Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'V8'

This thesis deals with the design of a crankshaft for a high power racing engine using modern technology. It covers all of the steps from a brief research, design, torsional vibration analysis to fatigue calculation using FEA and MBS models.

The master´s thesis is focused on the design of the intake and exhaust ducts for V8 engine. Home work is focused on the description of the construction of the intake and exhaust pipes for a given engine. Another part deals with creating a thermodynamic model of the engine, and the design of the intake and exhaust pipes. The last part deals with verifying the proposed pipeline construction.

Master´s thesis is considered with design and construction of V8 combustion engine with small size and low mass of its body. In the construction were used mass-produced components from the other engines. From every component was generated a 3D model in computer program Pro/Engineer, new necessary parts were made in the same program and put together to assembly. Main part of the construction was to design a new crankshaft, a crankcase and an engine lubricating system. The crankshaft was subjected computing analysis in program Pro/Mechanica, using FEM.

Denna uppsats syfte är att undersöka de långsiktiga konsekvenserna för bibliotekari-ernas dagliga arbete, utifrån ett kommunöverskridande projekt rörande digitala sam-arbeten. Detta kan ge en större kunskap om både möjligheter, nackdelar och, i för-längningen, vilken kompetens som dagens samhälle kräver av bibliotekarierna. Det projekt som undersökningen är baserad på går under namnet V8 och består av ett samarbete mellan åtta kommuners folkbibliotek i Västerbottens inland.För att kunna uppfylla detta syfte består uppsatsen av en kvalitativ intervjustudie med bibliotekariers upplevelser av ett avslutat kommunalt överskridande samarbetsprojekt (V8) i fokus, där jag försökt se vilken påverkan projektet haft på bibliotekariernas dagliga arbete. Undersökningen har framför allt koncentrats till att behandla följande områden: 1. Kundanvändandet av hemsidan, katalog och databaser, 2. Bibliotekens gemensamma regler och tjänster samt 3. Ut- och fortbildning för personalen. Huvud-områden i V8 projektet.Ett tydligt resultat visar på att tekniken i allt större grad står i fokus för bibliotekarier-nas dagliga arbetsuppgifter, bland annat i form av arbete med webbsidor, internetba-serad kundkontakt och både databas- och kataloghantering. Ett annat relevant resul-tat som framkommer i undersökningen är att ut- och fortbildning har ökat som effekt av samarbetsprojektet. Slutligen framkom det att projektet även resulterat i en större gemenskap mellan de inblandade biblioteken, vilket skapat en större känsla av sä-kerhet som även gett en större gemensam kunskaps- och inspirationsbas.De slutsatser som kan dras av undersökningen är, för det första, att det krävs en allt större teknisk kompetens hos bibliotekarierna, då allt mer arbete stammar från inter-netbaserade tjänster och att allt mer service sker digitalt. För det andra, har det i just detta fall, blivit en markant förbättring gällande ut- och fortbildningsmöjligheter, vilket också kan anses spegla den allt större efterfrågan på teknisk kunnig personal. För det tredje förefaller det som så att ett bibliotek som är del i ett större samarbete även får en större trygghet och en bredare kunskaps- och inspirationsbas. I förlängningen leder allt detta till en bättre och mer kompetent biblioteksverksamhet samt indikation-er på att samverkan mellan bibliotek på en nationell nivå kan vara av yttersta vikt för att biblioteken skall kunna inta en position bland de viktigaste och mest inflytelserika institutionerna i det nya århundradet.

Orientador: Etienne Ghislain Samain
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T14:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_RenataMaria_M.pdf: 24156441 bytes, checksum: 5d73d26b00b0c04145030d03bd102895 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: Esta pesquisa propõe uma compreensão do conjunto de fotografias de Aristides Pedro da Silva, V8, que por mais de meio século colecionou e produziu imagens sobre Campinas (SP), conquistando com isso grande notoriedade. De um salão de cabeleireiros popular a um shopping center, do Mercado Municipal às mais diversas instituições públicas, passando por residências de todas as classes sociais, muitas dessas imagens figuram nas paredes como espectros de uma Campinas de outrora. Inventariando-se três vértices - traços biográficos do fotógrafo e colecionador, análise das fotografias e da circulação da obra - entrecruzados com três eixos temáticos - a fotografia, a cidade e a memória, o trabalho foi desenvolvido primordialmente utilizando-se dos recursos metodológicos da História Oral. Os depoentes (ou testemunhas) revolveram suas memórias reconstruindo histórias sobre V8 e suas fotografias, mas também sobre eles e a Cidade. O resultado é um mosaico carregado de subjetividades, já que as imagens além de registro histórico datado são limiares para reflexões sobre a própria existência, especialmente quando se toma como fio condutor a construção e a demolição. V8 revela-se então na figura singular do narrador, em meio à "audiência surda" de uma sociedade que adere ao ideal moderno do progresso impulsionado pela industrialização. Suas fotografias viram souvenir, enquanto se abafa seu discurso humanista.
Abstract: This research proposes an understanding of the group of Aristides Pedro da Silva's pictures that for more than half century collected and produced images about Campinas (SP), conquering with this a big notoriety. From a simple beauty parlor to a Shopping Mall, from the Municipal market to the most diverse public institutions, going through houses belonging to all social classes, many of these images are on the walls as specters of a no longer existing Campinas. Ranging among three vertexes: biographic traces of the photographer and collector, analysis of the pictures and of the circulation of the work - crossed with three thematic axles: photograph, the city and the memory, the work was developed primordially using the oral history's methodological resources. The witnesses revolved their memories reconstructing stories about V8 and his pictures, but also about themselves and the city. The result is a mosaic full of subjectivities, regarding that, besides being a dated historical register are parameters for reflection upon existence itself, especially when it concerns to construction and demolition. V8 thus reveals himself in the role of the narrator within the "deaf mass" of a society that adheres itself to the modern ideal of progress propelled by the industrialization. His pictures become souvenirs while his humanist discourse gets muffled.
Mestrado
Mestre em Multimeios

