real-time, bidirectional data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and broader network systems using wireless technologies. As urban mobility becomes more complex and traffic congestion, collision rates, and demand for safer and more efficient transportation rise, V2X emerges as a key enabler of smart mobility and autonomous driving. By integrating various modes of communication—including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Network (V2N), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P)—V2X provides a unified platform for situational awareness and proactive decision-making. This paper offers a comprehensive survey of V2X communication modes, detailing their architectures, use cases, and deployment challenges. Each communication mode plays a distinct role in enhancing traffic flow, improving road safety, and reducing the burden on human drivers. Moreover, the study introduces mathematical models designed to evaluate crucial performance metrics such as latency, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network throughput under varying conditions, including traffic density, node mobility, and infrastructure placement. The simulation results underscore the impact of relay node positioning, Road Side Unit (RSU) density, and packet size on the efficiency and reliability of V2X networks. The concluding section highlights the need for dependable and scalable V2X infrastructure and advocates for the integration of intelligent routing algorithms, adaptive communication strategies, and context-aware systems. These advancements are vital to achieving robust, future-proof smart transportation networks that can adapt to evolving technological and societal demands.
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Mohialden, Yasmin Makki, Nadia Mahmood Hussien, and Samira Abdul Kader Hussain. "Mitigating Cybersecurity Threats in Autonomous Vehicles: A Real-World Case Study on Protecting V2X Communication Against Remote Hacking Attempts." CyberSystem Journal 1, no. 2 (2024): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.57238/csj.9tjh0036.
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As of now, maintaining the security and dependability of V2X communication remains an open issue due to the complexity and vulnerability of wireless networking technologies for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). This study is conducted to address the research gap. The initial research activities are to routinely test the security vulnerability of the communication technologies in AVs, which encompass vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-device (V2D) communication. Industry tools and software licenses are used to perform these experimental tests. The results reveal that malicious cyber-attacks targeting V2X communication are successful. Building on the results, a model-based SDLC and a set of guidelines are proposed to securely develop software for AVs 2. Participants of the project are also trained in these newly developed methodologies to enhance the development security of the AVs in the future.
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Liu, Xinyi, Hao Zhang, Qiqi Ma, Xin Zhao, and Chenqi Di. "Channel Performance Analysis of Visible Light Communication Technology in the Internet of Vehicles." Photonics 10, no. 11 (2023): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10111197.
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The emergence of visible light communication technology has alleviated the pressure of wireless network communication and provided new ways for vehicle networking technology. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the performance changes in visible light communication in vehicle networking communication. This article mainly considers the impact of vehicle speed on the quality of visible light communication technology services during the driving duration. Firstly, the impact of vehicle speed on signal-to-noise ratio changes was analyzed. Secondly, the channel states in different V2I/V2V scenarios were analyzed. Finally, the transformation in signal-to-noise ratio in V2I/V2V scenarios was analyzed through simulation.
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Kim, Wooseong, and Eun-Kyu Lee. "LTE Network Enhancement for Vehicular Safety Communication." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8923782.
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Direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications have been popularly considered for safe driving of manned or unmanned vehicles. The V2I communication is better than the V2V communication for propagating safety messages at critical regions like intersections where the safety messages must be delivered to surround vehicles with low latency and loss, since transmitters as infrastructure can have line of sight to the receiver vehicles and control wireless medium access in a centralized manner unlike V2V. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks are rapidly deployed in the world with explosively increasing mobile traffic. As many automobile manufacturers choose LTE on-board devices for telematics, the LTE system can be utilized also for safety purposes instead of 802.11p/WAVE based roadside units (RSUs). Previous literatures have studied mostly current LTE system analysis in aspect of theoretical network capacity and end-to-end delay to investigate feasibility of V2I communication. In this paper, we propose new enhancement of a current LTE system specified by 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) LTE standards while addressing major delay challenges. From simulation, we confirm that our three key solutions can reduce end-to-end delay effectively in the LTE system to satisfy requirements of safety message delivery.
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Zia, Ur Rehman Dr. Hameed Ur Rahman. "Technical Challenges in Achieving Ultra-Reliable & Low Latency Communication in 5G Cellular- V2X Systems." LC International Journal of STEM (ISSN: 2708-7123) 1, no. 3 (2021): 89–95. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5148312.
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Fifth-generation (5G) has been classified as an ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to meet the varied market and industrial needs. Future cellular networks aim to fulfil the requirements to achieve seamless Ultra-Reliable & Low Latency Communication (URLLC) in delay sensitive applications also. Cellular-based Vehicle-To-Everything (C-V2X) services and its use cases are selected and reviewed. 5<sup>th </sup>generation (5G) cellular communication can provide a promising solution by ensuring reliable and fast connectivity with low latency. This work has reviewed the challenges to achieve the URLLC in C-V2X communication. It can benefit by providing traffic safety and delay-sensitive services. Conclusion and future research directions are also discussed in the end.
