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Journal articles on the topic 'Vaccine development'
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1
Alexander, NJ, and G. Bialy. "Contraceptive vaccine development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 3 (1994): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940273.
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Recent advances in antigen definition and production have made the development of a contraceptive vaccine more attainable. Such a vaccine must evoke an immune response that blocks an indispensable step in the reproductive process. Vaccine research involves many approaches to fertility prevention. Vaccines are being developed that could interrupt fertility by inhibition of gonadotrophin release, the function of follicle-stimulating hormone or the effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG); alternatively, they may prevent fertilization by interfering with the transport of spermatozoa or with sperm-zona pellucida binding. The most advanced prototype is a vaccine based on antibodies to beta hCG. Such vaccines are being studied for clinical efficacy. Many hurdles remain in contraceptive vaccine development. Since the antigens are peptides or small proteins, the resultant immune response is usually moderate, and better adjuvants and delivery systems must be developed to enhance and maintain the immune response. Improvement of the mucosal immune response may be necessary for vaccines incorporating sperm antigens. Research on vaccines that control fertility has resulted in a fascinating base of scientific knowledge that, it is hoped, can be converted into products that will allow another option for individuals who wish to control their fertility.
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Mastroeni,, Pietro, and Nathalie Ménager. "Development of acquired immunity to Salmonella." Journal of Medical Microbiology 52, no. 6 (2003): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05173-0.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) causes human typhoid fever, a serious and widespread disease in developing countries. Other Salmonella serovars are associated with food-borne infections. The recent emergence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella strains highlights the need for better preventive measures, including vaccination. The available vaccines against Salmonella infection do not confer optimal protection. The design of new Salmonella vaccines must be based on the identification of suitable virulence genes and on knowledge of the immunological mechanisms of resistance to the disease. Control and clearance of a vaccine strain rely on the phagocyte oxidative burst, reactive nitrogen intermediates, inflammatory cytokines and CD4+ TCR-αβ+ T cells and are controlled by genes including NRAMP1 and MHC class II. Vaccine-induced resistance to reinfection requires the presence of Th1-type immunological memory and anti-Salmonella antibodies. The interaction between T and B cells is essential for the development of resistance following vaccination. The identification of immunodeficiencies that render individuals more susceptible to salmonellosis must be taken into consideration when designing and testing live attenuated Salmonella vaccines. An ideal live Salmonella vaccine should therefore be safe, regardless of the immunological status of the vaccinee, but still immunogenic.
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Xia, Yueting. "New Development of Vaccine Technology in Tumor Therapy." Theoretical and Natural Science 59, no. 1 (2024): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/59/20241442.
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Abstract. Cancer vaccines are a crucial component of tumors immunotherapy, offering the advantage of minimizing adverse reactions to induce tumor regression. They also enable the establishment of lasting anti-tumor memory. Recent years have seen significant breakthroughs in cancer vaccines, including the customization of personalized vaccines and the transition from passive immunization to active treatment. Currently, most cancer vaccine future goals focus on improving cost and efficiency such as combining immunology and bioinformatics to predict more accurate vaccine epitopes. This paper focuses on three innovative technologies in therapeutic cancer vaccines: cell vaccine, peptide cancer vaccine and nucleic acid cancer vaccine. This paper summarizes new selection of antigen-presenting cells for autologous tumor cell vaccine and allogeneic tumor cell vaccine, new research on adjuvants of peptide cancer vaccines and new nucleic acid cancer vaccine delivery platform. In addition, the combination of therapeutic vaccines is briefly discussed. These new technologies offer cancer patients new treatment options and hope.
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Deng, Sheng-Qun, Xian Yang, Yong Wei, Jia-Ting Chen, Xiao-Jun Wang, and Hong-Juan Peng. "A Review on Dengue Vaccine Development." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010063.
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Dengue virus (DENV) has become a global health threat with about half of the world’s population at risk of infection. Although the disease caused by DENV is self-limiting in the first infection, the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect increases the mortality in the second infection with a heterotypic virus. Since there is no specific efficient medicine in treatment, it is urgent to develop vaccines to prevent infection and disease progression. Currently, only a live attenuated vaccine, chimeric yellow fever 17D—tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV), has been licensed for clinical use in some countries, and many candidate vaccines are still under research and development. This review discusses the progress, strengths, and weaknesses of the five types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccine, inactivated virus vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, viral vectored vaccine, and DNA vaccine.
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Titanji, Vincent P. K. "New approaches to vaccines for endemic and pandemic diseases of Africa with particular focus on building local competencies in Cameroon." Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences 17, no. 1 (2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.6.
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Vaccines have been recognized as major and effective tools for the control and eventual elimination of infectious diseases and cancer. This brief review examines vaccine classification and development pipeline as well as recent innovations driving the vaccine development process. Using COVID-19 as an example recent innovation in vaccine development are highlighted. The review ends with a call for intensified efforts to build vaccine production capacity in Cameroon and other other African countries.
 Les vaccins ont été reconnus comme des outils majeurs et efficaces pour le contrôle et l’élimination éventuelle des maladies infectieuses et du cancer. Cette brève revue examine la classification et le pipeline de développement de vaccins ainsi que les innovations récentes à l’origine du processus de développement de vaccins. En utilisant COVID-19 comme exemple, les innovations récentes dans le développement de vaccins sont mises en évidence. La revue se termine par un appel à intensifier les efforts pour renforcer les capacités de production de vaccins au Cameroun et dans d’autres pays africains.
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Aljohani, Salwa, Waleed M. Hussein, Istvan Toth, and Pavla Simerska. "Carbohydrates in Vaccine Development." Current Drug Delivery 16, no. 7 (2019): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666190702153612.
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Despite advances in the development of new vaccines, there are still some diseases with no vaccine solutions. Therefore, further efforts are required to more comprehensively discern the different antigenic components of these microorganisms on a molecular level. This review summarizes advancement in the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccines. Following traditional vaccine counterparts, the carbohydrate-based vaccines introduced a new approach in fighting infectious diseases. Carbohydrates have played various roles in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, which are described in this review, including carbohydrates acting as antigens, carriers or targeting moieties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against infectious diseases, such as group A streptococcus, meningococcal meningitis and human immunodeficiency virus, are also discussed. A number of carbohydrate- based vaccines, such as Pneumovax 23, Menveo and Pentacel, have been successfully marketed in the past few years and there is a promising standpoint for many more to come in the near future.
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AM, Aga. "Recent Advances in mRNA Vaccine Development." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 8, no. 4 (2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000275.
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Messenger RNA vaccines are vaccine that utilizes a small segment of genetic material, messenger RNA (mRNA), to provide instructions to cells to produce a specific protein. This mRNA is synthesized in a laboratory and packaged into lipid nanoparticles, which protect and facilitate its entry into cells for protein synthesis. Upon injection into the muscle of the recipient, the mRNA instructs cells to produce a protein that is displayed on the surface of the cell, triggering an immune response. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to target and eliminate the protein, while also generating memory cells to respond quickly in the event of future pathogen encounters. Available mRNA vaccines, such as Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, were developed and authorized for emergency use within a year. These vaccines require extensive cold chain storage, antigen delivery, potential immune response variability optimization, and sophisticated manufacturing process. To improve their effectiveness, stability, and delivery, efforts are underway to explore next-generation mRNA vaccines. Research is focused on enhancing the stability of mRNA vaccines, particularly their temperature sensitivity, to facilitate easier storage and distribution. Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines are also being developed to generate multiple copies of mRNA within cells, potentially leading to a higher production of protein and a stronger immune response. Studies are also exploring new delivery systems using specialized nanoparticles and liposomes to specifically target certain immune cells. Additionally, the development of combination vaccines, including multiple mRNA sequences in single vaccine, is being investigated to protect against multiple strains or variants of particular pathogen simultaneously. Direct delivery of mRNA vaccines into the skin is being explored as a means of enhancing immune response and reducing the required vaccine dose. In summary, messenger RNA vaccines represent a promising new approach to vaccination, with ongoing research aimed at improving their effectiveness, stability, and delivery
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Suo, Zhaotaize. "Universal Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 and Influenza." E3S Web of Conferences 553 (2024): 05044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455305044.