The aim of this thesis is to create a port of the Zephyr realtime operating systemfor the LEON processor platform. The LEON is a frequently used computing corefor spaceflight applications, with ample flight heritage. It is based upon the wellestablished SPARC v8 instruction set, and offers many extensions to ease softwaredevelopment and increase overall processor performance. An overview of the nec-essary steps towards a functional architecture port is given in this report. Specialemphasis is put upon the interrupt handling and context switching. One LEONspecific feature introduced with the GR716 LEON3-FT microcontroller, registerwindow partitioning, is used to increase the performance of the context switchingmechanism in the operating system. By using this feature, context switching timehas shown to decrease significantly, while easing verification of the overall softwaresystem by providing dedicated partitions for tasks with hard realtime requirements.
Det övergripande målet med examensarbetet är att porta Zephyr realtidsopera-tivsystem (OS) till LEON processorplattformen. LEON processorn är ursprungligendesignad för och förekommer ofta i datorsystem inom rymd p.g.a. sina feltolerantaegenskaper. LEON är kompatibel med den öppna SPARC v8 instruktionsuppsät-tningen vilken också tillåter utökning och anpassningar. Rapporten ger läsaren enöverblick av vilka steg som är nödvändiga för att skapa en fungerande arkitektur-port av ett OS. Vidare beskriver rapporten mer i detalj designen kring trådväxlingoch avbrottshantering, samt hur dessa anpassas för att utnyttja LEON specifikautökningar av SPARC till att nå högre prestanda. GR716 LEON3-FT introducerarpartitionering av SPARC registerfönster för att kunna minska tiden det tar opera-tivsystemet att växla trådar. Denna funktion har inte använts tidigare i något OS,och är därför av särskilt intresse att studera och karakterisera. Resultaten visar atttrådväxlingstiden minskat signifikant, samtidigt som determinismen blivit bättreoch därigenom är det nu enklare att designa system med hårda realtidskrav.

The aftertreatment techniques introduced to follow the emission legislations require a constant improvement process to comply with the gradually more stringent demands. SCR is the system used nowadays to deal with NOx emissions in most heavy-duty vehicles. An aqueous-urea solution, AdBlue, is sprayed into the evaporation unit, where urea should decompose to ammonia, the reducing agent. This is a critical step because the NH3 amount available heavily affects the final nitrous oxides reduction to nitrogen. Moreover the urea decomposition’s sides reactions are likely to occur, forming deposits that increase the pressure drop and in a certain time period could even foul the system. The evaporation module used in the silencer for Scania trucks equipped with V8 engines consists of a pipe in pipe configuration made in stainless steel 1.4509, where the exhaust gases flow heating up the inner pipe finned on its outer surface. The AdBlue is sprayed on the inner pipe’s inner surface, creating a wall film and cooling down the tube. The production of the evaporation pipe however involves a costly manufacturing process, being made of 144 flanges laser welded on a 0.355 m length, for a total of more than 52 m of welding. The goal of this thesis is to analyse the heat transfer from the exhaust gases to the pipe and how to improve it, in order to achieve a lower temperature drop on the pipe due to the AdBlue dosing, reducing at the same time the risk of building up deposits. The application of different materials for the evaporation unit is also considered. Furthermore many manufacturing processes are evaluated as a cost-effective alternative to the current one. Although the operating points have a wide range of variation, the analysis is focused on the worst conditions for urea evaporation which are low mass flow and low flow temperature. Stainless steel is the best trade-off between cost, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance but the much higher conductivity of copper alloys would justify the investigation of a copper evaporation pipe coated with stainless steel. Different designs of the heat flanges are assessed, first with correlations and FEA and then through a CFD analysis, where 62 different solutions are compared. The fins height results to be the most influencing parameter, requiring an increment from 7.5 mm to 11 mm to improve the heat transfer performances of the evaporation unit. The gap between each fin is also important, leading to a flanges quantity reduction suggestion. With the current fin design and half of the number of flanges, 11 mm high, the performances would improve by almost 40% (at 800 kg/h and 300℃). Furthermore both the Abstract pipe thickness and thermal conductivity are affecting the temperature drop, with different weight depending on the design and the operating point. It is however always advantageous to use a thicker wall and a material with a higher thermal conductivity. Lastly the tests performed on the specifically developed test rig show a good accordance with the simulations in comparing different materials but are not suitable to compare finned designs.
Avgasefterbehandlingssystem har utvecklats för att reducera utsläppen ifrån lastbilar, och det är ett lagkrav att en lastbil ska ha ett efterbehandlingssystem. Lagkraven för avgasemissioner skärps gradvis, vilket resulterar i att efterbehandlingssystemet ständigt måste förbättras och utvecklas för att möta de nya lagkraven. I de flesta heavy-duty-lastbilar som säljs på Euro 6 marknader är ett SCR-system installerat ihop med ljuddämparen för att hantera NOx-utsläppen. En vätska kallad AdBlue, det vill säga Urea, sprayas in i efterbehandlingssystemet där det förångas. Urea är en vätska baserad på bl.a. urinämne som utsöndras till ammoniak, vilket sedan fungerar som reduceringsmedel. Ett viktigt steg i reduktionsprocessen av kväveoxiden är när ammoniak reagerar med NOx och omvandlas till kväve och vatten. Det är mängden ammoniak som bestämmer det slutliga resultatet av kväveoxidreduktionen. Om urean inte är tillräckligt uppblandad med avgaserna bildas avlagringar utmed flödeskanalen. Detta ökar tryckfallet, vilket i sin tur leder till ökad bränsleförbrukning, avlagringarna kan över tid även skada efterbehandlingssystemet. Förångningsmodulen som används i Scanias ljuddämpare (kallad large), utvecklad för V8-motorer, består av en rör-i-rör konfiguration. Rören tillverkas i rostfritt stål 1.4509 och när AdBlue sprayas på insidan av innerröret bildas en film av urea som förångas när den möter rörets varma väggyta. För att uppnå en varm förångningsyta leds en delmängd av avgaserna om på utsidan av innerröret för att bibehålla hög temperatur på röret och undvika nedkylning av urean. Förångningsrörets nuvarande design består av 144 utvändiga värmeflänsar (med längden 0,355 m) som lasersvetsas fast på röret. Designen medför en dyr och komplicerad tillverkningsprocess. Den totala längden svets uppgår till 52 m. Syftet med examensarbetet är att analysera och förbättra värmeöverföringen från avgaserna till röret för largeljuddämparen. En förbättrad värmeöverföring skulle leda till att temperaturfallet som uppkommer på grund av AdBlue-doseringen blir lägre. Ett lägre temperaturfall skulle då leda till en minskad risk för avlagringar. I studien undersöks olika material och tillverkningsmetoder för att eventuellt reducera tillverkningskostnaden av förångningsenheten med bibehållen eller förbättrad prestanda. Driftfallen har ett brett spektrum där mängden energi (överförd värme) varierar och studien är inriktad på de värsta förhållandena för urea-utsöndring, dvs. ett lågt massflöde och låga flödestemperaturer. Rostfritt stål har bra korrosionsbeständighet och tämligen bra värmeledningsförmåga i kombination med ett rimligt pris. Kopparlegeringar har en mycket högre värmeledningsförmåga än rostfritt stål, vilket motiverar en undersökning av förångringsrör tillverkade i kopparlegering belagda med rostfritt stål. I studien undersöks olika utformning av värmeflänsar, både genom FEA och CFD-analyser, där 62 olika utformningar har tagits fram och jämförs. Flänsarnas höjd visade sig vara den parametern som påverkar temperaturfallet mest. En ökning från 7,5 mm till 11 mm av flänstoppens höjd gav en kraftig förbättring av förångningsenhetens värmeöverföringsförmåga. En annan viktig faktor visade sig vara avståndet mellan flänsarna. Med dagens flänsutformning, men med en utökad höjd till 11 mm, skulle man uppnå en förbättrad prestanda med nästan 40 % (vid 300℃ och 800 kg/h) om man dessutom minskade antalet flänsar med hälften. Beroende på design och driftspunkt är rörtjockleken och materialets värmeledningsförmåga andra faktorer som påverkar temperaturfallet. Det är dock oftast fördelaktigt med en tjockare rörvägg och ett material med högre värmeledningsförmåga. Flera prototyper med olika utformning har testats fysiskt i en specialtillverkad testrigg. Slutresultatet påvisade en bra korrelation med simuleringarna vid jämförelse av olika materialval, men det fysiska testet hade svårare att hantera geometrisk utformning på flänsarna.