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Abdullah, Mohd Fikri Azli, Sumendra Yogarayan, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, and Mazrah Salleh. "Edge computing for Vehicle to Everything: a short review." F1000Research 10 (July 7, 2022): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73269.2.
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Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications and services have sparked considerable interest as a potential component of future Intelligent Transportation Systems. V2X serves to organise communication and interaction between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to pedestrians (V2P), and vehicle to networks (V2N). However, having multiple communication channels can generate a vast amount of data for processing and distribution. In addition, V2X services may be subject to performance requirements relating to dynamic handover and low latency communication channels. Good throughput, lower delay, and reliable packet delivery are the core requirements for V2X services. Edge Computing (EC) may be a feasible option to address the challenge of dynamic handover and low latency to allow V2X information to be transmitted across vehicles. Currently, existing comparative studies do not cover the applicability of EC for V2X. This review explores EC approaches to determine the relevance for V2X communication and services. EC allows devices to carry out part or all of the data processing at the point where data is collected. The emphasis of this review is on several methods identified in the literature for implementing effective EC. We describe each method individually and compare them according to their applicability. The findings of this work indicate that most methods can simulate the EC positioning under predefined scenarios. These include the use of Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlet, and Fog Computing. However, since most studies are carried out using simulation tools, there is a potential limitation in that crucial data in the search for EC positioning may be overlooked and ignored for bandwidth reduction. The EC approaches considered in this work are limited to the literature on the successful implementation of V2X communication and services. The outcome of this work could considerably help other researchers better characterise EC applicability for V2X communications and services.
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Abdullah, Mohd Fikri Azli, Sumendra Yogarayan, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, and Mazrah Salleh. "Edge computing for Vehicle to Everything: a short review." F1000Research 10 (November 1, 2021): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73269.1.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications and services have sparked considerable interest as a potential component of future Intelligent Transportation Systems. V2X serves to organise communication and interaction between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to pedestrians (V2P), and vehicle to networks (V2N). However, having multiple communication channels can generate a vast amount of data for processing and distribution. In addition, V2X services may be subject to performance requirements relating to dynamic handover and low latency communication channels. Good throughput, lower delay, and reliable packet delivery are the core requirements for V2X services. Edge Computing (EC) may be a feasible option to address the challenge of dynamic handover and low latency to allow V2X information to be transmitted across vehicles. Currently, existing comparative studies do not cover the applicability of EC for V2X. This review explores EC approaches to determine the relevance for V2X communication and services. EC allows devices to carry out part or all of the data processing at the point where data is collected. The emphasis of this review is on several methods identified in the literature for implementing effective EC. We describe each method individually and compare them according to their applicability. The findings of this work indicate that most methods can simulate the EC positioning under predefined scenarios. These include the use of Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlet, and Fog Computing. However, since most studies are carried out using simulation tools, there is a potential limitation in that crucial data in the search for EC positioning may be overlooked and ignored for bandwidth reduction. The EC approaches considered in this work are limited to the literature on the successful implementation of V2X communication and services. The outcome of this work could considerably help other researchers better characterise EC applicability for V2X communications and services.
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Abdullah, Mohd Fikri Azli, Sumendra Yogarayan, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, and Mazrah Salleh. "Edge computing for Vehicle to Everything: a short review." F1000Research 10 (May 11, 2023): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73269.3.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications and services have sparked considerable interest as a potential component of future Intelligent Transportation Systems. V2X serves to organise communication and interaction between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to pedestrians (V2P), and vehicle to networks (V2N). However, having multiple communication channels can generate a vast amount of data for processing and distribution. In addition, V2X services may be subject to performance requirements relating to dynamic handover and low latency communication channels. Good throughput, lower delay, and reliable packet delivery are the core requirements for V2X services. Edge Computing (EC) may be a feasible option to address the challenge of dynamic handover and low latency to allow V2X information to be transmitted across vehicles. Currently, existing comparative studies do not cover the applicability of EC for V2X. This review explores EC approaches to determine the relevance for V2X communication and services. EC allows devices to carry out part or all of the data processing at the point where data is collected. The emphasis of this review is on several methods identified in the literature for implementing effective EC. We describe each method individually and compare them according to their applicability. The findings of this work indicate that most methods can simulate the EC positioning under predefined scenarios. These include the use of Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlet, and Fog Computing. However, since most studies are carried out using simulation tools, there is a potential limitation in that crucial data in the search for EC positioning may be overlooked and ignored for bandwidth reduction. The EC approaches considered in this work are limited to the literature on the successful implementation of V2X communication and services. The outcome of this work could considerably help other researchers better characterise EC applicability for V2X communications and services.
