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Journal articles on the topic 'Vacuum degassing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Valenti, Michael. "Vacuum Degassing Yields Stronger Steel." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 04 (April 1, 1998): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-apr-1.

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This article discusses the vacuum degassing technology that improves quality of products and shortens processing cycles. This technology is becoming more popular thanks to the greater demand for better steels by customers in the automotive, construction, and rail markets. The future of vacuum-degassing systems is bright, in spite of their hefty price tag. Kvaerner Metals has built vacuum-degassing systems costing $25 million on the low end up to $55 million for its steel-making clients. Maintenance of the vacuum system is an ongoing challenge for the steel plant. To maintain high availability, routine searches and repair of air leaks is required. Special attention is needed for the refractory systems to maximize their life cycles. Despite those concerns, Kvaerner Metals’ Holmes remarked that vacuum-degassing systems are likely to become more widely used by major steel companies striving to keep their competitive edge in the niche applications now under assault by smaller competitors already equipped with the equipment.

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2

Burgmann, W., and K. Göhler. "Modern Vacuum Pumps for the Vacuum Degassing of Steel in Small and Large Vacuum-Degassing Units." Metallurgist 57, no. 5-6 (September 2013): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-013-9762-5.

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3

Wong, Dominick, Mahmood Anwar, Sujan Debnath, Abdul Hamid Abdullah, Sudin Izman, and Alokesh Pramanik. "Degassing Process Influence on Tensile Strength of Neat E132 Epoxy Polymeric Materials." Materials Science Forum 1026 (April 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1026.129.

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During the composite’s fabrication process, one of the most common defect occurs is void. Numerous literatures have suggested that the presence of void negatively affect its mechanical properties and effective degassing process is one the solutions for such issue. In this study, experiments were carried out using neat E132 epoxy to investigate the effects of different degassing process (hot water, ultrasonic bath, and vacuum) on its tensile strength. The duration of its process was carried out from 5 – 9 minutes for hot water and ultrasonic bath where vacuum process was extended until 10 minutes to observed limiting behavior. It is found that the vacuum degassing method is the most effective. Vacuum degassing process displayed the least formation of bubble and micro voids even for 10 minutes. It is also revealed that vacuum degassing process resulted the highest average tensile strength at 48.8MPa. Such findings would facilitate the well bonded effective nanocomposite fabrication process.

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4

Han, Qin You. "Ultrasonic Degassing of Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.155.

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This article discusses research on using power ultrasound for degassing of molten aluminum alloys. At least three types of technique have been developed for ultrasonic degassing. The type deals with degassing using power ultrasound alone. Degassing in a small melt can be achieved within a few minutes of ultrasonic vibration. The second type is ultrasound assisted vacuum degassing. A combination of vacuum and power ultrasound makes degassing much complete and fast. The third type is ultrasound assisted lance degassing. Ultrasonic vibration is used to break up the large argon or nitrogen bubbles into much smaller ones, resulting in an increased efficiency of degassing of aluminum melt. The benefits of ultrasonic degassing include: no moving/rotation part in the degassing system; less use of argon and no use of chlorine; and less amount of dross formation during degassing. Furthermore, trace elements such as Na and Li can be removed using ultrasonic degassing. Keywords: Aluminum alloys, degassing, porosity, and power ultrasound

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5

Kuo, Chil Chyuan, Min Hsiang Wu, and Ming Yang Lai. "Development of a Low-Cost Automatic Vacuum Degassing System for Rapid Tooling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 459 (October 2013): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.459.349.

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Silicone rubber mold is frequently used in the indirect tooling. Automatic vacuum casting system is widely used to degas in the manufacturing of silicone rubber mold, but the cost of hardware is very expensive. A low-cost automatic vacuum degassing system is designed, build and test in this study. Optimized parameters for degassing process are investigated. The saving in the degassing time is about 23.4%.This system offers many advantages such as reducing human error of operator, reducing noise and air pollutions derived from the vacuum pump of the vacuum casting system.

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6

Popescu, Gabriela, I. Gheorghe, F. Dănilă, and Petru Moldovan. "Vacuum Degassing of Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 217-222 (May 1996): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.217-222.147.

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7

Juan, Jaime, Arlindo Silva, Jose Antonio Tornero, Jose Gámez, and Nuria Salán. "Void Content Minimization in Vacuum Infusion (VI) via Effective Degassing." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172876.

