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Journal articles on the topic 'Vacuum Assisted Resin transfer Molding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Hancioglu, Mert, E. Murat Sozer, and Suresh G. Advani. "Comparison of in-plane resin transfer molding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding ‘effective’ permeabilities based on mold filling experiments and simulations." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 39, no. 1-2 (August 8, 2019): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684419868015.

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Resin transfer molding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding are two of the most commonly used liquid composite molding processes. For resin transfer molding, mold filling simulations can predict the resin flow patterns and location of voids and dry spots which has proven useful in designing the mold and injection locations for composite parts. To simulate vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, even though coupled models are successful in predicting flow patterns and thickness distribution, the input requires fabric compaction characterization in addition to permeability characterization. Moreover, due to the coupled nature of flow and fabric compaction, the simulation is computationally expensive precluding the possibility to optimize the flow design for reliable production. In this work, we present an alternative approach to characterize and use an “effective” permeability in the resin transfer molding solver to simulate resin flow in vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. This decoupled method is very efficient and provides reasonable results. The deviations in mold filling times between experiments and simulations for the resin transfer molding process with E-glass CSM and carbon 5HS were 4.7% and 1.0%, respectively, while for the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding case using “effective permeability value” with E-glass CSM and carbon 5HS fabrics were 11.1% and 12.3%, respectively, which validates the approach presented.

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2

Parnas, Richard S., and Shawn M. Walsh. "Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding model." Polymer Composites 26, no. 4 (2005): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20121.

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3

Chang, Chih-Yuan. "Modeling and evaluation of the filling process of vacuum-assisted compression resin transfer molding." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0160.

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Abstract In the present study, a modified vacuum-assisted compression resin transfer molding (VACRTM) process has been developed to reduce the cycling period. The process uses an elastic bag placed between the upper mold and the preform to replace the mobile rigid mold in compression resin transfer molding. During resin injection, the bag is pulled upward by the vacuum applied in between the upper mold and the bag, and a loose fiber stack is then present. Resin is easily injected into the mold. Once enough volume of resin is injected, the compression pressure is applied on the bag, which compacts the preform and drives the resin through the remaining dry preform. Numerical results show that the bag compression phase is much longer than the resin injection one. A multistage compression strategy can be used to control the compression time. Due to inherent process defects, a higher volume of the injected liquid is essential and thus leads to a longer injection and compression phase in order to inject and squeeze the excess resin. The late compression is very slow in draining the residual resin. As compared with resin transfer molding, VACRTM can reduce the mold-filling time/injection pressure.

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4

TAGA, Kenji. "1323 Resin Flow Simulation under Vacuum assisted Resin Transfer Molding." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2007.82 (2007): _13–23_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2007.82._13-23_.

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5

Song, Young Seok, and Jae Ryoun Youn. "Modeling of resin infusion in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding." Polymer Composites 29, no. 4 (2008): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20326.

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6

Chang, Chih-Yuan. "Numerical study of filling strategies in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 5 (June 1, 2015): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0237.

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Abstract During the filling process of vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), the infusion pressure gradient causes the resin flow and preform thickness variation. Even after the resin infusion discontinues, the resin keeps on flowing until the unnecessary resin is removed. In this study, a one-dimensional flow model coupled to the preform deformation is numerically analyzed to assess the influences of various processing scenarios on the infusion and post-infusion stages. The numerical model is implemented using a finite difference method. Results show that two strategies effectively reduce the filling process. One is to infuse less excess resin and the other is to turn the inlet into the additional vent. For a typical process using a one-sided vent, the theoretically optimum scenario is to infuse the exact required resin volume into the preform. From a practical standpoint, excess resin infusion is inevitable and a robust scenario is proposed by integrating the concept of fully filled preform and two strategies. Additional cases are performed using a vacuum assisted compression RTM (VACRTM) process for comparison purposes. Through the numerical work, a tool for optimization of the VARTM process is provided to reduce the filling process, resin waste and variability in the final composite part.

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7

Sales, Rita de Cássia Mendonça, Silas Rodrigo Gusmão, Ricardo Francisco Gouvêa, Thomas Chu, José Maria Fernandez Marlet, Geraldo Maurício Cândido, and Maurício Vicente Donadon. "The temperature effects on the fracture toughness of carbon fiber/RTM-6 laminates processed by VARTM." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 12 (November 25, 2016): 1729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316679499.