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Zhengtao Xiang, Yu Zhang, Yufeng Chen, Yingkui Ma, Hanwen Cao, and Li Tian. "Emergency message broadcasting scheme based on V2V and V2I." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 4, no. 4 (2023): 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/kxnw4283.
Full textAbstract:
As an important part of the advanced Intelligent Traffic System (ITS) in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Vehicle to everything (V2X) communication technology provides reliable end-to-end connection and efficient packet transmission. Currently, the main challenge is design and implementation of the multi-hop broadcast protocol. In particular, the network topology is constantly changing because of the high-speed vehicle and diversified road structure, which troubles the selection of forward nodes. Therefore, we propose an Emergency Message Broadcast Protocol (EMBP). In this method, we select the optimal relay node according to the directionality and mobility, channel fading, and link connectivity and apply a suboptimal relay node selection mechanism to guarantee the reliability of broadcast. Simulation results show that EMBP is more efficient and stable than part classical protocols. Due to the complex communication environment of urban roads, to better improve the reliability of emergency message transmission, a broadcasting scheme Roadside Unit (RSU) Emergency Message Broadcast Protocol (REMBP), based on Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Road (V2R) hybrid transmission of emergency messages is proposed on the basis of EMBP. Compared with EMBP, REMBP has better performance in terms of delivery rate, number of forwarding hops, end-to-end delay, average number of collisions, number of packet redundancy, and number of retransmissions.
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L., Thulasimani, and A. Antinita Shilpha Daly. "Power Optimization for Spectrum Sharing in Vehicular Networks." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 6 (2021): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f8703.0410621.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of vehicular communication is to provide a more safe and efficient vehicular operation. The challenge in a Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) network is to provide reliable connectivity for the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) links and high data rate connectivity for the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) links at the same time. This requirement leads to spectrum sharing in vehicular communication. As the vehicular systems increases, the transmit power levels increases in the environment which in turn causes harmful effects on the atmosphere. The objective of this paper is to analyze the graph-based spectrum sharing algorithms that are available for vehicular communication and to develop a power optimization algorithm based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and to incorporate it into these algorithms in such a way to achieve better sum capacity for the V2I links along with a guaranteed reliability for the V2V links.
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Hernandez-Oregon, Gerardo, Mario E. Rivero-Angeles, Juan C. Chimal-Eguía, et al. "Performance Analysis of V2V and V2I LiFi Communication Systems in Traffic Lights." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (August 26, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4279683.
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Vehicular networks is a key technology for efficiently communicating both user’s devices and cars for timely information regarding safe driving conditions and entertaining applications like social media, video streaming, and gaming services, among others. In view of this, mobile communications making use of cellular resources may not be an efficient and cost-effective alternative. In this context, the implementation of light-fidelity (LiFi) in vehicular communications could be a low-cost, high-data-rate, and efficient-bandwidth usage solution. In this work, we propose a mathematical analysis to study the average throughput in a road intersection equipped with a traffic light that operates as a server, which is assumed to have LiFi communication links with the front lights of the vehicles waiting for the green light. We further assume that the front vehicle (the car next to the traffic light) is able to communicate to the car immediately behind it by using its own tail lights and the front lights of such vehicle, and so on and so forth. The behavior of the road junction is modeled by a Markov chain, applying the Queueing theory with an M/M/1 system in order to obtain the average queue length. Then, Little’s theorem is applied to calculate the average waiting delay when the red light is present in the traffic light. Finally, the mathematical expression of the data throughput is derived.
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Long, Dunxing, Qiong Wu, Qiang Fan, Pingyi Fan, Zhengquan Li, and Jing Fan. "A Power Allocation Scheme for MIMO-NOMA and D2D Vehicular Edge Computing Based on Decentralized DRL." Sensors 23, no. 7 (2023): 3449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073449.
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In vehicular edge computing (VEC), some tasks can be processed either locally or on the mobile edge computing (MEC) server at a base station (BS) or a nearby vehicle. In fact, tasks are offloaded or not, based on the status of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. In this paper, device-to-device (D2D)-based V2V communication and multiple-input multiple-output and nonorthogonal multiple access (MIMO-NOMA)-based V2I communication are considered. In actual communication scenarios, the channel conditions for MIMO-NOMA-based V2I communication are uncertain, and the task arrival is random, leading to a highly complex environment for VEC systems. To solve this problem, we propose a power allocation scheme based on decentralized deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Since the action space is continuous, we employ the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm to obtain the optimal policy. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed approach with DRL and DDPG outperforms existing greedy strategies in terms of power consumption and reward.
