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Journal articles on the topic 'Vaccination – Genetic aspects'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Bondarev, V. P., V. A. Shevtsov, I. N. Indikova, E. E. Evreinova, and D. V. Gorenkov. "Rotavirus Epidemiology and Vaccination Tactics." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 19, no. 2 (June 16, 2019): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2019-19-2-81-87.

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Rotavirus infection is a widespread cause of severe gastroenteritis in children in low-income countries. Specific prophylaxis in young children has become the most important means of combating severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. The review presents current data on the molecular biology and genetic diversity of rotaviruses, interaction of viral proteins with host cell receptors, molecular aspects of infectivity and pathogenesis of rotavirus infection, and the development of immunity. It addresses a new approach to the epidemiology of rotavirus infection which regards it as a manageable infection,

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PIKUŁA, ANNA, and KRZYSZTOF ŚMIETANKA. "Selected aspects of infectious bursal disease – the current state of knowledge." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 10 (2023): 6138–2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6138.

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly infectious and contagious immunosuppressive viral disease of chickens with a worldwide economic significance to the poultry industry. Over fifty years have passed since the first confirmed occurrence of the disease, and the virus has spread all over world and evolved into multiple genetic, antigenic and pathotypic variants, becoming a serious threat to the poultry industry. The primary tool in IBD eradication is the maintenance of strict biosecurity in poultry farms and implementation of vaccination programmes which should take into account the curre

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Teale, Alan. "Biotechnology: a key element in the CGIAR's livestock research programme." Outlook on Agriculture 26, no. 4 (December 1997): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709702600403.

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The unique potential of biotechnology to provide new solutions to old problems constraining the contribution of livestock to farming systems in the developing world is emphasized in this paper. An overview of biotechnological aspects of livestock research within the CGIAR, including a description of the research approaches being adopted at the International Livestock Research Institute, is provided. The products of the research are then identified, and their potential applications in disease diagnosis and vaccination, as well as in the fields of animal breeding and genetic improvement, are des

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HELGESSON, GERT, and STEFAN ERIKSSON. "Four Themes in Recent Swedish Bioethics Debates." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 20, no. 3 (May 20, 2011): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180111000090.

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A wide variety of bioethical themes have recently been debated and researched in Sweden, including genetic screening, HPV vaccination strategies, end-of-life care, injustices and priority setting in healthcare, dual-use research, and the never-ending story of scientific fraud. Also, there are some new events related to Swedish biobanking that might be of general interest. Here we will concentrate on four themes: end-of-life care, dual-use research, scientific fraud, and biobanking.

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Mehra, Narinder K., and Gurvinder Kaur. "MHC-based vaccination approaches: progress and perspectives." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 5, no. 7 (February 24, 2003): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399403005957.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) harbours genes whose primary function in regulating immune responsiveness to infection is to present foreign antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and T helper cells. In the case of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), defining the optimal HIV epitopes that are recognised by CTLs is important for vaccine design, and this in turn will depend on the characteristics of the predominant infecting virus. Moreover, the particular MHC human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) expressed by a geographical population is important since these are likely to

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Tusup, Marina, Lars E. French, Mara De Matos, David Gatfield, Thomas Kundig, and Steve Pascolo. "Design of in vitro Transcribed mRNA Vectors for Research and Therapy." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 73, no. 5 (May 29, 2019): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2019.391.

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The use of in vitro transcribed messenger RNA (ivt mRNA) for vaccination, gene therapy and cell reprograming has become increasingly popular in research and medicine. This method can be used in vitro (transfected in cells) or administered naked or formulated (lipoplexes, polyplexes, and lipopolyplexes that deliver the RNA to specific organs, such as immune structures, the lung or liver) and is designed to be an immunostimulatory or immunosilent agent. This vector contains several functional regions (Cap, 5' untranslated region, open reading frame, 3' untranslated region and poly-A tail) that c

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Ambinder, Alexander J., Pareen J. Shenoy, Neha Malik, Alison Maggioncalda, Loretta J. Nastoupil, and Christopher R. Flowers. "Exploring Risk Factors for Follicular Lymphoma." Advances in Hematology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/626035.

