Journal articles: 'Vagina in art'

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Sycheva, Inna, Andrey Kaprin, and Sergey Ivanov. "The combination of late radiation injuries of the pelvic organs in a patient after chemoradiotherapy of cervical cancer II b (cT2bN0M0) and their treatment (clinical example)." Problems in oncology 68, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2022-68-1-99-105.

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A clinical case of successful conservative treatment of radiation injuries (RI) of the pelvic organs (late radiation ulcerative-necrotic epithelitis of the vagina – ulceration of the vagina, late radiation ulcerative-necrotic cystitis and late radiation hemorrhagic rectitis) after CRT cervical cancer IIB art. (cT2bN0M0) is presented. There are still no standards for the treatment of RI either in our country or abroad. After treatment, the patient is observed in our department for 5 years (every six months) without relapses and progression of the main oncological disease and exacerbations of radiation injuries. This pathology is an important object for study. In the absence of the effectiveness of conservative treatment, endoscopic or subsequent surgical intervention is indicated. Keywords: cervical cancer; chemoradiotherapy; radiation injuries; vaginal radiation epithelitis (ulceration of the vagina); radiation cystitis; radiation rectitis (radiation proctitis).

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France, Michael T., Helena Mendes-Soares, and Larry J. Forney. "Genomic Comparisons of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners Reveal Potential Ecological Drivers of Community Composition in the Vagina." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 24 (September 30, 2016): 7063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02385-16.

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ABSTRACTLactobacillus crispatusandLactobacillus inersare common inhabitants of the healthy human vagina. These two species are closely related and are thought to perform similar ecological functions in the vaginal environment. Temporal data on the vaginal microbiome have shown that nontransient instances of cooccurrence are uncommon, while transitions from anL. iners-dominated community to one dominated byL. crispatus, and vice versa, occur often. This suggests that there is substantial overlap in the fundamental niches of these species. Given this apparent niche overlap, it is unclear how they have been maintained as common inhabitants of the human vagina. In this study, we characterized and compared the genomes ofL. inersandL. crispatusto gain insight into possible mechanisms driving the maintenance of this species diversity. Our results highlight differences in the genomes of these two species that may facilitate the partitioning of their shared niche space. Many of the identified differences may impact the protective benefits provided to the host by these two species.IMPORTANCEThe microbial communities that inhabit the human vagina play a critical role in the maintenance of vaginal health through the production of lactic acid and lowering the environmental pH. This precludes the growth of nonindigenous organisms and protects against infectious disease. The two most common types of vaginal communities are dominated by eitherLactobacillus inersorLactobacillus crispatus, while some communities alternate between the two over time. We combined ecological theory with state-of-the-art genome analyses to characterize how these two species might partition their shared niche space in the vagina. We show that the genomes ofL. inersandL. crispatusdiffer in many respects, several of which may drive differences in their competitive abilities in the vagina. Our results provide insight into factors that drive the complicated temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiome and demonstrate how closely related microbial species partition shared fundamental niche space.

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Almind, GJ, E. Færch, F. Lægaard, S. Smidt-Jensen, and S. Lindenberg. "A cohort study on safety for oocyte retrieval in IVF using the same 20G needle for local analgesia and retrieval. Vaginal cleaning did not add to the safety of the procedure." Obstetrics & Gynecology International Journal 12, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ogij.2021.12.00591.

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Aim of study: What is the effectiveness and safety of using a 20G single lumen needle (SLN) for both applying local analgesia (LA) in the vaginal vault and ovarian capsule and oocyte retrieval (OR) using a simple syringe? And will thoroughly cleaning (TC) of the vagina before reducing the risk of the puncture procedure? Using a thin SLN has been postulated to jeopardize cumulus oocyte complexes (COC). Further applying LA in the same needle without retracting the needle before OR has been claimed to harm oocyte development. Also, many clinics extensively clean the vagina before OR. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study including 4983 women. 877 underwent no cleaning (nonTC) of the vagina and 4106 underwent TC using NaCl. All had OR with a 20G SLN attached to a syringe for local anaesthesia and egg collection. The treatments were done in one centre during the period from January 2016 to June 2019. We studied women undergoing IVF treatment aged 18–45 years. Women had either thoroughly vaginal cleaning before OR or no cleaning depending on the physicians preferences. All women had LA using Citanest Dental Octapressin 2ml. placed in the vaginal vault in the direction of the intended puncture including in the ovarian capsule. Therefore, only one puncture was needed in both sides, left and right. All punctures were hereafter followed by OR using the same 20G SLN. Aspiration was done by a 20ml syringe handled manually by the physician. All women underwent a conventional antagonist protocol with FSH stimulation and Ovitrelle 250IU for induction or Mild Stimulation using Tamoxifen, FSH and Ovitrelle. Outcome measurement were bleeding measured by the necessity of applying compression after the puncture or infection observed up to 1 month. Results: Baseline characteristics including age, BMI and type of stimulation were comparable between the groups. In the nonTC group no infections, bleedings or abscesses were found. In the TC group there were 1 abscess observed. Intact COC was similar in the two groups as well as pregnancy rates. Conclusion: During OR in ART the use of a 20G SLN using the same needle for LA and hereafter, without changing needle in the puncture channel, continue with the egg collection (EC) is simple and safe. In this situation TC is not necessary before puncture, making the procedure more patients friendly. In women undergoing oocyte retrieval for IVF, we found the use of a 20G SLN for both applying LA and retrieving COC safe, effective and simple. Additional TC of the vagina before puncture did not add more to the safety of the procedure.

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Vygivska, L. M., V. O. Beniuk, I. V. Maidannyk, I. A. Usevych, L. D. Lastovetska, Y. G. Drupp, and V. V. Kurochka. "Possibilities of vaginal biotope correction in pregnant women after application of auxiliary reproductive technologies." REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY, no. 60 (September 24, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2021.60.40-45.

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Research objective: to determine the role and effectiveness of the proposed therapeutic and prophylactic complex in the correction of vaginal biocenosis disorders in the dynamics of pregnancy in pregnant women after assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to improve the tactics of antenatal observation and prevention of obstetric and perinatal complications.Materials and methods. 299 pregnant women were examined: the main group included 249 women with pregnancy after ART, the control group consisted of 50 pregnant women with spontaneous pregnancy.Therapeutic and prophylactic measures for pregnant women after ART included: micronized progesterone, magnesium oxide, folic acid, L-arginine aspartate, ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, long-term psychological correction (on the eve of the ART program, at 8–10 weeks, 16–18 weeks and 28–30 weeks of pregnancy). The drug for antibiotic therapy for local sanitation of the genital tract was chosen taking into account the sensitivity to antibiotics of certain microbial associates and was prescribed for 7–10 days.At the second stage of sanitation of the genital tract probiotics were prescribed under the control of pH-metry to maintain the acidic environment of the vaginal contents, colonize the vagina and the vaginal part of the cervix with lactobacilli.Results. There was a significant decrease in the proportion of women with a large number of epithelial cells in the main groups, which are a sign of alterative inflammation, and this is coincides with a similar indicator in the control group. Women with moderate leukocyte count and mixed Gram-negative microflora prevailed in IB, IIB and IIIB subgroup, who received conventional therapy. There was no significant difference in IIIA and IIIB subgroups.In the vaginal biocenosis significantly increased the Lactobacillus spp. content against the background of probiotics with local and general action in ІА, ІІА and ІІІА subgroups. The average Lactobacillus spp. concentration was significantly different from the average indicators of subgroups receiving conventional therapy for vaginal sanitation, with a significant decrease in the biocenosis of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and Candida albicans, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed two-stage treatment.Conclusions. The proposed improved two-stage sanitation of the genital tract with a selective probiotic against the background of long-term progesterone and magnesium support ensures the stabilization of the vaginal pH at the physiological level corresponding to the normocenosis, and contributes to a significant increase in Lactobacillus spp. within the physiological norm with a significant decrease of Candida albicans concentration in the biotope, as well as opportunistic pathogens of aerobic and anaerobic origin. This is provides conditions for the prolongation of pregnancy in women after ART treatment cycles.

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Haiduk, Anastasiia. "Microbiotes of the vagina, cervical canal and uterine cavity in chronic endometritis." Perinatology and reproductology: from research to practice 1, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52705/2788-6190-2021-3-7.

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The objective: to determine the profile of vaginal, cervical and uterine microbiota in chronic endometritis in patients with failed ART attempts in history. Materials and method. A prospective study and clinical laboratory analysis of vaginal microbiocenosis, cervical canal and uterine cavity in women with chronic endometrite in a history on the basis of MC LLC «ISIDA - IVF», in the period from 2020 to 2021 was carried out. The group consisted of 55 women of reproductive age with chronic endometritis and repeated failed ART attempts, and 40 women of reproductive age without fertility impairment who formed the control group. Amount of research – Vaginal Secretion PH, Vaginal Microbial Estimation of Pap Smear Microscopy, Polymerase Chain Reaction Study (PCR), Culture Study of Vaginal Secretions, Study of microflora of the cervical channel and bioptat of endometrium. Results. In women with infertility, against the background of chronic endometritis in history, as a result of bacterial sowing from the uterine cavity, the predominance of mixed bacterial flora, which is represented by various associations of opportunistic and pathogenic micro-organisms, has been detected. Chronic inflammatory endometry is caused by a persistent viral bacterial infection in the uterine cavity, which differs in species composition from the microflora of the lower genital tract. Conclusions. The characteristic feature of the vaginal flora in chronic endometritis is a high level of dissbiotic changes, combined with high values of the notional pathogenic flora. The microbiotopes of the cervical channel and endometrium in the inflammatory processes of endometry are characterized by the predominance of obligatory-anaerobic micro-organisms in the form of associations with viral infection much more than twice as frequently detected in endocervix as compared to endometrium.

