Journal articles: 'Vacuum evaporation method'

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Kuruba, Eresh Kumar, P. V. K. Jagannadha Rao, D. Khokhar, and S. Patel. "Influence of process variables on quality attributes of jaggery prepared by vacuum pan evaporation technology." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijae/13.2/188-194.

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Jaggery is a solid unrefined, non- centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) with unique colour, flavor and aroma obtained from crushing of cane and evaporating of sugarcane juice. In this paper vacuum pan evaporation method were used sugarcane juice boiling at vacuum pressure (Vp : 500-700 mm of Hg), time (t:60-90 min) and temperature (T:100-1200 C). The quality attributes of jaggery developed from vacuum pan evaporator were investigated at different process variables. The developed jaggery were analyzed for physiochemical. Results showed that TSS (0 Brix) and Hardness (Hd) increased with increase in vacuum pressure and time, whereas moisture content percentage (%) and water activity (aw) decreased with increase in vacuum pressure and time at variable temperature of 1100 C. Fuzzy logic method was used to evaluate the sensory characteristic of prepared jaggery.

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Yao, Shun Zhong, Yong Nian Dai, and Hao Huang. "Researching about Removing Cadmium from Thallium-Bearing Materials with Vacuum Distillation." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1123.

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Abstract:Dealing with thallium-bearing materials by vacuum distillation under the condition of 400~700°Cand 10-60 Pa.Measured contents of Cd,Tl and Pb under these temperatures.Analzed relations between evaporation rate,residue duty of Cd with temperatures, and The relyations that between evaporation rate,evaporative duty of Tl and Pb with temperatures.Least square method is used to fit the relations and got that the most suitable temperature for evaporating Cd is 560°C;Analyzed the relations between the activity coefficients ratio of Cd-Tl system and Cd-Pb system and temperatures as well as mole fractions,also got fitted equations of them;Analyzed the relation between gas-liquid cotents of Cd-Tl,Cd-Pb systems and temperatures.It is valuable for extracting Tl,Pb with vacuum distillation.

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Ambarita, Himsar. "Kajian Numerik Penguapan Pada Evaporator Desalinasi Air Laut Sistem Vakum Alami." Talenta Conference Series: Energy and Engineering (EE) 1, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ee.v1i1.117.

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Fokus penelitian ini adalah alat desalinasi air laut energi surya dengan sistem vakum alami. Salah satu bagian terpenting yang menentukan performansi alat ini adalah proses penguapan pada kondisi vakum di dalam evaporator. Para peneliti umumnya menggunakan cara analitik dengan persamaan-persamaan empirik untuk menentukan laju penguapan pada evaporator.Padapenelitian ini diusulkan menggunakan metode numerik dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak CFD untuk menjelaskan proses penguapan pada evaporator. Hasil numerik dan analitik akan dibandingkan dengan hasil eksperimen. Peralatan eksperimen sederhana telah dirancang bangun untuk mendapatkan hasil eksperimen dan melakukan validasi. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan metode numerik dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak CFD dapat menggambarkan proses penguapan pada evaporator dengan baik. Perbandingan hasil analitik dan numerik menunjukkan laju penguapan di evaporator dengan metode numerik lebih dekat dengan hasil eksperimen. Metode numerik sebaiknya digunakan untuk melakukan inovasi agar dihasilkan peningkatan performansi desalinasi surya sistem vakum alami. The focus of this research is solar energy seawater desalination with a natural vacuum system. One of the most important parts that determine the performance of this tool is the evaporation process under vacuum inside the evaporator. Researchers generally use analytical methods with empirical equations to determine the evaporation rate of the evaporator. This research proposed by using a numerical method with CFD software to explain the evaporation process on evaporator. Numerical and analytical results will be compared with the experimental results. A simple experimental tool has been designed to get experimental results and validate. The simulation results show that the numerical method using CFD software can properly describe the evaporation process in the evaporator. Comparison of analytic and numerical results shows the evaporation rate in the evaporator with numerical methods closer to the experimental results. Numerical methods must be used to innovate so that the performance of solar desalination results increases by using a natural vacuum system.

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Ali, Reem Sami. "Characterization of ZnO Thin Film/p-Si Fabricated by Vacuum Evaporation Method for Solar Cell Applications." NeuroQuantology 18, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2020.18.1.nq20103.

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Lastriyanto, Anang, and Silvi Astri Cahyani. "ANALISIS KANDUNGAN ENZIM DIASTASE PADA MADU SINGKONG HASIL PROSES VACUUM EVAPORATION DAN VACUUM COOLING." Pasundan Food Technology Journal 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/pftj.v8i2.3917.

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Honey that has a moisture content above 22% should be done moisture reduction process. reduction of water content is done so that honey does not undergo fermentation and has a longer shelf life. One of the ways that can be used to reduce water content in honey is evaporation. Evaporation is of converting some of the water content in the material into steam by utilizing temperatures close to the boiling point of water. However, the minor content of honey, such as the diastase enzyme, is very sensitive to high temperatures. Therefore, vacuum evaporation is used so that the process uses a lower temperature to minimize the damage to the diastase enzyme. The research method was carried out in 3 stages, namely sampling, evaporation process, and sample testing. The results of this study indicate that the process of vacuum evaporation and vacuum cooling can change the proximate content of cassava honey to comply with SNI.

