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Journal articles on the topic 'Vaginal Smear'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Sheela, Wills G., P. Vijayalakshmi, Mohanambal, and Deepa Dharishini. "Detection of protozoal Trichomonas vaginalis and abnormal vaginal flora in high vaginal smear." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20170382.

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Background: Vagina is the fibro muscular membrane sheath communicating with the uterine cavity and to the exterior at the vulva. Infection of female genital tract results from vaginal flora, extraneous agents and sexually transmitted diseases. The objective of the study was: a) high vaginal smear screening to find out incidence of abnormal vaginal flora of micro-organisms, b) prevalence of protozoal Trichomonas vaginalis.Methods: Rural women from in and around Ammapettai in the age group of 20-50 years attending Gynaecology OPD of SSSMC&RI for vaginal discharge and itching vulva. Exclusion criteria were age less than 20 and above 50 and pruritis vulva due to other causes the study size comprised of 50 women. After getting Institutional ethical committee’s approval and written informed consent from the patients, detailed history regarding type of discharge, odour, itching, and associated bleeding was taken. Per speculum and per vaginal examination done. High vaginal smear for aerobic bacterial profile and Trichomonas infection were taken and transported to microbiology laboratory for staining and culture. Wet mount microscopic examination of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candidiasis with saline and KOH mount done.Results: Out of 100 smears 9 were normal vaginal flora organisms, aerobic pathogens 43%, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) 30%, and Candida albicans 5% mixed infections on 7 smears. E. coli was seen in 23 samples, Klebsiella in 14, Pseudomonas aeroginosa 4, Staphylococcus in 6 samples. Gram negative organisms were 100% sensitive to imipenem, amikacin and gentamycin and 100% resistant to cefazolin, 80% to ceftazidime, 74% to cefotaxime. Gram positive staphylococcus 50% were resistant to gentamycin, ampicillin.Conclusions: This study reflects on our responsibility to create awareness among women regarding abnormal vaginal discharge through proper health education routine screening targeted treatment to envisage healthy quality life.
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2

J., Girishma, Rupakala B. M., and Sunil Chavan. "Comparative study of pap smear and microbiological pattern in bacterial vaginosis." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180888.

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Background: Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal discharge among women in reproductive age group. It is characterized by an increased vaginal pH and loss of normal lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobes like Gardnerella vaginalis and other gram-negative rods. Purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of pap smear and microbiological pattern in patients with abnormal vaginal discharge.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital (RRMCH) Bangalore, India. All patients with vaginal discharge were included in the study. Vaginal discharge samples were sent to gram staining, culture and pap smear examination.Results: Of the 52 patients, 18 patients (34.6%) showed positive for bacterial vaginosis according to Nugent’s score. Of the 18 patients with positive Gram stains, 8 of them were positive for bacterial vaginosis according to pap’s smear (44%) and 10 had negative pap smears. In our study, of the 18 patients with positive Gram stains, 14 (77%) of them were positive for bacterial vaginosis according to culture.Conclusions: In the present study we found out that correlation of gram stain and pap smear was 44% whereas correlation of gram stain and culture was 77%. Hence, we conclude that gram stain and culture are preferred for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis rather than the pap smear evaluation.
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3

Hajdu, Steven I. "The first vaginal smear." Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology 3, no. 5 (September 2014): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasc.2014.05.002.

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4

Eason, Erica, Baldwin Toye, George A. Wells, and Mary Senterman. "Assessment of Two Alternative Sample Transport and Fixation Methods in the Microbiological Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, no. 6 (2003): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/312429.

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BACKGROUND: The standard method for specimen collection and transport for microbiological diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is an air-dried smear of vaginal secretions, promptly heat- or alcohol-fixed, Gram-stained and scored by Nugent's criteria.OBJECTIVE: Two alternative methods are evaluated: sending a swab in transport medium to be smeared and Gram-stained in the laboratory two days later; and sending a smear of vaginal secretions sprayed with cytological fixative to the laboratory for Gram staining seven days later.PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-two women aged 18 years and older who attended a hospital colposcopy clinic or a community healthy sexuality clinic were studied. This was a prospective study: three vaginal swabs were taken from each patient and handled as described above. Each slide was blindly and independently interpreted by two microbiology technologists. The sensitivity, specificity and coefficient of agreement of the transported swab and cytologically fixed methods were compared with the air-dried smear method.RESULTS: Smears from swabs in transport medium and cytologically fixed smears both had 90% sensitivity and 97% specificity for bacterial vaginosis compared with diagnosis from air-dried smears. Cohen's kappa was 0.88 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.97) for each method. Inter-rater reliability assessed over all slides (all sampling techniques) was excellent (kappa 0.94).CONCLUSIONS: For the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, both alternative techniques provide results equivalent to air-dried direct smears. A vaginal smear sprayed with cytological fixative provides immediate fixation of material to the slide, permits delays in swab transport and avoids the requirement for transport at a controlled temperature imposed by swabs.
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5

Гришина, Darya Grishina, Минюк, and Lyudmila Minyuk. "CYTOMORPHOLOGY VAGINAL SMEARS OF DOGS IN DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THE SEXUAL CYCLE." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 1, no. 4 (October 27, 2016): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21717.

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The purpose of work is improving the efficiency of fertilization dog breed French Bulldog. The results of cytological examination of vaginal mucus in dogs at different periods of the sexual cycle. This will determine the optimal time for insemination. As a result of vaginal smear cytology of dogs among the signs of days favorable for breeding are the days when cytological smears appear more than 60% of the surface of pycnotic cells, a small amount of red blood cells and white blood cells, superficial cells are arranged in groups of 4-6 cells or clusters in the form of tiles. Proestrus phase corresponds to the presence of only of basal cells in a smear at the beginning. Then trend towards a decrease of intermediate and superficial cell growth. In the smears are found red blood cells and white blood cells. The duration of the stage of 6-8 days. Estrus phase is characterized by the appearance in the smear of more than 60% of the surface of pycnotic cells, a minor amount of red blood cells and white blood cells. The duration of the stage of 10-11 days. It was found that in dogs the most optimal days for mating are 3-4 day estrus. A smear diestrus phase accompanied by the presence of abrupt changes in the cellular structure. The picture a smear vaginal mucus in diestrus are signs are reducing the number of superficial cells, and increasing the number of intermediate cells; changes in the nature and appearance leukocyte, smear of mucus becomes turbid, dusky background. The duration of stage about 60 days. In anestrus cytological picture of the mucous membrane is stable. There are small cell in smears, revealed basal epithelial cells, can occur intermediate unit cells and leukocytes. The duration of the stage about 123 days.
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6

Pathak, Rakesh, P. Pradhan, S. Pudasaini, S. Maharjan, and AS Basnyat. "Study of Trichomonas Vaginalis and Bacterial Vaginosis in Pap smear at a Tertiary Health Care Centre of Nepal." Nepal Medical College Journal 22, no. 1-2 (July 9, 2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v22i1-2.29926.