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This paper addresses the major concern which component porosity represents in Vacuum Infusion (VI) manufacturing due to resin gelation at pressures close to absolute vacuum. Degassing is a fundamental step to minimize or even avoid resin outgassing and enhance dissolution of voids created during preform impregnation. The efficacy of different degassing procedures based on vacuum degassing, and assisted by adding a nucleation medium, High Speed (HS) resin stirring and/or later pressurization during different time intervals have been analyzed in terms of final void content is studied. Through a rigorous and careful design of the manufacturing process, outgassing effects on final void content were isolated from the rest of porosity causes and specimens with two clearly identifiable regions in terms of porosity were manufactured to facilitate its analysis. Maximum void content was kept under 4% and porous area size was reduced by 72% with respect to conventional vacuum degassing when resin was stirred at HS; therefore, highlighting the importance of enhancing bubble formation during degassing.

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8

Fedchak, James A., Julia Scherschligt, Daniel Barker, Stephen Eckel, Alex P. Farrell, and Makfir Sefa. "Vacuum furnace for degassing stainless-steel vacuum components." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 36, no. 2 (March 2018): 023201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.5016181.

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9

Malashkina, V. A. "Monitoring the effectiveness of the coal mine degassing system-the basis for safe work of miners." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, no. 6-1 (May 20, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2020-61-0-38-45.

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The process of degassing coal mines has become an integral part of the technological process of coal mining in the development of gas-bearing coal deposits. Research data and practice confirm the impact of degassing efficiency on all stages of the technological process, and has a significant positive impact on the technology and economy of the faces, sections and mines as a whole. Continuous monitoring of the main performance indicators of the degassing system (degassing and gas-pumping plants) allows early detection of dangerous and adverse factors that affect the safety of miners. The main indicators of the efficiency of degassing systems should include not only compliance with regulatory documents, the content of methane in each mining operation,but also the continuity of the degassing and gas-pumping plants. This indicator can be provided by the stability of the underground vacuum degassing gas pipeline and vacuum pumping station. Timely condensate discharge and maximum tightness of the vacuum gas pipeline for these conditions must be provided. Data on monitoring these indicators affect the quality of operation of the vacuum pumping station and, consequently, to ensure a safe situation in the mine workings. Comparison of current indicators with standard ones in the current time mode will allow timely detection of dangerous situations and make appropriate decisions aimed at reducing accidents at gas-rich coal mines

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10

Kuo, Chil Chyuan, and Chuan Ming Huang. "Development of a High Efficiency Degassing System for Making Silicone Rubber Mold." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.835.

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Silicone rubber mold is regarded as an important method of reducing the cost and time to market in a new product development process. Commercial automatic vacuum machine is widely used to degas in the manufacturing of silicone rubber mold, but the cost of hardware is very expensive. A high efficiency degassing system is designed and implemented from regular vacuum machine. It is found that degassing process includes explosion phase, balance phase and convergence phase. The maximum saving in the degassing time is about 63.7%. The advantages of this system include reducing human error of operator, reducing noise and air pollutions derived from the vacuum pump.

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11

Hurtig, J. B., and D. Sichen. "Hydrogen pick-up after vacuum degassing." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 42, no. 1 (July 21, 2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281214y.0000000199.

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12

Sokolov, A. N., and G. I. Kuznetsov. "Refractories for vacuum degassing of steel." Refractories 28, no. 11-12 (November 1987): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01403210.

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13

Ming, Ping Mei, Y. J. Li, and W. J. Jiang. "Morphology and Microhardness of Nickel Electroformed under Vacuum-Degassing Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 455 (December 2010): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.455.495.

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Ni deposits were prepared from a nickel sulfamate type electrolyte bath under vacuum-degassing and temperature-gradient conditions without any additives. Morphology and microhardness of the deposits obtained at the current density of 1A/dm2, 3A/dm2, 5A/dm2 and 7A/dm2 were examined and analyzed. Experimental results showed that the deposits obtained under vacuum-degassing and temperature-gradient conditions exhibited fewer pinhole defects and finer grain size comparing with those formed under conventional deposition conditions, and that the microhardness of the deposits was greater than that from conventional deposition conditions without additives while lower than that from conventional deposition conditions with additives. Under the vacuum-degassing conditions, the electroforms had remarkably smoother surface with fewer void defects and finer grain size, and considerably microhardness.