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Mohammed, Mohammed S., Ghassq Dawood Salman, and Khaleel I. Hassoon. "Growth and Characterizes of PbI2 Films By Vacuum Evaporation Method." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 30, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v30i2.581.

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In this work, thin films of lead iodide (PbI2) were deposited on glass substrates with different thicknesses by vacuum thermal evaporation method. The structural, chemical, electrical and optical characteristics of the thin films were studied. XRD analysis showed that lead iodide film is polycrystalline having hexagonal structure. A particle size was estimated by Williamson - Hall technique (13) nm and strain (4.90*10-3) are founded from the intercept with y-axis and slope for PbI2. The UV-VIS measurements illustrated that the lead iodide has a direct optical band gap and Urbach energy to be 0.677 eV2. Raman peaks are detected at 70, 96, 99.5, 188 and 202 cm-1 which corresponding to characteristic of PbI2 at (E21, A11, 2E11 and A1g). The FTIR spectrum of PbI2 thin film showed six bands at 1650, 1900, 3100, 3400, 3600 and 3800 cm-1. Mechanism of dc transport was also analyzed in the temperature range 315–395 K. Also the variation of reflectivity in the range near infrared is conductive generally attributed to thin film nature, where this film contain light scattering and large surface area, which enhance the optical absorption and hence, a low reflectivity is obtained.

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Kim, Hwa-Mok, Nam Mee Kim, Chang Soo Park, Shavkat U. Yuldashev, Tae Won Kang, and Kwan Soo Chung. "Growth of Ferromagnetic Semiconducting Si:Mn Film by Vacuum Evaporation Method." Chemistry of Materials 15, no. 21 (October 2003): 3964–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm034534l.

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Pathak, Dinesh, R. K. Bedi, and Davinder Kaur. "Characterization of AgInSe2Films Deposited by Hot-Wall Vacuum Evaporation Method." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 25, no. 9 (August 31, 2010): 1012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910903367360.

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Matsuo, H., K. Yoshino, and T. Ikari. "Preparation of AgInSe2 thin films grown by vacuum evaporation method." physica status solidi (c) 3, no. 8 (September 2006): 2644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200669511.

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Toth, Andras Jozsef, Eniko Haaz, Botond Szilagyi, Tibor Nagy, Ariella Janka Tarjani, Daniel Fozer, Anita Andre, Nora Valentinyi, Szabolcs Solti, and Peter Mizsey. "COD reduction of process wastewater with vacuum evaporation." Waste Treatment and Recovery 3, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/wtr-2018-0001.

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Abstract Washing detergents in process wastewaters from fine chemical industry produce high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), which poses a serious environmental problem. Method has to be found, which follows the principles of circular economy so that the treated water can be recycled or reused. Heat pump vacuum evaporator is evaluated in order to reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand of process wastewater with washing detergent content from initial 7500 mg O2/L to a lower value below the effluent limit , which is 1000 mg O2/L. Yield and COD rejection are determined for the evaluation of selected treatment. Experiments are investigated with LED Italia R150-v3 pilot apparatus. Different evaporation pressures were applied during measurements. It The highest removal or reduction of in the Chemical Oxygen Demand was reached certainly using the lowest possible pressure, which is 40 mbar.

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Tsizh, B., and Z. Dziamski. "Technological Methods of Forming Thin Semiconductor Layers. Part 2." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 92 (November 8, 2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9201.

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Features and basic technological methods of formation of thin layers of semiconductor materials in a vacuum with the method of thermal spraying in a quasi-closed volume are analyzed. The disadvantages of thermal spraying of thin films of multicomponent semiconductor compounds in an open vacuum are indicated. The designs of special collapsible evaporator chambers for thermo-vacuum sputtering in a quasi-closed volume containing the raw material and substrate in quasi-isolated conditions are presented. They allow to create and manage the necessary temperature corrections between the evaporator, lining, walls and other structural elements. The designs of special collapsible evaporator chambers for thermo-vacuum sputtering in a quasi-closed volume containing the raw material and substrate in quasi-isolated conditions are presented. They allow to create and manage the necessary temperature corrections between the evaporator, lining, walls and other structural elements. It is shown that the spatial temperature distribution in the discussed constructs provides the evaporation (sublimation) of the source material, the reflection of vapor from the heated walls, the intensive exchange interaction between the gas phase and the condensation surfaces and the prevailing condensation on the substrate surface, which contributes to the diffusion mechanism of the transfer of matter and to the thermodynamically balanced growth process for films. It is shown that for all modifications, to a greater or lesser extent, the conditions for the isolation of the localized volume and the equilibrium of the condensation process are fulfilled by creating the necessary temperature gradient. It is indicated that it is problematic to use such structures for mass production due to their complexity and technological features. That is why the method of thermal spraying of thin films in the quasi-closed volume is most often used in the production of epitaxial monocrystalline layers for scientific research and experimental development, and for industrial production it is very effective to develop methods for obtaining thin films, which from one hand combine universality of thermal spraying in opened vacuum and from another hand allow to bring the processes of evaporation (sublimation) and condensation closer to thermodynamic equilibrium, for example, various types of “hot walls”. It is noted that the analyzed methods or their modifications are these necessary methods of creating thin-film semiconductor structures with predetermined properties.