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Mushtaq, Anum, Irfan ul Haq, Wajih un Nabi, Asifullah Khan, and Omair Shafiq. "Traffic Flow Management of Autonomous Vehicles Using Platooning and Collision Avoidance Strategies." Electronics 10, no. 10 (2021): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101221.
Full textAbstract:
Connected Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) promise innovative solutions for traffic flow management, especially for congestion mitigation. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication depends on wireless technology where vehicles can communicate with each other about obstacles and make cooperative strategies to avoid these obstacles. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) also helps vehicles to make use of infrastructural components to navigate through different paths. This paper proposes an approach based on swarm intelligence for the formation and evolution of platoons to maintain traffic flow during congestion and collision avoidance practices using V2V and V2I communications. In this paper, we present a two level approach to improve traffic flow of AVs. At the first level, we reduce the congestion by forming platoons and study how platooning helps vehicles deal with congestion or obstacles in uncertain situations. We performed experiments based on different challenging scenarios during the platoon’s formation and evolution. At the second level, we incorporate a collision avoidance mechanism using V2V and V2I infrastructures. We used SUMO, Omnet++ with veins for simulations. The results show significant improvement in performance in maintaining traffic flow.
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T Sree Lakshmi, N Balavenkata Muni, K Meenendranath Reddy. "Block chain enabled Secure Communication Framework for V2V and V2I Systems." Cuestiones de Fisioterapia 54, no. 2 (2025): 1466–74. https://doi.org/10.48047/m0pa9d47.
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Purpose: Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are evolving at a rapid pace, necessitating the development of safe and effective communication frameworks to facilitate interactions between vehicles and infrastructure. In order to ensure data integrity, transparency, and resistance to malicious activity, this article proposes a blockchain-enabled framework for safe and decentralized communication in V2V and V2I systems. The suggested design uses blockchain technology to carry out smart contract execution for automated decision-making, securely store important data, and authenticate transactions.
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Huang, Yi, Xinqiang Ma, Youyuan Liu, and Zhigang Yang. "Effective Capacity Maximization in beyond 5G Vehicular Networks: A Hybrid Deep Transfer Learning Method." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (February 10, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8899094.
Full textAbstract:
How to improve delay-sensitive traffic throughput is an open issue in vehicular communication networks, where a great number of vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to vehicle (V2V) links coexist. To address this issue, this paper proposes to employ a hybrid deep transfer learning scheme to allocate radio resources. Specifically, the traffic throughput maximization problem is first formulated by considering interchannel interference and statistical delay guarantee. The effective capacity theory is then applied to develop a power allocation scheme on each channel reused by a V2I and a V2V link. Thereafter, a deep transfer learning scheme is proposed to obtain the optimal channel assignment for each V2I and V2V link. Simulation results validate that the proposed scheme provides a close performance guarantee compared to a globally optimal scheme. Besides, the proposed scheme can guarantee lower delay violation probability than the schemes aiming to maximize the channel capacity.
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Miao, Lili, John Jethro Virtusio, and Kai-Lung Hua. "PC5-Based Cellular-V2X Evolution and Deployment." Sensors 21, no. 3 (2021): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030843.
Full textAbstract:
C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) is a state-of-the-art wireless technology used in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This technology has extended the coverage and blind-spot detection of autonomous driving vehicles. Economically, C-V2X is much more cost-effective than the traditional sensors that are commonly used by autonomous driving vehicles. This cost-benefit makes it more practical in a large scale deployment. PC5-based C-V2X uses an RF (Radio Frequency) sidelink direct communication for low latency mission-critical vehicle sensor connectivity. Over the C-V2X radio communications, the autonomous driving vehicle’s sensor ability can now be largely enhanced to the distances as far as the network covers. In 2020, 5G is commercialized worldwide, and Taiwan is at the forefront. Operators and governments are keen to see its implications in people’s daily life brought by its low latency, high reliability, and high throughput. Autonomous driving class L3 (Conditional Automation) or L4 (Highly Automation) are good examples of 5G’s advanced applications. In these applications, the mobile networks with URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication) are perfectly demonstrated. Therefore, C-V2X evolution and 5G NR (New Radio) deployment coincide and form a new ecosystem. This ecosystem will change how people will drive and how transportation will be managed in the future. In this paper, the following topics are covered. Firstly, the benefits of C-V2X communication technology. Secondly, the standards of C-V2X and C-V2X applications for automotive road safety system which includes V2P/V2I/V2V/V2N, and artificial intelligence in VRU (Vulnerable Road User) detection, object recognition and movement prediction for collision warning and prevention. Thirdly, PC5-based C-V2X deployment status in global, especially in Taiwan. Lastly, current challenges and conclusions of C-V2X development.
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Jiang, Wenyi, Ke Guan, Zhangdui Zhong, et al. "Propagation and Wireless Channel Modeling Development on Wide-Sense Vehicle-to-X Communications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/981281.