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Pereira, Nigel, Anne P. Hutchinson, Jovana P. Lekovich, Elie Hobeika, and Rony T. Elias. "Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Gynecologic Procedures prior to and during the Utilization of Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Systematic Review." Journal of Pathogens 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4698314.

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The use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has increased steadily. There has been a corresponding increase in the number of ART-related procedures such as hysterosalpingography (HSG), saline infusion sonography (SIS), hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, oocyte retrieval, and embryo transfer (ET). While performing these procedures, the abdomen, upper vagina, and endocervix are breached, leading to the possibility of seeding pelvic structures with microorganisms. Antibiotic prophylaxis is therefore important to prevent or treat any procedure-related infections. After careful review of the published literature, it is evident that routine antibiotic prophylaxis is generally not recommended for the majority of ART-related procedures. For transcervical procedures such as HSG, SIS, hysteroscopy, ET, and chromotubation, patients at risk for pelvic infections should be screened and treated prior to the procedure. Patients with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or dilated fallopian tubes are at high risk for postprocedural infections and should be given antibiotic prophylaxis during procedures such as HSG, SIS, or chromotubation. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended prior to oocyte retrieval in patients with a history of endometriosis, PID, ruptured appendicitis, or multiple prior pelvic surgeries.

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Rutkovskiy, A. "The current state of the art on the technique of surgery to remove the uterus through the vagina." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 6, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd63314-317.

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Without going into either the history of this operation or its literature, the author of the note shares with the reader the impressions that he took from the personal direct observation of the operation in the hands of various gynecologists of our time (Reap, Second, Olshausen, Martin ' a, Leopold''a, H.H. Phenomenova, V.F.Snegirev and D.O. Ott).

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Lucia, Renata Andrea de Lucia Santana, and João Paulo Baliscei. "VAGINA DA ARTISTA - PERFORMANCE FEMINISTA EM POÉTICAS DE DUAS ARTISTAS MULHERES." POLÊM!CA 20, no. 3 (November 16, 2021): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/polemica.2020.63491.

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Resumo: O artigo tem como objetivo problematizar a performance enquanto prática artística que promove a resistência, a pluralidade e a diferença, discutindo como ela pode favorecer aspectos educativos. Apresenta o conceito de performance em seus aspectos históricos, antropológicos e artísticos, bem como a performance autobiográfica, que possibilita o resgate de experiências pessoais, memórias coletivas e, no recorte apontado aqui, o exercício do ativismo feminista. Aborda aspectos do movimento feminista e analisa performances de duas artistas mulheres e feministas: a artista norte-americana Carolee Schneemann e a artista brasileira Panmela Castro. Por fim, avalia o caminho evocado pela performance como viável ao estabelecimento de estratégias de resistência e sensibilização por meio da experiência artística compartilhada entre performer e espectadoras. Ademais, aponta a performance como alternativa para instigar o pensamento crítico, a liberdade e a criação de possibilidades de transformações no âmbito pessoal e coletivo, por meio de ações que abordam temáticas identitárias que refletem as lutas de movimentos sociais, como o movimento feminista, movimento negro e movimento LGBTQI+.Palavras-chave: Arte contemporânea. Performance. Performance autobiográfica. Feminismo. Mulheres artistas. Abstract: The article aims to problematize performance as an artistic practice that promotes resistance, plurality and difference, discussing how it (the performance) can favor educational aspects. This paper presents the concept of performance in its historical, anthropological and artistic aspects, as well as the autobiographical performance, which enables the recovery of personal experiences, collective memories, and, in the clipping pointed here, the exercise of feminist activism. The article also addresses aspects of the feminist movement and analyzes the performances of two women and feminist artists: US artist Carolee Schneemann and Brazilian artist Pammela Castro. Finally, it evaluates the path evoked by the performance as feasible for the establishment of resistance and sensitization strategies through the shared artistic experience between performer and spectators. In addition, the article points to performance as an alternative to instigate critical thinking, freedom, and the creation of possibilities for transformations at both the personal and collective levels, through actions that address identity themes which reflect the struggles of social movements, such as the feminist movement, the black movement, and the “LGBTQI+” movement.Keywords: Contemporary art. Performance. Autobiographical Performance. Feminism. Women Artists.

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Chumduri, Cindrilla, and Margherita Y. Turco. "Organoids of the female reproductive tract." Journal of Molecular Medicine 99, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 531–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-020-02028-0.

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AbstractHealthy functioning of the female reproductive tract (FRT) depends on balanced and dynamic regulation by hormones during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and childbirth. The mucosal epithelial lining of different regions of the FRT—ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina—facilitates the selective transport of gametes and successful transfer of the zygote to the uterus where it implants and pregnancy takes place. It also prevents pathogen entry. Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) organoid systems from the FRT now provide crucial experimental models that recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity and physiological, anatomical and functional properties of the organ in vitro. In this review, we summarise the state of the art on organoids generated from different regions of the FRT. We discuss the potential applications of these powerful in vitro models to study normal physiology, fertility, infections, diseases, drug discovery and personalised medicine.

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Brownell, David, Stéphane Chabaud, and Stéphane Bolduc. "Tissue Engineering in Gynecology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 12319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012319.

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Female gynecological organ dysfunction can cause infertility and psychological distress, decreasing the quality of life of affected women. Incidence is constantly increasing due to growing rates of cancer and increase of childbearing age in the developed world. Current treatments are often unable to restore organ function, and occasionally are the cause of female infertility. Alternative treatment options are currently being developed in order to face the inadequacy of current practices. In this review, pathologies and current treatments of gynecological organs (ovaries, uterus, and vagina) are described. State-of-the-art of tissue engineering alternatives to common practices are evaluated with a focus on in vivo models. Tissue engineering is an ever-expanding field, integrating various domains of modern science to create sophisticated tissue substitutes in the hope of repairing or replacing dysfunctional organs using autologous cells. Its application to gynecology has the potential of restoring female fertility and sexual wellbeing.

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Merlini, Marco. "Mother Ranaldi: a post-paleolithic goddess gives birth flanked by supernatural stags." Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 5–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/actatr-2021-0001.

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Abstract Birth was one of the most magical, miraculous, and blessed events of post-paleolithic spirituality. The Mesolithic - Early Neolithic rock art paintings of the Ranaldi Shelter (Southern Italy) give distinct visual evidence to a universal subject: the woman during childbirth and the wild animal which, given the context data, is the adult male red deer. The pivotal personage of the drama, Mother Ranaldi, shares her iconographic canon with the Goddess of Childbirth in prehistoric art. She is a majestic, naked, corpulent and fertile anthropomorph who is delivering a new life between her generous thighs. The depiction of the newborn’s head emerging from the vagina emphasizes her female power to procreate. Mother Ranaldi is birthing flanked by two adult stags which she touches with her sacred hands. They are not ordinary animals. Their supernatural nature is described by three features: exaggerated unnatural antlers, clear epiphanic seasonal nature, and bicephalism. They were symbol of worship to the Goddess of Generation, acting as her paredri (supporting, assisting partners). Ranaldi Shelter was used during the seasonal relocation of cervids, which in spring moved from the plains to the summer mountainous ranges. Then, the red paintings had not only a sacred value. Having totemic nature, they carried out a territorial function by contributing to organize and mark the territory, possibly associated with appropriate rituals.

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Howard, David, Jetzabel Garcia-Parra, Gareth D. Healey, Cynthia Amakiri, Lavinia Margarit, Lewis W. Francis, Deyarina Gonzalez, and R. Steven Conlan. "Antibody–drug conjugates and other nanomedicines: the frontier of gynaecological cancer treatment." Interface Focus 6, no. 6 (December 6, 2016): 20160054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0054.

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Gynaecological cancers: malignancies of the cervix, uterus, ovaries, vagina and vulva, are responsible for over 1.1 million new cancer cases and almost half a million deaths annually. Ovarian cancer in particular is difficult to treat due to often being diagnosed at a late stage, and the incidence of uterine and vulvar malignancies are both on the rise. The field of nanomedicine is beginning to introduce drugs into the clinic for oncological applications exemplified by the liposomal drugs, Doxil and Myocet, the nanoparticle, Abraxane and antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), Kadcyla and Adcetris. With many more agents currently undergoing clinical trials, the field of nanomedicine promises to have a significant impact on cancer therapy. This review considers the state of the art for nanomedicines currently on the market and those being clinically evaluated for the treatment of gynaecological cancers. In particular, it focuses on ADCs and presents a methodology for their rational design and evaluation.

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Wang, Xiaona, and Max Q. H. Meng. "Robotics for Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery: A Review." Journal of Robotics 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/512616.