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Universal vaccines appeared as a favorable solution for the rapid mutation of viruses that cause pandemics. Sufficient immune protection, safe and efficient production methods, and low-cost funding are ideal properties for universal vaccines. Targeting conserved regions, use of adjuvants, cell-mediated immunity approaches, virus-like particles, and multimeric presentation of viral antigens are strategies to enhance vaccine Immunogenicity. Different types of vaccines have been put into clinical trials, such as messenger RNA vaccines, on-replicating viral vector vaccines, and recombinant protein-based vaccines, which are proven to suit the needs of universal vaccine investigation. Moreover, this article introduces the universal vaccine development of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza variants, their vaccine candidates, research results, and the challenges faced. Universal vaccines are the trend of future viral protection, with more and more new technologies entering the field, a universal vaccine is within reach.
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Mboup, Elhadji Birane, Marie-Ève Hamelin, Julia Dubois, Manuel Rosa-Calatrava, and Guy Boivin. "Vaccine Development for Human Pneumoviruses." Vaccines 13, no. 6 (2025): 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13060569.
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Background: Pneumoviruses are etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting young children, the elderly, and individuals with underlying clinical conditions. These viruses are associated with a significant burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where reported deaths attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in young children are important. Recent developments have been noted in the prevention of pneumoviral infections. Method: In this review, we analyzed clinical trials of the approved RSV vaccines, as well as the recent prominent platform technologies used in RSV vaccine research. In addition, we discussed combination vaccines targeting RSV, HMPV, and Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (HPIV3) that have entered clinical trials. Results: Recent advancements include the approval of three RSV vaccine candidates: AREXVY®(GSK), ABRYSVO®(Pfizer), and mRESVIA®(Moderna). These vaccines are primarily intended for older adults, with ABRYSVO® also capable of providing passive immunization to infants via maternal administration. The review highlights RSV vaccine platform technologies and combination vaccines currently being evaluated in clinical settings. Conclusions: While significant progress has been made in RSV vaccine development, especially with three approved candidates, the development of vaccines for HMPV remains an unmet medical need. Ongoing research in combination vaccines holds promise for broader protection against multiple respiratory viruses in the future.
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Etefia, Etefia, and Paul Inyang Etoh. "Malaria Vaccine Development: Challenges and Prospects." Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal 2, no. 1 (2023): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55940/medphar202225.
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Background: The development of a licensed malaria vaccine has been challenging due to the complex multi-stage life cycle, antigenic variation, and genetic diversity of Plasmodium. Numerous vaccines have been developed for various stages of Plasmodium, including pre-erythrocytic, blood stage, placenta, and transmission-blocking vaccines. However, none of these vaccines are completely effective and have high reactogenicity.Aim: The aim of this review is to examine the challenges and prospects in developing an effective malaria vaccine, with a focus on the development of a multi-stage or multivalent malaria vaccine.Materials and Methods: The authors conducted a review of the literature on malaria vaccine development, focusing on the challenges and prospects of developing an effective malaria vaccine.Results: Efforts are underway to develop a multi-stage or multivalent malaria vaccine (MultiMalVax) that may best target sporozoite development and neutralize merozoites, hepatocytes, and erythrocytes. A thorough understanding of potential vaccine targets and how immunity works is critical to developing a fully effective malaria vaccine.Conclusion: The challenges associated with developing an effective malaria vaccine are significant due to the complex nature of the Plasmodium life cycle. However, the development of a multi-stage or multivalent malaria vaccine offers prospects for overcoming these challenges and developing a fully effective malaria vaccine. A better understanding of potential vaccine targets and how immunity works is crucial in developing an effective vaccine against malaria.
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kheirollahpour, Mehdi, Mohsen Mehrabi, Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi, Mohsen Mohammadi, and Alireza Masoudi. "Nanoparticles and Vaccine Development." Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 8, no. 1 (2020): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738507666191024162042.
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In spite of the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are required due to concerns about the low immunogenicity of the toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple administrations of the vaccines. To overcome the mentioned problems, nanotechnology has recently been incorporated into vaccine development. Nanotechnology increasingly plays an important role in vaccine development nanocarrier-based delivery systems that offer an opportunity to increase the cellular and humoral immune responses. The use of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations allows not only enhanced immunogenicity and stability of antigen, but also targeted delivery and slow release. Over the past decade, nanoscale size materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, inorganic nanoparticles and emulsions have gained attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. This advantage is attributable to the nanoscale particle size, which facilitates uptake by Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs), then leading to efficient antigen recognition and presentation. Modifying the surfaces of nanoparticles with different targeting moieties permits the delivery of antigens to specific receptors on the cell surface, thereby stimulating selective and specific immune responses. This review provides an overview of recent advances in nanovaccinology.
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Desi Irawati, Adinda, and Hotimah Masdan Salim. "Dengue Vaccine Development at the Dengue virus serotypes." International Islamic Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/iimj.v1i1.1360.
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus (DENV1-4) and is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. However, in 2015, official data from the member countries, WHO reported more than 3.2 million cases, including 10,200 severe dengue cases and 1181 deaths. The protein encoded by the genome of dengue virus. Major structural and non structural proteins making up the genome of dengue. From genomic data several studies found that mechanism of vaccine that can use in dengue virus. Several vaccines was establish in the world for example Live attenuated Vaccine, Chimera Vaccine, Subunit Vaccine, DNA vaccines DENV, Activated DENV Vaccine - Whole Virus Particles, Activated DENV Vaccine - Recombinant Subunit DENV, and DENV Vaccine 5.
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Zhang, Yihan. "Development, effectiveness, and future directions of HPV vaccines." Theoretical and Natural Science 67, no. 1 (2024): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2024.18021.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases caused by HPV. HPV infection is the leading causation that causing the cervical cancer. Specifically, high-risk-type, for instance, HPV-16 and HPV-18, are also connected with some other cancers. This article summarizes the development mechanism, availability, clinical trials, and problems faced by HPV vaccines. Currently, there were three approved HPV vaccines, including bivalent vaccine, quadrivalent vaccine, and nine-valent vaccine, which can prevent different types of HPV infection. The widely utilization of HPV vaccines has notably diminished the occurrence of diseases that are connected with HPV, especially to guard against cervical cancer. However, research on therapeutic HPV vaccines is still in its early stages, and the results of existing studies in terms of effectiveness and side effects are not ideal. Despite this, therapeutic vaccines remain a promising area in HPV research. This article summarizes the mechanism and effect of preventive HPV vaccines, explores the current status of therapeutic vaccine development, and provides basic information for future HPV vaccine research. Future research should focus on developing more targeted therapeutic vaccines and continue to improve preventive vaccines to cover more high-risk HPV types.