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Cervical-vaginal infections are common problems in women of reproductive age presented with clinical features like white vaginal discharge, foul smelling odor and pruritis. Trichomonas vaginalis, Candidia and Gardnerella vaginalis are responsible for infectious vaginitis in creating anaerobic environment favoring Bacterial vaginosis caused by organisms like Gardnerella vaginalis, Chlamydia Trachomatis. Papanicolaou (Pap) smear examination is the simple, quick, painless routine screening test used for identification and detection of precancerous changes of uterine cervix as well as the cervico-vaginal infections resulting from bacterial, fungal and candida infections. The prime objective of the study was to identify the age wise distribution of cervical-vaginal infections and determine the frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Bacterial vaginosis (BV). A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. A total of 163 cases of TV and BV diagnosed on Pap smear were taken for the study. However, 564 Pap smears were received in the Department of Pathology for cytological evaluation during the study period. Once the smears were stained, the presence of clue cells, cannon balls and Trichomonas were observed. Out of 564 Pap smears received during the study period, 163 cases were of BV, TV and combined BV and TV. These 163 cases were included in our study. The age ranged from 20 to 65 years with majority (19.1%) of the women belonging to 35-39 years and the mean age was 38.18 ± 10.18 years. There were 97 cases (17.2%) of BV, 50 cases (8.9%) of TV and 16 cases (2.8%) of TV and BV co-infection. Bacterial vaginosis was the most predominant type of cervicovaginal infection followed by TV infection and TV and BV co-infections. Trichomonas vaginalis may create an environment favoring the development of BV. Pap screening could be the beneficial tool in early disease diagnosis and helps in preventing further complications by starting appropriate treatment.
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7

KARAGIANNIDIS (Α. ΚΑΡΑΓΙΑΝΝΙΔΗΣ), A., Th TSILIGIANNI (Θ. ΤΣΙΛΙΓΙΑΝΝΗ), and I. AMARANTIDIS (Ι. ΑΜΑΡΑΝΤΙΔΗΣ). "The cytological examination of vaginal smears in dogs." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 50, no. 3 (January 31, 2018): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15719.

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The cytological examination of vaginal smears is a simple, quick and inexpensive method for determination of the estrous cycle stage in dogs. Also, the procedure of vaginal smear collection is painless for the animal. Smears are examined under light microscope, after they have been stained by a proper staining method. The results are based on the observation of cytological alterations of the epithelium cells under the influence of ovarian hormones.
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8

Zivaljevic, Biljana, Ilija Golubovic, Jelena Seratlic, Petar Nikolic, Dusan Simic, Ivica Magdic, Snezana Maric-Krejovic, Danijela Markovic-Knezevic, and Snezana Krsmanovic. "Efficiency of fenticonazole for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 140, no. 7-8 (2012): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1208469z.

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Introduction. Uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis appears in 75% women of reproductive age. The most frequent causes are Candida albicans (85-95%) or C. glabrata, and infrequently C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, etc. Objective. The aim of the study was to investigate efficiency and safety of fenticonazole for vaginal candidiasis treatment. Methods. Therapeutic effect of a single 600 mg fenticonasole vaginal capsule was observed in 417 women, aged 16-67, in five centers in Serbia. In all women, before the treatment, vaginal candidiasis was confirmed by testing of vaginal smear. Based on smear findings and associated symptoms observed on the 7th and 28th day after therapy administration, treatment results were evaluated. On the next day after drug application the patients recorded by using a questionnaire their own feelings on withdrawal symptoms and possible side effects in the period prior to the first control. Results. Control after seven days showed a statistically significant decrease of symptoms. In 385 women, vaginal smear was found negative to yeast and yeast blastospores. Within the first seven days after treatment 84 women had to repeat therapy due to the persistence of symptoms or positive vaginal smear. After 28 days we recorded full recovery in 392 patients, clinical improvement in eight, no change in 16, and deterioration in one patient only. Side effects were very seldom, mostly in the form of a slight redness of the vulva and vagina, and mild itching during several days. Conclusion. Our observations confirmed good efficacy and safety of fenticonazole in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.
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9

Behbakht, Kian, Jennifer Friedman, Ira Heimler, Alla Aroutcheva, Jose Simoes, and Sebastian Faro. "Role of the Vaginal Microbiological Ecosystem and Cytokine Profile in the Promotion of Cervical Dysplasia: A Case–Control Study." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 4 (2002): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744902000200.

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Objective:To identify alterations in the cytokine profile and microbial ecosystem of the vagina in association with cervical dysplasia.Methods:Demographics, lifestyle variables and Papanicolau (Pap) smear results of subjects presenting to the same site for gynecologic complaints, obstetric visits or colposcopy were prospectively recorded. Vaginal smear for Gram stain, aerobic and anaerobic culture, pH, and wet mount and KOH examination forTrichomonas vaginalis,Gardnerella vaginalisand yeast organisms were performed. Vaginal lavage specimens were centrifuged, and the pellets and supernatants were assayed for human papillomavirus (HPV) by polymerase chain reaction and for cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Subjects with abnormal Pap smears underwent colposcopy and biopsy as indicated.Results: Of 51 patients, 32 were referred for colposcopy, 12 presented with gynecologic needs, and seven presented for obstetric visits. Median age was 24 years. Demographics did not differ significantly between the dysplasia and control groups except for a trend towards more sexual partners in the dysplasia group. Biopsies were performed in 81% (26/32) of patients presenting for colposcopy and 17 revealed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 levels were elevated in 63% (20/32), 38% (15/39), 4% (2/49), and 0% of samples respectively. Elevated vaginal lavage IL-1ß was associated with a 6.1 odds ratio (95% confidence interval 1.06–35) of cervical dysplasia. Alterations in other variables studied were not associated with cervical dysplasia.Conclusions: Elevated IL-1ß, possibly representing a complex host inflammatory response to multiple pathogens, was demonstrated in patients with cervical dysplasia.
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10

Nadeak, Kristina. "Diagnostic test of urine sample, vaginal smear and combination of urine with vaginal smear to identify Neisseria gonorrhoeae with polymerase chain reaction method." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192625.