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14

Zhao, Zemeng, Zhibang Liu, Yang Xiang, Moses Arowo, and Lei Shao. "Removal of Dissolved Oxygen from Water by Nitrogen Stripping Coupled with Vacuum Degassing in a Rotor–Stator Reactor." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081354.

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Oxygen is a harmful substance in many processes because it can bring out corrosion and oxidation of food. This study aimed to enhance the removal of dissolved oxygen (DO) from water by employing a novel rotor–stator reactor (RSR). The effectiveness of the nitrogen stripping coupled with vacuum degassing technique for the removal of DO from water in the RSR was investigated. The deoxygenation efficiency (η) and the mass transfer coefficient (KLa) were determined under various operating conditions for the rotational speed, liquid volumetric flow rate, gas volumetric flow rate, and vacuum degree. The nitrogen stripping coupled with vacuum degassing technique achieved values for η and KLa of 97.34% and 0.0882 s−1, respectively, which are much higher than those achieved with the vacuum degassing technique alone (η = 89.95% and KLa = 0.0585 s−1). A correlation to predict the KLa was established and the predicted KLa values were in agreement with the experimental values, with deviations generally within 20%. The results indicate that RSR is a promising deaerator thanks to its intensification of gas–liquid contact.

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15

Leiknes, T. "Vacuum degassing using microporous hollow fiber membranes." Separation and Purification Technology 22-23, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2001): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5866(00)00151-9.

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16

Shalimov, Al G. "Modern vacuum systems for steel degassing units." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2014, no. 6 (June 2014): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029514060135.

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17

Gunenkov, V. Yu, V. V. Pivtsaev, V. V. Énders, M. P. Gulyaev, S. V. Kazakov, and P. V. Bizyukov. "Production of Cord Steel Without Vacuum Degassing." Metallurgist 47, no. 9/10 (September 2003): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mell.0000015272.32535.d8.

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18

Imagumbai, Masana, Hiroyuki Kajioka, and Hiroshi Takechi. "Application of Nb-O Affinity in Clean Steel." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.559.

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This report introduces a new deoxidation process that starts with a vacuum degassing followed by the addition of ferro-niobium in the same vacuum facility. The addition of strong deoxidation substance like aluminum and/or silicon is not adopted. Owing to the degassing in vacuum, which in reality reacts as deoxidation with C in molten steel, the solute oxygen in molten steel (O) is stabilized by niobium, which generates an ample number of fine oxide particles composed of (Nb, Mn)2O3-phase. Provided the carbon-degassing is conducted so as to reach the O prior to the FeNb addition would be around 100ppm and less, these oxide-inclusions do not agglomerate before and during solidification, because of the weak cohesivity of niobium-based oxides in molten steel, which would enable defect-free cast products as well as clogging-less casting operation. Also, the steel containing these fine (Nb, Mn)2O3-particles but no Al, exhibits so-called intra-granular acicular ferrite transformation and good toughness of weld heat affected zone (HAZ).

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19

Inoue, Shigeru, Yoshikazu Furuno, Tsutomu Usui, and Shinobu Miyahara. "Acceleration of Decarburization in RH Vacuum Degassing Process." ISIJ International 32, no. 1 (1992): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.32.120.

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20

Kämäräinen, Joni-Kristian, Heikki Kälviäinen, Kari Terho, and Erkki Saarelainen. "Visual quality control of the vacuum tank degassing." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 33, no. 22 (August 2000): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)37021-0.

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21

Bazinenkov, A. M., I. A. Efimov, A. P. Rotar, and D. A. Ivanova. "Gas Analysis of Magnetorheological Elastomer During Vacuum Degassing." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 781 (May 5, 2020): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/781/1/012008.

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22

Riyahimalayeri, K., and P. Ölund. "Development of oxide inclusions during vacuum degassing process." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 40, no. 4 (May 2013): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281212y.0000000049.

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23

Burgmann, W., T. Gustafson, and J. Davené. "Selection of vacuum pump system for steel degassing." Metallurgical Research & Technology 111, no. 2 (2014): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2014023.