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Gottlieb, Sami L., Ann E. Jerse, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Carolyn Deal, and Birgitte K. Giersing. "Advancing vaccine development for gonorrhoea and the Global STI Vaccine Roadmap." Sexual Health 16, no. 5 (2019): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh19060.
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Efforts to develop vaccines against Neisseria gonorrhoeae have become increasingly important, given the rising threat of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recent data suggest vaccines for gonorrhoea are biologically feasible; in particular, epidemiological evidence shows that vaccines against a closely related pathogen, serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines, may reduce gonorrhoea incidence. Vaccine candidates using several approaches are currently in preclinical development, including meningococcal and gonococcal OMV vaccines, a lipooligosaccharide epitope and purified protein subunit vaccines. The Global STI Vaccine Roadmap provides action steps to build on this technical momentum and advance gonococcal vaccine development. Better quantifying the magnitude of gonorrhoea-associated disease burden, for outcomes like infertility, and modelling the predicted role of gonococcal vaccines in addressing AMR will be essential for building a full public health value proposition, which can justify investment and help with decision making about future vaccine policy and programs. Efforts are underway to gain consensus on gonorrhoea vaccine target populations, implementation strategies and other preferred product characteristics that would make these vaccines suitable for use in low- and middle-income, as well as high-income, contexts. Addressing these epidemiological, programmatic and policy considerations in parallel to advancing research and development, including direct assessment of the ability of meningococcal B OMV vaccines to prevent gonorrhoea, can help bring about the development of viable gonococcal vaccines.
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Lim, Xin-Jie, Suria Junus, Lidwina Edwin-Amir, and Aminah Bee Mohd-Kassim. "Vaccination Refusal in Children under 2 Years of Age in Malaysia 2016-2019." Asian Journal of Medicine and Health 21, no. 6 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajmah/2023/v21i6816.
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Aims: This study will explore the incidence rate of childhood vaccination refusal in Malaysia as well as the reasons for this refusal over a four-year period (2016–2019). Given the complexities and dynamic nature of vaccine refusal, this research is essential for defining the target group, identifying the vaccine types they commonly refuse, and comprehending their vaccination concerns.
 Study Design: This is a retrospective review study.
 Methodology: This study used a nationally representative secondary data set from the Malaysian Ministry of Health's Family Health Division for the years 2016 to 2019. We included vaccination refusals involving children younger than 24 months of age. Data was extracted from the mothers’ immunization refusal form includes information of the ethnicity, citizenship, religion, occupation, the type of vaccine they refused, and the reason for their refusal. The annual incidence rates of childhood vaccination refusal, the types of vaccines and the refusal reason were summarized by percentage, with 95% confidence intervals.
 Results: There was a decline in incidence rates of vaccination refusal from 3.2 in 2016 to 2.3 in 2019 (P<0.001). The refusal rate is highest in the states of Terengganu (15.9%), Kedah (14.1%), and Perak (12.2%). Of the 4052 mothers who refused to vaccinate their children, the majority were Muslims (99.0%) who had secondary education (53.7%) and were housewives (65.3%). Furthermore, most mothers refused to vaccinate their children due to religious beliefs (37.5–39.0%), safety concerns (26.3–34.0%), or belief in complementary and alternative medicine (11.4–15.8%). The reasons of refusal are associated with the mothers’ religion, socioeconomic class, and education level (P<0.001). Muslims have refused vaccinations due to religious beliefs, as they were concerned about the vaccine's halal status. Meanwhile, mothers from a higher socioeconomic class and with a higher educational level were apprehensive about the vaccine's safety.
 Conclusion: Consolidated strategies are required to increase vaccination uptake, combined with a concerted effort to comprehend, analyse, and overcome vaccine refusal.
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Fang, Yuan. "The Role and Impact of Gene Editing on Vaccine Development." Theoretical and Natural Science 82, no. 1 (2025): 63–69. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2025.ka21015.
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The application of gene editing technology in vaccine development has brought new hope for dealing with emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Currently, gene editing tools, represented by CRISPR/Cas9, have significantly accelerated the vaccine development process and improved the safety and efficacy of vaccines by virtue of their highly efficient and precise operational characteristics. However, gene editing technology still suffers from off-target effects and high costs, and its wide application in vaccine development has yet to be further explored. This paper analyzed the application of gene editing technology in accelerating the construction of vaccine candidates, improving vaccine safety, and facilitating the design of novel vaccines (e.g., nucleic acid vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and subunit vaccines), and found that gene editing technology reduces the pathogenicity of pathogens by targeting the disease-causing genes, which makes vaccine research and development more efficient and safer. Gene editing provides a more precise and adaptable tool for future vaccine design, which can help to respond to infectious disease outbreaks more rapidly. Despite the limitations of the current technology, future research can further improve the accuracy and cost of gene editing, as well as further explore multivalent vaccine construction and high-throughput screening techniques, which will lead to further breakthroughs in the field of vaccines.
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Vergati, Matteo, Chiara Intrivici, Ngar-Yee Huen, Jeffrey Schlom, and Kwong Y. Tsang. "Strategies for Cancer Vaccine Development." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/596432.
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Treating cancer with vaccines has been a challenging field of investigation since the 1950s. Over the years, the lack of effective active immunotherapies has led to the development of numerous novel strategies. However, the use of therapeutic cancer vaccines may be on the verge of becoming an effective modality. Recent phase II/III clinical trials have achieved hopeful results in terms of overall survival. Yet despite these encouraging successes, in general, very little is known about the basic immunological mechanisms involved in vaccine immunotherapy. Gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the specific immune responses (i.e., cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD4 T helper cells, T regulatory cells, cells of innate immunity, tumor escape mechanisms) elicited by each of the various vaccine platforms should be a concern of cancer vaccine clinical trials, along with clinical benefits. This review focuses on current strategies employed by recent clinical trials of therapeutic cancer vaccines and analyzes them both clinically and immunologically.
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Etefia, Etefia, and Paul Inyang-Etoh. "MALARIA VACCINE DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS." University therapeutic journal 6, no. 1 (2024): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56871/utj.2024.82.25.002.
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Разработка лицензированных вакцин против малярии являлась сложной задачей из-за многоступенчатого жизненного цикла, антигенной изменчивости и большого генетического разнообразия плазмодия, что создавало проблему подбора подходящего кандидата на вакцину среди тысяч антигенов плазмодия. Разработано несколько вакцин для различных стадий плазмодия, которые включают вакцину на предэритроцитарной стадии, вакцины на стадии крови с использованием белков плазмодия, вакцины из плаценты и вакцины, блокирующие передачу инфекции (TBV), которые подавляют половую стадию развития малярийных паразитов. Однако нет такой вакцины, которая являлась бы полностью эффективной и обладала высокой реактогенностью. Из-за неспособности разработать эффективные вакцины для борьбы с одной стадией жизненного цикла плазмодия продолжается разработка эффективной многоступенчатой или многовалентной вакцины против малярии (Мультимальвакс), которая могла бы стать наилучшим подходом для нейтрализации спорозоитов, превращающихся в мерозоиты, а также мерозоитов, выходящих из гепатоцитов и эритроцитов, для прекращения распространения спорозоитов и блокирования половой стадии развития малярийного плазмодия. Таким образом, глубокое понимание потенциальных мишеней вакцины и того, как действует иммунитет, является ключевым этапом разработки полностью эффективной вакцины против малярии. This is a review on malaria vaccine development: challenges and prospects. The development of licensed malaria vaccines has been challenging because of the multi-stage life cycle, antigenic variation, and great genetic diversity of Plasmodium making it difficult for the right vaccine candidate among the thousands antigens of Plasmodium. Several vaccines for different stages of Plasmodium which include pre-erthrocytic stage vaccine, blood stage vaccines, using Plasmodium proteins, placenta vaccines and transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) which inhibit sexual stage of malaria parasites. However, none of these vaccines are completely effective and have high reactogenicity. Due to the failure to formulate effective vaccines to tackle a single stage of Plasmodium life cycle, the development of effective multistage or multivalent malaria vaccine (MultiMalVax) is ongoing which could be the best approach to neutralize the sporozoites from developing to merozoites; and the merozoites emerging from hepatocytes and erythrocytes and; to break the sexual stage transmission. Therefore, great understanding of the potential vaccine targets and how immunity acts is a key road-map to develop a fully effective vaccine against malaria.