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The increasing use of composite in the aircraft industry has raised the interest for a better understanding of the failure process in these materials, which can be also influenced by the manufacturing process of the laminate. Some materials used in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process have been studied in the open literature but very few data have been published for resin transfer molding-6 epoxy based laminates, in particular studies showing the influence of the temperature on the interlaminar fracture behavior of this type of laminates. The aim of this article is to investigate the interlaminar fracture behavior of resin transfer molding-6 based carbon composite laminates manufactured by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding subjected to Modes I and II at 25℃ and 80℃. The results show the influence of the temperature on the interlaminar fracture toughness of composites and provide a database to design composite aerostructures subjected to temperatures commonly experienced in civil aviation. The fracture aspects of the tested laminates were also investigated and directly related to the trend in results found for the fracture toughness values.

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8

Chang, Chih-Yuan, and Hung-Jie Lin. "Unsaturated polyester/E-glass fiber composites made by vacuum assisted compression resin transfer molding." Journal of Polymer Engineering 32, no. 8-9 (December 1, 2012): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0071.

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Abstract A variant process incorporating the method of bag compression into resin transfer molding (RTM), called vacuum assisted compression RTM (VACRTM), has been developed to reduce the cycling period and improve the quality of the part. The process utilizes a flexible bag placed between the upper mold and the preform compared with RTM. By controlling the stretchable bag, the resin is easily introduced into the cavity filled with a loose preform. Then, ambient pressure is applied on the bag that compacts the preform and drives the resin through the remaining dry preform. The objective of this research is to explore the simplified VACRTM feasibility and investigate the effects of process variables, including resin temperature, resin infusion pressure, mold cavity height and cure temperature, on the mechanical strength of the part, by applying Taguchi’s method. The results show that VACRTM has advantages in terms of its being an easy and good seal among mold parts and the the lack of a need to clean the upper mold. The resin infusion pressure is a significant variable for improvement of the mechanical strength of the part. Optimal VACRTM reduces the filling time by 58% and increases the flexural strength by 10%, as compared with typical vacuum assisted RTM (VARTM).

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9

Hidayatul, Rika Dwi, Ahmad Syuhri, Aris Zainul Mutaqqin, and Lazuardi Rahmadhani. "PENGARUH POSISI VACUUM GATE TERHADAP MATERIAL TERBUANG PADA PROSES VACUUM ASSISTED TRANSFER MOLDING." Jurnal Elemen 4, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.34128/je.v4i2.53.

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Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding merupakan salah satu metode pembuatan produk dimana resin sebagai matriks dihisap dengan tekanan vacuum didalam cetakan dengan bagging trasparan. Produk dari hasil Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding lebih tipis, permukan rata, ketebalan sama dan padat dibandingkan dengan metode Hand Lay Up namun membutuhkan proses Infuse lebih lama. Tujuan dari penelitian dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah untuk mengamati pengaruh dari posisi Vacuum Gate terhadap banyaknya material terbuang dalam proses Infuse suatu produk. Variasi posisi Vacuum Gate diletakan dalam tiga posisi berbeda 60%, 80% dan 100% dari total panjang cetakan serta tekanan Vacuum sebesar -0.6 Bar, -0.8 Bar dan -1.0 Bar menghasilkan material terbuang yang terkumpul dalam Trap Pot seberat 11.3 Gram pada posisi Vacuum gate berada pada 80% dari panjang total cetakan dan tekanan Vacuum sebesar -0.8 Bar. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa posisi Vacuum Gate terbaik untuk meminimaslisir material terbuang adalah pada posisi 80% dari total panjang cetakan, disebabkan karena pada posisi tersebut terbukti mengurangi terjadinya perbedaan aliran resin yang mengalami Infuse, serta dengan tekanan -0.8 Bar adalah tekanan optimal dalam penelitian ini, hal ini dikarenakan apabila dengan tekanan yang terlalu besar menyebabkan aliran resin tidak merata melainkan langsung menuju Vacuum Gate, bila dengan tekanan terlalu kecil berakibat pada waktu Infuse yang lebih lama sehingga terjadi Curing terlebih dahulu sebelum proses Infuse selesai. Dengan memvariasikan tekanan vacuum serta posisi Vacuum Gate menunjukan rekayasa berhasil dilakukan untuk meminimalisir material terbuang dalam pembuatan suatu produk.