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Longo, Giulia, Lidón Gil-Escrig, Maarten J. Degen, Michele Sessolo, and Henk J. Bolink. "Perovskite solar cells prepared by flash evaporation." Chemical Communications 51, no. 34 (2015): 7376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01103e.

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Burdo, Oleg, Vsevolod Mordynskiy, Alexandr Gavrilov, Illya Sirotyuk, and Alexandr Sereda. "Experimental Modeling of Process of Water Solutions Evaporation in the Vacuum and Microwave Field Conditions." Scientific Works 83, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/swonaft.v83i1.1431.

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A comparative analysis of traditional methods for the food solutions concentration is given. The main problem of classical evaporators is identified, which is associated with the impossibility of obtaining high concentrations of the finished product due to a sharp increase in its viscosity and temperature through the formation of a boundary layer. A scientific and technical hypothesis has been formulated, representing a possible solution to this problem by providing a volume supply of energy directly to the moisture of the product. Thermophysical scheme of evaporation processes by traditional and innovative methods is considered. Their fundamental differences are highlighted and the relevance of the development of an innovative evaporation method is substantiated. The scheme of the innovative evaporator is presented, which allows to obtain the finished product in the solid phase with a final concentration of up to 90 °brix. By the example of apple juice, experiments were conducted to study the effect of pressure of the electromagnetic field on the steam output of the apparatus. Dependencies that indicate a constant evaporation rate throughout the entire process, up to a concentration of 80-85 °brix, were built. The product temperature did not exceed 35-40 °C, which may indicate its high nutritional value. The above data confirm the formulated hypothesis about the possibility of transition in the process of evaporation from the boundary conditions of the 3rd type to the boundary conditions of the 2nd type by the using microwave energy. On the basis of the obtained results, a model in the criterial form was obtained, which makes it possible to accurately calculate the performance of a microwave vacuum evaporator in certain ranges of the number of energetic action and the obtained dimensionless complex.

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Gkountas, Apostolos, Panteleimon Bakalis, Erika Ntavou, Anastasios Skiadopoulos, and Dimitris Manolakos. "Modelling and Parametric Analysis of a Brine Treatment Unit Using a High-Temperature Heat Pump and a Vacuum Evaporator." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 4542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094542.

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The brine produced from desalination systems is a highly concentrated mixture, including cleansing chemicals from the water treatment processes that can possibly degrade ecosystems in discharge areas. Evaporation is a widely used method for the treatment of high salinity mixtures; however, it requires careful monitoring of the temperature and pressure in order to protect the equipment from the highly corrosive environment of the brine discharge. The proposed brine treatment system is based on the principle of vacuum evaporation with the use of a high-temperature heat pump, which is classified as “green technology”. In this study, a thermodynamic analysis of a vacuum evaporation system with a nominal freshwater production capacity of 160 L/h has been carried out, employing a numerical tool to model the flash evaporator and the heat pump. The analysis focuses on the parameters that present the most significant impact on the system’s efficiency and water production, such as the recirculation ratio, the set-point temperature of the heat pump and the pressure difference provided by the vacuum pump. The results show that, for the constant vacuum pressure difference, the water production increases with the increase in the set-point temperature and the recirculation ratio, but leads to the reduced COP of the heat pump and to an elevated specific energy consumption. Moreover, it is shown that an increased vacuum pressure difference leads to increased water production, but reduces the COP. Finally, the minimum specific energy consumption of 150 kWh/m3 of produced freshwater can be achieved for a set-point at 75 °C and vacuum of 0.21 bar, leading to a levelized cost of water about 11 €/m3.

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Tsizh, B., and Z. Dziamski. "Technological Methods of Forming Thin Semiconductor Layers Part 3. Сathode Sputtering." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 93 (May 13, 2020): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9303.

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The peculiarities and the basic technological ways of forming thin layers of semiconductor materials in vacuum by the method of thermal sputtering in quasi-closed volume are analyzed. The disadvantages of thermal deposition of thin films in open vacuum for multicomponent semiconductor compounds are indicated. We present designs of special collapsible evaporation chambers for quasi-closed volume thermal vacuum deposition, which contain the source material and the substrate in quasi-insulated conditions, and allow to create and control the necessary temperature ratios between the evaporator, substrate, walls and other structural elements. It is shown that the spatial distribution of temperature in the mentioned above chambers provides the evaporation (sublimation) of the starting material, the reflection of vapors from the heated walls, the intense exchange interaction between the gas phase and the condensation surfaces, which contributes to the diffusion mechanism of the transfer of matter and thermodynamically balanced process of film growth. It is shown that for all modifications the conditions of isolation of the localized volume and equilibrium of the condensation process are fulfilled to a greater or lesser extent by creating the required temperature gradient. However, it is problematic to use such designs for mass production because of their complexity and technological features. That is why, the method of thermal deposition of thin films in a quasi-closed volume is most often used in the manufacture of epitaxial single crystalline layers for research and experimental development, and for industrial production it is very effective to develop methods for obtaining thin films that combine on the one side universality of open vacuum, and on the other allow to approximate the processes of evaporation (sublimation) – condensation to thermodynamic equilibrium, for example, different variants of “hot walls”. It is stated that the analyzed methods or their modifications are today a necessary means of creating thin-film semiconductor structures with predetermined properties. It is stated that the analyzed methods or their modifications are today a necessary means of creating thin-film semiconductor structures with predetermined properties.