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24

Fomin, V. I., A. V. Boiko, A. A. Bondarchuk, S. P. Korshikov, and R. V. Trimbachev. "Degassing metal in a circulatory vacuum-treatment unit." Steel in Translation 39, no. 12 (December 2009): 1086–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091209120110.

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25

Rotar, D., and E. Kansky. "Vacuum degassing of ceramic suspension for injection molding." Vacuum 37, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(87)90129-1.

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26

Song, Hongzan, Ningning Zhao, Weichao Qin, Bing Duan, Xiaoya Ding, Xu Wen, Peng Qiu, and Xinwu Ba. "High-performance ionic liquid-based nanocomposite polymer electrolytes with anisotropic ionic conductivity prepared by coupling liquid crystal self-templating with unidirectional freezing." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 5 (2015): 2128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta05720a.

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27

Pieprzyca, J., T. Merder, M. Saternus, and K. Michalek. "Physical Modelling Of The Steel Flow In RH Apparatus." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 1859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0317.

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Abstract The efficiency of vacuum steel degassing using RH methods depends on many factors. One of the most important are hydrodynamic processes occurring in the ladle and vacuum chamber. It is always hard and expensive to determine the flow character and the way of steel mixing in industrial unit; thus in this case, methods of physical modelling are applied. The article presents the results of research carried out on the water physical model of RH apparatus concerning the influence of the flux value of inert gas introduced through the suck legs on hydrodynamic conditions of the process. Results of the research have visualization character and are presented graphically as a RTD curves. The main aim of such research is to optimize the industrial vacuum steel degassing process by means of RH method.

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28

Gu, Hong, Yong Zhi Zou, Zheng Bin Xu, and Jian Min Zeng. "Investigation on Purification and Degassing of TiB₂/Al Composite Fabricated by LSM Method." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 3051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.3051.

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In the present paper, TiB2/Al composite with 5% volume fraction of TiB2 was fabricated by LSM method. The effects of purification and degassing methods on TiB2/Al composite were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and image analysis. Hydrogen contents in the molten composites were detected and compared among flux, inert gas and vacuum purification processes. The experimental results indicate that under general cast condition a majority of the TiB2 particles distribute on grain boundary, and only a few particles disperse within grains. The flux and vacuum purifications have no virtual impact on the distribution of TiB2 and the fraction of TiB2 remains the same after purification. However, degassing with inert gas will be detrimental; the TiB2 particles will be separated and removed from the matrix. The hydrogen contents for flux, inert gas and vacuum processes are 0.15ml/100g/Al, 0.12ml/100g/Al and 0.12ml/100g/Al respectively.

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29

Sofiiskyi, Kostiantyn, and Oleksandr Petukh. "The results of experimental research of the parameters of methane capturing by local degassing wells in the undermining area." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900097.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of the mine instrumental measurements of the local degassing system of the m3 seam on the horizon of 1100 m of the mine named. V.M. Bazhanov to establish the basic rational parameters with the subsequent application of the biotechnological method of reducing the concentration of methane. As a result of mine instrumental measurements (vacuum-gas surveys at the borehole heads), the parameters of the degassing process (methane flow rate at the borehole heads and the average vacuum on them), technological parameters (angle of turn and tilt of wells, their length), well flow rate efficiency from the distance to the bottom of the longwall and the displacement of the undermined rocks. Establishing the basic parameters of degassing will allow you to quickly manage the flow rate of wells and underpressure at their mouths, taking into account the specific mining and geological and mining conditions. The use of biofilters allows controlling the concentration of methane in the atmosphere of mine roadway by methanotrophic bacteria.

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30

Tutarova, Vlasta D., Alexey N. Shapovalov, and Alexander N. Kalitaev. "Objective Laws of Nitrogen Removal in the Vacuum Tank Degasser." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.381.

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This article discusses the problems of efficient removal of nitrogen in the vacuum tank degasser operating at the electric arc furnace shop of Uralskaya Stal (Ural Steel) OJSC in the course of manufacturing of high-quality low carbon steel grades by means of steel grades «2» and «T». In order to determine the reasonable and balanced treatment parameters that ensure the required level of nitrogen content in the above steel grades, an analysis of production data for the period of November-December 2016 has been carried out. This analysis is the basis for identifying the vacuum degassing parameters in compliance with the technological capabilities and well-balanced levels, which allow predicting the level of nitrogen content in steel. To assess the cumulative quantitative effect of the main parameters of vacuum degassing on nitrogen removal, there has been performed a regression analysis. As a result, there have been obtained multiple regression equations describing a rational combination of steel treatment parameters for achieving the required nitrogen removal level.