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Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent malignancy of germinal center B cells with varied incidence across racial groups and geographic regions. Improvements in the classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes provide an opportunity to explore associations between environmental exposures and FL incidence. Our paper found that aspects of Western lifestyle including sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and diets high in meat and milk are associated with an increased risk of FL. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, and certain antioxidants are inversely associa

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Eckmann, Lars, and Frances D. Gillin. "Microbes and Microbial Toxins: Paradigms for Microbial- Mucosal Interactions I. Pathophysiological aspects of enteric infections with the lumen-dwelling protozoan pathogenGiardia lamblia." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 280, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): G1—G6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.1.g1.

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Giardia lamblia is one of the most important causes of waterborne diarrheal disease worldwide, and giardiasis is the most common protozoan infection of the human small intestine. Symptomatic infection is characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malabsorption, leading to malnutrition and weight loss, particularly in children. The pathogen resides strictly in the lumen of the small intestine, and infection is typically not accompanied by significant mucosal inflammation. Clinical and experimental studies indicate that B cell-dependent host defenses, particularly IgA, are important for cont

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Eckert, Johannes, and Peter Deplazes. "Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Aspects of Echinococcosis, a Zoonosis of Increasing Concern." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17, no. 1 (January 2004): 107–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.1.107-135.2004.

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SUMMARY Echinococcosis in humans is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stages (metacestodes) of cestode species of the genus Echinococcus. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by E. multilocularis, and polycystic forms are caused by either E. vogeli or E. oligarthrus. In untreated cases, AE has a high mortality rate. Although control is essentially feasible, CE remains a considerable health problem in many regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. AE is restricted to the northern hemisphere regions of North America a

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Sang, Helen. "DISEASE RESISTANCE AND OTHER APPLICATIONS OF TRANSGENESIS IN THE CHICKEN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab345.

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Genetic modification of the chicken in terms of gene addition is now robust and efficient. Transgenes can be introduced by injection of lentiviral vectors into chick embryos or by transfection of transposon vectors into embryos or primordial germ cells in vitro. Lentiviral vectors are limited in the size of transgene they can incorporate but we have generated several different transgenic lines using HIV-derived vectors and have observed high levels of transgene expression and tissue-specific expression using regulatory sequences from several genes. M. McGrew (The Roslin Institute) has establis

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Omersel, Jasna, and Nataša Karas Kuželički. "Vaccinomics and Adversomics in the Era of Precision Medicine: A Review Based on HBV, MMR, HPV, and COVID-19 Vaccines." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 3561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113561.

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Precision medicine approaches based on pharmacogenomics are now being successfully implemented to enable physicians to predict more efficient treatments and prevention strategies for a given disease based on the genetic background of the patient. This approach has already been proposed for vaccines, but research is lagging behind the needs of society, and precision medicine is far from being implemented here. While vaccinomics concerns the effectiveness of vaccines, adversomics concerns their side effects. This area has great potential to address public concerns about vaccine safety and to pro

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Pershing, Nicole L., Aurélie Kapusta, Shannon Nielsen, Hillary Crandall, E. Kent Korgenski, Carrie L. Byington, Krow Ampofo, and Anne J. Blaschke. "#64: An odyssey Beyond the Capsule: Genetic Determinants of Pediatric Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Empyema." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa170.021.

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Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is among the most common causes of invasive bacterial infections in children, including pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Over 90 different serotypes (ST) of pneumococcus exist, with enrichment of some ST within specific invasive phenotypes. Other than capsular genes, molecular determinants of particular invasive phenotypes remain largely unknown. Although vaccination targeting especially invasive ST capsular antigens has successfully decreased the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), new ST have emerged, suggesting methods to targ

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Usha, A. Lakshmi, M. Kusama Kumari, E. Radha Rani, and M. Ramadevi. "A Novel Technique for Intradermal Delivery of Drugs – Coated Polymeric Needles." Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2231-5659.2021-11-2-7.

