Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vaccins antiviraux'
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Piquart, François. "Les vaccins recombinants : données actuelles." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P110.
Full textHilleriteau, Caroline Imbert-Marcille Berthe Marie. "Le vaccin contre la varicelle état des connaissances en 2005 /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHhilleriteau.pdf.
Full textDelame, Lelièvre Pierre Emmanuel. "Nouvelles voies de développement des vaccins grâce à la biologie moléculaire : application à l'hépatite B." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P237.
Full textPilaev, Martin. "Développement de vaccins sous-unitaires contre le métapneumovirus humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32639.
Full textThe human metapneumovirus has been first isolated in 2001 despite its circulation in the human population for more than 70 years. HMPV is the third leading cause of children hospitalisations associated with acute respiratory tract infections. Complications occur commonly in young children, the elderly and the immunocompromised. To this day, no vaccine has been licensed for use against hMPV. In recent years, the F protein, considered the most immunodominant antigen, has been the target of many pre-clinical vaccine trials. The discovery, for RSV, that a prefusion bound F protein is more immunogenic than post-fusion has encouraged new vaccination approaches. Based on this discovery, the aim of this project is the development of a prefusion bound F-hMPV subunit vaccine and testing its potency to protect the BALB/C model. Following challenge, no significant difference between potentially prefusion bound proteins and wild type protein was observed. Immunisation trials revealed the necessity of adding an adjuvant, alum in this case, to elicit an immune response in mice. Neutralizing antibodies were observed with F-hMPV vaccines containing the alum adjuvant. Post-immunisation challenge trials revealed reduction of lung viral replication below detection levels and persisting inflammation. Weight loss was not affected by vaccination, but animals immunised with adjuvanted F-hMPV proteins exhibited better physical condition and no signs of disease such as diminished activity and ruffed fur. F-hMPV vaccines without alum exhibited some characteristics of enhanced disease (no neutralizing antibodies; affected physical condition) and require further analysis. Enhanced disease was not observed in the F-hMPV adjuvanted groups despite higher Th2/Th1 ratios with adjuvanted proteins . None of the vaccines tested were able to fully protect the mouse model upon challenge. Vaccines developed in this study will be useful in future trials and could be tested with other adjuvants or vaccination strategies.
Tu, Véronique. "Évaluation in vitro de l'efficacité du peramivir contre des variants du virus de l'influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) et B contenant différentes mutations dans le gène de la neuraminidase." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27820.
Full textInfluenza viruses are respiratory pathogens responsible for seasonal epidemics affecting 10 to 20% of the world's population every year, thus constituting a major public health impact. Annual vaccination reduces the impact of influenza epidemics; however, a mismatch between the vaccine strain and the circulating strain can sometimes occur and result in an unsuccessful attempt in protecting the population. In such cases, it is important to have adequate treatment to treat influenza infections. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the primary class of antiviral agents recommended for the prevention and treatment of influenza infections. NAIs competitively bind the neuraminidase (NA) active site, blocking the release of virions from host cells and thereby inhibiting the spread of the virus into the respiratory tract. The sporadic emergence of oseltamivir- and/or zanamivir-resistant viruses with low transmission rates was identified in seasonal influenza strains. The development of new antivirals thus became an important subject of investigation. Peramivir, a new NAI recently available in North America, exerts its activity against influenza A and B viruses, but its effectiveness against mutations conferring resistance to oseltamivir or zanamivir has not yet been fully characterized. Due to differences in the binding of NAIs to the target enzyme, the nature of the resistance mutations may vary from one NAI to another, although some mutations could induce global NAI cross-resistance. We have demonstrated that peramivir is highly active against the different seasonal influenza subtypes, although some variants have shown multi-resistance phenotypes to oseltamivir, zanamivir as well as peramivir. In this regard, a new resistance mechanism by which a NA variant leads to NAI cross-resistance (I427T/Q313R) has been described in this thesis and has helped to understand how substitutions found outside the NA active site can affect the replication kinetics of the virus and its resistance to antivirals.
Peyrache, Jérôme. "Vaccination contre le virus de l'immunodéficience féline." Institut national agronomique Paris-Grignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INAP0005.
Full textMabboux, Bruno. "Infection grippale chez la souris par différentes souches prototypes : contribution à la mise au point d'un modèle pour études de protection." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P093.
Full textTouzé, Antoine. "Intérêt des pseudo-particules virales obtenues par recombinaison génétique pour le développement de vaccins et pour la vectorisation d'antigènes et de gènes : application aux papillomavirus et au virus de l'hépatite b." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR3801.
Full textTéoulé, François. "Etude des interactions entre les facteurs viraux et cellulaires impliqués dans la réplication virale et les voies de signalisation au cours de l’infection par le poliovirus." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0023.
Full textPoliovirus (PV), an Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, is the causal agent of acute paralytic poliomyelitis (APP). APP is characterised by flaccid paralysis due to the destruction of motor neurons by apoptosis following PV replication. We have shown, in particular, that the transfer of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria contributes to the apoptosis induced by PV (Brisac et al. , 2010). This apoptotic process also involves the replication and synthesis of viral non-structural (NS) proteins. We have identified two cellular proteins interacting with the NS 3A protein of PV: ACBD3 (acyl-coenzyme A binding domain-containing 3) and CREB3 (cyclic AMP response element-binding protein). We have shown that ACBD3 modulates the rate of PV replication (Téoulé et al. , in revision), whereas CREB3 may be involved in regulating cell signalling and apoptosis during infection
Vaillant, Caroline. "Activité cytotoxique des lymphocytes induites par des vaccins préventifs contre l'infection à VIH-1, administrés chez le volontaire sain." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P199.
Full textToulouze, Bénédicte. "Sida : revue des obstacles à la mise au point d'un vaccin anti-VIH." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P060.
Full textDupuy-Papin, Catherine. "Vaccination anti-papillomavirus : réponse systémique et vaginale contre la protéine majeure de capside." Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR3813.
Full textKoessler, Marie-Cécile. "Le virus TBE (tick borne encéphalitis) en Alsace : données épidémiologiques et intérêt actuel de la vaccination." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1M072.
Full textSoria, Baltazar Roman. "Étude de l'immunité antirabique des ruminants domestiques." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10088.
Full textKeita, Djénéba. "Utilisation de l’interférence ARN pour l’inactivation post-transcriptionnelle de gènes viraux et le contrôle de la réplication de deux virus animaux in vitro : Morbillivirus (ARN) et Peste Porcine Africaine (ADN)." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20163.