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Background: Gonorrhoea is a disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae that is transmitted through sexual contact. There are several examinations performed on gonorrhoea infection, one of them is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The objective is to determine the diagnostic test of urine samples, vaginal smear and combination of urine and vaginal smear in identifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae using the PCR method.Methods: This study is a diagnostic test with a cross-sectional design involving 58 female sex workers (FSW). All FSWs are carried out of history and physical examination. Urine sampling, vaginal smear, combination of urine and vaginal smear, and endocervical smear were obtained for identifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae using PCR method, then a diagnostic test analysis of each sample was performed.Results: The diagnostic test of PCR for Neisseria gonorrhoeae from urine samples was found sensitivity 44.4%, specificity 20.0%, positive predictive value (PPV) 83.3%, negative predictive value (NPV) 3.8% and accuracy 42.0%. From vaginal smear, we obtained sensitivity 34.0%, specificity 66.7%, PPV 88.2%, NPV 12.1% and accuracy 38.0%. And from combination of urine and vaginal smear, we obtained sensitivity 51.1%, specificity 20.0%, PPV 85.2%, NPV 4.3% and accuracy 48.0%.Conclusions: From these results the researchers suggested that urine, vaginal and combination of urine and vaginal smear could not be used as an alternative to examine the sensitivity and specificity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, so the endocervical sample remained the reference sample for examination of nucleic acid amplification tests for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
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11

ATHANASIOU (Λ.Β. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΙΟΥ), L. V., M. K. CHATZIS (Μ.Κ. ΧΑΤΖΗΣ), P. G. GOULETSOU (Π.Γ. ΓKΟΥΛΕΤΣΟΥ), and M. N. SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ.Ν. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ). "Sensitivity of preputial and vaginal exfoliative cytological examination for diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum)." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 65, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15510.

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Aim of the study was to examine sensitivity of preputial and vaginal exfoliative cytological examination as a noninvasive alternative to lymph node, spleen and bone marrow cytology, for detection of Leishmania infantum amastigotes in dogs with leishmaniosis, as, in previous studies, the protozoa have been observed in the penis and prepuce of male dogs and in the vagina of female dogs with leishmaniosis. In total, 20 male and 18 female dogs with confirmed leishmaniosis were included inthe study. Three cytology smears were prepared from different sites of the preputial cavity of males and one smear was prepared from the anterior vagina of females. Leishmania amastigotes were not observed in these samples after microscopic examination for 20 min at 1,000× magnification. Therefore, preputial and vaginal exfoliative cytology is not recommended for routine diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis.
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Ahuja, Rashmi, Priyanka Sharma, and Raina Chawla. "Pap smear in antenatal women: a valuable opportunity for screening and awareness." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20201098.

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Background: Pregnancy creates an important opportunity to screen the cervix for neoplastic and infectious diseases and to spread awareness. A pap smear is simple, cost effective and safe in pregnancy. In low resource countries, this may be the only opportunity when the woman visits a health centre. It also helps identify and treat infections that could hamper the pregnancy outcome. Objective of the study is to determine the awareness of pap smear as a cervical cancer screening test in antenatal women; to determine the incidence of cervical neoplasia and premalignant lesions of the cervix in antenatal women.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between November 2018 to April 2019. Inclusion criteria were pregnant women in the first trimester. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy greater than 12 weeks, symptoms of vaginal infection, history of sexual intercourse or vaginal medication or bleeding in the last 48 hours or a normal pap smear in the last 3 years. The reporting was done as per Bethesda 2014.Results: 308 women underwent a pap smear in their 1st trimester. 94% were satisfactory smears and 3(0.9%) an abnormal smear (2 LSIL and 1 ASCUS). 31.2% had inflammatory smears. Only 15 women were aware of pap smear as a test for cancer cervix screening and all these women were graduates and above. No women had ever had a pap smear test in the past. One fifth of women studied had 1 or more risk factor the commonest being early age at first intercourse.Conclusions: The antenatal period should be utilized as an opportunity to screen women for cancer cervix.
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Seth, Akshita R., Chaitra S., Vaishnavi S., and Sharath Chandra G. R. "Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in females in the reproductive age group in Kadur, Karnataka, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 11 (October 28, 2017): 4863. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174651.

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Background: Bacterial vaginosis, well known as the nonspecific vaginitis is caused by the normal resident flora of the vagina, predominantly by the peroxides producing lactobacillus species, when there is a disparity in their proportion and replaced by Gardinerella vaginalis, Mycoplasm hominis, Mobilunceus species, Bacteroids species, Prevotela species, Fusobacterium species and Porphyromonus species, Peptostreptococcus species.Methods: A cross section study was performed to study the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the reproductive age group women and the associated risk factors. The diagnosis of the vaginosis was made from the smear and Amsle’s clinical criteria.Results: Out of 250 patients 112 (44.8%) were diagnosed to have BV, 20-29-year age group had the largest percentage of infection 69 (61.6%). IUCD users 36 (32.14%) are found to be suffering from BV. Vaginal candidiasis, trichomonas vaginalis and atypical cell of unknown significant was seen in 32 (28.5%), 9 (8.03%) and 17 (15.17%) women respectively.Conclusions: A routine high vaginal swab for smear and culture must be performed for every woman presenting with chronic white discharge and itching, to prevent misuse usage of antibiotic. Further studies are needed to study the associated risk factors for BV.
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Choi, Seung-Kyu, Eun-Kyung Kim, Young-Ok Hong, Ho-Jung Lee, Won-Mi Lee, Sook-Kyung Ko, and Jong-Eun Joo. "Enterobius vermicularisOva in a Vaginal Smear." Korean Journal of Pathology 44, no. 3 (2010): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.3.341.

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Oneson, Ruth H., Yolanda C. Oertel, and Kaethe Wechsler-Jentzch. "Myospherulosis in vaginal smear after radiation." Diagnostic Cytopathology 10, no. 4 (June 1994): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.2840100425.