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The barrier properties of the topmost layer of the skin, stratum corneum have significant limitations for successful systemic delivery of a wide range of therapeutic molecules, especially macromolecules and genetic material. One solution is to utilize microneedles (MNs), which are capable of painlessly traversing through the stratum corneum and directly translocating protein drugs into the systematic circulation. This strategy involves the use of micron sized needles fabricated from different materials and using different geometries to create transient aqueous conduits across the skin. Microne

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Luz, Jean Carlos dos Santos da, Fernanda Antunes, Maria Alejandra Clavijo-Salomon, Emanuela Signori, Nayara Gusmão Tessarollo, and Bryan E. Strauss. "Clinical Applications and Immunological Aspects of Electroporation-Based Therapies." Vaccines 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070727.

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Reversible electropermeabilization (RE) is an ultrastructural phenomenon that transiently increases the permeability of the cell membrane upon application of electrical pulses. The technique was described in 1972 by Neumann and Rosenheck and is currently used in a variety of applications, from medicine to food processing. In oncology, RE is applied for the intracellular transport of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as the delivery of genetic material in gene therapies and vaccinations. This review summarizes the physical changes of the membrane, the particularities of bleomycin, and the immunolo

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Bazargan, Mohsen, Cheryl Wisseh, Edward Adinkrah, Hoorolnesa Ameli, Delia Santana, Sharon Cobb, and Shervin Assari. "Influenza Vaccination among Underserved African-American Older Adults." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 5, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2160894.

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Background. Racial disparities in influenza vaccination among underserved minority older adults are a public health problem. Understanding the factors that impact influenza vaccination behaviors among underserved older African-Americans could lead to more effective communication and delivery strategies. Aims. We aimed to investigate rate and factors associated with seasonal influenza vaccination among underserved African-American older adults. We were particularly interested in the roles of demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and continuity and patient satisfaction with medical care, as

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CAIRNS, ANDREW J. G. "Epidemics in Heterogeneous Populations: Aspects of Optimal Vaccination Policies." Mathematical Medicine and Biology 6, no. 3 (1989): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imammb/6.3.137.

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Trucchi, Cecilia, Claudio Costantino, Vincenzo Restivo, Chiara Bertoncello, Francesca Fortunato, Silvio Tafuri, Daniela Amicizia, et al. "Immunization Campaigns and Strategies against Human Papillomavirus in Italy: The Results of a Survey to Regional and Local Health Units Representatives." BioMed Research International 2019 (July 4, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6764154.

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Objective. The study aimed to assess the impact of HPV immunization campaigns organizational aspects, the characteristics of immunization program (vaccination targets and type of offer), and communicative strategies adopted by four Italian administrative regions on vaccination coverage observed. Methods. From November 2017 to March 2018, regional and Local Health Units (LHUs) representatives were invited to complete an online survey including 54 questions evaluating vaccination invite systems, access systems to vaccination centres, reminder and recall systems, and adverse events surveillance.

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Brass, Anette, Lars Frelin, David R. Milich, Matti Sällberg, and Gustaf Ahlén. "Functional Aspects of Intrahepatic Hepatitis B Virus-specific T Cells Induced by Therapeutic DNA Vaccination." Molecular Therapy 23, no. 3 (March 2015): 578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2014.233.

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Baral, Toya Nath. "Immunobiology of African Trypanosomes: Need of Alternative Interventions." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/389153.

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Trypanosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases for which control is still far from reality. The vaccination approaches by using dominant surface proteins have not been successful, mainly due to antigenic variation of the parasite surface coat. On the other hand, the chemotherapeutic drugs in current use for the treatment of this disease are toxic and problems of resistance are increasing (see Kennedy (2004) and Legros et al. (2002)). Therefore, alternative approaches in both treatment and vaccination against trypanosomiasis are needed at this time. To be able to design and develop such

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Furst, D., L. Lenz, M. Horton, D. Flake, E. Sasso, and M. E. Weinblatt. "AB1239 THE EFFECT OF INFLUENZA VACCINATION ON THE MULTI-BIOMARKER DISEASE ACTIVITY SCORE AND ITS COMPONENT BIOMARKERS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1188.