Full textThis work aimed at using the mechanism of RNA interference for the in vitro control of the replication of RNA (Morbillivirus) and DNA viruses (Asfivirus). By bioinformatics and in vitro biological approaches measuring the inhibition of the replication of these viruses in cell culture, target genes and active siRNA were identified. Morbillivirus genus includes important pathogens of human and animals. They include measles virus, peste des petits ruminants virus and rinderpest virus. Nucleoprotein (N) plays an essential role in transcription and replication of Morbilliviruses, therefore we defined siRNA targeting the conserved sequences as defined by multiple alignment of the N gene of these viruses. In the case of the DNA virus studied, African swine fever virus, the objective was determining the role in the viral replication, of four genes present in an area having to be deleted for the carefully thought out attenuation of the virus. . For countries facing these extremely contagious viral diseases, the development of therapeutic vaccines based on siRNA interference is a major progress for animal health, especially for African swine fever against which there is not yet vaccine and having the potential to open the door on new control strategies
Morgand, Marion. "Contribution à la recherche d'une stratégie d'immunisation visant à induire une réponse anti-VIH-1 largement neutralisante." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR3804/document.
Full textThe difficulty to induce antibodies able to neutralize (neutralizing antibodies, NAb) the large diversity of HIV- 1 isolates remains a major hurdle toward the development of an anti-HIV-1 vaccine. The aim of our study was first, to identify which epitopes are the most conserved within the 4 HIV-1 groups (M, N, O, P) and then, to design an immunogen that would be able to induce NAb against HIV-1. We showed that the V1/V2 N160- glycan epitope is the most conserved within the 4 HIV-1 groups (Morgand et al., JAIDS 2016). Subsequently, we showed the feasibility to generate chimeric particles based on the HBs envelope protein exposing the envelope glycoproteins of different groups and subtypes of HIV-1 at their surface. Although we demonstrated the presence of several neutralizing epitopes on these chimeric particles (N332-V3 supersite, CD4 binding site, membrane proximal external region), none of them exposed the V1/V2 epitopes of interest
Debba-Pavard, Manel. "Activité télomerase et expression des gènes viraux : critères potentiels de protection vaccinale dans le cas de la maladie de Marek." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4027/document.
Full textMarek’s disease is a chicken T lymphoma induced by the gallid herpesvirus type 2 (GaHV-2), an alphaherpesvirus. The disease is controlled through vaccination. In this work, we investigated whether telomerase activity and viral gene transcription were associated with protection against the GaHV-2 RB-1B strain in chickens vaccinated with Rispens CVI988 or the herpes virus of turkey (HVT). Telomerase activity seemed to be an appropriate marker of lymphoma and levels of viral transcription were correlated with the virulence of strains, the attenuated CVI988 strain inducing a low level of telomerase activity. We showed that the mutation in the H box of CVI988 vTR which was not shared by all CVI988 isolates could not account for this poor activation. Vaccinated birds had lower levels of telomerase activity and RB-1B viral transcription than unvaccinated chickens infected with RB-1B. The decrease in RB-1B viral transcription was more marked in chickens vaccinated with CVI988 than in those vaccinated with HVT. In conclusion, telomerase activity and gene transcription in challenge MDV strains are potential new reliable criteria of protection in vaccinated chickens
Callendret, Benoît. "Conception et évaluation de différentes approches vaccinales contre le coronavirus associé au syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077222.
Full textSevere acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in late 2002 and caused an epidemic of atypic pneumonia in humans. Here, we describe three vaccine candidates designed to induce neutralizing antibodies against the viral S glycoprotein, which are the main effectors of the protective immune response. We demonstrated that efficient expression of S gene in mammalian cell lines required the use of optimized vectors containing an intron and post-transcriptional regulatory elements such as WPRE and CTE. Upon immunization of mice with low doses of naked DNA, only intron and WPRE-containing vectors were able to provide protection against challenge with SARS-CoV. We also established stable cell lines constitutively secreting a soluble form of the S protein (Ssol). The immunogenicity of purified Ssol was studied in mouse and hamster models. Two injections of the Ssol polypeptide adjuvanted with Alum induced a strong and long-lasting Th2 immune response comprising high levels of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies. Upon intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV, virus replication was strongly reduced in the lungs of immunized animals and hamsters were protected from the occurrence of lesions in the respiratory tract. Moreover, the use of two new adjuvants developed by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals further increased the anti-S humoral response and the Thl component of the immune response. Concurrently, we developed HIV-based lentiviral vectors expressing the full-length S protein as an alternate SARS vaccine candidate. In the hamster model, a single injection of these vectors induced a neutralizing antibody response similar to that induced by two injections of Ssol
Hervé, Pierre-Louis. "Evaluation de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales contre les virus grippaux H5N1 hautement pathogènes." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077090.
Full textHuman transmission of avian, highly pathogenic, H5N1 influenza viruses is currently inefficient. However, the recent geographic spread throughout the world and the increasing number of sporadic human cases increase the likelihood of virus adaptation to humans and the risk of a pandemic episode. The development of vaccines candidate against H5N1 influenza virus remains a global public health priority. This is made particularly complex because of the evolution of H5N1 viruses within multiple phylogenetic clades and subclades. Thus, the core challenge of developing a pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine resides in defining an immunogenic composition able to induce a cross-protective immunity against ail avian strains, which are susceptible to emerge in humans. An approach based on the development of a bivalent vaccine composed of H5 and NI, which would target two essential functions in the virus, the binding of the virus to its receptor (driven by the HA) and sialidase activity involved in the production of new particles (driven by NA). Taken together, our data demonstrate the value of a vaccine approach based on the induction of anti-Nl immunity, for the broadening of the vaccine effïcacy spectrum against a large number of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses' clades or sub-clades. They also highlight the limitations of vaccine approaches based solely on the induction of anti-H5 immunity, and propose to focus on a bivalent strategy, targeting two essential functions of the influenza virus carried by the H5 and the NI
Dubois, Julia. "Étude de l'infection par le métapneumovirus humain : facteurs de virulence et développement de vaccins vivants atténués." Thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1018/document.