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Yagovkin, E. A., G. G. Onishchenko, A. Yu Popova, et al. "Condition and Prospects of Development of Vaccines for Specific Prevention of Enterovirus (Nonpolio) Infection." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 4 (2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-4-74-82.
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This review summarizes the material on the development of vaccines against (nonpolio) enterovirus infection in Russia and abroad. Described the developed vaccine types, their characteristics and the results of clinical and epidemiological trials, created in China inactivated vaccines. I’is considered the possibility of creating a mucosal vaccines and vaccinal prevention strategies.
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Voss, Gerald, Danilo Casimiro, Olivier Neyrolles, et al. "Progress and challenges in TB vaccine development." F1000Research 7 (February 16, 2018): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13588.1.
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The Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine can provide decades of protection against tuberculosis (TB) disease, and although imperfect, BCG is proof that vaccine mediated protection against TB is a possibility. A new TB vaccine is, therefore, an inevitability; the question is how long will it take us to get there? We have made substantial progress in the development of vaccine platforms, in the identification of antigens and of immune correlates of risk of TB disease. We have also standardized animal models to enable head-to-head comparison and selection of candidate TB vaccines for further development. To extend our understanding of the safety and immunogenicity of TB vaccines we have performed experimental medicine studies to explore route of administration and have begun to develop controlled human infection models. Driven by a desire to reduce the length and cost of human efficacy trials we have applied novel approaches to later stage clinical development, exploring alternative clinical endpoints to prevention of disease outcomes. Here, global leaders in TB vaccine development discuss the progress made and the challenges that remain. What emerges is that, despite scientific progress, few vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials in the last 5 years and few vaccines in clinical trials have progressed to efficacy trials. Crucially, we have undervalued the knowledge gained from our “failed” trials and fostered a culture of risk aversion that has limited new funding for clinical TB vaccine development. The unintended consequence of this abundance of caution is lack of diversity of new TB vaccine candidates and stagnation of the clinical pipeline. We have a variety of new vaccine platform technologies, mycobacterial antigens and animal and human models. However, we will not encourage progression of vaccine candidates into clinical trials unless we evaluate and embrace risk in pursuit of vaccine development.
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Mahesh, Kumar Yadav1 Ankit Kumar Srivastava2 Madhu Vishwakarma2 Juveriya Javed2 Manu Kumar2 Nitu Singh2 Sudhanshu Shekhar2 Gagan Gaykwad2 Faizan Ansari2 Sonu Kumar2 Anchal Kumari2 Deepika Kumari2 Shyam Narayan2 Ramesh Kumar2 Naba Gorai2 Ankita Singh3 Arnab Roy*4 Meghna Singh5. "Comparative Analysis of Immunological Responses and Molecular Mechanisms In SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine Development: Insights from Covishield And Covaxin." International Journal of Scientific Research and Technology 2, no. 5 (2025): 556–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15518160.
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The unprecedented global COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed an extraordinary scientific endeavor in vaccine development, with India emerging as a pivotal contributor through two innovative vaccine platforms: Covishield and Covaxin. These vaccines represent sophisticated molecular engineering strategies addressing the urgent need for effective SARS-CoV-2 intervention mechanisms. Covishield, utilizing a chimpanzee adenoviral vector (ChAdOx1), exemplifies advanced viral vector technology, strategically delivering the spike protein genetic sequence to induce robust immunological responses. The vaccine's molecular architecture enables precise antigen presentation, triggering comprehensive adaptive immune mechanisms through carefully engineered genetic constructs. Conversely, Covaxin represents a whole-virus inactivation approach, maintaining critical structural epitopes while neutralizing viral infectivity. This methodology provides a multifaceted immunogenic response, potentially offering broader antigenic recognition compared to targeted protein-specific vaccines. The scientific significance of these vaccines extends beyond immediate pandemic management, representing a transformative approach to vaccine development. Their molecular platforms demonstrate remarkable adaptability, showcasing potential for rapid modification in response to emerging viral variants through sophisticated genetic engineering techniques. Comparative analyses reveal nuanced differences in immunological mechanisms, highlighting the complexity of vaccine-induced immune responses. The research underscores the importance of diverse vaccine development strategies in comprehensive pandemic preparedness, emphasizing molecular versatility and immunological innovation.
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Mahmoud, Singer, Elsayed Ahmed M, and Husseiny Mohamed I. "Progress in the development of vaccines for pancreatic adenocarcinoma." Annals of Pancreatic Disorders and Treatment 6, no. 1 (2024): 001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/apdt.000011.
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Pancreatic cancer, which is regarded as the third deadliest cancer globally, poses a significant challenge because of its limited range of treatment options and high mortality rate. Currently, there is a focus on both the development of a novel concept in vaccine designing and the parallel study of the associated immune mechanisms. To further our understanding of the healthcare field, a variety of promising designs have been introduced for in-depth study. The designs were developed to include the mKRAS-specific amphiphile vaccine, which targets a specific mutation in the KRAS gene in addition to the multi-antigen targeted DNA vaccine, which aims to stimulate an immune response against multiple cancer antigens. Furthermore, later designs of vaccines were introduced based on the development of peptide-based cancer vaccines, mRNA-based vaccines, cell-based vaccines, and engineered bacterial vectors using an oral Salmonella-based vaccine. The study presents the concept on which the new vaccine is based and discusses the up-to-date immunological manifestations of these designed vaccines.