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Background:The multi-biomarker disease activity (MBDA) blood test measures 12 protein biomarkers (IL-6, CRP, SAA, EGF, VEGF, VCAM, MMP-1, MMP-3, leptin, resistin, TNF-RI and YKL40). It uses a validated algorithm to provide a score on a scale of 1-100 for assessing disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The MBDA score reflects several molecular aspects of inflammation, including cytokines, acute phase reactants, growth factors, molecular adhesion, metalloproteinases and hormones. Insights gained by understanding how vaccination affects these biomarkers in healthy subjects

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Raoufi, Ehsan, Bahar Bahramimeimandi, M. Salehi-Shadkami, Patcharida Chaosri, and M. R. Mozafari. "Methodical Design of Viral Vaccines Based on Avant-Garde Nanocarriers: A Multi-Domain Narrative Review." Biomedicines 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050520.

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The current health crisis caused by coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and associated pathogens emphasize the urgent need for vaccine systems that can generate protective and long-lasting immune responses. Vaccination, employing peptides, nucleic acids, and other molecules, or using pathogen-based strategies, in fact, is one of the most potent approaches in the management of viral diseases. However, the vaccine candidate requires protection from degradation and precise delivery to the target cells. This can be achieved by employing different types of drug and vaccine delivery strategies, among which,

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Soldatou, Vasiliki, Anastasios Soldatos, and Theodoros Soldatos. "Examining Socioeconomic and Computational Aspects of Vaccine Pharmacovigilance." BioMed Research International 2019 (February 19, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6576483.

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Background. Vaccine pharmacovigilance relates to the detection of adverse events, their assessment, understanding, and prevention, and communication of their risk to the public. These activities can be tedious and long lasting for regulatory authority scientists and may be affected by community practices and public health policies. To better understand underlying challenges, we examined vaccine adverse event reports, assessed whether data-driven techniques can provide additional insight in safety characterization, and wondered on the impact of socioeconomic parameters. Methods. First, we integ

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Ramos, Laylaa, Joan K. Lunney, and Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero. "Neonatal and infant immunity for tuberculosis vaccine development: importance of age-matched animal models." Disease Models & Mechanisms 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): dmm045740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.045740.

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ABSTRACTNeonatal and infant immunity differs from that of adults in both the innate and adaptive arms, which are critical contributors to immune-mediated clearance of infection and memory responses elicited during vaccination. The tuberculosis (TB) research community has openly admitted to a vacuum of knowledge about neonatal and infant immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, especially in the functional and phenotypic attributes of memory T cell responses elicited by the only available vaccine for TB, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Although BCG vaccination

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Fonseca Zangirolamo, Amanda, Nathalia Covre da Silva, Fábio Morotti, and Marcelo Marcondes Seneda. "The impact of sanity on the fertility of cows submitted to reproductive biotechnics." Revista Acadêmica: Ciência Animal 15, Suppl 2 (August 29, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/academica.15.s02.2017.a09.

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The productivity in the herds is directly associated with reproduction. Thus, in order to achieve a better efficiency, the most varied reproductive biotechniques have been applied to the plants. Several factors have a direct influence on reproductive performance, including genetics, nutrition, zootechnical management, and sanitation. However, the sanity of the herd through the use of prophylactic measures against infectious agents is often neglected. In this context, particular attention should be paid to health programs, since 37-50% of gestational losses in the herd are consequences of infec

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Kanyiri, Caroline W., Kimathi Mark, and Livingstone Luboobi. "Mathematical Analysis of Influenza A Dynamics in the Emergence of Drug Resistance." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2018 (August 29, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2434560.