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Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) involves accessing the abdominal cavity via one of the bodies’ natural orifices, for example, mouth, anus, or vagina. This new surgical procedure is very appealing from patients’ perspectives because it eliminates completely abdominal wall aggression and promises to reduce postoperative pain, in addition to all other advantages brought by laparoscopic surgery. However, the constraints imposed by both the mode of access and the limited technology currently available make NOTES very challenging for the surgeons. Redesign of the instruments is imperative in order to make this emerging operative access safe and reproducible. In this paper, we survey on the state-of-the-art devices used in NOTES and introduce both the flexible instruments based on improvement of current endoscopic platforms and the revolutionary concept of robotic platforms based on the convergence of communication and micromechatronics technologies. The advantages and limitations of each category are addressed. Potential solutions are proposed to improve the existing designs and develop robust and stable robotic platforms for NOTES.

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Orbach, Dara N., Diane A. Kelly, Mauricio Solano, and Patricia L. R. Brennan. "Genital interactions during simulated copulation among marine mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 11, 2017): 20171265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1265.

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Genitalia are morphologically variable across many taxa and in physical contact during intromission, but little is known about how variation in form correlates with function during copulation. Marine mammals offer important insights into the evolutionary forces that act on genital morphology because they have diverse genitalia and are adapted to aquatic living and mating. Cetaceans have a fibroelastic penis and muscular vaginal folds, while pinnipeds have a baculum and lack vaginal folds. We examined copulatory fit in naturally deceased marine mammals to identify anatomical landmarks in contact during copulation and the potential depth of penile penetration into the vagina. Excised penises were artificially inflated to erection with pressurized saline and compared with silicone vaginal endocasts and within excised vaginas in simulated copulation using high-resolution, diffusible iodine-based, contrast-enhanced computed tomography. We found evidence suggestive of both congruent and antagonistic genital coevolution, depending on the species. We suggest that sexual selection influences morphological shape. This study improves our understanding of how mechanical interactions during copulation influence the shape of genitalia and affect fertility, and has broad applications to other taxa and species conservation.

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Hussin, Amer M., Nazih W. Zaid, and S. O. Hussain. "Compensatory Structural Adaptive Modifications of Vagina in Response to Functional Demand in Goat." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/789816.

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Vaginal biopsies and smears were collected from ten adult local healthy goats. Routine histological methods were carried out on vaginal biopsies and then stained with PAS stain. The smears were stained with Methylene blue. All samples were inspected under light microscope. The present study found that many constituents of the wall of the vagina, which have an important functional role, were absent; among these were the vaginal glands, goblet cells, muscularis mucosa, and lymphatic nodules. On the other hand, vagina showed special compensatory histological mechanisms, namely, the deep epithelial folds, the well-developed germinated stratum basale, the apparent basement membrane, and the profuse defensive cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells. The general stains of this study could not recognize dendritic cells although they play an important functional role. Moreover, the herein study declared also that the vaginal smears showing many adaptive cellular mechanisms among these were, the keratinization, the process of sheet formation that lines the vaginal lumen, the process of metachromasia which is related to the cellular activity in protein synthesis, keratin, and finally the presence of endogenous microorganisms. It was concluded that all the above cellular compensatory adaptive mechanisms may compensate the lacking vaginal constituents and act to raise the immune response of the vagina.

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Masaoka, Miya. "The Vagina Is the Third Ear." TDR/The Drama Review 64, no. 1 (March 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00909.

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The vagina resembles the fleshy folds of the ear without the cartilage. Like the Third Eye, the Third Ear connotes a supernatural ability of intuition, perception. Female sexuality is broadened and expanded, as the vagina is reimagined and reclaimed from previous definitions. Performances with vibrating surfaces and internal vaginal microphones sonify and activate the vagina in real time. This sonic reveal of female body parts asserts a political radicality beyond the gallery or concert hall.

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Barrionuevo, Francisco, Miguel Burgos, and Rafael Jiménez. "Origin and function of embryonic Sertoli cells." BioMolecular Concepts 2, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc.2011.044.

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AbstractIn the adult testis, Sertoli cells (SCs) are the epithelial supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules that provide germ cells (GCs) with the required nutrients and structural and regulatory support to complete spermatogenesis. SCs also form the blood-testis barrier, phagocytose apoptotic spermatocytes and cell debris derived from spermiogenesis, and produce and secrete numerous paracrine and endocrine signals involved in different regulatory processes. In addition to their essential functions in the adult testis, SCs play a pivotal role during testis development. They are the first cells to differentiate in the embryonic XY gonadal primordium and are involved in the regulation of testis-specific differentiation processes, such as prevention of GC entry into meiosis, Leydig and peritubular myoid cell differentiation, and regression of the Müllerian duct, the anlagen of the uterus, oviducts, and the upper part of the vagina. Expression of the Y-linked gene SRY in pre-SCs initiates a genetic cascade that leads to SC differentiation and subsequently to testis development. Since the identification of the SRY gene, many Sertoli-specific transcription factors and signals underlying the molecular mechanisms of early testis differentiation have been identified. Here, we review the state of the art of the molecular interactions that commit the supporting cell lineage of the gonadal primordium to differentiate as SCs and the subsequent Sertoli-specific signaling pathways involved in early testis differentiation.

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Mamchur, V. I., and O. V. Khomiak. "What should be considered when choosing a drug for local therapy of nonspecific vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis." Reproductive health of woman, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.1.2022.258132.

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Vaginal infections are highly spread among the female population and they impact the woman’s organism, fetal development and child health. They remain an important medical and social problem, so the optimizing the treatment is very important. The article is a review of the modern domestic and foreign publications about the etiological factors, pathogenesis, and local pharmacotherapy of nonspecific and candidiasis vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis, including their manifestation during pregnancy. The issues of vaginal infections in non-pregnant and pregnant women, the main risk factors for their development, the range of pathogens of infectious lesions of the vagina, which are the most common - bacterial vaginosis (G. vaginalis and A. vaginae), nonspecific vaginitis (Streptococcus spp., S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, E. coli, etc.), candidiasis vaginitis (C. albicans and C. non-albicans), and the importance of changes in the composition of the vaginal microbiome in the development of these diseases are demonstrated. Based on the data from scientific publications, the article presents the analysis of the sensitivity of pathogenic flora to anti-infective methods. The attention is drawn to the risks of nonspecific and candidiasis vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy (miscarriage and premature birth, placental insufficiency, etc.), the advantages and disadvantages of systemic and local therapy for these diseases, the comparative characteristics of individual drugs for topical therapy are given, taking into account the composition and pharmacodynamics of their components.The clinical and pharmaceutical benefits of a complex preparation that includes ternidazole, neomycin sulfate, nystatin and prednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoate and has the bactericidal (including antianaerobic), fungicidal, antiprotozoal, and anti-inflammatory effects have been analyzed. Data on the microbiological and clinical efficacy of the drug, its storage effect on the vaginal microbiome, and features of innovative technology for the manufacture of its dosage form are presented.

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Bhattacharya, Rangan, Rohini Raut, Beena Kumari, and D. C. Hojai. "A rare case of heterotopic pregnancy: an avalanche of catastrophe." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 4702. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20204837.

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An ectopic pregnancy is the development of an embryo outside the uterus, a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Heterotopic pregnancy is when an intrauterine implanted embryo develops simultaneously along with an extra uterine implantation. With rising incidence of assisted reproductive technology (ART), incidence of ectopic pregnancy is on a rise. We report a case of an elderly patient, conceived by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET), who had a catastrophe of events following conception, where she had an intrauterine twin gestation and an ectopic gestation in the left fallopian tube. She presented with vomiting and on ultrasound scan, we found a twin intra uterine gestation, with demise of one twin with no sign of ectopic implantation. Initially we decided to continue pregnancy. However, she had persistent spotting per vagina, and on a repeat ultrasound scan there was intrauterine demise of the other foetus also. Her uterus was then evacuated under anaesthesia. Post operatively, she became hemodynamic ally unstable and ultrasound was inconclusive of the cause. So, we subjected her to an MRI which showed a left adnexal ruptured ectopic pregnancy with hemoperitoneum. She was immediately taken up for exploratory laparotomy and left salpingectomy was done hemoperitoneum evacuated. Due to timely intervention and use of advanced techniques for diagnosis, she recovered successfully. Thus, heterotopic pregnancy can be a rare, life threatening complication of IVF, a vigilant eye and not shying away from the use of novel and advanced techniques for diagnosis, can help in early diagnosis and timely intervention and thus prove to be lifesaving.

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Wang, Le-Ming, Bao-Hong Lee, Chih-Yao Hou, Wei-Hsuan Hsu, and Chen-Jei Tai. "Probiotics-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Protect Oxidative Stress against H2O2 Induction in Placental Cells." Fermentation 8, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8020074.

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(1) Background: The microbial phase in the vaginal environment has been found to regulate the physiological activity of host cells. Studies have demonstrated that abnormal microbial growth in the vagina and a significant reduction in the proportion of lactic acid bacteria promote the occurrence of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). However, the contributing mechanism remains unknown. (2) Methods: This study uses extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus, commonly found in the vagina, to explore their potential to attenuate placental cells caused by oxidative stress induction. (3) Results: We found that L. crispatus-derived EVs improved Akt phosphorylation and attenuated both cell senescence and death in placental cells caused by oxidative stress induction. In addition, L. crispatus-derived EVs enhanced the resistance to H2O2 induction mediated by increasing mitochondrial fusion. (4) Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate that L. crispatus in the vagina can not only regulate the physiological functions of placental cells through the delivery of L. crispatus-EVs but also reduce cell senescence. As cell senescence is related to the occurrence of sPTB, these results indicate that maintaining the population of L. crispatus in the vaginal environment should be an adjuvant treatment strategy to avoid sPTB.