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Taenaka, Sakiko, Hiroshi Nagai, Kazuhiko Majima, and Shigeru Katsuyama. "Studies of Preparation of Co Magnetic Fluid by Vacuum Evaporation Method." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 39, no. 3 (1992): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.39.227.

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Hasegawa, Manabu, and Kenichi Nanbu. "Study on Evaporation into a Vacuum by the Molecular Dynamics Method." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 60, no. 579 (1994): 3893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.60.3893.

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Henry, Johnson, Kannusamy Mohanraj, and Ganesan Sivakumar. "Fabrication of novel CuAgZnSnSe4–Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin film solar cells by the vacuum evaporation method." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 35 (2020): 15270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj01841d.

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The heterojunction solar cells based on the glass/X/CAZTSe/CZTSe/Ag structure (X = Al, Cu, Ag, FTO, and AZO) were fabricated by the vacuum evaporation method. The heterojunction solar cells showed poor efficiency.

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Ahmed, Duha Saadi, Mohammed O. Dawood, and Odai N. Salman. "Study and Antibacterial Activity of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation Technique (TET)." Materials Science Forum 1021 (February 2021): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1021.129.

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In this work, high crystalline CdS thin films were formed by using thermal evaporation technique (TET) under vacuum proses 10-6 Torr using vacuum system (Edwards Co.) . The results were investigated the structure, morphology and crystal size of films using XRD and FESEM. The antibacterial activity of CdS thin films was performed by measuring the zone of inhibition using diffusion plate method against a test organism like E.coli and S.aureus and evaluated the activity of CdS thin films in removal bacteria. The preparation method of CdS using thermal evaporation technique (TET) expands the horizon to biological systems as an essential medicinal agent.

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Dangwal, Shailesh, Ruochen Liu, Lyndon D. Bastatas, Elena Echeverria, Chengqian Huang, Yu Mao, David N. Mcllroy, Sangil Han, and Seok-Jhin Kim. "ZnO Microfiltration Membranes for Desalination by a Vacuum Flow-Through Evaporation Method." Membranes 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9120156.

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ZnO was deposited on macroporous α-alumina membranes via atomic layer deposition (ALD) to improve water flux by increasing their hydrophilicity and reducing mass transfer resistance through membrane pore channels. The deposition of ZnO was systemically performed for 4–128 cycles of ALD at 170 °C. Analysis of membrane surface by contact angles (CA) measurements revealed that the hydrophilicity of the ZnO ALD membrane was enhanced with increasing the number of ALD cycles. It was observed that a vacuum-assisted ‘flow-through’ evaporation method had significantly higher efficacy in comparison to conventional desalination methods. By using the vacuum-assisted ‘flow-through’ technique, the water flux of the ZnO ALD membrane (~170 L m−2 h−1) was obtained, which is higher than uncoated pristine membranes (92 L m−2 h−1). It was also found that ZnO ALD membranes substantially improved water flux while keeping excellent salt rejection rate (>99.9%). Ultrasonic membrane cleaning had considerable effect on reducing the membrane fouling.

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Hosseini Siyanaki, Fatemeh, Hamid Rezagholipour Dizaji, Mohammad Hosein Ehsani, and Shiva Khorramabadi. "The Effect of Changing the Vapor Flux on Physical Properties of Nanocrystaline CdTe Thin Film, Prepared by Thermal Evaporation Method." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.492.

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In the present investigation, seven Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) thin films with thickness of 350nm have been prepared by vacuum thermal evaporation technique. One of them was deposited by conventional vacuum thermal evaporation technique, while six others were deposited with applying a novel vapor flow controlling system. Placing this equipment in the way of vapor flux from the source to the substrate cut the depositing flux of vapor periodically and can change the way of vapor flux. It led to considerable change of optical properties, nanocrystalline structure, and also stochiometery of the thin films. All the samples showed nanocrystalline structure. A considerable increase in absorption coefficient was observed at 520nm wavelength of light, from 5.5 ×104cm-1for the sample prepared with conventional vacuum thermal evaporation technique to 9.8×104cm-1for a sample which prepared by applying mentioned equipment. The most considerable change in the bandgap, grain size and Te/Cd ratio were 1.54 eV to 1.66 eV, 40nm to 15nm, and 56/44 to 60/40 respectively. The optical parameters such as absorption coefficient, bandgap, refractive index, and structural parameters such as texture coefficient, preferential orientation factor and crystallite size of samples were obtained. Also EDAX and FESEM result of samples were compared with each other in this study.

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Audas, R. D., and D. E. Brodie. "Fabrication of devices using vacuum deposited a–Si." Canadian Journal of Physics 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p89-034.

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The long-term objective of this work is to produce a stable, efficient amorphous Si (a-Si) solar cell by a safe and inexpensive method. A process of reactive evaporation in a silane ambient was developed. This technique permits the fabrication of "intrinsic-like" a-Si:H. p-Type and n-type samples (carrier type was confirmed by Seebeck measurements) were prepared by the coevaporation of boron or reactive evaporation in a phosphorus ambient. The intrinsic-like samples have a room temperature conductivity of about 2 × 10−12 S cm−1, high temperature activation energies of 0.9 eV, and optical bandgaps near 1.8 eV. An all-amorphous Si:H pin diode was fabricated using this reactive evaporation process. The device consists of a tantalum contact, 20 – 40 nm of phosphorus doped a-Si:H, 300 – 400 nm of undoped a-Si:H, 20 – 40 nm of boron doped a-Si:H, and another tantalum contact.