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Every year, influenza causes high morbidity and mortality especially among the immunocompromised persons worldwide. The emergence of drug resistance has been a major challenge in curbing the spread of influenza. In this paper, a mathematical model is formulated and used to analyze the transmission dynamics of influenza A virus having incorporated the aspect of drug resistance. The qualitative analysis of the model is given in terms of the control reproduction number,Rc. The model equilibria are computed and stability analysis carried out. The model is found to exhibit backward bifurcation prom

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Priori, R., G. Pellegrino, S. Colafrancesco, C. Alessandri, F. Ceccarelli, M. DI Franco, V. Riccieri, et al. "POS1219 SARS-COV-2 VACCINE HESITANCY AMONG PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES: A MESSAGE FOR RHEUMATOLOGISTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 893.1–893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2622.

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Background:Conflicting results have been published regarding the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and development of severe COVID-19 among patients affected by rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). [1-4] Taking into account the lack of effective drugs to treat the COVID-19 and despite the burdensome and costly lockdown measures adopted to counteract the spread of SARS-CoV-2, effective and safe vaccines appear reasonably to be the best strategy for fighting the virus. [6] Before vaccines availability, several reports showed that a non-negligible proportion of subjects, among the general p

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Pawłowski, Bogusław, Judyta Nowak, Barbara Borkowska, Daria Augustyniak, and Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa. "Body height and immune efficacy: testing body stature as a signal of biological quality." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1859 (July 19, 2017): 20171372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1372.

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According to the good genes hypothesis and energy allocation theory, human adult body height may reflect biological quality. An important aspect of this quality is immune system functioning (ISF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ISF and body height in healthy people. The ISF was determined by several important innate (total complement and lysozyme activity, neutrophil function) and adaptive immune parameters (lymphocytes, IgA and IgG, and response to the flu vaccine). Overall, 96 males and 97 females were subjected to flu vaccination, and of these, 35 males and 3

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Desquesnes, Marc, Philippe Holzmuller, De-Hua Lai, Alan Dargantes, Zhao-Rong Lun, and Sathaporn Jittaplapong. "Trypanosoma evansiand Surra: A Review and Perspectives on Origin, History, Distribution, Taxonomy, Morphology, Hosts, and Pathogenic Effects." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/194176.

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Trypanosoma evansi, the agent of “surra,” is a salivarian trypanosome, originating from Africa. It is thought to derive fromTrypanosoma bruceiby deletion of the maxicircle kinetoplastic DNA (genetic material required for cyclical development in tsetse flies). It is mostly mechanically transmitted by tabanids and stomoxes, initially to camels, in sub-Saharan area. The disease spread from North Africa towards the Middle East, Turkey, India, up to 53° North in Russia, across all South-East Asia, down to Indonesia and the Philippines, and it was also introduced by the conquistadores into Latin Ame

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Mata, Elena, Aiala Salvador, Manoli Igartua, Rosa María Hernández, and José Luis Pedraz. "Malaria Vaccine Adjuvants: Latest Update and Challenges in Preclinical and Clinical Research." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/282913.

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There is no malaria vaccine currently available, and the most advanced candidate has recently reported a modest 30% efficacy against clinical malaria. Although many efforts have been dedicated to achieve this goal, the research was mainly directed to identify antigenic targets. Nevertheless, the latest progresses on understanding how immune system works and the data recovered from vaccination studies have conferred to the vaccine formulation its deserved relevance. Additionally to the antigen nature, the manner in which it is presented (delivery adjuvants) as well as the immunostimulatory effe

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Huang, Sheng-Wen, Ching-Hui Tai, Judith M. Fonville, Chin-Hui Lin, Shih-Min Wang, Ching-Chung Liu, Ih-Jen Su, Derek J. Smith, and Jen-Ren Wang. "Mapping Enterovirus A71 Antigenic Determinants from Viral Evolution." Journal of Virology 89, no. 22 (September 2, 2015): 11500–11506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02035-15.