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Siagian, Ria Christine, and Jorge Emilio Osorio. "Novel approaches to vaccine development in lower-middle income countries." International Journal of Health Governance 23, no. 4 (2018): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-03-2018-0011.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify, analyze and describe the novel approaches that affect vaccine development in lower-middle income countries (LMICs).Design/methodology/approachThe vaccine market in LMICs currently focuses on traditional Expanded Program for Immunization vaccines instead of new ones. Unlike the successful introduction of those traditional vaccines, the introduction of new vaccines appears to be very slow, mainly due to financial issues. This paper systematically reviews a set of published papers on vaccine development and analyzes them against a specific region-setting framework.FindingsPublic–private partnership alone could not ensure long-term vaccine sustainability. Several factors that encourage domestic vaccine development were identified. The findings demonstrate that the regulatory approach of hybrid collaboration and market opportunity strategies can be a major breakthrough for domestic vaccine development in LMICs.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is required to include qualitative and quantitative methods for policy analysis, as all of the discussion in this research focused on literature reviews. The authors did not discuss how strategic decisions are affected from a political perspective and this needs to be specified in future research. Think tanks, considerably and fundamentally, affect policy ideas and decisions. However, important breakthroughs continue to be made at the same time.Social implicationsThe development of vaccines in LMICs is expected to be a mechanism to overcome the inadequate access to vaccines in those countries, as solving this problem requires tackling issues from both the supply and demand sides.Originality/valueThis is a literature review that creates recommendation and approaches for domestic vaccine development in LMICs. This review aims to encourage LMICs to produce their own vaccines for sustainability of the vaccine access through vaccine development lifecycle, instead of expecting donor that provides funding and vaccines (vaccine access) in certain period of time. Donor is not always the solution for the problem, since vaccine development requires finance to function infrastructure. There are many efforts in revoking this, including World Health Organization through several reports; however, this effort still has many doubts. Therefore, the article would like to try to see this as a viable solution from the policy perspectives, with several examples to make recommendations more practical.
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Dutta, Sudip Kumar, and Thomas Langenburg. "A Perspective on Current Flavivirus Vaccine Development: A Brief Review." Viruses 15, no. 4 (2023): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15040860.
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The flavivirus genus contains several clinically important pathogens that account for tremendous global suffering. Primarily transmitted by mosquitos or ticks, these viruses can cause severe and potentially fatal diseases ranging from hemorrhagic fevers to encephalitis. The extensive global burden is predominantly caused by six flaviviruses: dengue, Zika, West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis. Several vaccines have been developed, and many more are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, flavivirus vaccine development is still confronted with many shortcomings and challenges. With the use of the existing literature, we have studied these hurdles as well as the signs of progress made in flavivirus vaccinology in the context of future development strategies. Moreover, all current licensed and phase-trial flavivirus vaccines have been gathered and discussed based on their vaccine type. Furthermore, potentially relevant vaccine types without any candidates in clinical testing are explored in this review as well. Over the past decades, several modern vaccine types have expanded the field of vaccinology, potentially providing alternative solutions for flavivirus vaccines. These vaccine types offer different development strategies as opposed to traditional vaccines. The included vaccine types were live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, VLPs, viral vector-based, epitope-based, DNA and mRNA vaccines. Each vaccine type offers different advantages, some more suitable for flaviviruses than others. Additional studies are needed to overcome the barriers currently faced by flavivirus vaccine development, but many potential solutions are currently being explored.
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Aziz-Andersen, Kaiser Jay. "Vaccinology: Design, Development and Approvals." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2 (2022): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2.5349.
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The goal of vaccine design and development is to manufacture and consistently produce a vaccine that is safe and effective. The vaccine discovery starts with design input in terms of identification of etiologic agent, immunogenicity, adjuvant, basic scientific concepts, non-clinical and clinical studies, and finally vaccine licensure (FDA approvals). The administering regimens are studied in clinical research laboratory and study materials are tested in suitable bench testing and biological models projecting vaccine candidate’s prophylactic immune response that is safe and effective. The vaccine manufacturing process requires critical quality control points (CQCPs) monitoring in order to maintain the steriochemical and immunological characteristics of the vaccine molecules and enable production of the vaccine in increasingly dosage quantities for ultimate human use. These aspects of vaccine development are well integrated into the total vaccinology life cycle (TVLC) regulatory requirements. The ultimate regulatory safety and efficacy requirements of the vaccine are proven through phases of clinical trials (class I, II, and III studies). The final process for human use to produce safe vaccine is part of pivotal clinical trials and data under the US FDA’s premarket approval process for full-scale production and availability of safe vaccines for clinical use.
 Keywords: vaccine design and development, etiologic agent, immunogenicity
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D’Amico, Carmine, Flavia Fontana, Ruoyu Cheng, and Hélder A. Santos. "Development of vaccine formulations: past, present, and future." Drug Delivery and Translational Research 11, no. 2 (2021): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-021-00924-7.
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AbstractThe current situation, heavily influenced by the ongoing pandemic, puts vaccines back into the spotlight. However, the conventional and traditional vaccines present disadvantages, particularly related to immunogenicity, stability, and storage of the final product. Often, such products require the maintenance of a “cold chain,” impacting the costs, the availability, and the distribution of vaccines. Here, after a recall of the mode of action of vaccines and the types of vaccines currently available, we analyze the past, present, and future of vaccine formulation. The past focuses on conventional formulations, the present discusses the use of nanoparticles for vaccine delivery and as adjuvants, while the future presents microneedle patches as alternative formulation and administration route. Finally, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of injectable solutions, nanovaccines, and microneedles in terms of efficacy, stability, and patient-friendly design. Graphical abstract Different approaches to vaccine formulation development, the conventional vaccine formulations from the past, the current development of lipid nanoparticles as vaccines, and the near future microneedles formulations are discussed in this review.
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Gupta, Ayushi, Trilochan Satapathy, Bharti Pradhan, et al. "Experimental Animal Models for Influenza/Flu Virus Vaccine Development." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14, no. 2 (2024): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i2.6362.
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Objectives: The objective of this review is to explore the different animal models used in the development of Influenza / Flu Virus Vaccine as well as some important guidelines adhered to it.
 Methods: Laboratory animal models are widely used in the preclinical evaluation of potential vaccines and antiviral compounds to investigate the safety and efficacy of the vaccine or compound in preventing or moderating infection, disease, or secondary transmission. Animal models must also represent humans in terms of similarity of clinical signs, histopathological changes, virus growth kinetics, or transmission. Common animal models for influenza virus vaccine testing include mice, ferrets, and non-human primates. These models help researchers assess vaccine efficacy, immune response, and potential side effects before advancing to human trials. Animal models play a crucial role in the development and testing of influenza vaccines, as they help researchers examine potential side effects and adverse reactions, evaluate the efficacy of vaccines, study the immune response elicited by vaccines, understand the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, and predict the potential impact of emerging strains. They also help test various vaccine platforms and delivery methods, and compare the effectiveness of different vaccine formulations in animals to identify promising candidates for further human trials.
 Results: We have discussed in detail the various animal models such as Chick embryo model for the development of influenza virus vaccine and mice, ferrets, guinea pig and non-human primates etc. used for the evaluation of safety and therapeutic effectiveness.
 Conclusion: As we have discussed various animal models, their merits, demerits etc. for the evaluation of safety and effectiveness of influenza virus vaccine and expect that these will help for the young researchers to carry out their vaccine research using suitable animal models.
 Keywords: influenza virus, vaccine development, mouse models, ferret model, guinea pig model, cotton rat model
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Iyasu Angani, Dereja. "Veterinary vaccine development: The helical project." Insights in Veterinary Science 4, no. 1 (2020): 042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001025.
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Vaccine production process have been fuzzy journey to the public and, in some degrees, to those in the setting. By clearly showing the lengthy and challenging journey of vaccine development process, thereby suggesting the economic and health implication of improper use of veterinary vaccines, the paper tries to add the attention given to infection prevention. Starting from the foundations, the types and requirements of veterinary vaccines are described. The paper concludes with current research and regulatory quos in the topic.
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Surendran, Yocyny, Mahalingam Nandikha, Syafinaz Amin-Nordin, Sandeep Kumar Dhanda, Mohamad Ridhuan Mohd Ali, and Narcisse MS Joseph. "Vaccine development for leptospirosis: A systematic review." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 16, no. 12 (2023): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.391775.