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10

Shih, Chih-Hsin, Qingfang Liu, and L. James Lee. "Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding using tackified fiber preforms." Polymer Composites 22, no. 6 (December 2001): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10574.

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11

Kim, Yun-Hae, Kyung-Man Moon, Byeong-Woo Lee, Joon-Young Kim, Dong-Hun Yang, Sung-Won Yoon, Hee-Beom An, and Seung-Jun An. "AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MICRO-VOID CREATION BY IMPURITY IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS DURING VARTM PROCESS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 31 (December 20, 2011): 4204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211066581.

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The effects of impurities on the generation of voids in composites fabricated by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding was investigated to help reduce mechanical weakening in large structures. Impurities were intentionally inserted into laminates, which were then observed optically. Internal voids were generated in specimens with impurities of 2 – 3mm thickness. The voids grew as the impurities' thicknesses increased to 4 – 5 mm. The voids' diameters were proportional to the thickness of the impurity. Void generation was shown to depend on the thickness of impurities. Environmental control during vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding was shown to be important for ensuring the quality of the resulting composites.

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12

Wang, Changchun, Guanghui Bai, Guangquan Yue, Hongfu Li, and Boming Zhang. "Improved tensile properties of laminates by hot-press tackifying using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding and autoclave." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 35, no. 23 (September 30, 2016): 1712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684416666401.

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A hot-press tackifying process was used to improve the mechanical properties of cured laminates in vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding by placing a thermoplastic film into the preforms at various pressures and temperatures. Three modified preforms were prepared at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 MPa using an autoclave, and the laminates were then produced via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. The mechanical properties of the modified laminates were tested and compared to those of the unmodified ones. The fiber volume fractions of the modified laminates decreased with increasing pressure. The tensile strength of the modified laminates at the three pressures improved by 16.78%, 41.21%, and 29.47%, respectively, compared to the unmodified samples. Modified laminates at 0.3 MPa showed better results than those at 0.1 and 0.6 MPa, which were all better than the unmodified samples. The modulus of the modified laminates from vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding was improved by 2.48%, 19.01%, and 13.22%, respectively. The effect of the hot-press tackifying in improving the tensile strength and modulus of a laminate on a pre-impregnated laminate (prepreg) using the autoclave was studied and compared to that of the unmodified case. Here, the tensile strength increased by 32.5% and 12.3%, respectively.

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13

Patel, Himanshu V., and Harshit K. Dave. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF INFUSION STRATEGIES IN VACUUM ASSISTED RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING (VARTM) PROCESS." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 13, no. 3 (December 25, 2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2021.13.3.117.

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The Liquid composite Molding (LCM) process, such as Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM), offers a fast and high-quality production of composites laminates. In the VARTM process, the simulation tool is found beneficial to predict and solve composite manufacturing issues. The part quality is dependent on the resin mold filling stage in the VARTM process. The infiltration of resin into a porous fibrous medium is taken place during the resin mold filling stage. The permeability has a crucial role during the resin mold filling stage. In this study, simulation of resin infusion through multiple injection gates is discussed. The various infusion schemes are simulated to identify defect-free composite manufacturing. The simulation approach is applied to five different stacking sequences of reinforcements. In this transient simulation study, permeability and resin viscosity is essential inputs for the resin flow. The simulation approach found that a gating scheme plays a vital role in mold filling time and defect-free composite fabrication. It is found that the line gating system can be useful for fast mold filling over the point gating system.

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14

Nakanishi, Eitoku, Seijiro Maki, and Satonori Matsumoto. "Molding of C-FRP Plate with Using Induction Heating." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.345.

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Recently, the market for composite materials is dominated by small and medium series production and prototyping [1]. And the VaRTM (Vacuum assisted Resin Transfer Moldings) process is thought to be low cost composite fabrication technique [2]. The preforms in VaRTM are placed on one–side mold and they are sealed by a flexible vacuum bag [3]. The resin is infused into dry fabric formed on a mold near product shape under vacuum pressure and cured in an oven. In general, part defects often arise during the mold filling stage of the process, where a resin is drawn into performs through the use of vacuum. Uniform fill of resin and complete fiber saturation are required for fabricating high quality products [5]. So the resin flow control is extremely required. To solve these problems and short time fabrication, this article investigates the new molding process of C-FRP plate with using the combination of induction heating for quick heating and vacuuming method. To control of the volume fraction easily and to achieve homogeneous impregnation, thermoplastic resin sheet was chosen instead of liquid type. And the C-FRP in a size of 120mm*120mm and the thickness is 6.6mm was able to fabricate by this method.