Latest trend in multi core architectures is to integrate heterogeneouscores on a single chip in order to achieve task and threadlevel parallelism, high performance and energy efficiency. Someexamples of heterogeneous multi cores processors include (Tegraby NVIDIA,Cell by IBM and Fusion by AMD). The goal of this thesis work is to design a heterogeneous (2x2)network on chip which can run different tasks in parallel on allthe four cores in the network. Development steps of heterogeneousnetwork on chip include integration of Leon3 -a soft core processorby AeroFlex Gaisler which conforms with IEEE 1754 (SPARCV8) architecture- at one of the nodes of a homogeneous networkon chip incorporating four NiosII/s cores -soft core processor byAltera.This integration involves replacing a NiosII/s processor fromone of the four nodes of the homogeneous network by Leon3 processor.To translate the signals between the resource to networkinterface of the node and the Leon3 processor an AMBA bus1 toAvalon bus2 signal translation wrapper was designed. All processorsin the network on chip communicate by message passing interface.To exploit the potential of heterogeneous network on chipthree applications including sparse LU factorization, nqueens andFibonacci numbers calculation were run on it. These applicationwere run on Leon3 SPARC which generated a number of tasks thatcan run in parallel on all cores of the network simultaneously. Thisparallel execution of nqueens and fibonacci numbers calculationhas resulted in speed up as compared to the serial execution ofthese applications on Leon3 SPARC only. Because of the limitedsize of the on chip memory available for the Leon3 processor, itwas not possible to run sparse LU factorization for bigger matrixsizes and this constraint has resulted in no speed up in case ofsparse LU factorization.

This bachelor thesis explores the work among the ”V8-libraries”, with focus on the librarians that works within the collaboration to see how it’s perceived. The questions asked are: How does the communication between the libraries work? How does the leadership look like? What benefits and what challenges does the collaboration come with? For the theoretical framework, Jennifer Rowleys theory of innovation collaboration strategies for libraries has been used. The method has been qualitative interviews with three informants that works within the collaboration. The study’s conclusion is that the V8-libraries have great communication and a leadership that serves the needs of the collaboration. The two biggest benefit is for the users of the libraries since they receive a greater range of books and other media, and also for the librarians since the collaboration makes bigger staff with bigger competence. The big challenge in the collaboration is the great distances between the libraries since the librarians wish to visit each other more often to discuss greater innovations between them.