Full textHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major pathogen responsible of acute respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia, affecting especially infants, under five years old, elderly individuals and immunocompromised adults. Identified since 2001, this virus and its pathogenesis still remain largely unknown and no licensed vaccines or specific antivirals against hMPV are currently available. In this context, my research project was built over two main subjects: (i) The study of the fusion F glycoprotein which is the major antigenic protein of hMPV and is responsible of viral entry into host cell. By its crucial role for the virus, the F protein has already been characterized in several structural and/or functional studies. Thus, it has been described that the hMPV F protein induces membrane fusion autonomously, resulting in variable cytopathic effects in vitro, in a strain-dependent manner. However, as the determinants of the hMPV fusogenic activity are not well characterized yet, we focused on identification of some of these, located in heptad repeats domains of the protein. (ii) The evaluation of hMPV SH and G gene deletion for viral attenuation. Liveattenuated hMPV vaccine candidates for infants’ immunization has been constructed thank to this deletion approach at the beginning of hMPV vaccine development efforts. Despite encouraging results, these candidates have not been further characterized and the importance of the viral background has not been evaluated
Gariépy, Marie-Claude. "Surveillance de la sécurité de la vaccination H1N1 chez les travailleurs de la santé." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28528/28528.pdf.
Full textMirabelli, Carmen. "Exploring viral-host interactions during poliovirus infection : study of the role of the 3A cellular partners, ACBD3 and CREB3, in viral replication and cell signaling." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC128.
Full textPoliovirus (PV) is a prototype member of the giant family of RNA+ single stranded virus, Picornaviridae, and it is the etiologic agent of poliomyelitis. Although PV has been studied sine 1949, the molecular virology of this virus has not been fully elucidated. The global vaccination campaign led to the complete eradication of PV in Europe and America and the virus remains endemic only in Nigeria, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Therefore, PV does not constitute a heath burden and a research priority anymore, but it still remains a captivating model of study. In addition, the externe plasticity of this virus together with sub-optimal vaccine coverage in some regions of the world permitted the emergence of new PV-derived pathogenic neurovirulent strains (VDPVs). In particular, these strains originate from the genetic drift of the attenuated oral poliovaccine (OPV) and episodes of genetic recombination with co-circulating enteroviruses (EV) of species C, in particular with the Coxsackievirus A17 (CV-A17). My thesis project focuses on the study of viral-host interaction during PV infection in order to : Propose mechanisms of emergence and selection of recombinant VDPVs Characterize new signaling modules interacting with PV Identify new cellular targets for the development of new PV antivirals, necessary during the post-eradication period The, analysis of the interaction maps of the non-structural protein 3A allowed us to identify new cellular partners: -ACBD3 Golgi-resident protein maintaining the structure of the Golgi organelle -CREB3 transcription factor involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress In this study, we showed that ACBD3 restricts viral replication and its effect depends on the nature of viral protein 3A. Indeed, the acquisition of a 3A derived from CV-A17 is beneficial for the replication of the recombinant virus, which is less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of ACBD3 (Téoulé F. Et al, Journal of virology 2013). CREB3 is an ER-stress induced transcription factor. One of its targets is the Herp protein, involved in ER calcium (Ca2±) homeostasis via the degradation of the ER-resident Ca2+ channels. During PV infection, a Ca2+ flux from the ER has been reported at late times post infection. In this study, we showed that the signaling module CREB3/Herp, activated at early times post infection, limits Ca2+ flux and PV-induced apoptosis. We provided evidences that PV activates an ER-stress response but modifies its outcome (cell apoptosis) to assist viral replication. Moreover, the anti-apoptotic pathway CREB3/Herp could limit viral-induced damages of the central nervous system. In addition, the study of CREB3 allowed us to identify a target for antiviral therapy: the regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) pathway. We tested an inhibitor of the RIP, originally developed for HIV-1 as a protease inhibitor, Nelfinavir (NFV). Here, we reported the antiviral activity of NFV in vitro against PV and a panel of enteoviruses. Altogether, these results support the interest in studying viral-host interactions to deepen the fundamental knowledge on the molecular virology and pathogenesis of the virus, study new mechanisms of viral emergence and eventually identify new strategies to combat viral infections
Minet, Cécile. "Contribution au développement d'un vaccin marqué contre la Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) par génétique inverse d'un virus à ARN négatif (Morbillivirus)." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20160.
Full textPeste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an infectious, contagious and fatal viral disease of goats, sheep and wildlife in sub-Saharan African countries, Middle-East and South-West of Asia. It is caused by a single strand negative RNA virus belonging to the Morbillivirus genus among the Paramyxoviridae family. Current vaccines consist of viral strains attenuated by several passages on cell cultures. These vaccines protect animals against PPR but they are not DIVA vaccines and thus do not permit the distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. However, the manipulation of negative RNA strand by reverse genetics allows the generation of an infectious and marked clone of PPR vaccine strain. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop both a PPR marked vaccine using reverse genetics technology and the associated diagnosis tools. The first task was to adapt the reverse genetics to the PPR virus using the eGFP minigenome model. Then the full genome of PPR vaccine strain 75/1 was assembled in a plasmid after translation of genomic negative RNA in cDNA. Attempts to generate the first recombinant PPRV are ongoing but up to now, we cannot conclude on the presence of an infectious rescued virus. In parallel, different strategies for vaccine marks were also evaluated: deletion of a region of PPRV genome, insertion of foreign genes or substitution by homologous sequence derived from another morbillivirus or a commercial peptide. In the same time, ELISA assays corresponding to the most promising markers were developed
Lambour, Jennifer. "Rôle des polynucléaires neutrophiles et du FcgRIV dans les effets vaccinaux induit par immunothérapie antivirale par anticorps monoclonaux." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT064/document.