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15

Ouezgan, Ahmed, Said Adima, Aziz Maziri, El Hassan Mallil, and Jamal Echaabi. "Relaxation-Compression Resin Transfer Molding under Magnetic Field." Key Engineering Materials 847 (June 2020): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.847.81.

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Relaxation-compression resin transfer molding under magnetic field is a new variant of VARTM (“vacuum assisted resin transfer molding”) process, which uses a flexible magnetic membrane controlled by a magnetic force, in order to govern the relaxation and compression phases by changing the permeability of the fabric preform. Thus permits to the resin to enter easily into the mold and to increase the resin impregnation velocity and the fiber volume fraction. This innovation is based on the application of the TRIZ theory (“the theory of inventive problem solving”), which allows us to answer to the shortcomings and the conflict links exist inside the VARTM processes. The objective of this paper is to present this new process and to study the effect of the current intensity and the separated gap between the flexible magnetic membrane and solenoid on the permeability of the preform.

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16

Loudad, Raounak, Abdelghani Saouab, Pierre Beauchene, Romain Agogue, and Bertrand Desjoyeaux. "Numerical modeling of vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding using multilayer approach." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 24 (January 5, 2017): 3441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316687145.

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Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is a very suitable solution for composite manufacturing industry. It allows the manufacturing of large and complex shape parts at low costs. However, the simulation of this process is complicated due to myriad physical phenomena involved, specifically the strong coupling between the resin flow and the preform compressibility, i.e. hydro-mechanical coupling. Moreover, the use of the distribution medium involves two types of flow: Planar flow and through-the-thickness flow. These flows cannot be considered together by a 2D model. On the other hand, 3D models require an important amount of computation time. This article presents a VARTM modeling approach that takes into account the hydro-mechanical coupling and the coexistence of planar and transverse flows. The proposed modeling approach allows the simulation of the infusion process in the case of multilayer preform with different materials and orientations, including the distribution medium. This model is validated experimentally based on several infusions.

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17

Bender, Dominik, Jens Schuster, and Dirk Heider. "Flow rate control during vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) processing." Composites Science and Technology 66, no. 13 (October 2006): 2265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.12.008.

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18

WOODS, B. K. S., N. WERELEY, R. HOFFMASTER, and N. NERSESSIAN. "MANUFACTURE OF BULK MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL ELASTOMERS USING VACUUM ASSISTED RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 28n29 (November 10, 2007): 5010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207045967.

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Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) consist of ferromagnetic particles embedded in a compliant matrix (i.e. elastomer). Due to the magnetic interaction of the ferromagnetic particles, MREs exhibit field dependent physical properties. Very significant changes in the modulus and loss factor of the elastomer can be realized. This makes MREs a promising candidate for active vibration control mechanisms. One factor currently limiting the implementation of this technology is the lack of an efficient manufacturing method that is practical for mass production. Most of the specimens created for previous MRE research were made using simple casting or mechanical mixing methods that are not ideal. In this research a new methodology for producing MREs using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) was investigated. The method was used with a range of iron particles sizes and silicon elastomer systems and found to be effective within certain limits of applicability. The specimens produced were tested in compression under a range of magnetic fields to validate the presence of the MR effect. Relative changes in compressive modulus ranging from 35% to 150% (depending on volume fraction), under fields of around 0.3T were observed.

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19

Mohamed, M., R. R. Vuppalapati, V. Bheemreddy, K. Chandrashekhara, and T. Schuman. "Characterization of polyurethane composites manufactured using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding." Advanced Composite Materials 24, sup1 (April 22, 2014): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2014.909975.

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20

Walsh, Shawn M., and Colin E. Freese. "Numerical model of relaxation during vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM)." Polymer Composites 26, no. 5 (2005): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20135.

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21

Song, Young Seok. "Multiscale fiber-reinforced composites prepared by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding." Polymer Composites 28, no. 4 (2007): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20301.

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22

Francucci, Gastón, Analía Vázquez, Edu Ruiz, and Exequiel S. Rodríguez. "Capillary effects in vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding with natural fibers." Polymer Composites 33, no. 9 (August 11, 2012): 1593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.22290.