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Objective: To assess the efficacy of various types of vaccines developed for leptospirosis. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Two authors (YS and MN) selected the articles based on manual screening. The study eligibility criteria are all Leptospira species regardless of any cluster (pathogenic, intermediate and non-pathogenic). This study recorded articles with positive and negative results and showed a comparison among various membrane proteins as vaccine candidates. The studies on the effectiveness of outer membrane protein as vaccine candidates were also included. The articles obtained in the databases were imported into the WPS spreadsheet, and duplicate documents were removed manually. Results: A total of 24 studies were included in the review, which evaluated various types of leptospirosis vaccines. Multiple vaccines were developed and tested; however, the heterogeneity of Leptospira species pose a challenge. As an effective approach, an epitope based vaccine shows quite a promising result. However, sufficient validation, testing and clinical trials are required. Conclusions: Developing an effective vaccine for leptospirosis remains a global health priority. While significant progress has been made in recent years, there is a need for further research to optimize vaccine development and to ensure that vaccines are accessible and effective for high-risk populations.
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Castanha, Priscila M. S., and Ernesto T. A. Marques. "A Glimmer of Hope: Recent Updates and Future Challenges in Zika Vaccine Development." Viruses 12, no. 12 (2020): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121371.
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The emergence and rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) on a global scale as well as the establishment of a causal link between Zika infection and congenital syndrome and neurological disorders triggered unprecedented efforts towards the development of a safe and effective Zika vaccine. Multiple vaccine platforms, including purified inactivated virus, nucleic acid vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and viral-vectored vaccines, have advanced to human clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the field of Zika vaccine development and the challenges for future clinical efficacy trials. We provide a brief overview on Zika vaccine platforms in the pipeline before summarizing the vaccine candidates in clinical trials, with a focus on recent, promising results from vaccine candidates that completed phase I trials. Despite low levels of transmission during recent years, ZIKV has become endemic in the Americas and the potential of large Zika outbreaks remains real. It is important for vaccine developers to continue developing their Zika vaccines, so that a potential vaccine is ready for deployment and clinical efficacy trials when the next ZIKV outbreak occurs.
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Yoshikawa, Tomoki. "Vaccine Development for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome." Viruses 13, no. 4 (2021): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040627.
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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a tick-borne emerging zoonosis with a high case-fatality rate. At present, there is no approved SFTS vaccine, although the development of a vaccine would be one of the best strategies for preventing SFTS. This article focused on studies aimed at establishing small animal models of SFTS that are indispensable for evaluating vaccine candidates, developing these vaccine candidates, and establishing more practical animal models for evaluation. Innate immune-deficient mouse models, a hamster model, an immunocompetent ferret model and a cat model have been developed for SFTS. Several vaccine candidates for SFTS have been developed, and their efficacy has been confirmed using these animal models. The candidates consist of live-attenuated virus-based, viral vector-based, or DNA-based vaccines. SFTS vaccines are expected to be used for humans and companion dogs and cats. Hence for practical use, the vaccine candidates should be evaluated for efficacy using not only nonhuman primates but also dogs and cats. There is no practical nonhuman primate model of SFTS; however, the cat model is available to evaluate the efficacy of these candidate SFTS vaccines on domesticated animals.
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Grohmann, Gary. "Regulatory issues in pandemic influenza vaccine development." Microbiology Australia 27, no. 4 (2006): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma06172.
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The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is responsible for the licensing of vaccines used in Australia. This includes pre-market evaluation aspects (such as assessing the quality, efficacy and safety of vaccines) and post-market aspects (such as batch release testing and the monitoring of adverse reactions). For inter-pandemic and pandemic influenza vaccines, TGA is also involved in the selection of appropriate vaccine viruses and the calibration and supply of reagents for the production of influenza vaccines. Together with industry, TGA has a responsibility to ensure that all regulatory and good manufacturing requirements (GMP) are met to ensure vaccine safety and efficacy.
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MORRISON, W. I., and D. J. McKEEVER. "Current status of vaccine development againstTheileriaparasites." Parasitology 133, S2 (2006): S169—S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006001867.
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The tick-borne protozoan parasitesTheileria parvaandTheileria annulatacause economically important diseases of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Because of shortcomings in disease control measures based on therapy and tick control, there is a demand for effective vaccines against these diseases. Vaccines using live parasites have been available for over two decades, but despite their undoubted efficacy they have not been used on a large scale. Lack of infrastructure for vaccine production and distribution, as well as concerns about the introduction of vaccine parasite strains into local tick populations have curtailed the use of these vaccines. More recently, research has focused on the development of subunit vaccines. Studies of immune responses to different stages of the parasites have yielded immunological probes that have been used to identify candidate vaccine antigens. Immunisation of cattle with antigens expressed in the sporozoite, schizont or merozoite stages has resulted in varying degrees of protection against challenge. Although the levels of protection achieved have not been sufficient to allow exploitation for vaccination, there are clearly further lines of investigation, relating to both the choice of antigens and the antigen delivery systems employed, that need to be pursued to fully explore the potential of the candidate vaccines. Improved knowledge of the molecular biology and immunology of the parasites gained during the course of these studies has also opened up opportunities to refine and improve the quality of live vaccines.
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Akiro F., Tugonza. "Innovations in Vaccine Development against Malaria: Prospects for East Africa." INOSR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 12, no. 1 (2025): 6–11. https://doi.org/10.59298/inosrsr/2025/12.1.61100.
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Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in East Africa, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as children under five and pregnant women. Despite advancements in vector control, diagnostic tools, and antimalarial therapies, the region faces persistent challenges, including insecticide and drug resistance, logistical barriers, and asymptomatic carriers. Vaccines represent a promising solution to complement existing interventions and disrupt the malaria transmission cycle. This review explores recent innovations in malaria vaccine development, including the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, multi-antigen approaches, mRNA platforms, transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs), and viral vector vaccines. Additionally, it examines the unique epidemiological, infrastructural, and socioeconomic barriers to vaccine deployment in East Africa, while highlighting opportunities for integrating vaccines into existing malaria control programs. The review emphasizes the importance of regional collaborations, policy support, and sustainable funding to enhance vaccine accessibility and effectiveness. By leveraging technological advancements and addressing systemic challenges, East Africa has the potential to significantly reduce its malaria burden and progress toward elimination. Keywords: Malaria, Vaccine Development, Transmission-Blocking Vaccines (TBVs), East Africa, Epidemiological Challenges
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SHEARER, ADRIENNE E. H., and KALMIA E. KNIEL. "High Hydrostatic Pressure for Development of Vaccines." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 7 (2009): 1500–1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.7.1500.
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Disease management in the food industry is complex and includes use of good hygienic practices, antimicrobials, and immunization. Vaccines are available against many, but not all, disease agents affecting animals reared for human food. Fewer vaccines are currently licensed and widely available for human foodborne pathogens. Increased resistance to antimicrobials provides additional impetus to develop new vaccines. In addition to the need for new vaccines, new methods of vaccine production are desired. Some current methods of vaccine production can involve use of hazardous chemicals, provide inconsistent results, or present risk to vaccine recipients with certain allergies. The efficacy of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) for inactivation of a variety of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms has been well established, and some of these microorganisms have been demonstrated to retain immunogenic properties, suggesting HHP may have application for the development of vaccines. Studies on the effect of HHP on infectivity and immunogenicity of various viruses, a protozoan parasite, and one bacterial species are presented. Control of several of these pathogens is important for animal health and economic stability in several sectors of the food industry. The research to date on the potential for vaccine development by HHP is presented.