Staphylococcus aureus protease V8 (SPV8), also known as Endoproteinase Glu-C (EC 3.4.21.19), is an enzyme isolated from the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. This unusual enzyme has been found to cleave specifically at glutamyl and aspartyl peptide bonds and has been used as a tool in the preparation of protein substrates for amino acid sequence analysis. SPV8 has been reported to show some stability toward various denaturants (Drapeau, G.R. (1977) Methods in Enzymology_, 47:189-191). In order to more adequately assess the denaturant stability of SPV8, the effect of guanidine hydrochloride (HC1), a common protein denaturant, on the proteolytic action of SPV8 was studied. The extent of cleavage of the glutamyl peptide bond in adrenocorticotropic hormone 1-10 (ACTH 1-10) was found to decrease with increasing concentrations of guanidine HC1.At 22°C in the presence of 3.0 M guanidine HCl, only 25% of SPV8's proteolytic activity was retained. In the presence of 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 M guanidine HC1, virtually all proteolytic activity toward the glutamyl bond of ACTH 1-10 was lost, presumably due to the inactivation of the protease by denaturation or increased autolysis mediated by the guanidine HC1. At temperatures above 22°C, SPV8 was more susceptible to inactivation by guanidine HC1. Thus SPV8 appears to retain some proteolytic activity in the presence of guanidine HC1, but only at concentrations less than 4.0 M. There was no difference in the proteolytic activity of SPV8 toward the glutamyl peptide bond of ACTH 1-10 when incubation was carried out in ammonium bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.80), phosphate buffer (pH 7.80), or Tris-HC1 buffer (pH 7.80). The presence of 1 mM calcium chloride in the 3.0 M guanidine HC1/phosphate buffer solution enhanced the enzymatic action of SPV8. The presence of 1 mM calcium chloride in Tris-HC1 buffer (pH 7.80) does not effect the proteolytic activity of SPV8 at 22°C. However, there was slight reduction in SPV8's enzymatic action toward ACTH 1-10 when the 1 mM calcium chloride was present in the 3.0 M guanidine HC1/ammonium bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.80) solution.
Department of Chemistry

The exhaust arrangement on a Scania V8 consists of one manifold at each bank connected to a twin entry turbine (8-2-2). A study in GT-Power has shown improved performance and reduced cylinder to cylinder variations using two manifolds at each bank in combination with a single entry turbine (8-4-1). This thesis work analyses the difference in performance shown in simulation and verify it by engine test. The initial work was focused on simulation in GT-Power. Investigating how exhaust manifold volume and pulses effects the turbine efficiency and the mean effective pressure during the gas exchange. To verify GT-Power simulations four engine tests with different exhaust arrangement have been made. The results from GT-Power simulation indicate that a larger exhaust volume improve the turbine efficiency. Also an even flow of pulses to the turbine entry is positive for the efficiency. In engine test a single entry turbine has 4 % higher efficiency than a twin entry, this result correlate well to simulations. The smaller volume in the 8-2 manifold effects the turbine efficiency positive at 1200 rpm because of less energy losses in this manifold. The 8-4-1 manifold show in test up to 400 mbar higher mean effective pressure during the gas exchange than the 8-2-2 manifold. In simulation the difference were 600 mbar. In Engine test the 8-4 manifold has 1 % higher volumetric efficiency and about 30° Clower exhaust temperature than the 8-2 manifold. The tendencies from simulation checks well with engine test results, especially at 1500 and 1900 rpm. The difference in mean effective pressure in the gas exchange and the cylinder to cylinder variations is not that big in test as in simulation. This is not due to turbine efficiency rather pulse transfer between the cylinder banks. The engine test shows that two manifolds per cylinder bank in combination with a single entry turbine, 8-4-1, has the lowest cylinder to cylinder variations and the best gas exchange performance. Because of this is the 8-4-1 system the best for the V8 engine.
Avgassamlarsystemet på Scanias V8 består av en samlare per cylinderbank och en tvåportsturbo (8-2-2). En studie i simuleringsprogrammet GT-Power har visat på betydande prestandaförbättringar och minskad cylindervariation med två avgassamlare per bank och enkelportsturbin (8-4-1). Detta examens arbete utreder varför dessa prestandaskillnader finns och hur väl simuleringar stämmer med verkligheten. Arbetet inleddes med simuleringar i GT-Power. Dessa har fokuserat på hur avgassamlarvolym och pulser påverkar turbinverkningsgrad och gasväxlingsmedeltryck. För att verifiera GT-Power simuleringar har motorprov med fyra olika gasväxlingskoncept genomförts. Resultat från GT-Power simuleringar säger att en större avgassamlarvolym ger bättre turbinverkningsgrad även ett jämt pulsflöde till turbinen är positivt för verkningsgraden. Vid motorprov har enkelportsturbo som mest 4 % högre verkningsgrad än dubbelportsturbo vilket stämmer väl med simuleringar. Den mindre avgassamlarvolymen med 8-2 system påverkar enkelportsturbon positivt vid 1200 varv/min vilket kan bero på lägre avgasenergiförluster. Avgassamlarsystem 8-4-1 har vid prov vid 1900 varv/min 400 mbar bättre gasväxlingsmedeltryck än 8-2-2, att jämföra med en simulerad skillnad på 600 mbar vid samma varvtal. Genomgående har 8-4 system ca 1 % bättre volymetrisk verkningsgrad och omkring 30° C lägre temperatur före turbin. Tendenser från GT-Power simuleringar stämmer väl med motorprov, framförallt vid 1500 och 1900 varv/min. Skillnader i gasväxlingsmedeltryck och cylindervariation är inte så stora mellan koncepten som enligt simuleringarna, vilket inte beror på turbinverkningsgrad utan pulsöverföring mellan cylinderbankerna med enkelportsturbo. Motorprov visar att två avgassamlare per bank och enkelportsturbin med variabel geometri, 8-4-1, ger lägst gasväxlingsmedeltryck och minst spridning mellan cylindrar. 8-4-1 avgassamlarsystem är det mest optimala för V8an.