Full textAbstract:
The need for improving the safety and the efficiency of transportation systems has become of extreme importance. In this regard, the concept of vehicle-to-X (V2X) communication has been introduced with the purpose of providing wireless communication technology in vehicular networks. Not like the traditional views, the wide-sense V2X (WSV2X) communications in this paper are defined by including not only vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications but also train-to-X (T2X) communications constituted of train-to-train (T2T) and train-to-infrastructure (T2I) communications. All the information related to the wide-sense V2X channels, such as the standardization, scenarios, characters, and modeling philosophies, is organized and summarized to form the comprehensive understanding of the development of the WSV2X channels.
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Özdemir, Özge, İslam Kılıç, Ahmet Yazıcı, and Kemal Özkan. "A V2V System Module for Inter Vehicle Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 850 (August 2016): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.850.16.
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An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) is the premium technology for autonomous driving. It uses data from vision/camera systems, data from in vehicle sensors, and data from vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication systems. The next generation systems even autonomous vehicles are expected to use the V2V information to increase the safety for non-line of sight environments. Exchanging some data like vehicle position, speed, status etc., helps to the driver about potential problems, or to avoid collisions. In this paper, a V2V communication system module is designed and tested on the vehicles.
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Marcillo, Pablo, Diego Tamayo-Urgilés, Ángel Leonardo Valdivieso Caraguay, and Myriam Hernández-Álvarez. "Security in V2I Communications: A Systematic Literature Review." Sensors 22, no. 23 (2022): 9123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239123.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, the number of vehicles equipped with wireless connections has increased considerably. The impact of that growth in areas such as telecommunications, infotainment, and automatic driving is enormous. More and more drivers want to be part of a vehicular network, despite the implications or risks that, for instance, the openness of wireless communications, its dynamic topology, and its considerable size may bring. Undoubtedly, this trend is because of the benefits the vehicular network can offer. Generally, a vehicular network has two modes of communication (V2I and V2V). The advantage of V2I over V2V is roadside units’ high computational and transmission power, which assures the functioning of early warning and driving guidance services. This paper aims to discover the principal vulnerabilities and challenges in V2I communications, the tools and methods to mitigate those vulnerabilities, the evaluation metrics to measure the effectiveness of those tools and methods, and based on those metrics, the methods or tools that provide the best results. Researchers have identified the non-resistance to attacks, the regular updating and exposure of keys, and the high dependence on certification authorities as main vulnerabilities. Thus, the authors found schemes resistant to attacks, authentication schemes, privacy protection models, and intrusion detection and prevention systems. Of the solutions for providing security analyzed in this review, the authors determined that most of them use metrics such as computational cost and communication overhead to measure their performance. Additionally, they determined that the solutions that use emerging technologies such as fog/edge/cloud computing present better results than the rest. Finally, they established that the principal challenge in V2I communication is to protect and dispose of a safe and reliable communication channel to avoid adversaries taking control of the medium.
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Mostafa, Ahmad, Anna Maria Vegni, Talmai Oliveira, Thomas D. C. Little, and Dharma P. Agrawal. "QoSHVCP: Hybrid Vehicular Communications Protocol with QoS Prioritization for Safety Applications." ISRN Communications and Networking 2012 (April 17, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/149505.
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This paper introduces a hybrid communication paradigm for achieving seamless connectivity in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), wherein the connectivity is often affected by changes in the dynamic topology, vehicles’ speed, as well as the traffic density. Our proposed technique named QoS-oriented Hybrid Vehicular Communications Protocol (QoSHVCP) exploits both existing network infrastructure through a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), as well as a traditional Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) connection that could satisfy Quality-of-Service requirements. QoSHVCP is based on a V2V-V2I protocol switching algorithm, executed in a distributed fashion by each vehicle and is based on the cost function for alternative paths each time it needs to transmit a message. We utilize time delay as a performance metric and present the delay propagation rates when vehicles are transmitting high priority messages via QoSHVCP. Simulation results indicate that simultaneous usage of preexisting network infrastructure along with intervehicular communication provide lower delays, while maintaining the level of user’s performance. Our results show a great promise for their future use in VANETs.