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Junaidi, Katerine, Dewi Wahyu Fitrina, Fenty Anggrainy, and Deddy Herman. "Overview of COVID-19 Vaccine Development Strategy." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 6, no. 3 (2022): 1537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v6i3.473.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 20019 (COVID19) pandemic which first emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. Currently, a vaccine is urgently needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Several vaccine candidates are under development and some are in the final stage of clinical trials. The COVID-19 vaccination aims to reduce morbidity and mortality rates, achieve herd immunity to prevent and protect the society, strengthen the health system, maintain productivity and minimize social and economic impacts. Before approval, vaccines have to undergo several clinical trials to ensure its safety profile, efficacy, duration of immune system resistance, and adverse effect. Various strategies have been used in the development of vaccines including viral vector vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, inactivated virus, live attenuated virus, subunit protein¸and virus-like particle vaccine. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages.
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Mbatha, Londiwe Simphiwe, Jude Akinyelu, Fiona Maiyo, and Tukayi Kudanga. "Future prospects in mRNA vaccine development." Biomedical Materials 18, no. 5 (2023): 052006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605x/aceceb.
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Abstract The recent advancements in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine development have vastly enhanced their use as alternatives to conventional vaccines in the prevention of various infectious diseases and treatment of several types of cancers. This is mainly due to their remarkable ability to stimulate specific immune responses with minimal clinical side effects. This review gives a detailed overview of mRNA vaccines currently in use or at various stages of development, the recent advancements in mRNA vaccine development, and the challenges encountered in their development. Future perspectives on this technology are also discussed.
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Zhao, Ziyao, Sahra Bashiri, Zyta M. Ziora, Istvan Toth, and Mariusz Skwarczynski. "COVID-19 Variants and Vaccine Development." Viruses 16, no. 5 (2024): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16050757.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has caused millions of infections and fatalities worldwide. Extensive SARS-CoV-2 research has been conducted to develop therapeutic drugs and prophylactic vaccines, and even though some drugs have been approved to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, treatment efficacy remains limited. Therefore, preventive vaccination has been implemented on a global scale and represents the primary approach to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Approved vaccines vary in composition, although vaccine design has been based on either the key viral structural (spike) protein or viral components carrying this protein. Therefore, mutations of the virus, particularly mutations in the S protein, severely compromise the effectiveness of current vaccines and the ability to control COVID-19 infection. This review begins by describing the SARS-CoV-2 viral composition, the mechanism of infection, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the host defence responses against infection and the most common vaccine designs. Next, this review summarizes the common mutations of SARS-CoV-2 and how these mutations change viral properties, confer immune escape and influence vaccine efficacy. Finally, this review discusses global strategies that have been employed to mitigate the decreases in vaccine efficacy encountered against new variants.
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Bayan Khalid Baabdullah. "The Role of Pharmacology in Vaccine Development." Power System Technology 48, no. 4 (2024): 4869–902. https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.1313.
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Pharmacology plays a vital role in the development, optimization, and efficacy of vaccines. As the study of how drugs interact with biological systems, pharmacology offers the foundational knowledge necessary to design vaccines that stimulate the immune system effectively without causing undue harm to the individual. The pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries rely heavily on pharmacological principles to ensure that vaccines are not only safe but also potent and long-lasting. From understanding antigen-antibody interactions to optimizing adjuvants and delivery mechanisms, pharmacology helps drive the development of vaccines that can prevent infectious diseases. This article will explore the role of pharmacology in the development of vaccines, including its influence on vaccine efficacy, safety, and the regulatory process, as well as its contributions to the development of new vaccine technologies, such as mRNA and vector-based vaccines.
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Chow, Stephanie, Jonathan S. Berek, and Oliver Dorigo. "Development of Therapeutic Vaccines for Ovarian Cancer." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (2020): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040657.
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Ovarian cancer remains the deadliest of all gynecologic malignancies. Our expanding knowledge of ovarian cancer immunology has allowed the development of therapies that generate systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Current immunotherapeutic strategies include immune checkpoint blockade, cellular therapies, and cancer vaccines. Vaccine-based therapies are designed to induce both adaptive and innate immune responses directed against ovarian cancer associated antigens. Tumor-specific effector cells, in particular cytotoxic T cells, are activated to recognize and eliminate ovarian cancer cells. Vaccines for ovarian cancer have been studied in various clinical trials over the last three decades. Despite evidence of vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses, the majority of vaccines have not shown significant anti-tumor efficacy. Recently, improved vaccine development using dendritic cells or synthetic platforms for antigen presentation have shown promising clinical benefits in patients with ovarian cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of therapeutic vaccine development in ovarian cancer, discuss proposed mechanisms of action, and summarize the current clinical experience.
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Abdelkhalek, Ahmed F., and Janet M. Daly. "The Value of a Comparative Approach with Equine Vaccine Development for the Development of Human Influenza DNA Vaccines." Zoonotic Diseases 4, no. 4 (2024): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis4040021.
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A comparative medicine approach, whereby similarities and differences in biology between human and veterinary species are used to enhance understanding for the benefit of both, is highly relevant to the development of viral vaccines. Human and equine influenza share many similarities in pathogenesis and immune responses. The DNA vaccine approach offers potential advantages for responding rapidly and effectively to outbreaks or pandemics in both humans and animals, especially in under-resourced regions. The European and American vaccine regulatory authorities require demonstration of vaccine efficacy in animal models. However, mice, the most widely used model, are not naturally infected with influenza viruses, resulting in different pathobiology. Additionally, mice as a model for DNA vaccine testing appear to overestimate the humoral immune response compared to other mammalian species. In this review, we propose that testing of DNA vaccines against influenza type A viruses (and other shared pathogens) in the horse can provide valuable knowledge for the development of human DNA vaccines.
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Knowles, Jamie, Jacob Lohr, and J. Yarnall. "Development of Vaccine Preferences among Parents of Newborns." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 13, no. 03 (2018): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1620266.
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Objective Vaccine hesitancy and refusal and the resulting outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases continue to be an issue today. Most of contemporary research on these issues has focused on underlying characteristics of non-vaccinators and ambivalent parents; however, few studies have looked into how or when vaccine preferences develop. In this study, we sought to explore when parental preferences for vaccines develop in relation to a pregnancy. We also examined self-reported influences on vaccine decision making. Methods We recruited and administered a short survey to parents at the North Carolina Women's Hospital in Chapel Hill, NC, following the birth of their child from February to April 2015. Results A total of 166 parents (55%) completed the entire survey. Seventy-two percent of surveyed parents reported deciding on their vaccine preferences for their newborn before conception. Parents who were older, Caucasian, married, and had attained higher levels of education were significantly more likely to develop preconception vaccine preferences. The presence of partner conversations in the past and the desire for more information on vaccines were also significant predictors of preconception vaccine preference development. After logistic regression adjustment, only education level and past vaccine conversations remained significant. The most common influences for vaccine decision making were family, friends, and medical staff and organizations. Conclusion Our study documents that a majority of parents establish vaccine decision making and preferences before conception. Notable influences from friends, family, and medical sources are part of the process. These findings suggest that vaccine information and interventions currently are given too late in the vaccine preference decision-making process.