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31

Bazinenkov, A. M., D. A. Ivanova, I. A. Efimov, and A. P. Rotar. "STUDY OF ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF A MAGNETO-RHEOLOGICAL ELASTOMER FOR VIBRO-INSULATION IN VACUUM." Journal of Dynamics and Vibroacoustics 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2409-4579-2020-6-1-43-47.

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Magnetorheological elastomer is used in vibration isolation and damping systems; it is promising to use a platform of active vibration isolation in a vacuum to provide vibration protection for the research object. Polymer is a composite material whose rheological properties can change under the influence of a directed magnetic field. For the correct operation of the platform, the constancy of mechanical properties is necessary, which can change during degassing with increasing temperature. The paper presents the results of studies of the mechanical properties of MRE with various compositions prior to degassing in a vacuum. It was found that the elastic modulus of the polymer directly depends on the concentration of filler particles, and no dependence on the presence of surfactants was found.

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32

Schmitt, Manfred, Eckhard Faber, Reiner Botz, and Peter Stoffers. "Extraction of methane from seawater using ultrasonic vacuum degassing." Analytical Chemistry 63, no. 5 (March 1991): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00005a029.

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33

Koebley, Sean R., Ronald A. Outlaw, and Randy R. Dellwo. "Degassing a vacuum system with in-situ UV radiation." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 30, no. 6 (November 2012): 060601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4754292.

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34

Sedush, V. Ya, V. A. Sidorov, S. A. Nesterenko, V. I. Isaenko, and Zh P. Podberezkin. "Checking the air-tightness of a vacuum-degassing unit." Metallurgist 31, no. 7 (July 1987): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00732735.

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35

Park, Suhee, Hyungseok Cho, Junhyeong Kim, and Ki-Ho Han. "Lateral Degassing Method for Disposable Film-Chip Microfluidic Devices." Membranes 11, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050316.

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It is critical to develop a fast and simple method to remove air bubbles inside microchannels for automated, reliable, and reproducible microfluidic devices. As an active degassing method, this study introduces a lateral degassing method that can be easily implemented in disposable film-chip microfluidic devices. This method uses a disposable film-chip microchannel superstrate and a reusable substrate, which can be assembled and disassembled simply by vacuum pressure. The disposable microchannel superstrate is readily fabricated by bonding a microstructured polydimethylsiloxane replica and a silicone-coated release polymeric thin film. The reusable substrate can be a plate that has no function or is equipped with the ability to actively manipulate and sense substances in the microchannel by an elaborately patterned energy field. The degassing rate of the lateral degassing method and the maximum available pressure in the microchannel equipped with lateral degassing were evaluated. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated using complex structured microfluidic devices, such as a meandering microchannel, a microvortex, a gradient micromixer, and a herringbone micromixer, which often suffer from bubble formation. In conclusion, as an easy-to-implement and easy-to-use technique, the lateral degassing method will be a key technique to address the bubble formation problem of microfluidic devices.

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36

Tsepelev, Vladimir S., Yuri N. Starodubtsev, and Nadezhda P. Tsepeleva. "Thermophysical Properties of Pipe Steel in the Liquid State." Metals 11, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071099.

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The temperature dependences of the kinematic viscosity and surface tension of liquid pipe steel with different modes of melt preparation were investigated. A transition zone was found on the temperature dependences of the thermophysical properties, which separates the regions with different activation energies of viscous flow and surface tension. At the heating stage in the transition zone, the thermal decomposition of clusters based on cementite Fe3C occurs. As a result of the decomposition, free carbon atoms appear which tend to give a uniform distribution in liquid iron with increasing temperature. At a low content of alloying elements and impurities, a high-temperature melt should have a large-scale cluster structure, which provides a more uniform distribution of chemical elements. The melt after vacuum degassing has a narrow transition zone near 1920 K, in contrast to the wide transition zone of the melt without vacuum degassing. The wider transition zone is shifted to high-temperature and this shift is associated with the thermal decomposition of carbides and oxides. Studies have shown that heating liquid pipe steel above the temperature of the liquid–liquid structural transition makes it possible to obtain a more homogeneous structure with a more uniform distribution of alloying and impurity elements in the melt. The sharp drop in surface tension at temperatures above 1920 K in the melt without vacuum degassing is associated with the diffusion of free S and O atoms, which are released after thermal decomposition of sulfides and oxides.