L'épissage alternatif est un mécanisme fondamental qui participe à la régulation de l'expression génique. C'est grâce à l'épissage que l'on peut obtenir, à partir d'un même ARN pré-messager, plusieurs ARN messagers matures différents. Ce mécanisme est de ce fait important pour la diversité protéomique. . .

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease affecting 15 - 20% of children and 2 - 10% of adults worldwide, with significant morbidity. A hallmark of AD is disruption of the critical barrier function of upper epidermal layers, causatively linked to environmental stimuli, genetics and infections. Another typical feature of AD is skin infections, especially from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which closely relates with the disease severity. Although not a normal flora, S. aureus is found on 75-100% of AD lesions (< 30% on healthy skin). S. aureus secrete a range of virulence factors, including extracellular toxins and proteases which contribute to disease pathogenesis. S. aureus serine protease A (SspA/V8) is a well-characterised extracellular protease widely expressed among different S. aureus strains. The pathogenic effect of V8 protease has been demonstrated in vivo, damaging murine skin integrity via effects on the stratum corneum (SC), but the targets for this V8-mediated damage remains unclear. The capacity of proteases to induce barrier dysfunction has been proposed as a key driving force in the initiation and exacerbation of AD. Thus, understanding the host factors that maintain barrier function is a priority in developing novel therapeutic approaches. This thesis therefore aimed at detecting host factors which can combat the barrier dysfunction caused by pathogenic proteases, assessing their relevance in vitro and ex vivo and elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Firstly, an in vitro skin barrier integrity model was developed, using both immortalized and primary keratinocytes, to evaluate the barrier damage mediated by pathogenic proteases. The results revealed that S. aureus protease SspA/V8 is the dominant secreted factor (in laboratory and AD clinical strains of S. aureus) inducing barrier integrity impairment. In addition, studies demonstrated that V8 protease itself was sufficient to induce barrier disruption, and this phenotype was not dependent on cell death, but rather on breaking down of cell-cell junctions. Key tight junction proteins including claudin-1 and occludin were found to be degraded by V8 protease. Next, a wide range of host and bacterial factors were investigated to determine whether they could promote protection of keratinocytes against V8 damage. Several factors, including IL-1β, TNF-α, heat-killed Staphylococcus epidermidis (which is the main skin normal flora), were found to induce protection against V8 protease, with IL-1β having the strongest effect. In addition, data indicated that this IL-1β-mediated protection was independent of effects on claudin-1 but occurred via secretion of a transferrable host factor. Induction of keratinocyte expression of the antimicrobial/host defence peptide human beta-defensin 2 (hBD2) was found to be the mechanism underpinning this IL-1β- induced protective effect. Endogenous hBD2 expression was required and sufficient for protection against V8 protease-mediated integrity damage, and exogenous application of hBD2 was also protective. An ex vivo model using human skin tissue was also established to address this novel function of hBD2, and preliminary data indicated that exogenous hBD2 protected against V8-mediated damage in this system. Overall, my data reveal a novel function for the antimicrobial/host defence peptide hBD2. This modulatory property of hBD2, independent of its antibacterial effects, gives new significance to the defective induction of hBD2 in the barrier-defective skin lesions of AD and indicates therapeutic potential to prevent S. aureus-mediated aggravation of skin barrier dysfunction in AD.

One of the latest tools in the strive troughwards a fast and secure Web is called WebAssembly. It is a low-level, assembly-like language that can run in the browser alongside JavaScript. WebAssembly is designed to load fast and aims to execute at near-native speed. Being a compilation target for system languages like C, C++, and Rust, WebAssembly is not very accessible from a Web developer perspective. This project explores ways to generate WebAssembly directly from JavaScript code, in order to lower the learning curve, and allow for a more widespread adoption of WebAssembly. This has resulted in a utility tool called Esmbly, which can turn simple JavaScript programs into WebAssembly binaries by collecting and utilizing type information from various flavours of statically typed JavaScript.

The crossing number of a graph is the minimum number of pairwise crossings of edges among all planar drawings of the graph. A graph G is k-crossing critical if it has crossing number k and any proper subgraph of G has a crossing number less than k. The set of 1-crossing critical graphs is is determined by Kuratowski’s Theorem to be {K5, K3,3}. Work has been done to approach the problem of classifying all 2-crossing critical graphs. The graph V2n is a cycle on 2n vertices with n intersecting chords. The only remaining graphs to find in the classification of 2-crossing critical graphs are those that are 3-connected with a V8 minor but no V10 minor. This paper seeks to fill some of this gap by defining and completely describing a class of graphs called fully covered. In addition, we examine other ways in which graphs may be 2-crossing critical. This discussion classifies all known examples of 3-connected, 2-crossing critical graphs with a V8 minor but no V10 minor.

The crossing number of a graph is the minimum number of pairwise edge crossings in a drawing of a graph. A graph $G$ is $k$-crossing-critical if it has crossing number at least $k$, and any subgraph of $G$ has crossing number less than $k$. A consequence of Kuratowski's theorem is that 1-critical graphs are subdivisions of $K_{3,3}$ and $K_{5}$. The graph $V_{2n}$ is a $2n$-cycle with $n$ diameters. Bokal, Oporowski, Richter and Salazar found in \cite{bigpaper} all the critical graphs except the ones that contain a $V_{8}$ minor and no $V_{10}$ minor. We show that a 4-connected graph $G$ has crossing number at least 2 if and only if for each pair of disjoint edges there are two disjoint cycles containing them. Using a generalization of this result we found limitations for the 2-crossing-critical graphs remaining to classify. We showed that peripherally 4-connected 2-crossing-critical graphs have at most 4001 vertices. Furthermore, most 3-connected 2-crossing-critical graphs are obtainable by small modifications of the peripherally 4-connected ones.