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Hinchytska, L. V., O. M. Lasitchuk, V. M. Zhurakivsky, I. O. Basyuga, N. Ya Kurtash, and L. V. Pakharenko. "Restoration and preservation of the vaginal ecosystem in postmenopausal women." Reproductive health of woman 6 (July 30, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.6.2021.244389.

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The article is devoted to the problem of restoring the physiological conditions of vaginal contents with improving the degree of vaginal cleanliness and reducing atrophic manifestations of the vagina in postmenopausal patients, which reduces the recurrence of vaginal infections and improves the quality of life of menopausal women. The use of a combination of low concentrations of estriol and acidophilic lactobacilli, after the main etiotropic therapy allows to restore the vaginal ecosystem and reduce the manifestations of atrophic vaginitis in menopause.The objective: saving and recovering of the vaginal ecosystem after anti-inflammatory therapy and prevention of vaginal disorders in women in menopause; establishment of clinical effects of complex treatment of sexually transmitted infections, followed by normalization of vaginal flora using a combination of low doses of estriol with lactobacilli and lactose in the form of vaginal suppositories at menopause.Materials and methods. During the examination and treatment of women were divided as follows: I — the main group — 58 women with physiological menopause, who after a comprehensive treatment of colpitis with vaginal suppositorium with a combination of a minimum dose of estriol with lactobacilli and lactose (1 time per day for 12 days, then — 1 time per week for six weeks); ІІ — comparative — 29 patients who underwent only etiotropic therapy with no further correction of vaginal biocenosis.Results. The first control was performed 3–5 days after the end of the main therapy, the second control was performed two months later. After our proposed treatment, the percentage of women with pathological secretions in group I was 12% (7), in II — 66% (19). After 2 months in the main group there was no atrophic changes of the vagina in 39 (67,2%) patients, insignificant — 12 (20,7%), moderate — 6 (10,4%), pronounced — only in 1 (1,7%), and the absence of high atrophy. In the comparison group, the indicators remained unchanged. Conclusions. The combination of low doses of estriol, acidophilic lactobacilli and lactose contributes to sufficient population and maintenance of healthy vaginal flora, as well as the restoration of physiological properties of the vaginal mucosa in women during menopause, as evidenced by the reverse dynamics of atrophic disorders in the main group.

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Cooper, Christine M. "Worrying about Vaginas: Feminism and Eve Ensler’sThe Vagina Monologues." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 727–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/499084.

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Wang, Yichuan, Yongjun Sui, Jason Steel, John Morris, and Jay Berzofsky. "Vaginal type-II mucosa acts as an inductive site during the generation of primary CD8+ T cell mucosal immune responses (P3186)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 124.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.124.4.

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Abstract It is widely believed that primary immune induction in type-II mucosa (vagina, mouth & cornea) occurs in the draining LNs due to a lack of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. In this process, naïve T cells located in the draining LNs are primed by antigen (Ag)-bearing dendritic cells migrating from the Ag-exposed mucosa. Primed T cells then travel to the mucosal site through the bloodstream. In contrast to this paradigm, we show that vaginal mucosa itself can act as an immune inductive site for generation of primary CD8+ T cell mucosal immunity. As evidence, we found that naïve CD8+ T cells routinely migrated to the female reproductive tract and that Ag-specific CD8+ T cells could be generated in the LN-deficient mice after intravaginal immunization. Further, the adoptively transferred naïve OT-1 CD8+ T cells were activated in the vaginal mucosa but not in the draining LNs at 24 hours after intravaginal immunization, even in the presence of FTY720, a drug blocking the egress of T cells from LNs. In addition, the Ag-bearing cells isolated from immunized vaginal mucosa were able to stimulate naïve TCR-transgenic RT-1 CD8+ T cells to secret IFN-γ and undergo proliferation. Finally, vaginal mucosa largely supported the expansion of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, we present evidence for a new paradigm for primary CD8+ T cell immune induction in type-II mucosa of the vagina, one that occurs locally without the help of draining LNs or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

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Haiduk, A. D., and S. V. Turbanist. "Ultrasonic research of organs of small pelvis for women with the unsuccessful attempts of ART on a background chronic endometritis." UKRAINIAN JOURNAL HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 1(157) (December 30, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2021.157.19.

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The subject of discussion is the effectiveness of sonographic examination in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis, despite the high availability of this method of research and ultrasound criteria of chronic endometritis. The validity of the ultrasound diagnosis of chronic endometritis is denied by many experts, but there is a consensus on the high prognostic detectable values of the signs for further verification of this nosology. Purpose — to determine the diagnostic value of pelvic ultrasound to assess the condition of the endometrium in women with unsuccessful attempts at ART in the history of chronic endometritis. Materials and methods. The prospective study of women with chronic endometritis and unsuccessful attempts at ART, based on MC LLC «ISIDA-IVF», for the period from 2019 to 2021. I and II groups were 110 women of childbearing age with chronic endometritis and repeated unsuccessful attempts at ART, and 40 women of reproductive age without impaired fertility, who formed a control group. Ultrasound of the pelvic organs was performed in all patients of the studied groups on days 5–7, 12–15, 22–24 of the menstrual cycle. The threshold value of static reliability is p<0.05. Results. In women with infertility on the background of chronic endometritis in history, the average thickness of the median M-echo in the periovulatory period in group I (with pre-conception preparation) was 9.1±0.08 mm, in group II (without pre-conception preparation) — 7.6±0.9 mm, in the CG — 9.3±0.1 mm and had statistically significant differences (p1,2<0.05, p1,3>0.05, p2,3<0.05). Thin endometrium was detected in patients of group I with pre-conception preparation in 16.3% and twice as often in women in group II without pre-conception preparation — 30.9% (p1,2<0.05). The inconsistency of endometriality was approximately the same in the number of patients in the 1st and 2nd group, which was seen during the day in the cohort of the control group. In case of hyperplastic chronic endometritis macrotype in both groups, polypendometry was tested, as in 2.5 times it was diagnosed in patients of the II group — 9.6% versus 3.6% in women of the I group (p1,2<0.05). The incidence of diagnosed hyperplasia endometrial in pre-existing groups is not small statistically significant differences — 1.8% and 5.4% (p1,2>0.05) apparently. In case of hypoplastic chronic endometritis macrotype, thin endometrium is 2 times and more often in the II group. Conclusions. Transvaginal echography has high specificity (96.6%), sensitivity (55.2%) and diagnostic accuracy (68.2%). Criterias for the active readiness of women to the vagina for pre-conception health improvement are updating the photographic picture of endometries with values of M-exo>7 mm; normalization of uterine hemodynamics (RI<0.9, PI<3.0). The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local ethics committee of all participating institutions. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: ultrasound examination, assisted reproductive technologies, chronic endometritis.

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Pérez-González, Alexandre, Edward Cachay, Antonio Ocampo, and Eva Poveda. "Update on the Epidemiological Features and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Coinfection." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10051047.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Although most HPV infections will spontaneously resolve, a considerable proportion of them will persist, increasing the risk of anogenital dysplasia, especially within certain populations, such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Furthermore, high-risk oncogenic HPV types (HR-HPV) are the main cause of cervix and other anogenital cancers, such as cancer of the vagina, vulva, penis, or anus. HIV and HPV coinfection is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) but disproportionally affects men who have sex with men (MSM) for whom the rate of persistent HPV infection and reinfection is noteworthy. The molecular interactions between HIV and HPV, as well as the interplay between both viruses and the immune system, are increasingly being understood. The immune dysfunction induced by HIV infection impairs the rate of HPV clearance and increases its oncogenic risk. Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of several HPV-related cancers is higher in PLWH, and the burden of persistent HPV-related disease has become a significant concern in an aging HIV population. Several public health strategies have been developed to reduce the transmission of HIV and HPV and mitigate the consequences of this type of coinfection. Universal HPV vaccination is the most effective preventive tool to reduce the incidence of HPV disease. In addition, screening programs for HPV-related cervical and vulvovaginal diseases in women are well-recognized strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Similarly, anal dysplasia screening programs are being implemented worldwide for the prevention of anal cancer among PLWH. Herein, the main epidemiological features and clinical implications of HIV and HPV coinfection are reviewed, focusing mainly on the relationship between HIV immune status and HPV-related diseases and the current strategies used to reduce the burden of HPV-related disease.

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Dolzhykova, Olena, and Rymma Yeromenko. "Research of the influence of Melanizol pessaries on background of “chemical” vaginitis in rats." ScienceRise: Biological Science, no. 4(33) (December 30, 2022): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-8025.2022.271039.