Full textMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now considered as a true therapeutic alternative for treating severe viral infections. Figure out their multiple mechanisms of action is therefore crucial to improve their therapeutic effect. Using a mouse model of viral infection (the FrCasE retrovirus-induced leukemia), the team showed that a short immunotherapy with a neutralizing mAb induces long-term protective antiviral immunity ("vaccine" effects) which is Fc-dependent. Notably, immune complexes (IC) formed with therapeutic mAbs and viral determinants induce the activation of immune cells, especially dendritic cells (DCs) via their interaction with FcγRs expressed on the cell’s surface. However, IC-FcγR interactions can involve different cells of the immune system in addition to DCs, such as macrophages, monocytes or neutrophils, which differentially express FcγRs. In this context, it is important to identify which FcγRs and which FcγR-expressing cells are crucial in the induction of vaccine effects induced by mAbs. It’s the reason why my thesis work has focused on the study of the role of neutrophils and FcγRs in the modulation of immune response by mAbs. This study is based on the Fc-dependent nature of the induction of a protective immune response by mAbs and the immunomodulatory properties of neutrophils, described in different pathological situations but never studied in an mAbs antiviral immunotherapy context. To this end, I used different approaches in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.By using the FrCasE infection model, it has been shown that neutrophils as well as FcγRIV have a crucial role in the induction of vaccine effects by mAbs, notably via the induction of a long-term protective antiviral humoral response. Moreover the in vitro experiments, highlighted that neutrophils are more effectively activated by IC compared to virus alone and that different pro-inflammatory and/or immunomodulating cytokines (i.e.TNFα and type I and type II interferons) potentiate the activation of neutrophils induced by IC. My work also revealed that viral infection and immunotherapy modulate the expression of different FcγRs, and notably they induce the overexpression of FcγRIV on two distinct populations of neutrophils (differentiated by their expression levels of the Ly6G surface marker: Ly6Ghi and Ly6Gint) and inflammatory monocytes. Finally, my work shows that immunotherapy with Mab modulates the chemokinic and cytokinic secretion profiles of these 3 FcγRIV-over-expressing cell, although the nature of the secretion profiles differs according to the cell type and evolves over time. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effect of mAbs is based on the activation of different actors of the early immune response by inducing the secretion of chemokines and cytokines necessary for the orchestration of the immune response. They also suggest a potential cooperation between these different actors in the establishment of protective immunity.Altogether, these results show a key immunomodulator role of FcγRIV as well as of different cells expressing it in the induction of a protective immune response by antiviral mAb. They might have important consequences for the improvement of Mab-based immunotherapies
Tallet, Béatrice. "Les glycoprotéines d'enveloppe du HTLV-1 : étude de la variabilité antigénique et production de la moitié carboxy terminale de la glycoprotéine de surface." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28749.
Full textBéchard-Dubé, Steffi-Anne. "Effets de l'environnement lumineux et de l'âge foliaire sur la croissance, la capacité photosynthétique et la production protéique chez Nicotiana benthamiana." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26972.
Full textCette étude visait à caractériser la croissance, la capacité photosynthétique, la concentration en azote et protéines totales solubles, la production de protéines recombinantes (HA) ainsi que la quantité de lumière interceptée à différents stades de développement de plants de Nicotiana benthamiana afin d’optimiser la production de vaccins. L’évolution des réponses physiologiques étudiées fut similaire chez toutes les feuilles primaires, suggérant que le processus de sénescence s’initie et progresse de façon semblable indépendamment de leur ordre d’initiation. Toutefois, la superposition des patrons temporels de sénescence et de croissance foliaire a mené à un rendement HA maximal se situant invariablement dans la partie médiane du plant lorsqu’exprimé sur une base foliaire. À l’échelle du plant entier, nos résultats suggèrent qu’il est possible d’augmenter la production de vaccins en récoltant les plants à un stade de développement plus tardif, ou en augmentant la densité de culture et en récoltant ces plants plus tôt.
Nicotiana benthamiana is a wild relative of tobacco increasingly used as a plant protein expression platform to produce recombinant vaccine antigens against the influenza virus. Investigation on the physiological determinants of this production is essential to optimize and regulate vaccines production following a new flu outbreak. We examined the photosynthetic photon flux density, growth, light-saturated photosynthesis, total soluble protein, nitrogen content and recombinant protein production at different phenological stages. The similar evolution of the studied physiological responses suggested that the senescence process is initiated and progresses in a similar way in all primary leaves, regardless of the order of initiation. In contrast, the superposition of the time pattern of senescence with that of leaf growth shows that maximal HA yield expressed on a leaf basis is invariably located in the middle part of the plant. At the whole plant scale, our results suggest that it is possible to increase the production of antigens by harvesting plants at a later developmental stage, or by increasing plant density and harvesting these plants earlier.
Phelip, Capucine. "Conception, caractérisation et évaluation in vivo d'un vaccin nanoparticulaire anti-VIH et optimisation de sa biodisponibilité par un hydrogel thermosensible." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1280.
Full textCurrent knowledge indicates the need to induce a broad-spectrum immune response including multifunctional antibodies to protect against HIV infection. As traditional vaccine approaches are not capable of inducing potent broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1, alternative strategies are being investigated to induce these bnAbs. Major advances include the development of (i) optimized envelope glycoproteins as immunogens, (ii) efficiently carrying and immunogenic carriers, and (iii) the dosage form that would increase the durability of the protective response. In this context, the objective of this PhD is to evaluate the immune responses induced by biodegradable nanoparticles functionalized with HIV envelope glycoproteins and to optimize the in vivo sustained release of the immunogen.First, we compared several glycoproteins and selected an optimized primary isolate glycoprotein (SOSIP BG505) for its ability to be adsorbed to the surface of biodegradable nanoparticles, while exposing neutralization epitopes, and capable of inducing a systemic immune response in vivo. We then designed a thermosensitive, poloxamers-based hydrogel, capable of incorporating these nanoparticles while maintaining their colloidal stability and we have analyzed their biodistribution by whole-body imaging in mice. The subcutaneous injection of this hydrogel makes it possible to induce a strong, stable humoral immune response with high affinity IgGs. This new formulation, innovative and easy to implement, appears as a new vaccination strategy applicable to many viral diseases requiring the induction of high affinity neutralizing antibodies and broad spectrum
Edouard, Elsy. "Variabilité de la séquence et antigénicité de la glycoprotéine de surface du HTLV-1." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28286.
Full textHTLV-I is associated with two severe pathologies, affecting mankind : Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) and Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (TSP). The retrovirus surface glycoprotein (gp46) is involved in cellular receptor binding and could play a role in pathogenesis. This immunogenic protein is a first choice candidate as a vaccin-matter. To investigate the inference of sequence of this glycoprotein on the development of a pathology and on its antigenicity, we have determined the sequence of the env gene encoding gp46 of HTLV-I viruses infecting 26 patients from Martinique and French Guyana. Twelve of them were from four distinct martinican families. Clinical status associated mutations were not observed. These sequences were compared to the ones from literature. Several virus groups were defined, which were caracterised by patterns of associated mutations. Some amino acid substitutions could change the gp46 antigenicity. We studied the incidence of one of these on synthetic peptides recognition by HTLV-I positive sera. Peptides corresponding to 186-195 and 190-199 regions, with a proline or a serine in 192 position, were used. We demonstrated that this mutation modifies the antigenicity of an immunodominant and neutralisable region of the gp46 (190-199). Such antigenic variants of HTLV-I should be considered for the setting of a vaccinal strategy
Fabritus, Lauriane de. "Atténuation virale par ré-encodage des codons : applications aux virus Chikungunya et de l'encéphalite à tiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5005/document.