An engine heater is used to warm engine cooling fluid in an engine. This specific case pertains to the engine warmers found in the V8 engines of Scania trucks. The purpose of this study is to make the product development more effective by optimizing the cooperation with suppliers. This is achieved by lowering the costs and development time of the product development. The form and extent to which the supplier is involved can vary, depending on whether or not they are to be fully, partially, or not at all involved in the project. The problem is how a recommendation for collaboration should look like. In order to understand how these recommendations should look, one needs to know which variables affect the cooperation between the company and the supplier. This is done to give a recommendation for how the cooperation with the supplier should be, in order to achieve an effective product development (PD) and high product performance. Through research in the form of written literature, a comparison could be made between the different theories of the PD-process and the cooperation and involvement of the supplier in a company’s PD process, with the company’s actual PD process, but also the cooperation levels with the suppliers in the NPD (New Product Development). This was done to identify which variables influence the cooperation between the company and the supplier, and to find out in what phase of a company’s NPD a supplier should be involved. The results showed that the company had not applied a common development relationship. This meant that it had not made use of organizational enablers (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013), only technological and methodological enablers. The company's communication channels had not included face-to-face meetings, with communication primarily taking place through email or phone calls. This low level of communication has resulted in a low exchange of knowledge (Thomas, 2013), which affected the NPD efficiency in the form of delays to the project plan. The company had not applied the theory of not trusting “the trust” towards the supplier (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013) nor kept a constant level of formal control. A case study about the development of engine heaters has also been made. This study has had certain specifications put up as boundaries for the work, such as that the engine heater should be designed in a way that it meets certain demands from the company and the customers. In this case our customers are the assemblers from the production and aftermarket. It should be designed as simply as possible, and be able to function in the most unclean environments, with dust, water, mud and oil. The main principle is to replace the current engine heater that is included in the V8 engines of today, with one that has a new design and takes mount ability, demount ability, quality, and production costs into account, and is backward compatible. The thesis has taken the production development method, from the book "Product Design and development" (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013) into account in the development of engine heaters. Although it does differ on certain points, such as having the project leader in charge of the time management for the development of entire v8 engines. 3 (80) According to the conclusion, when involved in NPD, the company should apply a constant level of formal control for the supplier during the cooperation - and not just during the serial production (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013) - and also not trust “trust” towards the supplier and informal controls. The company should use face to face meetings as a preferred communication channel (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013) in order to achieve NPD (New Product Development) high media richness (high knowledge exchange). When NPD is used for complex products, or has a short project period, the company should involve the supplier at an early phase of the NPD process (Zhao, Cavugsil, & Cavusgil, 2014, for an effective project quality regarding the production speed to the market. An organisational enabler, with the help of a guest engineer or a site engineer (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013, should also be applied. However, when it comes to new products of great importance the company should avoid involving the supplier for the NPD process (Zhao, Cavugsil, & Cavusgil, 2014) and instead only use technological based integration in a late phase of the process, such as the phase where only technological enablers are used (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013).
En motorvärmare är en värmare för kylvätska till motorer. Dessa finns i fordon och i detta fall riktas det till motorvärmare i v8 motorer som finns i Företagets lastbilar. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att effektivisera produktutvecklingen genom att optimera samarbetsformerna med leverantörer. Detta sker genom att sänka produktutvecklingens kostnader och utvecklingstid. Samarbetsformen av leverantör kan variera under produktutvecklingen. Beroende på om de skall vara delaktiga i projektet helt och hållet, delvis eller inget. Problemet är hur en rekommendation för samverkan ska se ut. För att kunna ta reda på detta så behöver man veta vilka variabler som påverkar samarbetet mellan företag och leverantör. Detta görs för att kunna ge en rekommendation om det bästa möjliga sättet för vilket ett samarbete med en leverantör bör ske för att uppnå en effektiv produktutveckling (PU) och hög produktprestanda. Via forskning i form av läsning av böcker och artiklar kunde en jämförelse göras mellan de olika teorierna om PU-processen och samarbete & involvering av leverantör i ett företags PUprocess, med företagets verkliga PU-process och dess samarbete & involvering av leverantören i ny produktutveckling (NPU). Detta har gjorts för att ta reda på vilka variabler som har påverkat och påverkar samarbetet mellan företag och leverantör, och för att ta reda på under vilken fas i företagets NPU en leverantör bör bli involverad. Resultatet visade att företaget inte har tillämpat en gemensam utvecklingsrelation, detta innebär att man inte använt sig utav organisatoriska möjliggörare (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013) utan endast teknologiska och metodologiska möjliggörare. Företagets kommunikationskanal har inte tillämpats genom face to face möten, utan kommunikationen har främst skett genom email eller telefonsamtal. Denna låga kommunikationskanal har resulterat i ett lågt kunskapsutbyte (Thomas, 2013) vilket har påverkat NPU-effektiviteten i form av förseningar av projektplan. Man har inte heller tillämpat att inte lita på tillit gentemot leverantören (Smets, Oorschot, & Langerak, 2013) och inte hållit en konstant nivå av formell kontroll. Det har även gjorts en fallstudie om utvecklingen av motorvärmare. Denna fallstudie gjordes och tillämpades för att kunna gå igenom hela företagets verkliga NPU-process steg för steg, och därefter studera hur samarbetet har varit mellan förtaget och leverantören. Denna studie har haft vissa specifikationer som har satt gränser för arbetet, bl.a. ska motorvärmaren designas så att den uppfyller vissa krav och kundernas krav. Huvudprincipen är att ersätta den nuvarande motorvärmaren som ingår i dagens V8 motorer med en som har en ny design som tar hänsyn till monterbarhet, demonterbarhet, kvalitet, tillverkningskostnad och är bakåtkompatibel. Examensarbetet har tagit hänsyn till produktutvecklingsmetoden från boken ”Product Design and Development” (Ulrich & Eppinger, 2012) vid utvecklingen av motorvärmare. Detta har skett med undantag för vissa punkter som t.ex. hur tidsplaneringen för projektet tagits fram, vilket bestäms av projektledaren som lägger fram tidsplaneringen för utvecklingen av hela v8 motor. Enligt slutsatsen så bör företaget vid NPU tillämpa en konstant nivå av formell kontroll vid samarbete med leverantören vid utvecklingsfasen och inte enbart vid serieproduktion (Smets, Oorschot, & Langerak, 2013), samt att inte lita på tillit gentemot leverantören. Företaget bör 5 (80) även använda face to face möten som kommunikationskanal för att åstadkomma hög informationsutbyte (Thomas, 2013). Vid NPU med en komplex produkt eller vid kort projekttid så bör företaget involvera leverantörer vid tidig fas av NPU-process (Zhao, Cavugsil, & Cavusgil, 2014), för en effektiv projektkvalitet gällande produktsnabbhet till marknad. Samt att tillämpa organisatorisk möjliggörare med hjälp av gästingenjör eller platsingenjör (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013). Däremot vid en ny produktnyhet som är väldigt viktig för företaget så bör företaget undvika att involvera leverantörer vid NPU-process (Zhao, Cavugsil, & Cavusgil, 2014) genom att använda sig av istället enbart teknologisk utvecklingsrelation i en sen fas av processen (Garengo & Panizzolo, 2013).
NCG projekt