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ABSTRACTHuman enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) belongs to theEnterovirus Aspecies in thePicornaviridaefamily. Several vaccines against EV-A71, a disease causing severe neurological complications or even death, are currently under development and being tested in clinical trials, and preventative vaccination programs are expected to start soon. To characterize the potential for antigenic change of EV-A71, we compared the sequences of two antigenically diverse genotype B4 and B5 strains of EV-A71 and identified substitutions at residues 98, 145, and 164 in the VP1 capsid protein as antigenic determinants

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Lamouroux, David, Jan Nagler, Theo Geisel, and Stephan Eule. "Paradoxical effects of coupling infectious livestock populations and imposing transport restrictions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1800 (February 7, 2015): 20142805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2805.

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Spatial heterogeneity of a host population of mobile agents has been shown to be a crucial determinant of many aspects of disease dynamics, ranging from the proliferation of diseases to their persistence and to vaccination strategies. In addition, the importance of regional and structural differences grows in our modern world. Little is known, though, about the consequences when traits of a disease vary regionally. In this paper, we study the effect of a spatially varying per capita infection rate on the behaviour of livestock diseases. We show that the prevalence of an infectious livestock di

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DiMaio, Daniel. "Small size, big impact: how studies of small DNA tumour viruses revolutionized biology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1773 (April 8, 2019): 20180300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0300.

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Intense study of three families of small tumour viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes, carried out over 50 years, has had a profound impact on biology. The polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses have circular DNA genomes of approximately 5000 and approximately 8000 base-pairs, respectively, and thus encode only a handful of proteins. Adenoviruses have a 32 000-base-pair linear DNA genome, still far smaller than the three billion-base-pair human genome. Members of all three virus families can transform cultured cells to tumorigenicity and cause tumours in experimental animals. Several human pap

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Klugman, Keith P. "Contribution of vaccines to our understanding of pneumococcal disease." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1579 (October 12, 2011): 2790–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0032.

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Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in children in developing countries and is also the leading infectious cause of death in adults. The most important cause of pneumonia is the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae , also known as the pneumococcus. It has thus become the leading vaccine-preventable cause of death and is a successful and diverse human pathogen. The development of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines has made possible the prevention of pneumococcal disease in infants, but has also elucidated aspects of pneumococcal biology in a number of ways. Use of the

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Lambe, Teresa, Georgina Bowyer, and Katie J. Ewer. "A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel vaccines?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1721 (April 10, 2017): 20160295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0295.

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Sporadic outbreaks of Ebola virus infection have been documented since the mid-Seventies and viral exposure can lead to lethal haemorrhagic fever with case fatalities as high as 90%. There is now a comprehensive body of data from both ongoing and completed clinical trials assessing various vaccine strategies, which were rapidly advanced through clinical trials in response to the 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) public health emergency. Careful consideration of immunogenicity post vaccination is essential but has been somewhat stifled because of the wide array of immunological assays and out

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Calder, Philip C., and Samantha Kew. "The immune system: a target for functional foods?" British Journal of Nutrition 88, S2 (November 2002): S165—S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002682.

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The immune system acts to protect the host from infectious agents that exist in the environment (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) and from other noxious insults. The immune system is constantly active, acting to discriminate ‘non-self’ from ‘self’. The immune system has two functional divisions: the innate and the acquired. Both components involve various blood-borne factors (complement, antibodies, cytokines) and cells. A number of methodologies exist to assess aspects of immune function; many of these rely upon studying cells in cultureex vivo. There are large inter-individual variations

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Moeser, Adam J. "357 Early life factors shaping gut development and lifelong disease risk." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.168.

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Abstract The first 3–4 months of postnatal life represents a critical period in gastrointestinal (GI) development that shapes lifelong function and disease resistance. During this period, extensive maturation of the immune and nervous systems, and epithelial transport and barrier function, occurs. While some aspects of early life gut development are genetically “hard-wired,” the GI system exhibits a high degree of plasticity, and thus developmental trajectory and long-term function can be significantly modified during this period via host and environmental influences. Stress or adversity durin

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Adashi, Eli Y., and Ivan Glenn Cohen. "CRISPR immunity: a case study for justified somatic genetic modification?" Journal of Medical Ethics, March 3, 2021, medethics—2020–106838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106838.