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Trushnikov, Dmitriy, Ekaterina S. Salomatova, Vladimir Ya Belenkiy, and Tatiana V. Olshanskaya. "Investigation of Evaporation in Laser Welding Vacuum Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 893 (March 2017): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.893.186.

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In this paper the method of experimental estimation of the temperature in a penetration channel in laser welding is described on the basis of chemical elements concentration in the vapors above welding zone. The temperature of a vapor-gas phase in the penetration channel is determined when equating calculated and experimental concentrations of the elements.

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Wisnu, Febryan Kusuma, Sri Rahayoe, Rizza Wijaya, Mareli Telaumbanua, and Agus Haryanto. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHANGE OF COCONUT SAP IN THE VACUUM EVAPORATOR." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 10, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v10i2.252-262.

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The potential of brown sugar as a substitute for granulated sugar is enormous considering the abundant coconut sap production. However, the quantity of brown sugar production through the traditional method is one of the main obstacles. This study used a vacuum evaporator that emphasizes the hygienic and effective mass production of brown sugar. For this reason, it is necessary to approach changes in the physical properties of sap juice during the cooking process. This knowledge is indispensable in the cooking process, which involves the proper evaporation and crystallization of brown sugar. This research is devoted to determining the viscosity, density, and dissolved solids expressed in Brix and proposes a mathematical model to predict the physical properties during the evaporation process of brown sugar as a function of the initial concentration the solution before proceeding to the crystallization process. Results confirm that the prediction model for Brix is Cθ=(Co–Ce)·exp(0.0067·t)+Ce, the model for viscosity µθ=µo·exp(0.011·t), and ρө=(0.44996·t)+ρ0 for the density prediction model. The resulted mathematical model can accurately predict the rate of change in coconut sap's physical properties, indicated by the high coefficient of determination (R2). Keywords : brix, brown sugar, density, vacuum evaporator, viscosity

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Specht, R. C., and G. J. Lutz. "Chromium deposition by sputtering." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100144723.

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Previous works have shown the benefits of depositing ultrathin films (0.5-3.0 nm) of chromium onto SEM specimens to permit improved resolution at higher magnification. The finer grain structure of the chromium permits closer replication of the specimen surface topography than is possible with the conventional 10 nm of gold. This paper presents the results of an ongoing program at Denton Vacuum to develop guidelines for successful, repeatable deposition of ultrathin chromium films by sputtering.Chromium can be deposited using a high vacuum evaporator by either evaporation of chips from baskets or sputtering. Sputtering is the more desirable method since it has the potential for better rate control, coverage, repeatability and least specimen exposure to radiant heat.

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Kaito, C., H. Nakamura, S. Kimura, Y. Kimura, T. Nakada, and Y. Saito. "The structure of thin Cr film prepared by the vacuum evaporation method." Thin Solid Films 359, no. 2 (January 2000): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(99)00887-1.

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Kaito, C., T. Fujita, T. Kimura, K. Hanamoto, N. Suzuki, S. Kimura, and Y. Saito. "Structure and crystallization of Sb Se films prepared by vacuum evaporation method." Thin Solid Films 312, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(97)00690-1.

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Ben Rabeh, M., M. Kanzari, and B. Rezig. "Effect of Zinc Incorporation in CuInS2Thin Films Grown by Vacuum Evaporation Method." Acta Physica Polonica A 115, no. 3 (March 2009): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.115.699.

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Tokumitsu, Eisuke, Satoshi Ueno, Ryo-Ichi Nakamura, and Hiroshi Ishiwara. "Characterization of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 films prepared by vacuum evaporation method." Integrated Ferroelectrics 7, no. 1-4 (February 1995): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584589508220234.

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Stanculescu, Anca, Marcela Socol, Ana Maria Albu, O. Rasoga, Florin Stanculescu, I. Ionita, and Ionut Enculescu. "Investigations of the Correlation between the Preparation Method and the Properties of Anilinic Derivative Functionalised Polymer Thin Films for Non-Linear Optical Applications." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.798.

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This paper presents a study of two copolymers, maleic anhydride and methylmethacrilate/maleic anhydride and vinyl benzyl chloride, functionalised with polar chromophoric groups such as 2,4 dinitroaniline. Thin films have been prepared by vacuum evaporation and spin coating methods on silicon and glass substrates. UV-VIS, FTIR, XRD and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy have been used to comparatively investigate the effect of the preparation method on the properties of the thin films obtained with functionalized copolymer. SEM has evidenced differences in the morphologies of the layers suggesting a degradation of the polymeric chain during the evaporation process to fragments that conserve unchanged the chromophoric group. This explains the presence of two types of non-linear phenomena, the second harmonic emission and two-photon luminescence emissions for both vacuum evaporated and spin coated films.

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Guo, Shijun, Shubham Sharma, Alibek Issakhov, and Nima Khalilpoor. "Evaluation of the Safety of High-Salt Wastewater Treatment in Coal Chemical Industry Based on the AHP Fuzzy Method." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (December 7, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7107058.