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
電腦與通訊工程研究所
105
Although the Internet of Things have been discussed for a long time, most products or design prototypes are often lack of integration. So in this study, we will propose a prototype of a lightweight solution. This solution is using a flexible cloud server as medium to communicate between objects and their applications. The proposed lightweight solution can apply to local-side server. All devices use this server to connect to the network, and that network can store logs, push instantly messages and handle controls instantly. And the complexity of this proposed solution is low. A new real-time web interface is introduced.

Tese de mestrado, Engenharia Informática (Arquitectura, Sistemas e Redes de Computadores), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
O recente desenvolvimento dos Sistemas Ciber-Físicos (SCF) e o aumento na utilização de veículos autónomos em diversos domínios (e.g., espaço, aéreo, aquático, automóvel) levou ao surgimento de novas preocupações, nomeadamente no que diz respeito a propriedades de segurança e confiabilidade e a restrições temporais. Durante décadas, numerosas vulnerabilidades tem posto em risco diversas aplicações e sistemas e, como tal, os Sistemas Ciber-Físicos não são excepção à regra. Tais acontecimentos resultaram numa tendência para a adopção de técnicas de Verificação em Tempo de Execução (VTE) para sistemas embebidos quando a respectiva criticalidade dita a necessidade de garantir operação correcta no domínio dos valores e no domínio do tempo. A VTE é baseada em infraestruturas de monitorização de eventos e na posterior verificação de correcção desses eventos de acordo com a especificação do sistema, tanto online (on-the-fly) como offline (onde primeiro os eventos são guardados em estruturas de memória e só depois analisados). Este tipo de detecção de erros vem contrastar com técnicas de verificação e de teste em fase de desenvolvimento onde são usados casos de teste estáticos, antes do sistema ser instalado e posto a funcionar normalmente no seu ambiente de execução. Embora essenciais, estas técnicas não estudam todos os casos ou problemas inerentes do sistema, que podem ser causados por factores imprevisíveis. A VTE pode ser usada na fase de desenvolvimento de forma a aperfeiçoar os casos de teste e em tempo de execução pós-desenvolvimento com o intuito de garantir bom funcionamento durante todo o período de vida do sistema. No entanto, metodologias de VTE convencionais, como a instrumentação de código, impõem penalizações no desempenho e na pontualidade, sendo inapropriadas para sistemas críticos. Em Sistemas Ciber-Físicos com requesitos de tempo-real, estas perturbações podem ser devastadoras dada a escassez de recursos computacionais disponíveis, por um lado, as perturbações que podem originar no escalonamento das acções a realizar em tempo-real, por outro, e também o compromisso em realizar as metas temporais impostas pela especificação funcional do sistema. O objectivo desta tese é conceber uma solução para lidar com faltas acidentais e ataques intencionais que afectem a memória dos SCFs e a informação nela contida por meio de Verificação Não-Intrusiva em Tempo de Execução (VNITE), a ser realizada através do desenho de um observador e entidade de monitorização de caixa preta. A razão inerente a escolha da implementação do observador como uma caixa preta, isto é, de ser visto em função das suas entradas e saídas e não do seu funcionamento interno, advém do facto de um observador transparente poder ser facilmente atacado e modificado de forma a afectar negativamente a sua operação, com o objectivo de providenciar dados erróneos ou mesmo de influênciar indirectamente o sistema a ser monitorizado. Uma abordagem inovadora para a problemática da monitorização é materializada através da projecção das acções de monitorização diretamente em mecanismos existentes na infraestrutura de processamento, como os barramentos de sistema e de cache. Uma tal abordagem permite a monitorização de um sistema sem qualquer impacto na execução, sendo adequada para o presente e futuro dos SCF e capaz de ser implementada sem insersão de código ou qualquer alteração na arquitectura do sistema base, ou seja, ligando apenas um componente de observação e monitorização diretamente aos referidos barramentos, sem a modificação de componentes já existentes no sistema. A inserção do observador dentro do processador é indesejável uma vez que iria requerer a sua modificação, não só no momento de implementação mas também sempre que a arquitectura do processador fosse modificada. Ao inserir uma entidade observadora num sistema, há que ter em conta determinados factores. Dado que a forma de observação depende do tipo de arquitectura do processador, do seu modelo de programação, do seu repositório de instruções e da convenção de chamada a funções, conclui-se que a entidade de monitorização será dependente de todos estes factores. O combate a problemas de segurança em memória pode ser realizado a diferentes níveis ou granularidades, dependendo de quão detalhado é o nosso conhecimento do funcionamento do sistema e das aplicações a correr no mesmo. Neste trabalho serão introduzidas soluções para a detecção e resolução parcial ou completa de faltas acidentais e ataques intencionais, focadas na compreensão limitada das especificidades do ambiente analisado, usando uma granularidade de monitorização ao nível da função. Acesso ao código fonte nem sempre é possível, tanto por uma questão de protecção da lógica e engenharia usada por parte das empresas que desenham as aplicações, como para esconder software malicioso, por exemplo, em plugins. Da mesma forma, os ficheiros binários são normalmente disprovidos de símbolos (stripped) pelas mesmas