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The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has killed thousands across the world. SARS-CoV-2 is the latest but surely not the last such global pandemic we will face. The biomedical response to such pandemics includes treatment, vaccination, and so on. In this paper, though, we argue that it is time to consider an additional strategy: the somatic (non-heritable) enhancement of human immunity. We argue for this approach and consider bioethics objections we believe can be overcome.

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Su, Hongwei, Kan Lin, Divya Tiwari, Claire Healy, Carolina Trujillo, Yao Liu, Thomas R. Ioerger, Dirk Schnappinger, and Sabine Ehrt. "Genetic models of latent tuberculosis in mice reveal differential influence of adaptive immunity." Journal of Experimental Medicine 218, no. 9 (July 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210332.

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Studying latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection has been limited by the lack of a suitable mouse model. We discovered that transient depletion of biotin protein ligase (BPL) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxB2) results in latent infections during which Mtb cannot be detected but that relapse in a subset of mice. The immune requirements for Mtb control during latency, and the frequency of relapse, were strikingly different depending on how latency was established. TrxB2 depletion resulted in a latent infection that required adaptive immunity for control and reactivated with high frequen

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Novelli, Giuseppe, Michela Biancolella, Ruty Mehrian-Shai, Vito Luigi Colona, Anderson F. Brito, Nathan D. Grubaugh, Vasilis Vasiliou, Lucio Luzzatto, and Juergen K. V. Reichardt. "COVID-19 one year into the pandemic: from genetics and genomics to therapy, vaccination, and policy." Human Genomics 15, no. 1 (May 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40246-021-00326-3.

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AbstractCOVID-19 has engulfed the world and it will accompany us all for some time to come. Here, we review the current state at the milestone of 1 year into the pandemic, as declared by the WHO (World Health Organization). We review several aspects of the on-going pandemic, focusing first on two major topics: viral variants and the human genetic susceptibility to disease severity. We then consider recent and exciting new developments in therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies, and in prevention strategies, such as vaccines. We also briefly discuss how advances in basic science and in biot

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Bellucci, Gianmarco, Virginia Rinaldi, Maria Chiara Buscarinu, Roberta Reniè, Rachele Bigi, Giulia Pellicciari, Emanuele Morena, et al. "Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started?" Frontiers in Immunology 12 (September 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.755333.

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Current knowledge on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis encompasses complex interactions between the host’s genetic background and several environmental factors that result in dysimmunity against the central nervous system. An old-aged association exists between MS and viral infections, capable of triggering and sustaining neuroinflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms. The novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has a remarkable, and still not fully understood, impact on the immune system: the occurrence and severity of both acute COVID-19 and post-infectious chronic illness (long COVI

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Littera, Roberto, Marcello Campagna, Silvia Deidda, Goffredo Angioni, Selene Cipri, Maurizio Melis, Davide Firinu, et al. "Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex and Other Immunogenetic and Clinical Factors Influence Susceptibility or Protection to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severity of the Disease Course. The Sardinian Experience." Frontiers in Immunology 11 (December 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.605688.

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AimSARS-CoV-2 infection is a world-wide public health problem. Several aspects of its pathogenesis and the related clinical consequences still need elucidation. In Italy, Sardinia has had very low numbers of infections. Taking advantage of the low genetic polymorphism in the Sardinian population, we analyzed clinical, genetic and immunogenetic factors, with particular attention to HLA class I and II molecules, to evaluate their influence on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the clinical outcome.Method and MaterialsWe recruited 619 healthy Sardinian controls and 182 SARS-CoV-2 patients

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Bhavani, A. V. S. Ksheera, A. Lakshmi Usha, M. Kusama Kumari, and E. Radha Rani. "A Novel Technique for Intradermal Delivery of Drugs – Coated Polymeric Needles." Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences, May 17, 2021, 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2321-5844.2021.00004.