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The aim. to study the therapeutic influence of new pessaries Melanizol based on metronidazole and tea tree oil on the background of model of “chemical” vaginitis in female rats. Materials and methods. The therapeutic effect of pessaries Melanizol was studied in female rats on the model of "chemical" vaginitis with using argentum nitrate, which provokes vaginitis not burdened by infection. Against the background of vaginitis, the general condition of animals, the dynamics of body weight, the morphological composition of peripheral blood and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), pH, biochemical parameters (total protein, ALT and glucose), temperature in the vagina of rats, macroscopically assessed changes in the vaginal mucosa (VM) were studied. Results and discussion. Against the background of pathology in the animals, a shift in the studied indicators was observed. Pessaries Melanizol at the dose of 21 mg/kg make a therapeutic effect on the model of experimental "chemical" vaginitis, caused by argentum nitrate, as indicated by the restoration of the VM state, reduced the number of leukocytes, restored the percentage composition of the leukocyte formula, reduced the amount of total protein and the cytolytic enzyme ALT in blood serum and vaginal contents, which indicates the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effect of the studied agent. The recovery of vaginal temperature, pH and the amount of glucose in the vaginal contents was also observed, which indicates the normalization of homeostasis in the vagina of experimental animals. According to these effects, the studied pessaries Melanizol were superior to the reference drug "Gravagin" at the dose of 30 mg/kg and were not inferior to the reference drug Hippophaes oleum pessaries (HOP) at the dose of 17.64 mg/kg. Conclusions. The therapeutic effect of new pessaries Melanizol based on metronidazole and tea tree oil on the model of "chemical" vaginitis in female rats has been proven. The investigated pessaries Melanizol are a promising drug for the treatment of non-specific vaginitis and require further research in this direction

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Miyagawa, S., A. Suzuki, Y. Katsu, M. Kobayashi, M. Goto, H. Handa, H. Watanabe, and T. Iguchi. "Persistent gene expression in mouse vagina exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 32, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 663–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0320663.

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Developmental exposure to a synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), induces carcinogenesis in human and laboratory animals. In mice, neonatal DES treatment induces persistent proliferation and keratinization of the vaginal epithelium, even in the absence of the ovaries, resulting in cancerous lesions later in life. To understand the mechanisms underlying this persistent cell proliferation and differentiation, we characterized the gene expression patterns in the neonatally DES-exposed mouse vagina using DNA microarray and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. We found that genes related to cellular signaling, which are candidates for mediating the persistent proliferation and differentiation, were altered, and genes related to the immune system were decreased in the neonatally DES-exposed mouse vagina. We also noted high expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1)-related genes accompanied by phosphorylation of JNK1. In addition, expression IGF-I and its binding proteins was modulated and led to phosphorylation of IGF-I receptor and Akt, which is one of the downstream factors of IGF-I signaling. This led us to characterize the expression as well as the phosphorylation status of IL-1 and IGF-I signaling pathway components which may activate the phosphorylation cascade in the vagina of mice exposed neonatally to DES. These findings give insight into persistent activation in the vagina of mice exposed neonatally to DES.

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Hansbury, Griffin. "The Masculine Vaginal: Working With Queer Men’s Embodiment at the Transgender Edge." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 65, no. 6 (December 2017): 1009–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065117742409.

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Turning away from the conspicuous phenomena of transgender experience, with an eye toward locating and illuminating the transgender edge in cisgender, this paper explores the relationship between men and the Vaginal, both material and fantasized. Positing the Vaginal as a counterpart to the Phallic allows a delinkage of vaginal psychic and embodied states from the strictly female so that, like the Phallic, they can be accessed by people of all genders and sexes. This concept goes beyond the conceptual to the fleshy, embodied experience of many transgender men, who live in whole, partial, and/or temporary “female” bodies. It can also be applied to the physio-psychic reality of many cisgender men. Included is a discussion of a case in which a gay cisgender male patient experiences and fantasizes his anus as a vagina.

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Lima, Miguel Guzzo, Carlos Alberto Sanches Pereira, and Lara Danielle Nowak. "Espécies de Lactobacillus e seu papel na vaginose bacteriana." Cadernos UniFOA 10, no. 28 (August 10, 2015): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v10.n28.308.

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A vaginose bacteriana representa o distúrbio ginecológico mais prevalente em mulheres com idade reprodutiva e tem como etiologia principal a alteração da microbiota vaginal normal, composta predominantemente por lactobacilos, que inibem o crescimento e a adesão de patógenos fornecendo defesa local. O gênero Lactobacillus contém mais de 80 espécies, em que os predominantes no canal vaginal da mulher em idade reprodutiva são: L. crispatus (30,1%), L. jensenii (26,5%), L. gasseri (22,9%) e L. vaginalis (8,4%), destes o L. crispatus demonstrou ser o maior produtor de acido lático e o melhor protetor contra infecções. Devido as suas características benéficas, o L. crispatus poderia ser utilizado como biomarcador de saúde vaginal e como probiótico. Os lactobacilos vaginais usados como probióticos na recolonização e na manutenção da microbiota vaginal, combinados com antibióticos ou não, podem ser eficientes no tratamento e na prevenção de infecções vaginais. Entretanto é preciso mais estudos para confirmar os benefícios do uso de probióticos no tratamento da vaginose.

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Kang, Bijun, Yizuo Cai, Zhuoxuan Jia, Chingyu Chen, Mingwu Deng, Wenjie Zhang, and Wei Li. "Cell-Free Fat Extract Prevents Vaginal Atrophy in an Ovariectomized Model by Promoting Proliferation of Vaginal Keratinocytes and Neovascularization." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 42, no. 1 (October 20, 2021): NP55—NP68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab366.

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Abstract Background Most perimenopausal and postmenopausal women experience estrogen deficiency–induced vaginal atrophy. However, estrogen replacement therapy has contraindications and side effects, which makes it unsuitable for most women. Cell-free fat extract (CEFFE) has pro-proliferative and proangiogenic tissue regeneration activities. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical application of CEFFE in the vagina and the effect of CEFFE on vaginal keratinocytes. Methods Ovariectomized mice were treated with CEFFE via vaginal topical application for 2 weeks. The vaginal mucosal cell layer number, mucosal thickness, and vaginal collagen volume were determined by histologic analyses. Vaginal mucosa proliferation and lamina propria angiogenesis were evaluated with anti–proliferating cell nuclear antigen and anti-CD31 staining, respectively. For in vitro analysis, VK2/E6E7 cells were administered, increasing the CEFFE concentration. Cell proliferation and cell-cycle distribution were analyzed by Cell Counting Kit 8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Mucosal migration was evaluated with a wound-healing assay. The expression of Ki-67 and estrogen-related proteins was detected by western blotting. Results CEFFE-treated mice showed increased mucosal thickness and number of vaginal mucosal cell layers and reduced vaginal atrophy compared to ovariectomized mice. The number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen–positive cells and CD31-positive capillaries also increased. In addition, CEFFE promoted the proliferation and migration of VK2/E6E7 cells, upregulated the expression of Ki-67, and inhibited the expression of estrogen-related proteins and the PI3K/AKT pathway. Conclusions CEFFE prevents estrogen deficiency–induced vaginal atrophy by promoting vaginal mucosal proliferation and increasing neovascularization, but not through the estrogen/estrogen receptor pathway, in an ovariectomized mouse model.

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Nonye-Enyidah Esther Ijeoma and Ohaka Henry Chinweowa. "Successful spontaneous pregnancy in a nullipara with acquired gynaetresia: A case report." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.2.0220.

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Background: Gynaetresia is the narrowing or complete occlusion of the vagina which may be congenital or acquired. Acquired gynaetresia is commoner in Nigeria due to female genital mutilation and vaginal insertion of herbs. Gynaetresia is a public health issue that requires a great attention to prevent all its associated morbidities. Objective: To report a case of nullipara with acquired gynaetresia that presented in labour. Methods: The case note of the patient and how she was managed were reviewed. Relevant review of the literature on the subject was also done. Results: She was a 24 year old Primary Health Care (PHC) booked Gravida 3 Para 0+2, a trader with secondary level of education who presented in labour ward of Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH) at an unknown gestation. She was referred from the PHC on account of labour pains of 6 hours duration and a dense fibrotic tissue sealing off most of the vaginal wall. There was a history of passage of herbal concoction in her vagina 14 months prior to presentation to induce abortion. She had emergency lower segment Caesarean Section (C/S) and outcome was a live male baby who weighed 3kg with a good APGAR score. She did well post operatively, was counseled for vaginoplasty and discharged home with her baby on the 5thpost-operative day in good clinical state. Conclusion: Acquired gynaetresia due to vaginal insertion of herbal pessaries is a preventable condition if only our women in this part of the world are made to understand the significance and implications of this act. This is by educating the public on the morbidities associated with this condition.

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Sadoviy, A. P. "Complex clinical and echographic assessment of the peculiarities of developmental anomalies of uterus and vagina in children and adolescents." Reproductive health of woman 5 (December 31, 2020): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.5.2021.224494.