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Strauss, Robert A., Barbara Eucker, David A. Savitz, and John M. Thorp. "Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis From Self-Obtained Vaginal Swabs." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 13, no. 1 (2005): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/935684.

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Objective:To determine the concordance between vaginal fluid Gram stains and pH obtained at speculum exam with similar stains and pH prepared from self-obtained vaginal swabs.Methods:Using vaginal fluid Gram stain, 129 pregnant women were screened for bacterial vaginosis at 24 to 29 weeks' gestation. Two smears were collected from each woman during the same prenatal visit: the first was prepared from a selfobtained vaginal swab and the second from a physician-obtained speculum examination. Vaginal pH was recorded for each swab. Kappa coefficient was used to quantify agreement between the two sets of results.Results:When compared with the physician-obtained smear, the ability of the self-obtained Gram stain to diagnose bacterial vaginosis had a sensitivity of 77%, specificity of 97%, positive predictive value of 71% and negative predictive value of 97%. There was substantial agreement (weighted kappa= 0.82) between the two techniques in the ability to determine the grade of vaginal flora.Conclusion:When compared with physician-obtained vaginal smears, self-obtained smears have substantial agreement in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.
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Shrestha, Sujan, Ranjan Suwal, and Shyam Nandan Gupta. "Clinicopathological Pattern of Cervical Papanicolaou (PAP) Smears: A hospital based experience." Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 5, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v5i2.19014.

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Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer is very common type of cancer in women globally. The objective of this study was to compare the cytopathological findings of the cervical pap smears using the revised 2001 Bethesda system and to compare the cytopathological findings with the clinical features.Material and Methods: A total of 1016 pap smear sent to the Department of Cytopathology at Peoples Dental college general hospital (PDCH), Kathmandu over a period of three years were studied. Relevant history and clinical findings were retrieved for the study. The age, caste, location, gravida of the patient, the nature of complaint of patient to the doctor along with the per speculum findings, per vaginal examination findings of the patient and their relation to the cytopathological findings of pap smears were evaluated.Results: No significant relationship was observed between the (30-39 years) aged women and the available outcome of pap smear (p=0.404). Most of the females were Brahmin and Newars. The statistical analysis showed no significant relationship (p>0.05) between the ethnicity and pap smear result. The number of asymptomatic women in this study was found 22.9%. This study found 20.37% of intraepithelial lesion or malignancy. Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis combinely contributed to 0.7% of the total cases in this study. Three smear cases were detected having malignant epithelial cell which were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusion: In this study cervical pap smear was able to differentiate inflammatory, benign precursors and malignant cases. So, it is desirable to conduct routine Pap smear screening in women of all reproductive age regardless of race, ethnic background and socioeconomic status.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol. 5(2): 27-34
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Patel, Komal, R. N. Hathila, Pallavi Chaudhri, and Siddhi M. Patel. "A study of cervical Papanicolaou smears examination in patients with abnormal vaginal discharge." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195893.

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Background: Reproductive tract infection represents major public health problem in developing countries. Cervical infections are common problems among women of reproductive age and associated with clinical complaints of vaginal discharge. Pap smear is a screening test to diagnose various abnormal pathology of cervix. Aims and objectives of this study was to identify various causes of vaginal discharge and frequency of various pathogenic microorganisms in cervical smear.Methods: This was hospital based descriptive study carried out on 300 female patients who attended obstetrics and gynecology clinic at tertiary care hospital with compliant of vaginal discharge. Cervical smear samples were collected, conventional smears were prepared by trained technical staff and stained using Papanicolaou (Pap) technique.Results: The most common age group affected with vaginal discharge was 26 to 35 years with 115 cases. The most common associated symptom was lower abdominal pain seen in 75 cases. Most frequent findings on per speculum examination was thick whitish discharge in 186 cases and the most common pathogenic organism found was Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) in 177 cases.Conclusions: The study emphasizes the need for educating women of rural community to raise the awareness for cervical Pap screening.
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Tan, Adeline, Paul Cohen, Mooska Raoofi, Jason Tan, Nima Mesbah Ardakani, and Greg Sterrett. "Diffuse Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma Presenting with Psammomatous Calcification on a Cervical Smear." Acta Cytologica 59, no. 6 (2015): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443389.

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Background: Psammoma bodies in cervical smears are rare but may be associated with benign and malignant diseases of the female genital tract. Case: A 52-year-old nulliparous woman presented with a 2-month history of intermittent vaginal spotting and post-coital bleeding. A cervical smear showed an inconclusive high-grade glandular lesion with psammomatous calcification. Previous cervical smears had been normal. This smear contained papillary tissue fragments, occasional spheres of gland-like cells and frequent psammoma bodies. The patient underwent a laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and omentectomy. The surface of the omentum and both ovaries contained psammoma bodies with groups of cells identical to those in the cervical smear. Within the omentum, there were invasive malignant epithelioid cells positive for CK7, CK5/6, calretinin, D2-40, WT-1, CK5/6, p16 and EMA. Desmin and PAX-8 immunostains were negative. There was also evidence of BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) dysfunction compatible with diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM). Conclusion: We describe the first reported case of DMPM presenting with an abnormal cervical smear, a rare but important differential diagnosis to consider in abnormal cervical smears showing psammomatous calcification.
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Manipriya, R., K. Deepa, and C. L. Chitra. "Significance of papanicolau smear in STD clinic of a tertiary care teaching hospital." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 4, no. 3 (July 24, 2018): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20183162.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> HPV infection is one of the common STI’s in females with a majority of patients being asymptomatic and sub-clinical. It is often associated with STI’s and can be a great source of morbidity to patients. Pap smear is one of the effective screening tests for genital HPV infections and HPV induced neoplasia. The aim of the study was to assess the epithelial abnormalities and associated STI’s in study group using Pap smear.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 500 female patients above the age of 19 years with vaginal sexual exposure were evaluated with the history, clinical examination, and genital speculum examination, ELISA for HIV and Pap smears.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Among the total 500 pap smears, the normal study was found in 148 pap smears (29.6%), abnormal pap smear results in 46 smears (9.2%) and inflammatory smear was found in 306 smears (61.2%). Among the 306 inflammatory smears, 7.6% smears had predominant monocytes and lymphocyte population, 11.8% smears had neutrophils predominantly. 68.9% showed a mixed population of inflammatory cells. Among the total number of abnormal pap smear study, atypical squamous cells was found in majority that is 33 (6.6%), next was carcinoma 4 (0.8%), high grade and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions contributed 3 (0.6%) and 6(1.2%) each to the abnormal pap smear study results. Commonest associated STI was bacterial vaginosis.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Early screening and detection of dysplasia will reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with carcinoma cervix.</p>
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Robert C., Kaufmann, Khosho Francis K., and Amankwah Kofi S. "Correlation of Vaginal Smears and Surface Structure in the Normal Estrous Cycle of Rats." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 654–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010011996x.