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Abubakar, Sa'adatu, Azizulrahman Bin Mohd Shariff, Khuzairi Mohd Zaini, and Suzi Iryanti Fadilah. "A Representation of 3GPP 5G-V2X Sidelink Enhancements in Releases 14, 15, 16, and 17." Traitement du Signal 39, no. 2 (2022): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.390216.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is considered the enabler of road safety, traffic efficiency, and compatibility for drivers, passengers, and vulnerable road users. The evolution of 5G V2X enhances the physical layer of LTE V2X in terms of resource allocation, frame structure, and many more. The amendments in the physical layer are to enable the exchange of safety and advanced driving services within a geographical area. The introduction of 25 use cases in the 3GPP Release 15 standard with different quality of service (QoS) requirements and high demand for data rates makes it possible for the enhancements. Delivering the services of the established use cases becomes a challenge in 5G-V2V communication. Release 14 and release 15 mark the evolution of LTE V2X, while Release 16 highlights 3GPP advancements for 5G V2X NR services, and Release 17 focuses on future enhancements with the applications of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). This study examines sidelink communication, resource allocation for LTE V2V and 5G-V2V, and NR V2X enablers such as Network Slicing (NS) and Machine Learning (ML) with recent capacity studies on V2V employing the two 5G enablers. In 5G-V2V Sidelink communication, Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH) is responsible for broadcasting various messages using release 14 and release 16 waveforms. The capacity of PSSCH to broadcast the 5G services, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), Decentralized Environmental Messages (DENM), Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) contents for environmental perception, and sensor DATA applications for driving intention, becomes a challenge. This study considered this challenge by providing a mathematical model of the capacity of V2V and V2I links in the 5G V2X network for mode selection using the Poisson point process and Poisson line process within a circular region.
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Al Musalhi, Nasser, and Salem Mohamed Salem Otman. "Network Traffic Assignment Model for Vehicle-To-Vehicle Communication." East Journal of Computer Science 1, no. 1 (2025): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.63496/ejcs.vol1.iss1.14.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid advancements in automotive and communication technologies have paved the way for the development of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), revolutionizing the future of mobility. However, the integration of human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and CAVs introduces significant challenges in traffic network management. This paper presents a multiclass traffic assignment model to address these challenges, using the cross-nested logit (CNL) and user equilibrium (UE) models to predict and manage mixed traffic flows. Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology plays a critical role in facilitating vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, enhancing road safety and traffic efficiency. The study evaluates different traffic assignment models, such as user equilibrium, system optimum, and dynamic traffic assignments, to assess their applicability in real-world traffic scenarios. Furthermore, the advantages, limitations, and security implications of these communication models are discussed. The findings emphasize the potential of V2V and V2I systems in optimizing traffic flow, improving safety, and reducing travel time, while highlighting the need for robust security and data privacy frameworks to support widespread adoption
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Kalita, Chinmoy, Nupur Choudhury, Aradhana Misra, and Kandarpa Kumar Sarma. "Design of a Basic Vehicular Communication Network using Radar and Camera Sensor with Enhanced Safety Features." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 16 (March 11, 2022): 822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2022.16.101.
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The primary goal of Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) technology’s development is to increase road safety and enable Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication in order to share crucial information and prevent road accidents. VANET establishes a mobile network between moving cars by considering each vehicle as a separate entity. Safety applications in VANET are currently receiving a lot of attention from researchers as well as automobile manufacturers. This paper concentrate on simulation-based safety-critical techniques in vehicle networks employing radar and video sensors in various road styles. This paper discusses about how to create a simulation-based driving scenario environment and calculates the fluctuations in sensor detection rates depending on different driving conditions. And also created a basic Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication network. An integrated approach is also proposed to Forward Collision Warning System (FCWS) in different cases.
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Tahir, Muhammad Naeem, Pekka Leviäkangas, and Marcos Katz. "Connected Vehicles: V2V and V2I Road Weather and Traffic Communication Using Cellular Technologies." Sensors 22, no. 3 (2022): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031142.
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There is a continuous need to design and develop wireless technologies to meet the increasing demands for high-speed wireless data transfer to incorporate advanced intelligent transport systems. Different wireless technologies are continuously evolving including short-range and long-range (WiMAX, LTE, and 5G) cellular standards. These emerging technologies can considerably enhance the operational performance of communication between vehicles and road-side infrastructure. This paper analyzes the performance of cellular-based long-term evolution (LTE) and 5GTN (5G Test Network) in pilot field measurements (i.e., vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure) when delivering road weather and traffic information in real-time environments. Measurements were conducted on a test track operated and owned by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Finland. The results showed that 5GTN outperformed LTE when exchanging road weather and traffic data messages in V2V and V2I scenarios. This comparison was made by mainly considering bandwidth, throughput, packet loss, and latency. The safety critical messages were transmitted at a transmission frequency of 10 Hz. The performance of both compared technologies (i.e., LTE and 5GTN) fulfilled the minimum requirements of the ITS-Assisted Road weather and traffic platform to offer reliable communication for enhanced road traffic safety. The field measurement results also illustrate the advantage of cellular networks (LTE and 5GTN) with a clear potential to use it heterogeneously in future field tests with short-range protocols, e.g., IEEE 802.11p.