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23

Kim, Yun Hae, Jin Woo Lee, and Jun Mu Park. "Flow Characteristics of Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process Depending on the Capillary Phenomenon." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.612.

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Reducing the cost of composite material production is significant for expanding its usage and application in many ways, such as in the fields of aerospace, aviation, ocean industry and so on. To do this, It is important to minimize the production process of the material and to decrease the amount of scraps or any unnecessary particles. The Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) process, which is known for having many advantages, has become recognized as one of the most low-cost manufacturing model. VARTM process can be divided into three main steps: performing, resin filling and hardening steps. The most important step among all these three steps is the Resin Filling stage, a process when resin is impregnated into the mat. Mostly, Resin Filling stage is greatly affected by the level of permeability, a characteristic of stiffener due to pneumatic resistant nature in the process. Other factors such as viscosity, technological vacuuming, or even stiffening process itself could also influence the production as well. During Resin Filling stage, Resin tends to spread out in the center first because of capillary phenomenon. In this research, the researchers examined the mechanical property and the pneumatic nature of Resin by dividing the pneumatic movement of the Resin into sections. Based on this result, the researchers found the correlations between the capillary phenomenon and Resin impregnation, and analyzed the movement mechanism in Resin filling stage.

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24

Xia, Changlei, Sheldon Q. Shi, Liping Cai, and Jun Hua. "Property enhancement of kenaf fiber composites by means of vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM)." Holzforschung 69, no. 3 (April 1, 2015): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0054.

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Abstract This work was aimed at applying vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique to reinforced polymer molding products made of vegetable fibers. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. Malvaceae) bast fibers were preformed into mat by means of a cold press. The unsaturated polyester resin was infused into the preforms at a vacuum pressure of 1.3–1.6 kPa. The examination of the mechanical properties and microstructure of the prepared composites indicated that the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rapture (MOR), and tensile strength (TS) of the VARTM composites were increased by 65.5%, 30.7%, and 41.7%, respectively, compared to the traditional hot-pressing composites. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the VARTM composite moduli in the temperature range of -50°C–200°C were doubled. The observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mercury porosimetry confirmed that the interfacial compatibility between the kenaf fibers and the polyester resin was substantially improved.

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25

Chen, Dingding, Sangjae Yoon, Kazuo Arakawa, and Masakazu Uchino. "Laminate Thickness Evolution during the Resin Infusion Step of Vartm." Advanced Composites Letters 23, no. 6 (November 2014): 096369351402300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351402300601.

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The entire infusion step in a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process was measured by a three-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) testing system. The results showed that a stack of fibre reinforcements initially shrank and then expanded as the resin filled the cavities before closing the inlet. The full-field thickness change distribution calculated from 3D DIC revealed zones that were unsaturated, partly saturated, and fully saturated with resin.

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26

Kang, Moon Koo, and Woo Il Lee. "A dual-scale analysis of macroscopic resin flow in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding." Polymer Composites 25, no. 5 (2004): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20044.

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27

Tuccillo, F., V. Antonucci, A. M. Calabrò, M. Giordano, and L. Nicolais. "Practical and Theoretic Analysis of Resin Flow in Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Processes." Macromolecular Symposia 228, no. 1 (August 2005): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200551018.

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28

Pico, Diego, Samir Machado, Juan Meza, and Jimy Unfried-Silgado. "RESIN FLOW ANALYSIS DURING FABRICATION OF COCONUT MESOCARP FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES USING VARTM PROCESS." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 15, no. 1 (June 20, 2023): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2023.15.1.51.

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Resin transfer molding process (RTM) has recently emerged in liquid composite moulding process (LCM) industry. RTM consists in polymeric resin injection into a closed mold containing a pre-arranged reinforcement material. In this work, the resin flow inside a rectangular mold (310´310´7 mm3) during the fabrication of coconut mesocarp fiber-reinforced composites using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) was simulated. A computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed in ANSYS® FLUENT using a volume of fluid (VOF) method and Darcy's law. The process was simulated for fiber volumetric fraction (xf) contents of 5%, 10%, 15% and 25%. Results showed that for percentages of reinforcement content higher than 25%, air trapping and incomplete filling of the mold occur. Simulated filling times were in acceptable agreement with the values obtained experimentally.

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29

Fracassi, Fabiano T., and Maurício V. Donadon. "Simulation of vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process through dynamic system analysis." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 27 (April 13, 2018): 3759–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318770000.