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Aim. Epichlorohydrin (ECH) is a widely used chemical product. The production of glycerol has its irreplaceable advantages. With the development of biodiesel industry, it will become the main trend of ECH production in the future. Methods. A vacuum evaporation device is built to investigate the effect of evaporation on the treatment of this kind of high-salt wastewater, and the feasibility of the thermodynamic equation of the simulation process is verified. Process. An AHR fuzzy mathematics evaluation algorithm is used to compare experimental values with simulated numerical values in brine. Results and Conclusions. In the multieffect evaporation process simulation with glycerin-containing brine, the amount of salt precipitated by unit steam energy is arranged in order from more to less than that of seven-effect parallel flow evaporation, is greater than five-effect parallel flow evaporation, and is larger than three-effect parallel flow evaporation, which shows that the increase of validity number is beneficial to the utilization of heat.

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Zheng, D., K. Wei, W. Ma, Z. Sheng, and Y. Dai. "A mathematical model for distribution of calcium in silicon by vacuum directional solidification." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 52, no. 2 (2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb141203012z.

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Calcium is one of the main impurity elements in silicon. The removal of calcium strongly affects the quality of the polycrystalline silicon ingot produced by a vacuum directional solidification method. Based on the considerations of the theory of segregation, mass transfer and evaporation during vacuum directional solidification process, a mathematical model for calcium distribution in silicon was proposed and it can be used to explain the removal mechanism. In order to confirm the mathematical model, an industrial scale experiment on UMG-Si with an initial purity of 99.98 wt. % was performed. Since the reaction temperature strongly influences both the evaporation and segregation of calcium, the dependences of effective segregation coefficient (keff) and the evaporation coefficient (kE) on temperature were carefully investigated. The results showed that the proposed mathematical model was highly consistent with the experimental data and the calcium removal efficiency mainly relied on the evaporation step.

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Kuan, Chun-Hsiao, Po-Tsun Kuo, Cheng-Hung Hou, Jing-Jong Shyue, and Ching-Fuh Lin. "Growth process control produces high-crystallinity and complete-reaction perovskite solar cells." RSC Advances 10, no. 59 (2020): 35898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05772j.

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The growth process control (GPC) method, a new method which is better than thermal evaporation, for producing high-crystallinity perovskites by controlling the growth time in a low vacuum, is explored in this work.

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Chu, Seo Bum, Dongwook Ko, Jinwook Jung, Sungjin Jo, Dong Choon Hyun, Hyeon-Ju Oh, and Jongbok Kim. "Characterization of Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes Obtained Using Different Drying Methods." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030461.

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Metal-based transparent top electrodes allow electronic devices to achieve transparency, thereby expanding their application range. Silver nanowire (AgNW)-based transparent electrodes can function as transparent top electrodes, owing to their excellent conductivity and transmittance. However, they require a high-temperature drying process, which damages the bottom functional layers. Here, we fabricated two types of AgNW-based electrodes using the following three drying methods: thermal, room-temperature, and vacuum. Thereafter, we investigated the variation in their morphological, electrical, and optical characteristics as a function of the drying method and duration. When the AgNW-exposed electrode was dried at room temperature, it exhibited a high surface roughness and low conductivity, owing to the slow solvent evaporation. However, under vacuum, it exhibited a similar electrical conductivity to that achieved by thermal drying because of the decreased solvent boiling point and fast solvent evaporation. Conversely, the AgNW-embedded electrodes exhibited similar roughness values and electrical conductivities regardless of the drying method applied. This was because the polymer shrinkage during the AgNW embedding process generated capillary force and improved the interconnectivity between the nanowires. The AgNW-based electrodes exhibited similar optical properties regardless of the drying method and electrode type. This study reveals that vacuum drying can afford transparent top electrodes without damaging functional layers.

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Tempel, N., and M. C. Ledbetter. "Quality films from carbon fiber evaporation for thorough coverage of TEM grids." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100104157.

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Carbon films have been a support of choice for high resolution electron microscopy since the introduction of vacuum evaporation of carbon. The desirable qualities of carbon films and methods of producing them has been extensively reviewed. It is difficult to get a high yield of grids by many of these methods, especially if virtually all of the windows must be covered with a tightly bonded, quality film of predictable thickness. We report here a method for producing carbon foils designed to maximize these attributes: 1) coverage of virtually all grid windows, 2) freedom from holes, wrinkles or folds, 3) good adhesion between film and grid, 4) uniformity of film and low noise structure, 5) predictability of film thickness, and 6) reproducibility.Our method utilizes vacuum evaporation of carbon from a fiber onto celloidin film and grid bars, adhesion of the film complex to the grid by carbon-carbon contact, and removal of the celloidin by acetone dissolution. Materials must be of high purity, and cleanliness must be rigorously maintained.

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Wu, Yan Hong, Yue Shan, Dong Xing Wang, Cai Min Meng, Yan Wei Yang, Jian Fu, and Shi Kun Deng. "The Preparation of Alq₃/CuPc Heterojunction Organic Electroluminesence Diodes." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.863.

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With the method of vacuum dc sputtering and vacuum evaporation,the green light double organic light-emitting devices (OLED) of ITO/CuPc/Alq3 / Al structure were prepared, the electrical characteristics and electroluminescent properties of the device were measured. Devices show good luminous performance, light intensity reaches 600000 cps, when the wavelength of luminescence spectrum is 510 nm, luminance is 2641I/a.u.