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Few studies regarding the normal estrous cycle of rats exist in the literature. Only the estrous and diestrous portions of the cycle have been studied in any detail in the spontaneous cycle of the rat. Ultrastructural studies of proestrous have been limited to artificially induced cycles. These artificially induced cycles have been unable to account for all the findings on vaginal smears seen in spontaneous cycles. In this study, vaginal smear findings were correlated to surface ultrastructural findings in the four main phases of spontaneous ovulatory cycles in rats.Adult female rats of the Sprague-Dawely strain were used and sacrificed during different phases of their cycles. Daily vaginal smears (8-11 a.m.) of at least two consecutive cycles were used to determine the phase of the normal estrous cycle for each rat.
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Dávila, Rosa M., and María C. Miranda. "Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia and the Pap Smear." Acta Cytologica 44, no. 2 (2000): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000326350.

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Mali, B. N., Kamal T. Hazari, and Pervin K. Meherji. "Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in vaginal wet smear." Diagnostic Cytopathology 34, no. 5 (2006): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.20425.

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Provotorova, T. V. "Analysis of long-term results of Metrogil vaginal gel and Metrogil plus in the treatment of recurrent vaginal biocenosis disorders." Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 12, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347.2018.12.2.032-038.

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Aim: to study the efficacy of Metrogil vaginal gel and Metrogil plus in patients with recurrent vaginal biocenosis disorders. Materials and methods. A total of 234 patients were examined. Among them, 115 women with mixed flora without Candida spp in their vaginal microbiome, received Metrogil vaginal gel treatment (group 1), and 119 women with mixed flora and Candida spp. in their vaginal microbiome, received treatment with Metrogil plus applied as an intravaginal gel (group 2). To assess the treatment efficacy, patients’ complaints, objective examination data, pH-metry, smear microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results were analyzed. Results. In the vaginal microbiome of all patients before treatment, the presence of heterogeneous gram-positive and gram-negative flora was detected; among those bacteria, a markedly decreased presence of Lactobacillus spp. (to 102-103 cfu/ml) and a dramatically increased presence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus spp. was found; there was also a significant amount of Candida spp. in patients of group 2. By the end of the treatment, the patients presented no complaints, there were no objective clinical symptoms, the pH values came to normal, and the PCR results showed an improvement in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the vaginal microflora. In most patients, this positive result persisted for 3 months. Conclusion. The decision on pharmacotherapy in patients with recurrent disbalance of vaginal biocenosis should be based on the qualitative composition of the vaginal microbiome.
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Perisic, Zivko, Natasa Perisic, Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon, Dusan Vesovic, Ana Mitrovic-Jovanovic, and Momir Mikov. "The influence of probiotics on the cervical malignancy diagnostics quality." Vojnosanitetski pregled 68, no. 11 (2011): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp100809001p.

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Background/Aim. Probiotics help to provide an optimum balance in the intestines. Probiotics species competitive block toxic substances and growth of unwanted bacteria and yeast species while they compete for the space and food. Lactogyn? is the first oral probiotics on Serbian market dedicated to maintaining a normal vaginal flora. Lactogyn? contains two well studied probiotics strains - Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14. Both of them are considered as probiotic agents with therapeutic properties increase the population of beneficial lactobacillus organisms within the vagina. The aim of this study was to exam an influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 on results of cervical smear cytological testing including detection of atypical cells, detection of false positive and false negative findings as well as on vaginal microflora content in patients with vaginal infection signs and symptoms. Methods. Totally 250 women with signs of vaginal infection were selected to participate in the study. The study group comprised 125 patients taking studied probiotic strains along with specific anti-infective therapy. The control group comprised, also, 125 patients taking anti-infective agents, only. Probiotic preparation (Lactogyn ? capsules) was administered orally (one capsule daily) during 4 weeks. Before and six weeks after beginning of the therapy a cervical smear cytological test (the Papanicolaou test), as well as microbiological examination of the vaginal smear were performed. Results. Number of cases of inflammation and atypical squamous cells of undeterminated significance (ASCUS) in the study group were significantly higher before administration of the probiotic preparation. The number of lactobacilli was significantly higher, and the number of pathogenic microorganisms lower in the group treated with this preparation. Conclusion. The application of probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 concomitantly with specific antiinfective agents provides more reliable cytological diagnostics, reduces the number of false positive and false negative findings on cervical malignancy and normalizes vaginal microflora in higher percentage of patients with vaginal infections comapred with therapy including anti-infective agents only.
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Hedayat, Pegah, Maryam Derakhshan, and Reda Bazzal. "A study on the relationship of cervical cancer with vaginal microbiota and trichomoniasis infection; a single center study." Journal of Preventive Epidemiology 6, no. 2 (August 22, 2021): e22-e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jpe.2021.22.

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Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer associated with infection, which is provoked by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Natural vaginal microbes, known as vaginal microbiota, play an important role in regulating vaginal pH and are therefore important in the risk of cervical cancer. Trichomoniasis vaginalis is a genital infection that reports 250 million new infections worldwide each year and can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer in the general population. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cervical cancer and vaginal microbiota or trichomoniasis infection by examining several risk factors. Patients and Methods: This prospective case study was conducted from 2014 to 2018 from an educational pathology group in Isfahan, 200 samples are included in this study. The groups consist of women over 18 years old. The study group included patients with cervical cancer lesions. For participants, a questionnaire containing information about age, gender, abortion, age at first delivery, smoking or passive smoking and the result of Pap smear test (HPV, vaginal microbiota or Trichomonas) was completed. Results: Results suggested that cancerous and precancerous lesion development is not associated with parity, age at first child’s birth. However, it is statistically associated with lower vaginal microbiota, increased Trichomonas infection, old age, increased abortion rate, smoking, and the presence of HPV infection on Pap smear. Conclusion: Protection from harmful factors that affect a healthy vaginal microbiome, such as Trichomonas infections, can reduce the risk of cervical cancer.
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Pande, Kricha, Shraddha Koirala, and Astha Shrestha. "Significance of Reporting Cannon Balls in Diagnosing Bacterial Vaginosis Infection in PAP Smear." Nepal Medical College Journal 23, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v23i2.38507.