Full textLarge-scale random codon re-encoding is a new method of viral attenuation consisting in the insertion of a high number of slightly deleterious synonymous mutations, randomly, in one or several coding regions of a virus. This approach significantly reduces the replicative fitness of re-encoded viruses in cellulo and in vivo, as viral pathogenicity, while inducing a specific and effective immune response in mice against a new infection with wild-type viruses. Re-encoded viruses also present a high stability and an absence of reversion, making them promising vaccine candidates in term of reliability and efficiency for the conception of new vaccine candidates against a wide variety of RNA viruses. Combination of random re-encoding with a new method of revers genetics allowing to generate new viruses in days : ISA (Infectious Subgenomic Amplicons) would be very helpful to develop new-generation vaccine candidates
Robert, Alain. "Systèmes d'expression bactériens de protéines recombinantes appliqués à la production d'antigènes du virus respiratoire syncytial." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20184.
Full textLabaille, Jennifer. "Conception d'un vaccin recombinant contre la maladie de Marek d'après l'étude de la dynamique des populations de variants du vaccin CV1988/RISPENS." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4014.
Full textGallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), responsible for T-cell lymphomas chicken, is controlled by the vaccine CVI988/Rispens. My work has shown that the vaccine contains, unlike virulent strain, a viral variants population mostly deleted from the promoter region and a variable portion of the 5' end of the gene LAT encoding microRNA and associated with viral latency. In a vaccine approach, a recombinant virus corresponding to a majority variant of the CVI988/Rispens vaccine was generated from a hypervirulent strain GaHV-2, cloned as bacmid. We showed that recombinant, with an almost total loss of pathogenicity, was able to significantly protect chickens against challenge with virulent strains GaHV-2. This work lays the basis for the development of new vaccines from emerging virulent strains
Da, Costa Laurène. "Pharmacochimie de nouveaux inhibiteurs contre les infections à rhinovirus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0350.
Full textRhinovirus (RV), virus of Picornaviridae family, is known to be the aetiology of more than half of the common cold. Through advances in molecular biology, the rhinoviruses have been associated with much more serious respiratory pathologies (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis). So, the development of viral attachment and/or uncoating inhibitors named « capsid-binders » molecules has become a priority for many research laboratories. In this context, a class of inhibitors binding into a hydrophobic pocket of the VP1 capsid protein has been identified by our team through a TDAE strategy. In order to follow the investigations on the LPCRW_0005 hit, a pharmacochemistry work was begun according to two approaches. Initially, an optimisation of the LPCRW_0005 size was envisaged by an extension of the scaffold via various pallado-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The design of these molecules was guided by the use of molecular modeling via a rigid ligand/protein docking. The synthesis of many compounds and their in vitro biological evaluation on HeLa cells infected with the rhinovirus 14 (RV-B14), refined our knowledge about the biological potential of such a scaffold. The enantioselective separation of some inhibitors followed by a Mosher’s protocol allowed us to identify the active configuration of the alcohol linker. Finally, a comparative study of protein primary sequences as well as drug design, led us to design and develop more potent broad-spectrum capsid-binders
Rodrigues, Ana Mara Lopes. "Interferon, virus vaccines and antiviral drugs /." St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/413.
Full textRodrigues, Ana Mara Lopes. "Interferon, virus vaccines and antiviral drugs." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/428.
Full textAtieh, Thérèse. "Développement du système universel de génétique inverse pour les arboviruses applicable dans les cellules mammifères et moustiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0659/document.
Full textReverse genetics, the genetic manipulation of RNA viruses to create a wild-type or modified virus, has led to important advances in our understanding of viral gene function and interaction with host cells. Since arboviruses the most threatening viruses to human and animal are RNA viruses, thus reverse genetics is an extremely powerful technique with important application for the protection from these viruses and to control their spread.Hitherto, most reverse genetics systems focused exclusively on mammalian cells. However, arbovirus transmission is between a mammalian host and invertebrate vector.Herein, we present ISA (Infectious-Subgenomic-Amplicons) as a universal reverse genetic method that proved it applicability to rescue infectious single stranded positive RNA viruses on mammalian and mosquito cells.Thereby, ISA is an adequate method to study the arbovirus life cycle in mosquito vector and mammalian host. Thus, providing information about the global arbovirus circulation to provide further technique that protect mammalian from their infection and inhibit vector to transmit the virus
Freitas, Ferdinando. "Functional characterization of unassigned african swine fever virus proteins putatively involved in transcription and replication towards an efficient vaccine design." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18129.
Full textAfrican swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars with mortality rates reaching up to 100% and is endemic in most of the Sub-Saharan countries. In 2007 it was introduced in Georgia and spread to neighbouring countries, reaching the Russian Federation, several European countries and, more recently, China and Vietnam (February 2019). Currently, there is neither a vaccine nor a treatment against ASF and the control of the disease depends strictly on sanitary measures, including stamping out and trade bans of animals and pork products leading to devastating socio-economic losses to affected countries. The etiologic agent of the disease is African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large (approx. 190 nm) double-stranded DNA (170 to 193 kbp) enveloped virus. ASFV genome encloses more than 150 open reading frames (ORFs) and to this date most of them lack any known or predictable function. ASFV is quite independent from cellular machinery encoding enzymes required for replication, transcription and virion assembly, including the putative I215L E2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, QP509L, Q706L RNA Helicases and the P1192R type II topoisomerase. The E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes are part of the essential cellular post-transcriptional regulation ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In this study, the pI215L binding activity was characterized as being mono and poly-ubiquitinated in the Cys85 at different temperatures and pH values. Moreover, I215L gene is transcribed from 2 hours post infection (hpi), and immunoblot analysis confirmed that pI215L is expressed from 4 hpi being detected all over the cell specially in the viral factories from 8 hpi. Downregulation assays by siRNA suggested that pI215L plays a critical role in the transcription of late viral genes and in viral DNA replication. RNA helicases are described as essential for infections, modulating RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions, gene expression, viral egress and host antiviral responses. In the present work, we found that QP509L, Q706L are conserved between ASFV virulent and non-virulent isolates. Furthermore, ASFV-QP509L and Q706L are actively transcribed from 2 hours post infection, and both proteins are localized in the viral factories at 12 hours post infection. However, QP509L was also detected in the cell nucleus. Transcript downregulation uncovered the essential role of these proteins during viral cycle progression, in particular for the late transcription. Type II topoisomerases are involved in resolving DNA tangles and supercoils by cutting the duplex and allowing the DNA replication to proceed. In this study, we report that P1192R is actively transcribed throughout infection, being detected from 2 hpi and reaching a maximum concentration around 16 hpi. P1192R knockdown experiments revealed its critical role for viral infection, given by a reduction in viral transcripts, cytopathic effect, the number of viral factories per cell, and virus yields. We also demonstrated that enrofloxacin exposure during the late phase of infection induces viral genomes fragmentation, whereas, when added at early phase of infection completely abolishes replication. The data obtained from I215L, QP509L. Q706L and P1192R characterization studies opens new venues to the rational design of a mutant virus lacking these genes, and also points new pathways to be targeted by antiviral drugs.