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Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding is a promising process in advanced composite manufacturing with a wide range of applications in industry. That potential is often misused, though, because of the lack of an efficient and reliable simulation tool to support product development. Most of the simulation methods in use today are based on Darcy’s law, which explains the permeation of a fluid in a porous medium. However, it is known that this law has limitations when applied to the context of dual-scale fibrous reinforcements: macro porosity given by fiber architecture generates resistance to flow, while the inner porosity inherent to fiber tows causes it to absorb resin, affecting the flow. The latter effect cannot be explained by traditional theory. In order to explore these limitations, this work proposes a simplified model to vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process from the point of view of system dynamics, and to prove the viability of such theory. The ultimate goal is to propose a more complete model in light of system dynamics that saves time and cost while offering the same reliability as current simulation models. In order to provide an explanation to both dual-scale phenomena, a parallel association between a resistance and a fluid capacitance is proposed. Model validation is then performed through the analysis of experimental data followed by the comparison between the Darcy infusion profile and the one predicted by the resistor-capacitor-parallel (RC-parallel) circuit model. Thus, this work is able to perform a proof of concept that leads to a novel and yet unexplored field of study.

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30

Rubino, Felice, and Pierpaolo Carlone. "A Semi-Analytical Model to Predict Infusion Time and Reinforcement Thickness in VARTM and SCRIMP Processes." Polymers 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010020.

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In liquid composite molding processes, such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), the resin is drawn through fiber preforms in a closed mold by an induced pressure gradient. Unlike the RTM, where a rigid mold is employed, in VARTM, a flexible bag is commonly used as the upper-half mold. In this case, fabric deformation can take place during the impregnation process as the resin pressure inside the preform changes, resulting in continuous variations of reinforcement thickness, porosity, and permeability. The proper approach to simulate the resin flow, therefore, requires coupling deformation and pressure field making the process modeling more complex and computationally demanding. The present work proposes an efficient methodology to add the effects of the preform compaction on the resin flow when a deformable porous media is considered. The developed methodology was also applied in the case of Seeman’s Composite Resin Infusion Molding Process (SCRIMP). Numerical outcomes highlighted that preform compaction significantly affects the resin flow and the filling time. In particular, the more compliant the preform, the more time is required to complete the impregnation. On the other hand, in the case of SCRIMP, the results pointed out that the resin flow is mainly ruled by the high permeability network.

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31

Xue, Daoshun, Menghe Miao, and Hong Hu. "Permeability anisotropy of flax nonwoven mats in vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding." Journal of the Textile Institute 102, no. 7 (July 2011): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2010.504566.

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32

Uddin, Nasim, Uday Vaidya, Muhammad Shohel, and J. C. Serrano-Perez. "Cost-effective bridge girder strengthening using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM)." Advanced Composite Materials 13, no. 3-4 (January 2004): 255–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568551042580163.

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33

Dai, Jin, and H. Thomas Hahn. "Flexural behavior of sandwich beams fabricated by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding." Composite Structures 61, no. 3 (August 2003): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8223(03)00040-0.

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Simacek, Pavel, Dirk Heider, John W. Gillespie, and Suresh Advani. "Post-filling flow in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding processes: Theoretical analysis." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 40, no. 6-7 (July 2009): 913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.04.018.

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35

Halimi, F., M. Golzar, P. Asadi, and MH Beheshty. "Core modifications of sandwich panels fabricated by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding." Journal of Composite Materials 47, no. 15 (July 4, 2012): 1853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998312451763.

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Chang, Chih-Yuan. "Experimental analysis of mold filling in vacuum assisted compression resin transfer molding." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 31, no. 23 (October 24, 2012): 1630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684412440056.

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37

Cecen, Volkan, and Mehmet Sarikanat. "Experimental characterization of traditional composites manufactured by vacuum-assisted resin-transfer molding." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 107, no. 3 (2007): 1822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.27235.

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38

Fu, Xiang, Chuck Zhang, Richard Liang, Ben Wang, and Jennifer C. Fielding. "High temperature vacuum assisted resin transfer molding of phenylethynyl terminated imide composites." Polymer Composites 32, no. 1 (December 13, 2010): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.21015.

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39

Cicala, G., G. Recca, S. Carciotto, and C. L. Restuccia. "Development of epoxy/hyperbranched blends for resin transfer molding and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding applications: Effect of a reactive diluent." Polymer Engineering & Science 49, no. 3 (March 2009): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21282.