razões, impedindo a inversão da engenharia e ainda reduzindo os requesitos de utilização de espaço de memória em disco, dado que as informações adicionais em ficheiros não desprovidos de símbolos ocupam consideravelmente mais espaço. Em tal ambiente, além de ser impossível ou demasiado difícil a instrumentação de código (que já por si é intrusiva e indesejável), é também difícil a monitorização a um nível de granularidade fina. Assim, o observador necessita de estar preparado para interceptar apenas eventos menos específicos, como a utilização incorrecta de alguns espaços de memória ou o mau uso de endereços de retorno. Para a concepção da entidade observadora e de monitorização, é assumido que a maioria das aplicações (senão todas) são constituídas por chamadas a funções. A partir desta hipótese elaboramos um esquema que verifica se cada função está a executar correctamente, não havendo corrupção do espaço de endereçamento atribuído à mesma, nomeadamente secções de memória específicas com limites bem definidos, como é o caso de: quadros de memória reservados para uma função (e de algumas das subsecções em que se divide); zonas de memória alocadas dinamicamente e registos críticos do processador, como, por exemplo, o registo que guarda o endereço de retorno de uma função. Secções de dados de ficheiros binários do tipo ELF são também exemplos de zonas de memória bem delimitadas. Um observador não-intrusivo responsável pela detecção de eventos e comportamentos maliciosos e pela tomada de acções de acordo com o que é observado, interno ao sistema a observar, irá tirar então partido das instruções e dados que circulam no baramento de sistema e nos barramentos de cache, analisando-os total ou parcialmente de forma a compreender se algum comportamento erróneo/não autorizado está a ser efectuado que poderá por em causa a integridade de diversas zonas de memória. Esta abordagem é inserida no campo de lógica reconfigurável, tirando partido de arquitecturas System-on-a-Chip (SoC) de forma a realizar observação diretamente na maquinaria (hardware), em baixo nível e de forma eficaz. O conceito de VNITE pode também ser adaptado a sistemas Compartimentados no Espaço e no Tempo (CET), cada vez mais utilizados devido à crescente complexidade dos sistemas num vasto domínio de aplicações. Para além das limitações inerentes de pontualidade, problemas acrescidos no domínio da segurança da operação (safety) e da informação (security) estão também presentes em sistemas CET, maioritariamente devido ao uso de sistemas operativos genéricos, sendo já histórica a sua suscetibilidade a problemas comuns e a vulnerabilidades conhecidas que nunca foram cabalmente resolvidas, como por exemplo transbordos de buffer (buffer overflows). O objectivo deste trabalho é, então, a análise de requesitos para a construção de um observador não intrusivo, nomeadamente a nível dos factores em que depende e das possíveis vulnerabilidades que o observador será capaz de proteger, tendo em consideração vulnerabilidades comuns em sistemas operativos, e o desenho/concepção de um observador capaz de fornecer protecção contra as falhas de segurança analisadas, garantindo propriedades de segurança e confiabilidade e respeitando restrições temporais. Após concretização, concluiu-se que ainda muito trabalho necessita de ser feito nesta vertente de forma a ter uma solução viável que vá completamente de acordo à ideia inicial. No entanto, é uma solução fazível e necessária.
The recent extensive development in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and the increase in usage of autonomous vehicles throughout several domains (spacial, avionic, terrestrial and aquatic) has lead to the emergence of new concerns regarding safety, security and timeliness properties. This has resulted in a tendency to adopt Runtime Verification (RV) techniques for embedded systems, when their criticality dictates the need to guarantee correct operation in the time and values domain. RV is based on event observation and monitoring infrastructures and on-the-fly or posterior event correction verification against a given system specification. However, conventional RV methodologies, such as source code instrumentation, impose performance and timeliness penalties due to their intrusive nature, being inappropriate for (real-time) critical systems. In CPSs with real-time requirements these disturbances can be devastating given the lack of computational resources and the necessity to fulfil temporal goals due to their functional specification. For decades, numerous vulnerabilities have put systems and applications at risk and CPSs are no exception. We intent to deal with accidental faults and intended attacks that compromise the integrity of data stored on memory by means of Non-Intrusive RV, to be accomplished through the design of a black-box observer and monitoring entity. This is materialized through the introduction of monitoring actions directly in existing resources present in the processing infrastructure. Such an approach allows for system monitoring with no impact on execution, being adequate for CPSs. A non-intrusive observer entity that is responsible for detecting malicious events and act accordingly, while taking into consideration common operating system vulnerabilities is in order. Thus, the goal of this thesis is to design such an observer, capable of performing function-level memory protection on well-delimited memory zones. For this purpose we perform a requirements analysis on relevant architectural characteristics and from that devise an on-chip online solution of our own. After completion, it was concluded that much work still needs to be done in order to have a viable solution that goes completely towards the initial idea. However, it is a feasible and necessary solution.