RESUMO - Caracterização funcional de proteínas do vírus da peste suína Africana putativamente envolvidas na transcrição e replicação com o intuito de desenvolvimento de uma vacina. - A peste suína africana é uma doença viral infeciosa que afeta os suínos domésticos e os selvagens, com taxas de mortalidade perto dos 100%, originando perdas económicas elevadas nos países afetados. A doença é endémica na maioria dos países subsaarianos, e desde 2007, assistiu-se uma expansão nos países Europeus, incluindo membros da União Europeia, e mais recentemente, na China e Vietname. Atualmente não existe vacina ou tratamento para esta infeção e o controlo da doença baseia-se no diagnóstico rápido, na eliminação compulsiva dos suínos e no bloqueio ao comércio de suínos e produtos derivados. O agente etiológico é o vírus da peste suína africana (VPSA), um vírus composto por uma molécula de ADN de cadeia dupla (170 to 193 kbp) contendo mais de 150 grelhas de leitura. Algumas destas estão devidamente caracterizadas codificando para proteínas estruturais ou regulatórias, contudo, a grande maioria foi identificada por homologia de sequência com outros vírus não se conhecendo, até à data, qual a sua função durante a infeção. Apesar dos inúmeros esforços ao longo dos anos, a complexidade viral, a falta de conhecimento sobre muitos dos aspetos da biologia do vírus e das suas interações com o hospedeiro invalidaram a obtenção de uma vacina segura e eficaz. Por um lado, as abordagens clássicas embora promissoras não garantem proteção contra estirpes heterólogas, enquanto a produção de vacinas de ADN ou proteína, mesmo com adjuvantes, não induzem imunidade contra uma segunda infeção. No entanto, a identificação de suínos previamente infetados e que resistem a novas infeções reforça a ideia da possibilidade de se obter uma imunidade protetora. Dadas as circunstâncias atuais de expansão da doença, estudos recentes apontam a necessidade de se aprofundar o conhecimento sobre os aspetos da biologia do VPSA com vista a identificação de novas estratégias para o desenvolvimento racional de vacinas ou de identificação de novos alvos para o uso de fármacos com vista a controlar a infeção. Neste contexto, os estudos apresentados neste trabalho caracterizam a I215L, QP509L, Q706L e P1192R, identificadas inicialmente, por homologia de sequência com outras proteínas tipicamente envolvidas na replicação e transcrição de outros vírus. A I215L foi identificada por partilhar identidade com as enzimas E2 de conjugação da ubiquitina. Estas enzimas pertencem a uma cadeia de sinalização do sistema de regulação pós-transcricional ubiquitina-proteossoma. Os estudos realizados revelaram que a pI215L tem a capacidade de receber uma ou duas ubiquitinas (mono e di-ubiquitinada) no resíduo Cisteína-85, a diferentes temperaturas e valores de pH, evidenciando a sua plasticidade em participar em diferentes fases da infeção quer no hospedeiro quer no vetor. Além disto, o gene é transcrito precocemente (2 horas após infecção, hpi) e a proteína expressa desde as 4h, sugerindo que esta deverá ser necessária desde o início da infecção. Paralelamente, os nossos estudos por imunofluorescência revelaram uma distribuição da pI215L por toda a célula, e em especial, nas fábricas virais, sugerindo um papel ativo na regulação de vários processos, incluindo replicação de ADN e da transcrição. Os ensaios de ARN de interferência (siRNA) contra o I215L demonstraram um papel essencial desta proteína durante a infeção, originando uma redução dos transcritos tardios, do número de genomas (-63 a -68%) e na libertação de partículas infeciosas (até -94%). [...]
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Wang, Yi Jennifer. "The optimal allocation of investment between antivirals and vaccines for influenza pandemic preparedness planning." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41712018.
Full textBrandler, Samantha. "Etude du mécanisme d'inhibition de la fusion des flavivirus par les anticorps et mise au point d'un candidat vaccin contre la dengue basé sur l'expression d'un antigène d'enveloppe par un vecteur dérivé du vaccin contre la rougeole." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX11003.pdf.
Full textDengue fever is a reemerging disease that threatens one third of the world's population, for which no vaccine is available. In this work, we evaluated a new vaccination strategy based on the expression of a combined dengue antigen by a vector derived from the pediatric live attenuated measles vaccine. Understanding the mechanisms of flavivirus neutralization by antibodies is essential for the design of innovative vaccine approaches against dengue. Therefore, as a first step, we studied the mechanism of inhibition of fusion by neutralizing antibodies directed against the three domains of the envelope protein (E). The Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was used as a model in in vitro fusion tests, and coflottation assays with lipid membranes. The results showed that the neutralizing antibodies can interfere with the early or late stages of the fusion process. This study also shows that antibodies against domain III of the E protein can block both the viral entry and fusion. As a proof-of-concept of our vaccination strategy, we inserted into measles vector the domain III of the glycoprotein E of dengue virus (EDIII), which contains the putative receptor binding site and serotype-specific neutralizing epitopes. To strengthen its immunogenicity, EDIII was fused with the pro-apoptotic ectodomain of the membrane protein (ectoM) of VDEN-1. Tested in mice susceptible to measles, this vaccine candidate was immunogenic and able to induce long term serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies. The presence of the ectoM proved crucial for the immunogenicity of EDIII. Its adjuvant capacity correlated with its ability to mature dendritic cells and to enhance the secretion of proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines, as well as chemokines involved in the development of adaptive immunity. A tetravalent measles-dengue candidate was then generated in order to induce the same immunity against the 4 serotypes of dengue virus. This vaccination strategy combining measles and dengue might offer an affordable pediatric vaccine particularly attractive to immunize children both against measles and dengue fever in areas of the world where the two diseases co-exist
王軼 and Yi Jennifer Wang. "The optimal allocation of investment between antivirals and vaccines for influenza pandemic preparedness planning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41712018.