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40

Hsiao, K.-T., R. Mathur, S. G. Advani, J. W. Gillespie,, and B. K. Fink. "A Closed Form Solution for Flow During the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1285907.

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A closed form solution to the flow of resin in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process (VARTM) has been derived. VARTM is used extensively for affordable manufacturing of large composite structures. During the VARTM process, a highly permeable distribution medium is incorporated into the preform as a surface layer. During infusion, the resin flows preferentially across the surface and simultaneously through the preform giving rise to a complex flow front. The analytical solution presented here provides insight into the scaling laws governing fill times and resin inlet placement as a function of the properties of the preform, distribution media and resin. The formulation assumes that the flow is fully developed and is divided into two regimes: a saturated region with no crossflow and a flow front region where the resin is infiltrating into the preform from the distribution medium. The flow front region moves with a uniform velocity. The law of conservation of mass and Darcy’s Law for flow through porous media are applied in each region. The resulting equations are nondimensionalized and are solved to yield the flow front shape and the development of the saturated region. It is found that the flow front is parabolic in shape and the length of the saturated region is proportional to the square root of the time elapsed. The results thus obtained are compared to data from full scale simulations and an error analysis of the solution was carried out. It was found that the time to fill is determined with a high degree of accuracy while the error in estimating the flow front length, d, increases with a dimensionless parameter ε=K2xxh22/K2yyd2. The solution allows greater insight into the process physics, enables parametric and optimization studies and can reduce the computational cost of full-scale 3-dimensional simulations. A parametric study is conducted to establish the sensitivity of flow front velocity to the distribution media/preform thickness ratio and permeabilities and preform porosity. The results provide insight into the scaling laws for manufacturing of large scale structures by VARTM. [S1087-1357(00)02002-5]

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Johnson, R. J., and R. Pitchumani. "Active Control of Reactive Resin Flow in a Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) Process." Journal of Composite Materials 42, no. 12 (June 2008): 1205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998308091264.

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42

Chang, Chih-Yuan, and Wei-Ru Chen. "Influence of processing variables on quality of unsaturated polyester/E-glass fiber composites manufactured by double-bag progressive compression method." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 2018): 168781401879853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018798531.

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A hybrid process of articulated resin transfer molding and vacuum-assisted resin infusion, called double-bag progressive compression method, has been invented to fabricate composite parts. In double-bag progressive compression method, the secondary bag is divided into several segments. During resin infusion, the double bag is drawn upward by vacuum, and the initial flow resistance offered by the loose preform is low. Once the resin infusion is completed, the vacuum on the segmented bags is progressively released to ambient pressure, and the segmental compression is sequentially performed until unnecessary resin is completely removed. This research is to experimentally investigate the influence of double-bag progressive compression method processing parameters, including vacuum pressure in the cavity, number of segments, initiating time of the next compression, temperature of the heated air, initiating segment of the heated air, initial height of the mold cavity, and excess infused resin, on the mechanical property of the part. The design of experiments adopts Taguchi’s method. Results show that the double-bag progressive compression method significantly reduces total filling time and maximally increases the flexural modulus of the part by 17.81% as compared with the typical vacuum-assisted resin infusion. A preferable parameter condition is proposed by taking both the flexural modulus and the operation complexity into account.

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Ahmed Ouezgan, Mouad Bellahkim, Said Adima, Aziz Maziri, El Hassan Mallil, and Jamal Echaabi. "Resin Film Infusion Process: Numerical Algorithm." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 90, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.90.2.2031.

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The liquid composite molding (LCM) belongs to the composite manufacturing processes. In this family, a fabric preform material is placed into the mold cavity, and then it is impregnated with a thermosetting resin of low viscosity, until the fiber skeleton is entirely filled and finally polymerized to create a polymeric composite product. Due to its advantages, LCM has gained attention and competitiveness against other composite manufacturing processes. The resin film infusion (RFI) belongs to the LCM family, but unlike the other variants, such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and vacuum assisted resin infusion (VARI), in which the liquid resin is injected or infused into the mold cavity, the resin in the RFI process is placed into the mold cavity in the semi-cured state. Then, under pressure and temperature, the resin film will be liquefied and impregnated the fibrous reinforcement in the thickness direction. This particularity permits to RFI to fabricate large complex composite structures and reduce significantly the equipment cost as compared to the conventional resin transfer molding processes. However, as this variant used only a vacuum bag as the upper half-mold, the fabricated part has non-uniformity in the thickness, low dimensional tolerances and low fiber volume fraction. The main objective of this paper is to propose a numerical algorithm allowing to study the influence of part thickness on the RFI’ filling time. Numerical simulation is based on the explicit finite difference method. The results obtained show that the filling time increases parabolically with the part thickness.