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Mai, Yi Ting, Jeng Yueng Chen, Yi Kuan Liu, Wen Yi Lee, Guan Ting Wu, and Ming Yuan Li. "Intelligent Vehicular Warning System for VANET." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.164.
Full textAbstract:
The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has made significant progress in recent years, attracting a lot of interest from academia and the industry. VANET involves vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications based on a wireless network. V2I refers to the communication between vehicles and infrastructure of roadside unit (RSU), e.g., a base station and access point (AP) connected to the Internet. V2V refers to the direct or multi-hop communications among vehicles in VANET. V2V is efficient and cost effective owing to its short range bandwidth advantage and its ad hoc nature. V2V communications are enabling technologies that enhance the driver’s awareness of nearby vehicular traffic, leading to improved traffic safety and efficiency. The V2V mode provides a communications platform between road vehicles (cars, bikes, scooters, motorcycles, trucks, etc.) without requiring a central control unit. Safety-related V2V applications are enabled via an integrated early warning mechanism. To facilitate safe driving, we propose an Intelligent Vehicular Warning System (IVWS) that sends an immediate warning message in the event of an accident. According to V2V communications, the other cars or vehicles could have enough time to avoid the accident and make an appropriate decision such as slow down, stop, and detour after receiving the urgent warning messages. Furthermore, the local CMS (Changeable Message Sign) can show the accident information for neighbor vehicles when receiving the warning message. To achieve experimental architecture with our proposed IVWS, the robot vehicles have been designed to simulate vehicles on the road. Besides, vehicles also apply ZigBee wireless interface to communicate with each other. The experiment has shown that our proposed intelligent system can initially provide message display and safety driving for vehicles when traffic accident occurred.
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Narasimhareddy, A. S., Gowda K. R. Ventatesh, and P. Madhumathy. "OWC-Based for Communication Autonomous Vehicles." Journal of Sensor Research and Technologies 7, no. 1 (2025): 11–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14791974.
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<em>Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) has emerged as a promising technology for enabling high-speed, secure, and reliable communication for autonomous vehicles. This paper investigates the application of OWC, specifically Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Free Space Optical (FSO) systems, in vehicular environments. Key contributions include the development of a communication model leveraging OWC to support vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to- infrastructure (V2I) communications. The study also evaluates the system's performance under various environmental conditions and proposes methods to mitigate challenges such as interference and atmospheric attenuation.</em>
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Rasa, Iffat Helmi, and Md. Anwar Hussain Mizan Shiek. "Routing Protocols for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Networks." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, no. 1 (2023): 334–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10250852.
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VANET, short for Vehicle Ad-hoc Network, is an emerging technology with unique characteristics that differentiate it from previous ad-hoc networks. Designing an effective routing protocol for V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) communication and V2I (vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure) communication is particularly challenging due to the dynamic nature of topology and frequent disconnections. VANET plays a crucial role in the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) aimed at enhancing traffic flow and safety, primarily due to the high occurrence of traffic accidents. However, existing VANET routing protocols face limitations in effectively handling diverse traffic scenarios. To ensure future communication between vehicles for road safety, it is essential to develop appropriate routing protocols. This paper focuses on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of routing protocols that can contribute to the development of new or improved routing protocols in the near future.
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Aamir, Abbas, Xing Wang, Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Hayat Asad, Shayan Ul Abidin, and YaLing Xun. "Implementation and Challenges of Edge Controller in EV to Monitoring." European Journal of Innovative Studies and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (2025): 30–43. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejiss.2025.1(2).04.
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Electric vehicle (EV) space, the integration of edge computing technologies has become a key advancement. This article discusses the implementation of edge controller in an EV system that incorporates a full suite of sensors and communication modules, including battery management system (BMS) sensors, driver health monitoring, and tire pressure monitoring. The proposed approach utilizes lidar, camera systems, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication. Edge controllers facilitate real-time data processing and decision-making at vehicle level, improving operational efficiency, safety, and user convenience. Key capabilities include optimizing battery performance with an advanced BMS, real-time driver health assessment, monitoring tire pressure for improved safety, and using LiDAR and camera data to enhance environmental awareness. The integration of V2V, V2X, and V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure) communications further supports intelligent transportation systems by enabling seamless data exchange with other vehicles and infrastructure. Additionally, the edge controller acts as a gateway, enabling secure and efficient communication between internal vehicle systems and external networks. This article describes the architecture, implementation, and benefits of using edge controllers in EV systems, highlighting their potential to revolutionize modern transportation by improving security, performance, and connectivity.
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Abbas, Aamir, Wang Xing, Ur Rehman Mujeeb, Asad Hayat, Ul Abidin Shayan, and Xun YaLing. "Implementation and Challenges of Edge Controller in EV to Monitoring." European Journal of Innovative Studies and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (2025): 30–43. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejiss.2025.1(2).04.