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The objective. To assess the structure of independent and combined forms of anomalies in the development of the uterus and/or vagina in children and adolescents, justifying the need for ultrasound screening in this age group.Materials and methods. The study involved 146 patients with malformations of the uterus and/or vagina at the age from 10 to 20 years. All patients underwent a clinical examination, which included anamnestic data, gynecological examination, and ultrasound examination. The calculation of indicators of the diagnostic information content of ultrasound was carried out taking into account the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the method.Results. In the course of the study, it was found that the largest proportion of all anomalies of the internal genitals was uterine malformations (37,0%), complete doubling of the uterus and vagina (17,1%), vaginal aplasia (15,1%). Genetic or chromosomal pathology was detected in 36 patients (24,7%), in the remaining 110 patients (75,3%) a multifactorial nature of the disease was assumed.Attention is drawn to the fact that 48 patients (32.8%) with uterine and/or vaginal malformations, who did not present complaints, were identified during the primary ultrasound screening, which indicates the effectiveness of this method in examining girls and adolescents. In 12 children (8,25%) in addition to abnormalities in the development of the uterus and/or vagina, ultrasound revealed tumors and tumor-like diseases of the uterine appendages. Also, 57 malformations of other organs and systems were revealed in 49 (33,6%) examined patients, and 8 (5,5%) had concomitant defects. In most cases, in 99 patients (67,8%) with anomalies in the development of internal genitalia, the anamnesis was aggravated by the factors of their parents (burdened heredity, disease, occupational health, etc.)Conclusion. As a result of a comprehensive clinical examination of patients with congenital anomalies in the development of internal genitalia, the diagnosis was clarified, the share of hereditary and some environmental factors in the manifestation of this pathology was revealed, which is one of the common gynecological diseases that are characterized by a variety of forms of anomalies, clinical symptoms and a high percentage of diagnostic errors. At puberty, the use of echography to clarify the state of the internal genital organs is of great practical importance. Non-invasiveness, absence of psychogenic traumatization, safety and high information content make it possible not only to diagnose congenital pathology, but also to use this method as a dynamic observation of the state of the uterus and/or vagina in girls and adolescents, which is very important when choosing rational methods for correcting this pathology

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Zhang, Qin, Can Tian, Kun Wang, Qi Xin, Yan Shen, Chuan-shan Zhang, and Zhe Ma. "A case of a vaginal Brenner tumor without a gland mimicking a borderline tumor: unusual morphology and diagnostic pitfalls." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 8 (August 2020): 030006052094653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520946536.

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Brenner tumor is a rare neoplasm of the vagina. This tumor is diagnosed according to the criteria of ovarian tumors. We report here a 64-year-old postmenopausal woman with a 2.0-cm sessile vaginal polyp for 9 years. Microscopic examination showed unusual features of no gland appearing in the tumor, but the other two characteristic components of transitional islands and dense fibrous stroma were observed. The tumor was diagnosed as a vaginal Brenner tumor on the basis of the definition proposed by the World Health Organization classification of female reproductive organ tumors. In our case, part of the epithelial nests of the Brenner tumor showed basaloid cell differentiation with peripheral palisading, and irregular papillary hyperplasia was observed around the epithelial nests similar to a borderline tumor. However, no mitotic activity or nuclear atypia was present in either the epithelial or stromal components. The presence of epithelial nests requires attention in the medical history of the patient. Our patient did not have a history of primary urothelial carcinoma. Our patient’s benign vaginal Brenner tumor with different morphological characteristics supports the current notion that Walthard nests might act as possible precursor lesions.

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Tazina, T. V., T. N. Bebneva, O. S. Aleshkina, and M. A. Soyunov. "Empirical therapy as first-line treatment for vulvovaginal infections." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 21, no. 1 (2022): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2022-1-129-135.

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Women with signs of urogenital system infections require diagnostic testing for timely and adequate verification of the pathogen and prescription of therapy considering pathogen eradication. However, the identification of specific pathogens in practice takes some time. Therefore, empirical therapy based on a subjective evaluation of the symptoms of vulvovaginal infections and assessment of drug susceptibility of pathogens is common in practical gynecology. At the same time, it is acceptable to use broad-spectrum agents that act on bacteria, fungi, and protozoa and do not contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. These are topical antimicrobial agents – antiseptics. Objective. To study the efficacy of dequalinium chloride as first-line treatment of patients with signs of vulvovaginal noninflammatory and inflammatory diseases initiated by opportunistic pathogens and aerobic bacteria. Patients and methods. The study included 74 women aged 18 to 45 years (31.4 ± 0.5 years) who were diagnosed with other inflammation of vagina and vulva (N76) or other non-inflammatory disorders of vagina (N89) based on their complaints and examination during an initial visit to a gynecologist. Prior to treatment, laboratory testing of the vaginal microflora by real-time polymerase chain reaction using the test Femoflor was performed, and empirical therapy with dequalinium chloride was applied. Subsequently, the results of laboratory tests before and after treatment were analyzed, as well as the dynamics of clinical manifestations of vulvovaginal infections against the background of therapy with topical antiseptic. Results. The prescription of dequalinium chloride as empirical therapy is effective for both elimination of the clinical manifestations of vulvovaginal infections and for normalization of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the vaginal microbiota at the outpatient appointment. Conclusion. Dequalinium chloride (Fluomisin®) may be recommended to women for correcting disorders of the vaginal microbiocenosis at their initial visit before the results of laboratory tests are obtained. Key words: vulvovaginal infection, normal microbiota, empirical therapy, dequalinium chloride

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Kuzmin, V. N. "Ecofucin® for the prevention of vaginal microbiota dysbiosis — bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis amid the use of systemic antimicrobial therapy." Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health 5, no. 4 (2022): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-4-292-296.

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Aim: to assess the efficacy and safety of Ecofucin® in patients after performing planned gynecologic surgery procedures based on the changes in vaginal microbiota over time amid the use of systemic antimicrobial therapy (AMT). Patients and Methods: this prospective open randomized comparative parallel-group clinical study involved patients without signs of vaginal microbiota dysbiosis — bacterial vaginosis or candidiasis, who were hospitalized for planned surgery procedures. The group 1 patients (n=39) received systemic AMT and Ecofucin® for intravaginal application once a day at the bedtime for 12 days, starting 6 days before the planned surgery and AMT initiation, while the group 2 patients (n=40) received only systemic AMT. The efficacy was assessed a day after the completion of AMT and the use of the tested medication (i.e. on day 13 after the initiation of Ecofucin application) and 30±2 days after the initiation of using the tested drug. Clinical, microbiological and molecular genetic methods were used for the assessment. Results: symptoms common for vaginal microbiota dysbiosis — bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis were reported by 18% and 21% of the group 2 patients at days 13 and 30±2 after the initiation of AMT, while such symptoms were not recorded in any of the group 1 patients (F=0,107, р=0,007). In 100% of the group 1 patients both lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were detected at all endpoints. In group 2, lactobacilli were found at days 13 and 30±2 in 93.8% and 97% of patients, respectively (F=0.035, p=0.2; F=0.017, p=0.458), bifidobacteria — in 84.4% and 81.1% of patients, respectively (F=0.092, р=0.016; F=0.107, р=0,007, respectively). At the baseline, the groups had similar results of the vaginal discharge culture tests. In the group 1 patients, Candida spp. were not identified at any of the endpoints, in group 2 — Candida spp. were found in 22.5% of patients, starting from day 13 (F=0,125, р=0,002). No adverse events were reported. Conclusion: the administration of Ecofucin® vaginal suppositories containing natamycin 100 mg and excipient lactulose is effective for preventing microbiota dysbiosis — bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis in patients receiving antimicrobial therapy. KEYWORDS: vagina, microbiocenosis, antimicrobial therapy, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, candidiasis, natamycin, lactulose. FOR CITATION: Kuzmin V.N. Ecofucin® for the prevention of vaginal microbiota dysbiosis — bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis amid the use of systemic antimicrobial therapy. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2022;5(4):292–296 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430- 2022-5-4-292-296.

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Vygivska, L. M., I. V. Maidannyk, and V. F. Oleshko. "The condition of vaginal biocenosis in pregnant women after application of assisted reproductive technologies." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 7(143) (September 30, 2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2019.143.74.

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The article presents the results of a prospective clinical examination of women with a history of burdened infertility, whose pregnancy occurred as the result of assisted reproductive technologies application. The objective: to study the peculiarities of vaginal biocenosis condition in the dynamics of pregnancy in pregnant women after ART application in order to improve the tactics of antenatal observation and prevention of obstetric and perinatal complications. Materials and methods. In order to achieve the aim comprehensive examination of 299 pregnant was conducted. Women were divided into two groups: the main group included 249 women whose pregnancy occurred as a result of ART application. The control group consisted of 50 pregnant women with spontaneous onset of pregnancy and its physiological course, which have been taken to the antenatal supervision in the period of 6-8 weeks of pregnancy. Pregnant women of the examined groups was carried out to determine the pH of the vaginal content, amine test, bacterial screening of the vaginal contents, examination for the presence of sexually transmitted infections and TORCH infections. Results. Bacterial vaginosis manifestations in 28.7% (27 cases) of I group women and in 19.5% (17 cases) of II group women and were significantly different from those of control group pregnant (p<0.05). Aerobic vaginitis associated with the active proliferation of conditionally pathogenic aerobic microflora which was detected in 39.4% of pregnant women. Bacteriological examination of I group pregnant women revealed that in the spectrum of isolated microflora microaerophils – Gardnerela vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae were most often in association with Mobiluncus and some representatives of aerobic microflora (S. faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella spp). It should be noted that the state of microecology of the genital tract in the pregnant of the main groups was characterized by a significant increase in the composition of the aerobic microflora of seeding indicators of aerobic conditionally pathogenic microorganisms with pathogenic properties (hemolysis, plasma coagulation, lycitin activity). In particular, these women experience an increase in the incidence and concentration of staphylococci, streptococci and Escherichia with hemolytic properties. Conclusions. For women who have become pregnant as a result of ART application, it is advisable to use routinely test strips to determine vaginal pH as a screening method for selecting pregnant women for an in-depth cultural examination of the vaginal biotope. At pH > 4.4, in addition to microscopy of vaginal smears to determine the degree of activation of the leukocyte reaction, it is advisable to carry out an amine test, bacteriological examination with the obligatory quantification of the concentration of the detected agents, as well as sowing to determine the anaerobic microflora. Key words: pregnancy, infertility, assisted reproductive technologies, vaginal biocenosis.