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Murthy, Madhav, K. Mallikharjuna Babu, and Martin Jebraj. "Effect of Volume Fraction and Resin System on Tensile, Compression and Flexural Strength of Electrical Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Laminate." Solid State Phenomena 287 (February 2019): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.287.86.

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This work deals with the experimental studies on effect of changing volume fraction and also various resin systems like Epoxy LY556, AW106 & CY230 on ultimate tensile, compression and flexural strength of a polymer matrix composite. The specimens were prepared through vacuum assisted resin transfer molding technique. The vacuum pump is a double stage rotary vacuum pump of specifications 300 lpm, 1 hp &3ph. Reinforcements of different thickness/layer of bidirectional e-glass fibers were used and the epoxy resins of varying viscosities were used. The machining of the fabricated specimens was carried out using abrasive water jet cutting facility. The test coupons were tested as per ASTM standards. Tensile, compression and flexural tests were carried out for each experiment and three trials were made for each experiment in order to arrive at the average value of tensile, compressive and flexural strength. The inferences are drawn for each type of resin system and volume fraction of the matrix and reinforcement used which helps in understanding the enhancement in ultimate strength of the test coupon under study.

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45

Evsyukov, Sergey, Ronald Klomp-de Boer, HD Stenzenberger, Tim Pohlmann, and Matthijs ter Wiel. "A new m-xylylene bismaleimide-based high performance resin for vacuum-assisted infusion and resin transfer molding." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 22 (February 18, 2019): 3063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319830478.

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A novel low-melting, low-viscosity, one-part bismaleimide resin based on m-xylylene bismaleimide has been developed and examined for application in vacuum-assisted resin infusion. The resin is a fully formulated system comprising a ternary eutectic BMI mixture blended with bis-( o-propenylphenoxy)benzophenone and 2,2'-bis(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane as co-monomers. The resin offers enhanced properties for melt processing techniques. The formulation strategy and chemistry is presented and discussed in detail. For resin infusion and/or resin transfer molding technologies, the melt processing temperature of the resin is in the range of 90–110℃. Processing data of the uncured and mechanical properties of cured neat resin are provided. The resin shows a Tgof 285℃ when post-cured at 250℃ for 6 h. Finally, a 400 × 500 mm2carbon fabric laminate was successfully molded for demonstration by a VARI process. The microscopic study reveals no voids and no laminate surface imperfections. The VARI processing details are presented and discussed.

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46

Li, Yan Liang, Xiao Su Yi, and Bang Ming Tang. "The Thickness and the Inerior Quality of Composite Panel in the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process." Materials Science Forum 686 (June 2011): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.686.468.

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The objective of this paper was focused on predicting the thickness and the interior quality of carbon fiber composite panel during the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The character of the VARTM process determined that it was low cost. A panel made of Epoxy resin, and carbon fibers, was used as the simplest article to experiment and except routine items, the thickness and the interior quality was focused. In the process, the flow front of the resin was record using a digital camera. Darcy’s law was the model of resin flow. The results showed that the flow front history would reach unanimous, thickness near the edges was difficult to control, and most of the porosity came from the injection line where more resin cumulated.

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47

Simacek, Pavel, Ömer Eksik, Dirk Heider, John W. Gillespie, and Suresh Advani. "Experimental validation of post-filling flow in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding processes." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 43, no. 3 (March 2012): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.10.002.

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Changchun, Wang, Bai Guanghui, Wang Yang, Zhang Boming, and Pan Lijian. "Permeability Tests of Fiber Fabrics in the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process." Applied Composite Materials 22, no. 4 (August 20, 2014): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-014-9412-5.

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49

(Jonathan) Dong, Chensong. "An Equivalent Medium Method for the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process Simulation." Journal of Composite Materials 40, no. 13 (September 20, 2005): 1193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998305057429.

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50

Grujicic, M., K. M. Chittajallu, and Shawn Walsh. "Non-isothermal preform infiltration during the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process." Applied Surface Science 245, no. 1-4 (May 2005): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.09.123.

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