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Ahmad, S., J. P. Pachauri, and J. Akhtar. "A simple method of depositing oxygen-free titanium silicide films using vacuum evaporation." Thin Solid Films 143, no. 2 (October 1986): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(86)90383-4.

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Drisdell, W. S., C. D. Cappa, J. D. Smith, R. J. Saykally, and R. C. Cohen. "Determination of the evaporation coefficient of D<sub>2</sub>O." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 22 (November 20, 2008): 6699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6699-2008.

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Abstract. The evaporation rate of D2O has been determined by Raman thermometry of a droplet train (12–15 μm diameter) injected into vacuum (~10-5 torr). The cooling rate measured as a function of time in vacuum was fit to a model that accounts for temperature gradients between the surface and the core of the droplets, yielding an evaporation coefficient (γe) of 0.57±0.06. This is nearly identical to that found for H2O (0.62±0.09) using the same experimental method and model, and indicates the existence of a kinetic barrier to evaporation. The application of a recently developed transition-state theory (TST) model suggests that the kinetic barrier is due to librational and hindered translational motions at the liquid surface, and that the lack of an isotope effect is due to competing energetic and entropic factors. The implications of these results for cloud and aerosol particles in the atmosphere are discussed.

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Drisdell, W. S., C. D. Cappa, J. D. Smith, R. J. Saykally, and R. C. Cohen. "Determination of the evaporation coefficient of D<sub>2</sub>O." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 9, 2008): 8565–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-8565-2008.

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Abstract. The evaporation rate of D2O has been determined by Raman thermometry of a droplet train (12–15 µm diameter) injected into vacuum (~10-5 torr). The cooling rate measured as a function of time in vacuum was fit to a model that accounts for temperature gradients between the surface and the core of the droplets, yielding an evaporation coefficient (γe) of 0.57±0.06. This is nearly identical to that found for H2O (0.62±0.09) using the same experimental method and model, and indicates the existence of a kinetic barrier to evaporation. The application of a recently developed transition-state theory (TST) model suggests that the kinetic barrier is due to librational and hindered translational motions at the liquid surface, and that the lack of an isotope effect is due to competing energetic and entropic factors. The implications of these results for cloud and aerosol particles in the atmosphere are discussed.

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Burdo, O. G., A. V. Gavrilov, I. V. Sirotyuk, N. V. Ruzhitskaya, and D. S. Goncharov. "Electrodynamic Apparatuses for Concentration of Solutions." Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 57, no. 4 (August 2021): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2021.57.4.66.

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The results of complex research of electrodynamic vacuum evaporators are presented. The scientific and technical concept of the directed energy action technology applicable to apparatuses of the electrodynamic type is substantiated. A system analysis of the energies of traditional dehydration equipment is given. Their technological and energy problems are determined by the electrothermal analogy method. It is shown how these problems are solved in the electrodynamic type apparatuses. A physical scheme and a mathematical model of a electrodynamic continuous operation vacuum evaporator are developed. Assumptions that take into account the specifics of evaporation in an electromagnetic field are formulated. A system of differential equations that defines the solution interaction with an electromagnetic field in vacuum is presented. A nonstationary model is transformed into relations in dimensionless variables using the methods of similarity theory and the “dimension analysis”. The tasks of experimental modeling are defined. The results of complex experimental studies of microwave vacuum evaporators are presented. The influence of the electromagnetic field power, the solution type and concentration, and the pressure level on the steam output is established. Constants of the equation in generalized variables, which, with an error within 8%, establishes the relationship of the number of energy actions with dimensionless complexes that characterize the technological parameters, are defined.

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Sonawan, Hery, and Halim Abdurrachim. "Water purification experiment by applying flashing method with a rotating nozzle." Water Supply 20, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 1965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.108.

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Abstract The flashing process is a way of exposing water in a low-pressure environment by spraying it at high pressure so that the water converts into fine particles. This process is carried out to speed up the evaporation process of water. The evaporation process carried out on freshwater aims to separate the minerals and solids dissolved in water to increase its purity. In this study, the flashing process was carried out through a rotating nozzle that was proven to increase the rate of pure water production. The flashing process experiment is carried out following an experimental design based on the non-dimensional analysis of Buckingham's pi. The rate of pure water production () as the output variable in the flashing process is affected by the nozzle rotational speed (n), nozzle hole diameter (d), feedwater pressure (Pw), vacuum pressure (Pv) and feedwater temperature (T). The feedwater temperature itself can influence the behavior of the feedwater flow in the nozzle, in this case, is density (ρ) and viscosity (μ). Based on these variables, the non-dimensional analysis of Buckingham pi has produced four dimensionless numbers. The generated empirical equations from the flashing process experiments are in the form of quadratic equations. The empirical equation applies to feedwater pressure of 7.6 bar-g, the vacuum pressure of 0.4–0.6 bar-a and nozzle rotational speed of 0–134 rpm. The optimum condensation rate in the flashing experiment was successfully obtained, especially at the nozzle rotation of 27 rpm in all vacuum pressures tested. This success is inseparable from the use of mist-nozzles that convert the feedwater flow into the mist.

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Marinyuk, B. T., K. S. Krysanov, and S. V. Spritnyuk. "Vacuum-evaporative process of water cooling together with counter flow." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 2-4 (December 20, 2012): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68394.