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Bimbinov, A. A. "Criminal and Legal Characteristics of Nonviolent Sexual Crimes under Turkish Law." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, no. 10 (January 9, 2023): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.98.10.110-117.

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The article analyzes the composition of nonviolent sexual crimes, the responsibility for which is provided for by the current norms of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Turkey. These include: sexual act with a minor (article 104), sexual harassment (article 105) and indecent acts (article 225).There is no legal definition of sexual act and sexual harassment in Turkish legislation. Nevertheless, on the basis of the established law enforcement practice and the systematic interpretation of the norms of the criminal law, the Turkish doctrine has developed appropriate definitions. As a sexual act, vaginal (insertion of the penis into the vagina) and anal (insertion of the penis into the anus) sexual contacts should be considered. Sexual harassment should be recognized as behavior aimed at satisfying sexual needs, excluding direct physical contact with the victim. Taking into account the characteristics of the object of encroachment, such behavior should be obvious and obviously undesirable for the victim.

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Orriols-Llonch, Marc. "A New Interpretation of the Expression in the Tale of Two Brothers ." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 148, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2020-0001.

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Summary In the tale of Two Brothers, when Bata tells his brother Inpu the whole truth about what happened with his wife, he insults her by calling her , a hapax that has been interpreted in many ways. F. Servajean has proposed to translate the expression by vagin perturbé and associates this “perturbation” with menstruation. The translation is totally adequate, but, given the context in which it is found, it does not seem right to associate it with menstruation. Bata insults the wife of his brother because she has tried to be unfaithful, so it seems more consistent that the “perturbation” of the vagina is due to an act of adultery rather than because of the woman’s menstruation.

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Lecerf, F., B. L. Nguyen, and J. R. Pasqualini. "Biological effects and ultrastructural alterations of cis-tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen in the uterus and vagina of newborn guinea pigs." Acta Endocrinologica 119, no. 1 (September 1988): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1190085.

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Abstract. The biological and morphological effects of cis-tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, administered sc alone (100 μg/animal) or combined with estradiol (20 μg/animal) were studied in the uterus and vagina of the guinea pig. After 2 days treatment the values of the uterine wet weights (mg ± sd of 6–10 animals in each study) were as follows: non-treated animals (control): 142 ± 15; animals treated with cis-tamoxifen: 119 ± 4; N-desmethyltamoxifen: 280 ± 20; 4-hydroxytamoxifen: 268 ± 25. The values after long treatment were: 177 ± 30; 490 ± 65; 394 ± 36 and 581 ± 60, respectively. After short treatment the weights of the vaginas were: control: 99 ± 20; cis-Tamoxifen: 67 ± 2; N-desmethyltamoxifen: 153 ± 25; 4-hydroxytamoxifen: 166 ± 7; and after the long treatment: 155 ± 40; 660 ± 41; 467 ± 38 and 502 ±61, respectively. N-desmethyltamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen increased the progesterone receptors in the uterus after short treatment (P < 0.01) but not after 12 days treatment. On the other hand, there was no effect on progesterone receptor in the vagina after the short treatment but a very stimulatory effect after the long treatment. The morphological alterations after 12-days treatment indicate that the three tamoxifen derivatives in the two tissues studied provoke intense alterations in different organelles. In conclusion, it is suggested that the tamoxifen derivatives can act as real agonists in the uterus and vagina of the newborn guinea pig, and they do not block the effect provoked by estradiol.

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S, Singhal, Bhaskar N, Kumar A, Gaur M, and Goyal ML. "Male bulbourethral gland secretions as physiological lubricant for vaginal dryness - A pilot study." Journal of Medical and Scientific Research 10, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/jmsr.2022/10-33.

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Background: Vaginal dryness is common during and after menopause due to declining oestrogen, vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), up to about a year after delivery during breast feeding and in many other conditions. This can be distressing to painful for women and may cause discomfort and dyspareunia. This study was performed to evaluate the use and practicability of secretions of male bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) to alleviate the discomfort, dyspareunia or pain at sexual activity, because of inadequate lubrication of vagina. Method: When a healthy male is sexually aroused, Cowper's glands produce a mucous-like fluid called pre-ejaculate. This fluid is a clear, colourless, viscous, and salty liquid, which is emitted from the urethra of the penis. A lubrication free wet condom on penis during foreplay can prevent loss of these secretions during an extended foreplay and lubrication around penis due to these secretions can effectively serve as physiological lubricant during coitus. Result: This technique and secretion of Cowper’s glands are a good lubrication for dryness of vagina during coitus. Sexual function assessment revealed a marked improvement in all domains of sexual function to both partners. A physiological secretion being natural to the sexual act and providing motive for extending foreplay; it is arguably the best lubricant for coitus in situations of dry vagina. Conclusion: Supposedly the secretions may also help in reducing dose of HRT for menopause, extended foreplay adds to psychosexual benefits and a boost to sexual hormonal milieu.

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Basile, V., M. G. Iannace, and A. Quartuccio. "The Joint Work of Gynecologist and Psychologist in the Treatment of Sexual Pain Disorders and Vulvar Vestibulitis and the Use of Visnadina." Klinička psihologija 9, no. 1 (June 13, 2016): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21465/2016-kp-p-0035.

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Objective: Actually, sexual pain disorders could be interpreted in a much broader sense to include also non-coital sex disorders (for example clitoris pain or vulvar vestibulis pain during petting). The Vulvar Vestibulitis (VV) sums up the complexity of interacting values in the genesis of pain. The VV is a clinical disorder characterized by three symptoms for excellence: 1) Acute vestibule pain at any attempt of penetration; 2) Tenderness caused by pressure in the vaginal vestibule: if we consider the entrance to the vaginal orifice as a clock face, the pain is at its greatest in the 5 and 7 areas; 3) Erythema of various degrees in the vaginal vestibule. Design and Method: Vulvar vestibulitis as a multi system disorder involves the mucosa of the vaginal vestibule and can become home to an intense inflammatory response; it also involves the immune system with the proliferation of painful nerve endings, the nervous system, the muscular and vascular system. Symptoms associated with VV can be of a urinary nature, with an urgent need to urinate after intercourse, or chronic cystitis or the onset of pain with the same characteristics as dyspareunia during a gynecological examination and so on. Results: In an outpatients setting which differs from the usual psychological/gynecological one, the presence of two specialists, that is a psychologist and a gynecologist at the gynecological examination may help. During the checkup when the speculum is inserted into the vagina to get a direct observation of the structure of the vagina, any lesions caused by chronic inflammation of the vaginal vestibule can be highlighted. The psychologist on the other side of the bed keeping direct eye contact with the patient can help her to manage the anxiety or pain linked to the moment of finger penetration or with the use of diagnostic instruments, as well as breathing management through autogenic training which will lower any anxiety-related situations. Eye contact can also keep the patient anchored to the real situation and keep her in touch with reality which can easily be distorted in a panic situation. Conclusions: In these conditions the gynecologist can carry out his examination, with penetration for example giving the patient a direct experience of it which in turn can act as a positive feedback for future experience. The use of Visnadina (Refeel Spray) is particularly useful for patients who suffer generally from painful sex and sexual arousal disorders. Refeel Spray was the product used as the reference sample in these cases.

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Torres-Figueroa, Ana V., Cinthia J. Pérez-Martínez, J. Carmelo Encinas, Silvia Burruel-Ibarra, María I. Silvas-García, Alejandro M. García Alegría, and Teresa del Castillo-Castro. "Thermosensitive Bioadhesive Hydrogels Based on Poly(N-isopropylacrilamide) and Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) for the Controlled Release of Metronidazole in the Vaginal Environment." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081284.

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The development of thermosensitive bioadhesive hydrogels as multifunctional platforms for the controlled delivery of microbicides is a valuable contribution for the in situ treatment of vagina infections. In this work, novel semi-interpenetrating network (s-IPN) hydrogels were prepared by the entrapment of linear poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PVME-MA) chains within crosslinked 3D structures of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). The multifunctional platforms were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal techniques, rheological analysis, swelling kinetic measurements, and bioadhesion tests on porcine skin. The hydrogels exhibited an interconnected porous structure with defined boundaries. An elastic, solid-like behavior was predominant in all formulations. The swelling kinetics were strongly dependent on temperature (25 °C and 37 °C) and pH (7.4 and 4.5) conditions. The s-IPN with the highest content of PVME-MA displayed a significantly higher detachment force (0.413 ± 0.014 N) than the rest of the systems. The metronidazole loading in the s-IPN improved its bioadhesiveness. In vitro experiments showed a sustained release of the antibiotic molecules from the s-IPN up to 48 h (94%) in a medium simulating vaginal fluid, at 37 °C. The thermosensitive and bioadhesive PNIPAAm/PVME-MA systems showed a promising performance for the controlled release of metronidazole in the vaginal environment.

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McCaughey, Martha. "Victim Vaginas: The V-Day Campaign and the Vagina as Symbol of Female Vulnerability." Women's Studies 42, no. 8 (December 2013): 923–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2013.830535.

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Dyakunchak, Yu R., and V. I. Pyrohova. "Assessment of the prevalence of abnormal vaginal discharges in women of reproductive age who have undergone urgent gynecological surgery." Reproductive health of woman, no. 4 (August 17, 2022): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.4.2022.262770.