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The barrier properties of the topmost layer of the skin, stratum corneum have significant limitations for successful systemic delivery of a wide range of therapeutic molecules, especially macromolecules and genetic material. One solution is to utilize microneedles (MNs), which are capable of painlessly traversing through the stratum corneum and directly translocating protein drugs into the systematic circulation. This strategy involves the use of micron sized needles fabricated from different materials and using different geometries to create transient aqueous conduits across the skin. Microne

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Toor, Jaspreet, Susy Echeverria-Londono, Xiang Li, Kaja Abbas, Emily D. Carter, Hannah E. Clapham, Andrew Clark, et al. "Lives saved with vaccination for 10 pathogens across 112 countries in a pre-COVID-19 world." eLife 10 (July 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.67635.

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Background:Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions. We investigate the impact of vaccination activities for Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, Japanese encephalitis, measles, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, rotavirus, rubella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and yellow fever over the years 2000–2030 across 112 countries.Methods:Twenty-one mathematical models estimated disease burden using standardised demographic and immunisation data. Impact was attributed to the year of vaccination through vaccine-activity-stratified impact ratios.Res

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Biloivan, Oleksandr V., Angela Duerr, Julia Schwartz, Vasiliy Arefev, Oleksii Solodinkin, Borys Stegniy, and Anton Gerilovych. "Phylogenetic analysis of Ukrainian Bacillus anthracis strains from various sources." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 11, no. 1 (May 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9768.

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ObjectiveDue to the lack of information about the phylogenetic origins of Ukrainian Bacillus anthracis strains,the goal of this work was to make phylogenetic analysis of Ukrainian isolates obtained from various sources (soil, clinical material from infected humans and animal products) for better understanding of phylogenetic origins of this pathogen in Ukraine and Eastern Europe.IntroductionAnthrax is a widely spread zoonotic disease with natural transmissive cycle involving wildlife, livestock and humans [1]. It is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a highly pathogenic gram-positive, spore-produci

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Mazzocco, Giovanni, Iga Niemiec, Alexander Myronov, Piotr Skoczylas, Jan Kaczmarczyk, Anna Sanecka-Duin, Katarzyna Gruba, et al. "AI Aided Design of Epitope-Based Vaccine for the Induction of Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2." Frontiers in Genetics 12 (March 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.602196.

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The heavy burden imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic on our society triggered the race toward the development of therapies or preventive strategies. Among these, antibodies and vaccines are particularly attractive because of their high specificity, low probability of drug-drug interaction, and potentially long-standing protective effects. While the threat at hand justifies the pace of research, the implementation of therapeutic strategies cannot be exempted from safety considerations. There are several potential adverse events reported after the vaccination or antibody therapy, but two are of utm

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Sahu, Tanmaya Kumar, Anoop Kishor Singh Gurjar, Prabina Kumar Meher, Cini Varghese, Sudeep Marwaha, Govind Pratap Rao, Anil Rai, et al. "Computational insights into RNAi-based therapeutics for foot and mouth disease of Bos taurus." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78541-6.

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AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) endangers a large number of livestock populations across the globe being a highly contagious viral infection in wild and domestic cloven-hoofed animals. It adversely affects the socioeconomic status of millions of households. Vaccination has been used to protect animals against FMD virus (FMDV) to some extent but the effectiveness of available vaccines has been decreased due to high genetic variability in the FMDV genome. Another key aspect that the current vaccines are not favored is they do not provide the ability to differentiate between infected and vac

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Sanches, Marina Pinto, Sávio Matheus Reis de Carvalho, Cristiane Coelho Costa, Douglas Marinho De Abreu, Daiana Maria Do Nascimento, Willker Jhonatan De Jesus, Gerson Tavares Pessoa, and Jefferson Rodrigues Araújo. "Pectus carinatum in a Cat." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 47 (September 27, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.95873.

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Background: Pectus are congenital sternal deformities considered rare in small animals, and they are divided into two types. Pectus excavatum causes a concave aspect in the ventral portion of the animal’s thorax, which is known as “funnel chest,” while pectus carinatum produces a convex appearance and is therefore called “pigeon chest.” The etiology of these anomalies has not yet been fully elucidated, but it is assumed that there is genetic involvement. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination and is confirmed by thoracic radiography. This report describes a case of pectus carinatum in

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