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Romano, Maria, Flavia Squeglia, Eliza Kramarska, et al. "A Structural View at Vaccine Development against M. tuberculosis." Cells 12, no. 2 (2023): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12020317.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading global cause of death from an infectious bacterial agent. Limiting tuberculosis epidemic spread is therefore an urgent global public health priority. As stated by the WHO, to stop the spread of the disease we need a new vaccine, with better coverage than the current Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine. This vaccine was first used in 1921 and, since then, there are still no new licensed tuberculosis vaccines. However, there is extremely active research in the field, with a steep acceleration in the past decades, due to the advance of technologies and more rational vaccine design strategies. This review aims to gather latest updates in vaccine development in the various clinical phases and to underline the contribution of Structural Vaccinology (SV) to the development of safer and effective antigens. In particular, SV and the development of vaccine adjuvants is making the use of subunit vaccines, which are the safest albeit the less antigenic ones, an achievable goal. Indeed, subunit vaccines overcome safety concerns but need to be rationally re-engineered to enhance their immunostimulating effects. The larger availability of antigen structural information as well as a better understanding of the complex host immune response to TB infection is a strong premise for a further acceleration of TB vaccine development.
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Khan, Fazal Mehmood. "Bacteriophage-based Vaccine: A New Dawn for Vaccine Design and Development." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 60, S (2023): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)835.
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The COVID-19 epidemic has strained healthcare systems, causing stress among personnel and facing significant economic and social issues. COVID-19 patients have significant symptoms, necessitating prompt treatment. It is a global urgency to develop effective vaccinations against COVID-19. Quick immunization of the whole world population against an ever-changing, extremely deadly virus is alarming, and various vaccine techniques are being researched. Bacteriophages are helpful in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. But, their clinical efficacy may go far beyond. One of the most significant bioproducts in medicine is thought to be vaccines. Vaccines for a variety of diseases have been made. However, certain vaccinations have disadvantages, such as high prices and immunological responses. In this regard, the use of bacteriophages has been suggested as an exciting alternative for making more inexpensive vaccines. Bacteriophage-displayed vaccines are based on the antigens being expressed on the phage surface. This tactic uses the inherent advantages of these particles, including their high stability, inexpensive production, and adjuvant capacity. Phage-displayed, phages DNA and hybrid phage-DNA vaccines are the three phage-based vaccines that are currently offered. The traditional method for finding novel barrier protection epitopes, antigens, and mimotopes is phage display. In this frame of reference, phage particles serve as a versatile, effective, and promising strategy for making vaccine delivery systems that are more effective and should be widely applied in the future. The phage-vaccine technique can potentially address the growing demand for innovative vaccinations against emerging diseases. This short communication addresses bacteriophage uses in vaccine development and discusses recent developments in bacteriophage-based vaccinations. It also focuses on and describes bacteriophages as a novel vaccine candidate for COVID-19.
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R, Fatima, Bilolikar AK, Reddy SG, and Banerjee J. "An integrative review on development of COVID vaccine." Journal of Medical and Scientific Research 8, S1 (2020): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/jmsr.2020/8s1-15.
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The world is in dire need of safe, effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine strategies. Since its emergence in November 2019, it has spread to 188 countries and 25 territories around the globe, despite elaborate efforts by World Health Organization (WHO) and governments to contain the infection, primarily owing to the highly infectious nature of this virus. Present article reviews various aspects in process of vaccine designing, vaccine platforms and current efforts and progress of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. The founding of the COVID-19 vaccines global access (COVAX) facility by Gavi, the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations (CEPI) and the WHO is an attempt to garner resources and unite higher- and lower-income countries for the coordinated, rapid, transparent and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. Keywords: vaccine strategies; COVAX; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2
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Jones, T. R., and S. L. Hoffman. "Malaria vaccine development." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 3 (1994): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.3.303.
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The malaria parasite life cycle presents several targets for attack, but these different parts of the life cycle are susceptible to different types of host immune response. For example, the sporozoite is most sensitive to immune antibody, while liver stage parasites can be eliminated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Attachment of merozoites to erythrocytes, on the other hand, can be blocked by antibody. Convincing experimental evidence shows that completely protective immunity to malaria can be induced. The challenge now is to design recombinant or synthetic vaccines that induce the right types of immune responses to specific life cycle stages. This requires the identification and characterization of B- and T-lymphocyte epitopes expressed by the parasite or by parasitized host cells. These epitopes must be incorporated into a delivery system that maximizes the interaction between the vaccine epitopes and the host immune system. Many epitopes from several parts of the life cycle are already characterized; development of multivalent vaccines, that is, vaccines which contain immunogens from more than one part of the life cycle, is a promising area for research efforts.
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Mason, Andrew N., and Ahmed Elkassabgi. "Evidence of Abnormal Trading on COVID-19 Pfizer Vaccine Development Information." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 7 (2022): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15070299.
Full textAbstract:
The 2019 COVID-19 pandemic led to an economic slowdown worldwide and shook the investment world. Pharmaceutical investments were influenced by the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccine developments. Our study examines the real-time impact of public announcements concerning COVID-19 vaccine developments on stock returns and volatilities for Pfizer, Moderna, and the S&P 500. Market Return and Information Event methodology were used to analyze stock activities immediately before important public COVID-19 vaccine development announcements related to Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. This methodology was employed for vaccine news announcements between 2 January 2020 and 4 March 2022. Stock returns and volatility were analyzed with time-series regression analysis. Findings demonstrated that increased trade volatilities occurred immediately prior to COVID-19 vaccine development news was made public. Specifically, Pfizer stock returns were significantly higher (above the mean) immediately before positive COVID-19 vaccine development information was made public. Also, increased volume volatility was observed for Pfizer, Moderna, and the S&P 500 index stocks immediately before positive vaccine development information concerning Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were made public. These findings suggest that the vaccine information may have been leaked before being made public. If so, the findings may indicate that investors were taking advantage of insider information while trying to mitigate the appearance that they engaged in insider trading.
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Schrager, Lewis K., Rebecca C. Harris, and Johan Vekemans. "Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review." F1000Research 7 (November 1, 2018): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16521.1.
Full textAbstract:
Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and newMtbinfection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.
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Schrager, Lewis K., Rebecca C. Harris, and Johan Vekemans. "Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review." F1000Research 7 (February 24, 2019): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16521.2.
Full textAbstract:
Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and newMtbinfection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.
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Tiwari, Kunal, Rahul Saxena, and Dr Sarika Saxena. "MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES ADOPTED AGAINST SARS-COV-2 IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 6 (2021): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i06.028.
Full textAbstract:
In this review, we attempted to highlight the uniqueness and difference among vaccines. Vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to diseases and protect us from Covid 19. The term vaccine applies to all biological preparations produced by the living organisms, that enhance immunity against disease and the techniques used for the development of vaccines were reverse vaccinology, structural vaccinology, synthetic biology, and vaccine adjuvants. Besides these mRNA vaccines, we will also highlight the Protein subunit vaccines, which include separated proteins from viral or bacterial diseases, vaccines improve the immune system's "memorization" of the pathogen by imitating a milder form of disease, might provide a viable alternative to the mRNA-based coronavirus vaccines and discuss their advantages and disadvantages over the mRNA-based vaccines.