Full textCaras, James William. "Emulation and induction of cytotoxic immunity : immunotoxin therapies for AIDS and novel antiviral vaccines /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full textEsquieu, Didier. "Approches thérapeutiques ciblant la protéine Tat du VIH-1 : Synthèse chimique de Tat et développement d'un antiviral et d'un vaccin." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22071.
Full textNg, Sophia, and 吳鈺陪. "The role of antivirals and vaccines in the control of influenza epidemics and pandemics." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617849.
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Wagner, Gerhardt Stefan. "Generation of antiviral, effector CD4+ T cells : a novel vaccine strategy against HIV /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textNußbaum, Benedikt Lukas [Verfasser]. "Effects of commonly used antiviral vaccines on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells / Benedikt Lukas Nußbaum." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Medizinische Fakultät, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1035700220/34.
Full textTopalis, Dimitrios. "Structure et spécificité de la thymidylate kinase du virus de la vaccine : vers une stratégie antipoxvirus." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066372.
Full textScharton, Dionna. "Antiviral Activity of Favipiravir (T-705) Against Lethal Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection in Hamsters." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2323.
Full textRangel, Lopes de Campos Walter. "In vitro characterization of the antiviral activity of Secomet V against vaccinia virus infections." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2737.
Full textThe anti-poxvirus agent SECOMET V was the reference name for a plant extract produced in a bioreactor from primary plant stem cells, whose antiviral activity has been widely reported in folklore medicine. It exerted its anti-vaccinia virus activity by neutralizing cell-free virus rather than interfering with the downstream events following adsorption.
Frouco, Gonçalo Daniel dos Santos. "Modulating chromatin structure and gene expression during African swine fever virus infection : new strategies for an efficient vaccine rational design." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14927.
Full textAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) is a nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus which infects all members of the family Suidae, causing a fatal disease of domestic swine and wild boar. Since no effective vaccine or treatment is available, ASF is considered a global threat for pig husbandry. The ASFV genome encodes among others, enzymes required for virion assembly, genome transcription and replication, including a putative histone-like protein, pA104R. In bacteria, these proteins perform topological modification of the chromosome (twisting, bending and folding), playing important structural and regulatory functions. Since ASFV has a large genome, a viral histone-like protein may be important for packaging its genome within the virion particle and/or for viral replication and transcriptional events. In this study, the ASFV-pA104R activity was characterized and its DNA-binding activities were evaluated. pA104R binds both to ssDNA and dsDNA, although having higher affinity to ds-DNA, over a wide range of temperatures, pH values, and salt concentrations and in an ATP-independent manner, with an estimated binding site size of about 14 to 16 nucleotides. The arginine residue located in pA104R’s DNA-binding domain, at position 69, also revealed to be important for an efficient DNA-binding. Additionally, since pA104R together with the viral type II topoisomerase, pP1192R, displayed DNA-supercoiling activity, a synergistic effect between these viral is proposed. The expression of pA104R was observed in the late phase of infection in infected cells with the Vero-adapted ASFV isolate Ba71V, co-localizing with cell nucleus and viral factories. siRNA experiments showed that the knockdown of A104R induce a reduction of viral progeny, copy numbers of viral genomes and transcription of a late viral gene, revealing that pA104R plays a critical role in viral DNA replication and gene expression. Results obtained on these studies prompted us to pursue the objective to generate a defective infectious single cycle (DISC) ASFV lacking the A104R gene. Recombinant virus was successfully obtained, however the complementary cell line previously developed did not support its replication. The antiviral activity of four HDACi against ASFV was also evaluated in this study. The results showing the abrogation of viral replication by NaPB open new insights on its use as an antiviral strategy to control ASFV spreading. Overall our data strongly support that pA104R plays an important role on ASFV replication opening a new window for the design of ASF control measures through the development of efficient and safe vaccines and antivirals.