Full textAbstract:
Electric vehicle (EV) space, the integration of edge computing technologies has become a key advancement. This article discusses the implementation of edge controller in an EV system that incorporates a full suite of sensors and communication modules, including battery management system (BMS) sensors, driver health monitoring, and tire pressure monitoring. The proposed approach utilizes lidar, camera systems, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication. Edge controllers facilitate real-time data processing and decision-making at vehicle level, improving operational efficiency, safety, and user convenience. Key capabilities include optimizing battery performance with an advanced BMS, real-time driver health assessment, monitoring tire pressure for improved safety, and using LiDAR and camera data to enhance environmental awareness. The integration of V2V, V2X, and V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure) communications further supports intelligent transportation systems by enabling seamless data exchange with other vehicles and infrastructure. Additionally, the edge controller acts as a gateway, enabling secure and efficient communication between internal vehicle systems and external networks. This article describes the architecture, implementation, and benefits of using edge controllers in EV systems, highlighting their potential to revolutionize modern transportation by improving security, performance, and connectivity.
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Wahid, Ishtiaq, Sadaf Tanvir, Masood Ahmad, et al. "Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Routing Strategies for Intelligent Transportation System." Electronics 11, no. 15 (2022): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152298.
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The upcoming models of vehicles will be able to communicate with each other and will thus be able to share and/or transfer information. A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an application of this vehicular communication that leads to an intelligent transportation system (ITS). Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) are the two distinct types of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). V2V and V2I technologies are together known as V2X and are recently being tested. Continuous research to enhance routing considers different characteristics and exciting aspects of VANETs. The proposed schemes are classified based on the operational scenario. A survey of proposed routing schemes in the last eight years is presented to determine the design considerations and the approach used in every proposed system, along with their shortcomings. This survey will assist new scholars in this field to analyze existing state-of-the-art systems. The table at the end of each routing scheme shows the proposed routing scheme’s simulation, routing, and scenario parameters. This paper also reviews VANET technology, its role in the intelligent transportation system, recent development in the field, and the timeline for implementation of the system.
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Cuba-Zúñiga, Diego J., Samuel B. Mafra, and J. Ricardo Mejía-Salazar. "Cooperative Full-Duplex V2V-VLC in Rectilinear and Curved Roadway Scenarios." Sensors 20, no. 13 (2020): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133734.
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We study here the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) visible light communication (VLC) between two cars moving along different roadway scenarios: (i) a multiple-lane rectilinear roadway and (ii) a multiple-lane curvilinear roadway. Special emphasis was given to the implementation of full-duplex (FD) cooperative communication protocols to avoid communication disruption in the absence of a line-of-sight (LOS) channel. Importantly, we found that the cooperative FD V2V-VLC is promising for avoiding communication disruptions for cars traveling in realistic curvilinear roadways. Results in this work can be easily extended to the case of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), which can also be promising in cases of low-car-density environments.
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Latif, Rana Muhammad Amir, Muhammad Jamil, Jinliao He, and Muhammad Farhan. "A Novel Authentication and Communication Protocol for Urban Traffic Monitoring in VANETs Based on Cluster Management." Systems 11, no. 7 (2023): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11070322.
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City zones have become increasingly overcrowded due to the extensive population widening ratio and the swift relocation of people from villages. The traffic monitoring process is a significant issue in these areas due to the massive traffic flow on the roads. This research proposed a cluster-based improved authentication and communication protocol for an Intelligent Transportation System in Vehicular AdHoc Networks (VANETs). Our primary objective is to optimize resource sharing in vehicular communication. We enhanced the reliability, scalability, and stability of fast-moving VANETs by introducing cluster-based routing protocols for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications. We used a third-party certification authority for vehicle authentication to address security and privacy concerns. Our proposed protocol support minimizes the end-to-end (E2E) delay and route request and reduces link failure. Our protocol’s leading yield includes throughput enhancement, TCP Socket Initialization time minimization, TCP handshake response speedup, and DNS lookup improvement. The protocols are centered on short-range peer-to-peer (P2P) wireless communication in a 400 m radius cluster. They include innovative P2P wireless communications on VANET using minimized resources. The proposed protocols deliver a secure authentication mechanism with a securely generated vehicle authentication key provided by a certification authority. Furthermore, we have developed RESTful APIs in vehicular communication for implementation purposes and also offered and implemented algorithms for resource sharing regarding V2V and V2I communication. Ultimately, we evaluated the performance of our experiments.
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Jia, Dongyao, and Dong Ngoduy. "Enhanced cooperative car-following traffic model with the combination of V2V and V2I communication." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 90 (August 2016): 172–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2016.03.008.
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