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The problem of restoring women’s reproductive health after emergency operations for acute gynecological pathology has been social and medical significance in recent years. This is due to both the increase in its frequency and long-term negative outcomes – a decrease fertility rate, the development of pain syndrome, changes in hormonal homeostasis, etc. One of the manifestations of postoperative dysfunction in the organism is the appearance of an excessive amount of vaginal secretions in female patients. However, the targeted studies about the state of the vaginal microbiota in women after urgent surgical interventions for acute gynecological pathology are rare, and the results are contradictory.The objective: to assess the prevalence and nature of vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age after urgent gynecological operations. Materials and methods. The studied cohort included 125 women of reproductive age. The main group included 60 women of reproductive age after urgent operations because of ovarian apoplexy, ectopic pregnancy, complicated ovarian neoplasm; the comparison group – 35 patients after planned surgery for gynecological pathology; the control group consisted of 30 healthy women. The diagnosis of the causes of vaginal secretions and infection with sexually transmitted pathogens was carried out by the method of pH-metry, bacterioscopic and molecular biological research. The examination was carried out on the 5th day after the operation. Results. Before planned surgical operations, bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 22.9% of women in the comparison group, vulvovaginal candidiasis – in 2.9%. The urgency of the operation because of acute gynecological pathology led to the preoperative determination of the state of the vaginal microbiota in only 56.7% of patients in the main group, with the detection of bacterial vaginosis in 26.5%, aerobic vaginitis in 17.7%. After surgery, vaginal microbiota was abnormal in 78.3% of patients in the main group and in 34.3% – in the comparison group (bacterial vaginosis – 53.3% and 31.4%, respectively). Conclusions. Dysbiosis and inflammatory diseases (aerobic vaginitis) of the lower genital organs should be considered as one of the risk factors for acute gynecological pathology. Dysbiotic processes have a tendency to progress after surgery, which makes it necessary to carry out preoperative sanitation of the vagina to reduce the risk of postoperative complications development.

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Ray, Alokananda, Luna Pant, Roshan Balsara, and Rashmi Chaudhury. "Nondescent vaginal hysterectomy: a constantly improving surgical art." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 61, no. 2 (April 2011): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13224-011-0021-z.

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Laba, O. V., and V. I. Pyrohova. "Study of the state of the vaginal microbiota in women with risk and threat of preterm birth." Reproductive health of woman, no. 5 (October 7, 2022): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.5.2022.265477.

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The objective: to compare the state of the vaginal microbiota in women with risk of preterm birth and threat of preterm birth.Materials and methods. The study involved 150 pregnant women. The inclusion criteria for the study were the presence of risk factors for preterm birth – I group (80 women) or the threat of preterm birth – II group (70 women). The control group consisted of 20 conditionally healthy pregnant women. Ultrasound (transvaginal) examination and assessment of the state of the vaginal microbiota were carried out at 17-21+6 weeks of gestation in pregnant women in the I group and during hospitalization with a confirmed threat of pregnancy interruption at 22-35+6 weeks in pregnant women in the II group. The exclusion criterion was premature rupture of membranes confirmed by the Actium Prom test. Observation of pregnant women of the studied cohort continued until the end of pregnancy.To assess the state of the vaginal microbiota, the determination of the pH of the vaginal content, molecular biological, and bacterioscopic methods were used.Results. Bacterial vaginosis and mixed vaginitis were diagnosed in patients with a threat of premature birth significantly more often than in healthy pregnant women and pregnant women in the I group, and, accordingly, there was a much smaller rate of pregnant women with the 1st degree of vaginal cleanliness among the patients with a threat of premature birth .The frequency of detection of anaerobic dysbiosis was the highest among pregnant women in the II group with the threat of premature birth (34.3 %) compared to the pregnant women in the I group (21.3 %). Aerobic dysbiosis (aerobic vaginitis) was diagnosed only in pregnant women with a threat of premature birth (11.4 %). In the presence of dysbiotic and inflammatory changes in the microbiota of the vagina, there is a high risk of premature birth – OR=2.962 (95% CI: 1.32–6.645), while for pregnant women in the risk group of premature birth it is OR=8.120 (95% CI: 2.149 –30.686), and for pregnant women with an existing threat of premature birth – OR=10.133 (95% CI: 3.149–32.604). Candida non.albicans was mainly found in the patients with recurrent episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis before pregnancy.Conclusions. Anaerobic and mixed dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota is one of the risk factors for spontaneous and threatening premature births, which requires the development of diagnostic and therapeutic measures to prevent premature termination of pregnancy.

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Smith, Anthony M. A., Damien Jolley, Jane Hocking, Kim Benton, and John Gerofi. "Does additional lubrication affect condom slippage and breakage?" International Journal of STD & AIDS 9, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462981922359.

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Summary: The risk of condom slippage (1.94%) and breakage (0.89%) among 3607 condoms was analysed with respect to the use of additional lubricant. Whether or not lubricant was used, the site at which it was applied and the type of lubricant used were all found to vary significantly with the type of sexual act(s) for which the condoms were used. Little evidence was found for differing effects of type of additional lubricant (water-based, saliva or other) or site of lubricant use (on penis/ inside condom, on condom, in vagina/anus). The use of lubricant more than doubles the risk of slippage for vaginal sex. While anal sex is associated with much higher risks of slippage the use of lubricant for this practice actually reduces the risk of slippage to that similar for vaginal sex where lubricant is used. No significant effect of additional lubricant on condom breakage was observed. It is recommended that education messages concerning the use of additional lubricant may need to change to take into account the varied nature of lubricant use practices and the differential effects of lubricant with respect to sexual practices. Specifically, if the use of additional lubricant has little or no impact on condom breakage but increases condom slippage then encouraging its use may be counterproductive if condom users consider slippage to be a reason not to use condoms.

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Keita, Abdelaye, Josselin Rigaill, Sylvie Pillet, Youssouf Sereme, Souleymane Coulibaly, Fodé Diallo, Paul Verhoeven, Bruno Pozzetto, Tenin Aoua Thiero, and Thomas Bourlet. "Evidence of HIV-1 Genital Shedding after One Year of Antiretroviral Therapy in Females Recently Diagnosed in Bamako, Mali." Microorganisms 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102164.

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Little is known about the dynamic of HIV-1 shedding and resistance profiles in the female genital reservoir after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in resource-limited countries (RLCs), which is critical for evaluating the residual sexual HIV-1 transmission risk. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 1 year duration ART at blood and genital levels in females newly diagnosed for HIV-1 from three centers in Bamako, Mali. Seventy-eight consenting females were enrolled at the time of their HIV-1 infection diagnosis. HIV-1 RNA loads (Abbott Real-Time HIV-1 assay) were tested in blood and cervicovaginal fluids (CVF) before and 12 months after ART initiation. Primary and acquired resistances to ART were evaluated by ViroseqTM HIV-1 genotyping assay. The vaginal microbiota was analyzed using IonTorrentTM NGS technology (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Proportions of primary drug resistance mutations in blood and CVF were 13.4% and 25%, respectively. Discrepant profiles were observed in 25% of paired blood/CVF samples. The acquired resistance rate was 3.1% in blood. At month 12, undetectable HIV-1 RNA load was reached in 84.6% and 75% of blood and CVF samples, respectively. A vaginal dysbiosis was associated with HIV RNA shedding. Our findings emphasize the need of reinforcing education to improve retention in care system, as well as the necessity of regular virological monitoring before and during ART and of implementing vaginal dysbiosis diagnosis and treatment in RLCs.

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Walters, Mark D. "Vaginal Surgery: The Art is Not Lost, Just Misplaced." Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 23, no. 2 (February 2016): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2015.12.008.

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Riddler, Sharon A., Jennifer E. Balkus, Urvi M. Parikh, John W. Mellors, Carolyne Akello, Sufia Dadabhai, Felix Mhlanga, et al. "Clinical and Virologic Outcomes Following Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Among Seroconverters in the Microbicide Trials Network-020 Phase III Trial of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 3 (October 22, 2018): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy909.

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Abstract Background A vaginal ring containing dapivirine, a non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), was safe and effective in preventing HIV-1 infection in African women. We examined the impact of dapivirine ring use at the time of HIV-1 acquisition on subsequent HIV-1 disease progression and responses to NNRTI-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods HIV-1 disease progression and virologic failure following initiation of ART were assessed among women who acquired HIV-1 while participating in Microbicide Trials Network–020, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a monthly, dapivirine vaginal ring. Results Among the 158 participants who acquired HIV-1 (65 dapivirine, 93 placebo), no differences between dapivirine and placebo participants were observed in CD4+ cell counts or plasma HIV-1 RNA over the first year after infection (prior to ART). During follow-up, 100/158 (63%) participants initiated NNRTI-containing ART (dapivirine: 39/65; placebo: 61/93); the median time to HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/ml was approximately 90 days for both dapivirine and placebo ring recipients (log-rank P = .40). Among the 81 participants with at least 6 months of post-ART follow-up, 19 (24%) experienced virologic failure (dapivirine: 6/32, 19%; placebo: 13/39, 27%; P = .42). Conclusions The acquisition of HIV-1 infection during dapivirine or placebo treatment in ASPIRE did not lead to differences in HIV-1 disease progression. After the initiation of NNRTI-containing ART, dapivirine and placebo participants had similar times to virologic suppression and risks of virologic failure. These results provide reassurance that NNRTI-based ART regimens are effective among women who acquired HIV-1 while receiving the dapivirine vaginal ring. Clinical Trials Registration NCT016170096 and NCT00514098.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Vagina in art'

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