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Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginitis. It is caused by depopulation of lactobacilli from the normal vaginal flora and overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic species. Pap smear being a screening and diagnostic tool for malignancy, is equally important to diagnose infective pathology as well. This study tried to establish the significance of reporting the presence of cannon balls in Pap smears and whether their presence suggested bacterial vaginosis or not. This was a cross sectional study conducted at Nepal Medical College, Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Kathmandu for duration of one year (January 2020 to December 2020). Pap smears were sent from gynaecology department and standard routine Pap stain was done in Pathology Department. Presence of bacterial vaginosis and cannon balls were noted. Total of 799 Pap smears were received. The mean age of bacterial vaginosis was 38.2 ± 9.6 years. The age group of 31-40 years (n=32, 39%) was most commonly affected. Bacterial vaginosis was seen in 81 pap smears out of 799 pap smears. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 10.1%. Of the total of 799 cases of Pap smears, cannon balls were seen in 9.1% cases and among the bacterial vaginosis, cannon balls were seen in 48% cases. There was significant association between cannonballs and bacterial vaginosis (p < 0.0001). Thus, the present study re-enforces the fact that Pap smear is also very effective tool to diagnose bacterial vaginosis.
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Mukhtar, R., A. U. Rehman, A. Ilyas, M. J. Khan, R. Liaqat, and G. A. Khan. "Bacterial Vaginosis and its Relation with Sociodemographic Determinants in married reproductive age females." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561249.

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Aim: To determine the frequency of Bacterial vaginosis by pap smear cytology and find its association with its sociodemographic determinants. Study design: Cross sectional analytical study Place and duration of study: Department of Histopathology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore from 1st January 2016 to 31st October 2016. Methodology: Two hundred and sixty pap smears of married women of reproductive age group with vaginal discharge who attended Gynecology OPD were included. Proper history regarding age, socioeconomic status, age of marriage, literacy level, smoking, and nutritional status was taken. Results: Disease prevalence was found to be 19.2%(50)in this sample of 260 while 9.1% had Candidiasis, 47%, 17.2% ,3.7%, 4.1% had Mild nonspecific inflammation, Moderate nonspecific inflammation, Moderate to severe nonspecific inflammation, and negative smears respectively. Bacterial vaginosis was associated with age, monthly income, illiteracy, early age at marriage, history of abortion and nutritional status with significant p-value ≤ 0.05. However no association was found between the disease and marital status, smoking and pallor. Conclusion: Low socioeconomic status, literacy, age >35, nutritional status is strongly related to occurrence of bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age group with vaginal discharge. Key Words: Bacterial vaginosis, Pap smear, Sociodemographic determinants
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Revunets, A. S., and S. B. Zarembliuk. "Cytology of smears of prints with symptomatic forms of infertility in cows." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 99 (October 28, 2020): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9926.

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Many works of domestic and foreign scientists are devoted to the study of etiological factors, pathogenesis, as well as the development of effective methods of diagnosis and therapy for symptomatic infertility of cows, however, insufficient attention is paid to cytological examination of the genital organs.So the goal of our work was to study the cytology of vaginal mucus at the symptomatic form of infertility of cows. The article presents the cytological composition of vaginal mucus from the mucous membrane of the caudal section of the cervix, the lateral surface of the vagina and the dorsal wall of the vaginal vestibule. Research was carried out with 5 groups of cows 4–5 years old cows 6 animals in each, weighing 500–600 kg, with an average productivity of 7500 kg of milk per lactation. The tests were cows were on the 18–24 day after insemination and during the sexual cycle braking, research of the joint course of uterus and hypotension of the ovarian, the presence of persistent corpus luteum and subclinical chronic endometritis, cysts and persistent corpus luteum of the ovarian body. For sub-clinical chronic endometritis, basal cells (32–41 %) are found in wet prep with vaginal mucosa, which are arranged in layers, parabasal (22–6 %) and superficial (5–21 %), but more interstitial (37–66 %), and bare neutrophil nuclei. According to hypofunction of ovaries in vaginal smears, neutrophils, vacuoles in interstitial cell nuclei (44–56 %), basophilic cells (30–43 %), superficial cells (20–21 %), parabasal cells (3–6 %). Basal cell hypofusions were (3–43%), parabasal (3–6 %), interstitial (44–56 %), superficial (20–21 %), and bilateral (12–26 %) (4–5 %) (36–55 %) and (30–33 %). It should be noted that for the functional state of the body, the cells from the cervix are flat. In addition, the drug contains single white blood cells with light cytoplasm without signs of phagocytosis. They are structurally similar to cells of vaginal smear. During the esrtus, the smear is dominated by interstitial and surface cells and white cells, and in the follicular proliferative phase, the number of surface cells increases, while the ovulator phase is characterized by the pronounced maturation of the cells, they are flat and spaced apart.
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Natekar, Ashwini, Shubasis Basu, Gautam Mondal, and Maruti Pujari. "Cervical aspergillosis in a post-menopausal female: a case report." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 2853. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20183282.

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Fungal infections are commonly encountered in the female genital tract on routine cervical smear examination, the most common being candida. Cervico-vaginal aspergillosis infection is rarely reported. We report a case of aspergillus infection in an immunocompetent 55-year-old post-menopausal female who presented with white discharge per vaginum. Initially the cervical pap smears showed only inflammatory changes. On per speculum examination the cervix appeared congested and ulcerated. Cervical biopsy was performed which showed sheets and balls of aspergillus fungus with areas of necrosis. PAS staining further confirmed the diagnosis. Serological tests performed were negative. Patient was started on antifungal and repeat biopsy from cervix did not show any fungal hyphae.
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Hilbert, David W., William L. Smith, Sean G. Chadwick, Geoffrey Toner, Eli Mordechai, Martin E. Adelson, Tina J. Aguin, Jack D. Sobel, and Scott E. Gygax. "Development and Validation of a Highly Accurate Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 4 (January 27, 2016): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03104-15.