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The effects of vacuum-evaporation with convective counter flow of air for water cooling are considered in the article. There was performed a comparison with the method of cooling water in the cooling towers. The benefits of the method are revealed. The block-schema of the experimental stand is presented as well as the analytical analysis. Analytical and experimental results are presented in graph form.

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Zhang, Shi Wei, Li Yuan Hou, Yong Chao Han, and Yuan Hua Xie. "A New Method and Equipment to Manufacture the Composite Powder Materials by Vacuum Co-Deposition of Double Sources." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.626.

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In the process of manufacturing the composite materials, some of the chemical components are difficult to combine with each other. Aiming at this problem, a new method and supporting equipment of manufacturing the composite powder materials is reported which can make any two (or more) kinds of components mixing in nano-scale. This method is derived from the vacuum co-depositing technology by two (or more) vaporization sources for vacuum film coating, and some of the structures in vacuum film coil coating machine are used for reference. The principle, structure, process and characteristics of this method are introduced in detail. The models for depositing rate calculation are built respectively for both the electric resistance evaporation sources and the magnetron sputtering targets. The mixing component uniformity in the depositing powder material is analyzed by calculation.

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Belyaev, Alexey P., Vladimir P. Rubetz, and Vladimir V. Antipov. "Properties of filamentary nanocrystals of cadmium sulfide synthesized by vacuum evaporation and condensation." Butlerov Communications 57, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-57-1-149.

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In recent decades, 1D structures, such as Nano whiskers, nanowires, Nano rods, etc., have attracted considerable interest of researcher due to their highly promising application in electronics, photonics, energy conversion and storage systems, medicine and pharmacology, and in modeling interaction with biomolecules and living calls. A prominent place among nanostructures is occupied by 1D nanostructures grown perpendicular to the substrate surface. These nanostructures are called Nano whiskers. Below reported about physicochemical studies of the ensemble of filamentary nanocrystals of cadmium sulfide synthesized by vacuum evaporation and condensation. It is presented the results of technological experiments, the results of electronic microscopy and the results of electron diffraction studies. It is shown that by means of vacuum evaporation and condensation it is possible to synthesize filamentary nanocrystals of diameter from 10 nm to few µm and of the length of few mm. It is revealed technological conditions necessary for the synthesis of filamentary nanocrystals. It is determined relation between growth rate of filamentary nanocrystals and their linear characteristics. It is shown that mechanism of growth of nanocrystals synthesized by used method is in full accordance with model views of classical mechanism vapor-liquid-crystal of Givargizov-Chernov. For revealing of crystalline perfection of filamentary nanocrystals it is used electron diffraction method, at so doing for increasing of the level of analytical signal it is used superposition of diffraction patterns from ensemble of filamentary nanocrystals. The method proposed permitted establish high degree of perfection of filamentary nanocrystals synthesized by vacuum evaporation and condensation.

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Khedmi, N., M. Ben Rabeh, and M. Kanzari. "Structural Morphological and Optical Properties of SnSb2S4 Thin Films Grown by Vacuum Evaporation Method." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 30, no. 10 (October 2014): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.03.019.

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Agilan, S., D. Mangalaraj, Sa K. Narayandass, S. Velumani, and Alex Ignatiev. "Structural and optical characterization of CuInSe2 films deposited by hot wall vacuum evaporation method." Vacuum 81, no. 7 (February 2007): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2006.08.002.

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Akaki, Y., K. Nomoto, S. Nakamura, T. Yoshitake, and K. Yoshino. "Effect of H2S annealing for CuInS2 thin films prepared by a vacuum evaporation method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 100, no. 8 (March 1, 2008): 082022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/100/8/082022.

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Ghosh, T., S. Bandyopadhyay, K. K. Roy, S. Kar, A. K. Lahiri, A. K. Maiti, and K. Goswami. "Optical and structural properties of lead iodide thin films prepared by vacuum evaporation method." Crystal Research and Technology 43, no. 9 (September 2008): 959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200811160.

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Henry, J., K. Mohanraj, and G. Sivakumar. "XRD, AFM, DRS and Photosensitivity of CZTSe Thin Films Prepared by Vacuum Evaporation Method." Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science 43, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 1535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40995-018-0628-3.

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Hinaut, Antoine, Sebastian Scherb, Sara Freund, Zhao Liu, Thilo Glatzel, and Ernst Meyer. "Influence of electrospray deposition on C60 molecular assemblies." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (June 15, 2021): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.45.

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Maintaining clean conditions for samples during all steps of preparation and investigation is important for scanning probe studies at the atomic or molecular level. For large or fragile organic molecules, where sublimation cannot be used, high-vacuum electrospray deposition is a good alternative. However, because this method requires the introduction into vacuum of the molecules from solution, clean conditions are more difficult to be maintained. Additionally, because the presence of solvent on the surface cannot be fully eliminated, one has to take care of its possible influence. Here, we compare the high-vacuum electrospray deposition method to thermal evaporation for the preparation of C60 on different surfaces and compare, for sub-monolayer coverages, the influence of the deposition method on the formation of molecular assemblies. Whereas the island location is the main difference for metal surfaces, we observe for alkali halide and metal oxide substrates that the high-vacuum electrospray method can yield single isolated molecules accompanied by surface modifications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Vacuum evaporation method'

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