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37

Ciocan, Anisoara, and Beatrice Tudor. "Effect of Secondary Vacuum Treatment on Performance Characteristics of A516 Grade 65 Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1143 (February 2017): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.38.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the making technology of clean steel used in the oil, gas and petrochemical industry. The steel was obtained into conventional electric arc furnace. To enhance the steel quality a secondary refining treatment was applied. The purity characteristics of the steel A516 Grade 65, before and after the treatment in the vacuum arc degassing equipment are discussed and compared. The deoxidation, desulphurisation in the presence of basic slag and degassing by injecting an inert gas and also by vacuum exposure are effective in reducing non-metallic inclusions and for chemical composition control. Data from 31 melts obtained in two industrial conditions are presented according to steel making parameters. The variation of chemical composition, especially of content of S, P, and the cleanliness of the steel in terms of content of non-metallic inclusions are analyzed.

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38

Smirnova, Elizaveta A., Irina A. Eliseeva, and Aleksey N. Shapovalov. "The Degassing Laws for Railway Wheel Steel in a Vacuum Tank Degasser." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.269.

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The research presents the results of data analysis on degassing of wheel grades of steels in a tank degasser with a capacity of 120 tons, operated at the JSC “Ural Steel”. The volume of the analyzed sample included 754 steels for railway wheels (steel grades “2” and “T” according to State standard GOST 10791-2011) weighing more than 80 thousand tons received in November-December 2019.It was established that in order to guarantee the production of hydrogen content of less than 1.5 ppm and nitrogen before 0.007%, it is necessary to carry out vacuum treatment of metal with overheating of 110-130°C at the residual pressure of up to 3 mbar for 20-25 minutes and argon flow rate of at least 0.05 m3/ton. The regression equation was obtained, which allows to predict the results of degassing, as well as select the values of vacuum treatment parameters in order to achieve a given content of dissolved gases - hydrogen and nitrogen.

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39

Ming, P. M., D. Zhu, Y. Y. Hu, and Y. B. Zeng. "Micro-electroforming under periodic vacuum-degassing and temperature-gradient conditions." Vacuum 83, no. 9 (May 2009): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2009.03.032.

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Steneholm, Karin, Margareta Andersson, and Pär Jönsson. "Change of Inclusion Characteristics during Vacuum Degassing of Tool Steel." steel research international 77, no. 6 (June 2006): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200606404.

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Kleimt, B., S. Köhle, K. P. Johann, A. Jungreithmeier, and Joseba Molinero. "Dynamic process model for denitrogenation and dehydrogenation by vacuum degassing." Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 29, no. 5 (October 2000): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0692.2000.d01-23.x.

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Antipova, A. B., G. I. Kuznetsov, A. I. Agaryshev, A. D. Sborshchik, V. L. Kostenko, M. A. Chernenko, and V. V. Zagnoiko. "Improving the lining design of a steel vacuum degassing unit." Refractories 29, no. 11-12 (November 1988): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01280352.

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43

Protasov, A. V. V. "Domestic developments of equipment and technologies of steel in-linne degassing in the process of continuous casting." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 1004–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-10-1004-1012.

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Abstract:

Apart from traditional methods of steel ladle treatment, degassing in the process of continuous casting (in-line degassing) is a perspective one. In the world a line of process flowsheets have been elaborated, but in practice the only one process has been implemented, which was developed by Professor G.A. Sokolov based on theoretical elaborations. The experience of its application in the BOF shop No. 2 of NLMK confirmed the efficiency of degassing in the process of continuous casting and expediency of further work on perfection of the technology and facilities structure for in-line degassing. Accounting the experience gained at AKHK “VNIIMETMASH”, a modified variant of in-line degassing facility was elaborated based on technological specifications of CNIIchermet. It was noted, that thanks to additional bunker-accumulator, fixed at the vacuum chamber, a possibility appeared to change steel ladles without disruption of continuous casting series. It enables to increase the share of degassed steel. At the designing of BOF shop of “Zaporozhstal” steel-works, planned for construction, specialists of AKHK “VNIIMETMASH”, CNIIchermet and YUMZ elaborated a design of two-position facility of increased efficiency for steel in-line degassing. Detailed description of the facility design presented as well as description of its basic units, elaborated at the level in invention. Taking into account that the facility height with the accumulator will make it difficult to place it in the existing shops, a modified in-line degassed elaborated without accumulator, which makes it possible continuous degassing of several heats. Such a degasser can be applied at both continuous casting of steel and casting of large ingots from several heats. The backlog, created by domestic scientists and specialists enables to solve technical problems, arising at elaboration and running of modern facilities of in-line degassing.

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Dai, Jiao Yan, Si Guo Mu, Yong Ru Wang, Xiao Pan Yang, and Jie Li. "Influence of La and Ce on Microstructure and Properties of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1168.

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The degassing and dedusting mechanism of La and Ce during non-vacuum melting process of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy were analyzed by thermodynamics. The gibbs free energy changes of reactions of La and Ce with some impurties such as O2, H2, S, P and Si, were calculated to discriminate the possibility of reaction during the melting process, respectively. In addition, the effect of La and Ce on microstructure and properties were studied. The results show that La and Ce can react with O2, H2, S, P and Si, which improves the effect of degassing and dedusting remarkably; the addition of La and Ce can eliminate pine-tree crystal, fine grain and clear grain bourdary.

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Ravichandar, D., Thangavel Balusamy, and K. Bommannan Nagashanmugam. "Reducing UT Rejections in Cr-Mo and High Mn Steels by Controlling Hydrogen and Optimising Superheat." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.38.

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JSW Steel Limited, Salem Works (JSWSL), is an integrated steel plant, having a production capacity of 1.0 mtpa (million tons per annum) of high-grade automotive special steels. At JSWSL, hydrogen induced cracks and center unsoundness contribute more to UT (Ultrasonic testing) rejections in chrome-molybdenum (Cr-Mo) and high manganese grade steels. Hydrogen induced cracks was controlled by increasing argon flow rate from 3-4 Nm3 to 7-9 Nm3 during vacuum degassing. Vigorous purging led to a reduction in hydrogen levels from around 2 ppm (parts per million) to less than 1.5 ppm. Center unsoundness was controlled through optimising superheats in tundish. Data of trial heats revealed that, UT rejections were more in heats cast with superheat levels more than 35°C. Based on the data obtained from trial heats superheat was optimised to 25-35°C for both Cr-Mo and high manganese steels. The present paper discusses the measures taken to reduce UT rejections in these grades.KeywordsJSWSL, Cr-Mo, High Mn steels, UT rejections, superheat, hydrogen induced cracks, center unsoundness, vacuum degassing, continuous casting.

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Zeng, Jianmin, Ping Gu, and Youbing Wang. "Investigation of Inner Vacuum Sucking method for degassing of molten aluminum." Materials Science and Engineering: B 177, no. 19 (November 2012): 1717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2012.02.005.

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Iwamoto, Kotaro, Michiaki Yamasaki, and Yoshihito Kawamura. "Vacuum degassing behavior of rapidly solidified Al–Mn–Zr alloy powders." Materials Science and Engineering: A 449-451 (March 2007): 1013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.252.

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Yamasaki, Michiaki, Kotaro Iwamoto, and Yoshihito Kawamura. "Oxidation and Vacuum Degassing Behavior of Rapidly Solidified Al Alloy Powders." ECS Transactions 1, no. 4 (December 21, 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2215488.

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Zhu, Xinwen, Dongliang Jiang, and Shouhong Tan. "Improvement in the strength of reticulated porous ceramics by vacuum degassing." Materials Letters 51, no. 4 (November 2001): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(01)00322-6.

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Pylvänäinen, Mika, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, Juhani Nissilä, Jouni Laurila, Konsta Karioja, Seppo Ollila, Timo Fabritius, and Toni Liedes. "Vibration‐Based Monitoring of Gas‐Stirring Intensity in Vacuum Tank Degassing." steel research international 91, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1900587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201900587.

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