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common gynecological infection in the United States. Diagnosis based on Amsel's criteria can be challenging and can be aided by laboratory-based testing. A standard method for diagnosis in research studies is enumeration of bacterial morphotypes of a Gram-stained vaginal smear (i.e., Nugent scoring). However, this technique is subjective, requires specialized training, and is not widely available. Therefore, a highly accurate molecular assay for the diagnosis of BV would be of great utility. We analyzed 385 vaginal specimens collected prospectively from subjects who were evaluated for BV by clinical signs and Nugent scoring. We analyzed quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays on DNA extracted from these specimens to quantify nine organisms associated with vaginal health or disease:Gardnerella vaginalis,Atopobium vaginae, BV-associated bacteria 2 (BVAB2, an uncultured member of the orderClostridiales),Megasphaeraphylotype 1 or 2,Lactobacillus iners,Lactobacillus crispatus,Lactobacillus gasseri, andLactobacillus jensenii. We generated a logistic regression model that identifiedG. vaginalis,A. vaginae, andMegasphaeraphylotypes 1 and 2 as the organisms for which quantification provided the most accurate diagnosis of symptomatic BV, as defined by Amsel's criteria and Nugent scoring, with 92% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 94% positive predictive value, and 94% negative predictive value. The inclusion ofLactobacillusspp. did not contribute sufficiently to the quantitative model for symptomatic BV detection. This molecular assay is a highly accurate laboratory tool to assist in the diagnosis of symptomatic BV.
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Khatoon, Hafiza, Nousheen Mushtaq, Safia -, Fiza Ali Khan, Ambreen Naz, and Tahira Awan. "Frequency of abnormal cervical cytology in symptomatic women." Professional Medical Journal 28, no. 08 (August 1, 2021): 1156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.08.6093.

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Objective: To estimate the frequency of abnormal cervical cytology detected by Pap smear. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Gambat Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat, Khairpur Sindh. Period: November 2018 to June 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 160 women with the complaint of heavy vaginal discharge and moderate to servere lowere abdominal pain more than 6 weeks were included in this study. Per speculum examination of cervix was carried out with the help of cuscos speculum before PAP smear and finding were noted, After labeling the sample was sent to histopathology for cytological examination. Results: The average age of the patient’s was 37.68±7.46 years. Percentage of normal smears 10%, advance disease 1.3% and percentage of inflammatory smear is 63.8% while frequency of abnormal cervical cytology was observed in 25% in which CIN-1 was 12.5%, CIN-2 was 11.3% and CIN-3 was 1.3%. Conclusion: Our population have large numbers of undiagnosed cervical diseases. Therefore, Pap smear testing should be widely used throughout Pakistan to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.
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Martínez-Girón, Rafael, and Cristina Martínez-Torre. "Polarized suture material debris in a vaginal smear." Diagnostic Cytopathology 46, no. 6 (April 16, 2018): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.23946.

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Medley, Gabriele, and Valerie M. Surtees. "Squamous atypia in the atrophic cervical vaginal smear." Cancer 84, no. 4 (August 25, 1998): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980825)84:4<200::aid-cncr3>3.0.co;2-q.

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Abati, Andrea, William Jaffurs, and Anna Maria Wilder. "Squamous atypia in the atrophic cervical vaginal smear." Cancer 84, no. 4 (August 25, 1998): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980825)84:4<218::aid-cncr6>3.0.co;2-i.

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Hitchcock, Thomas, Cameron Avant, Cheryl Colello, and Rana S. Hoda. "Chaetomium fungal elements in a conventional vaginal smear." Diagnostic Cytopathology 35, no. 6 (2007): 376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.20644.

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Seles, Fathima M., and Rajavelu Indira. "Incidental gynaecological malignancy in women who underwent hysterectomy for utero-vaginal prolapse: a 3-year institutional case study." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 3625. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20183765.

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Background: Pelvic organ prolapse is common is almost 50% of women over the age of 50years. The objective of the present study was to estimate the number of incidental gynaecological malignancies in women who underwent hysterectomy for utero-vaginal prolapse.Methods: 354 women who presented with asymptomatic utero-vaginal prolapse were included in this study. Women who were symptomatic with bleeding per vaginum, lower abdominal pain or excessive white discharge and preoperative screening tests such as VIA/VILI, colposcopy, Pap smear and radio-imaging showing any gynaecological lesions were excluded from this study.Results: Histopathological examination of the hysterectomy specimen showed premalignant lesion in 13 cases accounting to 3.7% (11 cases of CIN I, 1 case of CIN II, 1 case of CIN III) and malignant lesions in 5cases accounting for 1.4% (4 cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma and 1 case of cervical squamous cell carcinoma).Conclusions: Asymptomatic women with utero-vaginal prolapse may have pre-existing premalignant and malignant lesions. Therefore, all women undergoing hysterectomy should be preoperatively screened with transvaginal ultrasound, endometrial biopsy and pap smear to rule out malignancy, as the management differs for patients with co-existing gynecological malignancies.
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Bhadarka, Nagajan, Nimish Pandya, and Satyam Joshi. "Assessment of pap smear and colposcopic findings in patients with vaginal discharge." New Indian Journal of OBGYN 5, no. 2 (January 2019): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/obgyn.2019.5.2.14.

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Liu, I.-Li, Chih-Ho Lee, Pei-Chi Shih, and Shang-Lin Wang. "ACCURACY AND PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF VULVAR STAMP SMEAR FOR ESTROUS CYCLE EVALUATION IN DOGS." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 46, no. 02n03 (June 2020): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648520500080.

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Vaginal cytology can facilitate determination of the estrous stage in dogs. Although some studies recommended the vaginal cotton swab smear (VCSS) method for sample collection, some veterinarians prefer the vulvar stamp smear (VSS) method for its convenience and to avoid causing trauma or introducing pathogens from the posterior vagina to the anterior vagina. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has compared the results obtained using VCSS and VSS. In this study, the two methods were used to collect samples from 81 dogs. All slides were blindly examined by three veterinarians. Cells were classified into parabasal cells, intermediate cells, superficial cells, and anuclear cells according to cell outline and nuclear appearance. The predominant cell type was identified and recorded. The agreement rate between the methods for the four types was 90.9%, 86.9%, 62.1%, and 23.3%, respectively. Overall, agreement rate was 65.0%. The agreement for the intermediate and anuclear cells was significantly higher and lower than the expected, respectively ([Formula: see text] for both). The VSS method was reported by the owner to be significantly more accepted than the VCSS method ([Formula: see text]). In conclusion, significant differences in anuclear cell identification between the methods were observed. Therefore, VSS results, particularly those for anuclear cells, should be cautiously interpreted.
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Packirisamy Aruna and Kashish Arora. "Correlation of Dysplastic Changes of Squamous Epithelial Cells to Bacterial Vaginosis Based on Nugent Score in the Cervical Smears of Patients with Vaginal Discharge." Asian Journal of Medical Research 9, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): PT01—PT05. http://dx.doi.org/10.47009/ajmr.2020.9.1.pt1.