RESUMO - Modulação da estrutura cromatínica e da expressão génica durante a infeção do Vírus da Peste Suína Africana – novas estratégias para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina eficaz - O vírus da peste suína africana (VPSA) é um vírus de DNA nucleo-citoplasmático que infeta todos os membros da família Suidae, causando uma doença com elevada mortalidade em suínos domésticos e nos javalis. Atualmente não existe uma vacina ou tratamento eficaz, tornando a peste suína africana (PSA) uma ameaça para a suinicultura mundial. O genoma do VPSA codifica aproximadamente 150 proteínas, algumas delas bem caracterizadas, estando envolvidas na transcrição, replicação ou na montagem do virião. No entanto, e apesar de todos os esforços realizados nas últimas décadas, a função biológica de numerosas proteínas virais não é ainda conhecida. Esta lacuna aliada à necessidade de um melhor entendimento sobre a biologia do VPSA e as suas interações com o hospedeiro têm contribuído em grande parto para a dificuldade no desenvolvimento de uma vacina eficaz contra PSA. Por homologia de sequências proteicas, o genoma do VPSA codifica para uma proteína tipo histona (pA104R). Nas bactérias, estas proteínas são responsáveis por modular a topologia do DNA (torção, flexão e dobramento), desempenhando assim importantes funções estruturais e controlando a expressão de diferentes genes. O facto do genoma do VPSA codificar entre outras uma proteína viral semelhante a histonas bacterianas, reveste-se assim de enorme relevância pelo papel que que estas proteínas possam desempenhar na compactação do genoma na partícula viral e/ou para a sua replicação e transcrição. Neste contexto, este estudo pretendeu caracterizar o papel da VPSA-pA104R na replicação viral, tendo como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da biologia deste vírus e para averiguar se o gene A104R será um bom candidato para desenvolver uma vacina DISC (do inglês “defective infectious single cycle). Além disso, diferentes inibidores das histonas deacetilases (HDACs) foram testados como potenciais antivirais, eventualmente úteis no controlo da PSA Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram assim os seguintes: (1) estudar VPSA-pA104R, através da clonagem, expressão, purificação e caracterização de sua atividade in vitro; (2) Compreender a relevância funcional de dois resíduos conservados de pA104R; (3) Avaliar os níveis de mRNA e proteína, bem como a localização intracelular de pA104R em células infetadas com VPSA, em diferentes tempos de infeção; (4) Desenvolver uma estratégia que permita a deleção da ORF A104R do genoma do VPSA e a obtenção de uma vacina DISC; (5) avaliar os níveis de acetilação das histonas das células infetadas para melhor compreensão do mecanismo de modulação dos mecanismos epigenéticos do hospedeiro pelo VPSA; (6) Avaliar o efeito dos inibidores das HDACs na infeção pelo VPSA. Neste estudo, a VPSA-pA104R foi expressa num sistema procariota baseado em Escherichia coli. Após a sua purificação, a sua atividade foi caracterizada através de ensaios EMSA (do inglês “electrophoretic mobility shift assay”) e concluiu-se que esta proteína viral se liga tanto a DNA de cadeia simples como dupla, embora tenha maior afinidade para o de cadeia dupla, e estimou-se que o local de ligação seja cerca de 14 a 16 nucleótidos. Esta ligação ao DNA continua presente em variadas condições de temperaturas, pH e concentrações de sal e é independente de ATP. A perda de atividade da proteína mutada pontualmente no resíduo de arginina localizado na posição 69, revelou que este resíduo é importante para uma ligação eficaz ao DNA. Além disto, foi possível concluir que a carga positiva deste aminoácido é determinante para a capacidade de ligação do pA104R ao DNA. Adicionalmente, uma vez que se observou atividade de superenrolamento de DNA quando a pA104R e uma topoisomerase tipo II viral, pP1192R, foram adicionados a DNA plasmídeo relaxado, este trabalho suporta que o VPSA codifica de facto para proteínas necessárias a compactação do seu genoma e ainda é proposto a existência de um efeito sinérgico entre as duas proteínas virais acima descritas. Como o objetivo de melhor compreender a importância da pA104R na infeção do VPSA, avaliou-se a dinâmica da sua expressão e a sua localização intracelular. A expressão de pA104R foi observada na fase tardia da infeção em células Vero infetadas com o isolado viral Ba71V, co-localizando com núcleo da célula e fábricas virais citoplasmáticas. Em relação à dinâmica de transcrição do gene A104R, apesar de ser típica de um gene tardio, foi possível detetar transcritos a partir das 2 horas pós-infeção (hpi). As experiências usando siRNA (do inglês “small interference RNA”) contra os transcritos do gene A104R, mostraram que a redução dos níveis de RNA deste gene induzem uma redução da progenia viral, do número de cópias de genomas virais e da transcrição de um gene viral tardio (B646L), revelando que o pA104R desempenha um papel crítico na replicação do DNA viral e na expressão de genes virais. Atualmente, as únicas medidas de controlo do VPSA são baseadas na deteção precoce da doença e na rápida aplicação de medidas biossanitárias como o abate de animais infetados, controlo do movimento de animais e a vigilância. As tentativas falhadas até agora em obter uma vacina inativada ou atenuada permitem que novas estratégias, como as vacinas DISC ganhem espaço na investigação do VPSA como uma revigorante estratégia para controlar o VPSA. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo, anteriormente descritos, suportam a ideia que um mutante de deleção no gene A104R replicará o seu genoma nas células hospedeiras, mas não poderá compacta-lo dentro do virião, resultando num virião não-infecioso "vazio" que será incapaz de iniciar um segundo ciclo de infeção. Assim a infeção com este vírus mutante será capaz de estimular o sistema imunitário do hospedeiro, mas ao mesmo tempo será seguro, não produzindo progenia infeciosa. Assim outro objetivo deste trabalho foi então obter um vírus DISC deletado no gene A104R. Para isto, o vírus recombinante foi obtido por recombinação homóloga e uma linha Vero complementar, que expressa a pA104R, foi desenvolvida. Embora, o vírus recombinante tenha sido obtido com sucesso, a linha celular complementar desenvolvida não suporta a sua replicação e, como tal, a seleção e propagação do vírus recombinante não foi possível. Os baixos níveis de expressão de pA104R destas células quando comparados com os de células infetadas poderão explicar esta não complementação. Com base em estudos anteriores que mostram que VPSA regula o estado epigenético da célula hospedeira, o grau de acetilação das histonas de células infetadas foi avaliado e a atividade antiviral de quatro inibidores das HDACs (NaPB, VPA, TSA e SAHA) contra a infeção pelo VPSA também foi testada neste estudo. O VPSA induz uma hipoacetilação dos resíduos de lisina 9 e 14 da histona H3 (H3K9K14). Esta modificação epigenética corrobora outras reportadas noutros estudos e todas elas estão classicamente correlacionada com o silenciamento de genes em células eucarióticas e pode indicar que o VPSA subverte diferentes mecanismos celulares, controlando o acesso da maquinaria de transcrição aos genes hospedeiros. Adicionalmente, um dos inibidores das HDACs testados, o NaPB, reverte este estado de hipoacetilação da histona e inibe a replicação do VPSA, interferindo com a expressão de gene virais tardios. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem fortemente que a pA104R participa da modulação da topologia do DNA viral, estando envolvida na replicação, transcrição e/ ou compactação do DNA viral. Com o objetivo de desenvolver uma vacina DISC, o gene A104R poderá assim constituir um bom alvo a deletar. Esta nova estratégia poderá ser uma alternativa às tentativas até agora falhadas de obter uma vacina contra a PSA. Contudo, antes de uma vacina DISC ser realidade, um esforço científico no desenvolvimento de uma linha celular complementar será imperativo. Os resultados obtidos sugerem ainda que as HDACs celulares estão envolvidas no estabelecimento de infeção pelo VPSA e revelaram que o NaPB pode ser usado como uma estratégia antiviral adicional para controlar a propagação de vírus nas áreas de surto.
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Trefry, John Christopher. "The Development of Silver Nanoparticles as Antiviral Agents." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1307721406.
Full textArsenio, Janilyn. "Development and application of a vaccinia virus based system to study viral proteins modulating interferon expression and interferon induced antiviral activities." Elsevier, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/5068.
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