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Background: Worldwide Cervical cancer is responsible for more than half a million new cases and a quarter of a million deaths annually. Many Researches has established the causal role of oncogenic human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the pathogenesis of invasive cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. Bacterial vaginosis(BV) is one of the most common conditions of childbearing aged women worldwide, and considering a possible synergy of an imbalanced vaginal environment with cervical preneoplasia,it is clear that greater attention needs to be given to this condition. Objective: To find out an association between Nugent score and dysplastic epithelial cell changes in the cervical smears of patients with vaginal discharge.Subjects and Methods:This is a descriptive study conducted on 100 cervical smears from women of reproductive group with vaginal discharge.Paponicolaou stained and Gram stained smears were studied. The proportion of cervical smears with normal flora and dysplastic changes as well as that of smears with Bacterial vaginosis and dysplastic changes were calculated and compared.Results:19 smears were scored as BV,.2 out of 19 smears (10.5%)were showing epithelial cell abnormality.1 out of 38 (2.6%)smears having normal vaginal flora was reported as ASC and 6 out of 43(14%) smears in the intermediate category were reported as ASC(5) and HSIL(1). Statistical analysis was done by Chi-square test using IBM-SPSS Statistics-22 statistical package.The correlation between Bacterial vaginosis and dysplastic changes were not found to be statistically significant.Conclusion: There is no definite correlation of Bacterial vaginosis with dysplastic changes in the cervical smear of patients with vaginal discharge related with the risk for cervical carcinogenesis. Evaluation of larger cohort of subjects over a prolonged time frame is required to assess the influence of Bacterial vaginosis in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Gassama, Omar, Mouhamadou Mansour Niang, Marie Edouard Faye Dieme, Ousmane Thiam, Mamour Gueye, Mame Diarra, Ndiaye Gueye, et al. "Cervical cancer screening in pregnancy at the maternity clinics of Nabil Choucair health center and the Institute of Social Hygiene of Dakar, Senegal: a study on 67 cases." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2017): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172303.

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Background: This study aims were to develop the epidemiological profile of patients who received Pap smears during pregnancy, to describe aspects of cytological smears performed in pregnant women and to describe the therapeutic management in case of anomalies in the cervical smear during pregnancy.Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive and analytical study conducted from January 15, 2015 to June 31, 2015 at maternity of Nabil Choucair Health Centre and the Institute of Social Hygiene in Dakar. The Pap smear was performed in all patients who had given their consent to the experience. The parameters studied concerned socio-demographic aspects, gynecological and obstetric background, gestational age at the time of collection, cervico-vaginal smear results, diagnostic and therapeutic management of cytological and histological abnormalities. The data collected on a survey sheet prepared for this purpose were entered and analyzed through the version 3.5.3 of Epi info software.Results: During the study period, 67 pregnant women had received a Pap smear. The epidemiological profile of our patient was a paucipare gestity with an average of 3 with extremes ranging from 1 to 7, an average parity of 2.4 with extremes ranging from 1 to 7. The mean age of pregnancy was 15.4 weeks of amenorrhea (range of 6 and 32 weeks). Only 5 patients (7.4%) had already received a cervical-vaginal swab before the study. The smear was normal in 88.7% of the cases but got abnormalities in 11.3% of the cases. The abnormalities were mainly found in squamous cells and were divided into low-grade lesions (57.1%) and skew-cell abnormalities whose meaning was undetermined (42.1%). Colposcopy was performed in 8 patients. Colposcopy was normal and satisfactory in 4 patients (50%) and identified as atypical grade 1 transformation in 2 patients (25%) and an atypical grade 2 transformation in 2 patients (25%). From a therapeutic point of view, diathermic loop conduction associated with strapping was performed in one patient (12.5%) for severe dysplasia. In postpartum, all dysplastic cervical lesions diagnosed during pregnancy had declined.Conclusions: In the context of our study, where there is no organized screening policy for cervical cancer, antenatal clinics are an excellent screening opportunity to seize.
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A., Premalatha, and Velayutham Sumathi. "Comparison between Thin Prep® Preparation (Liquid Based Cytology) and Conventional Pap Smears of Cervical Smear Cytology Lesions – A Study from Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 21 (May 24, 2021): 1611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/335.

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BACKGROUND The major cause of mortality among women is cancer of the uterine cervix. It is the second most common cancer worldwide. Pap smear is done as a method of cervical screening to detect precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. Early detection of these lesions prevent the number of deaths from cervical cancer. Liquid based cervical cytology was developed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of pap smears. The main purpose of this study was to compare the profile of distribution of cervical smear cytology lesions obtained by thin prep preparation (liquid based cytology) and conventional pap method among women in the age group of 25 – 60 yrs. METHODS This is a cross sectional study done among 110 women from the outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Conventional and liquid based cytology smears were taken simultaneously from the same women and reported according to the 2001 Bethesda system. RESULTS Majority of the women included in this study fall in the age group of 41 - 50 years [65 (59.1 %)]. Women with a history of persistant vaginal infection were 13 (11.8 %). Out of the 110 pap smears taken by both conventional and liquid based methods, unsatisfactory smears were not detected in liquid based cytology and 6 (5.5 %) unsatisfactory smears were found in conventional pap method. In liquid based cytology, inflammatory smears were detected more (80 %), atrophic smears (2.7 %), smears with features of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were 4.5 %, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were 3.6 %, and smears with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were 0.9 %. Epithelial cell abnormalities were found to be high in liquid based cytology. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal epithelial lesions were detected more in liquid based cytology (thin prep method). The number of unsatisfactory smears were found to be decreased when compared to conventional pap method. KEY WORDS Bethesda Cervical Cytology, Cervical intraepithelial lesion, Conventional Pap Smear, Liquid Based Cytology Smear
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Abdali, Khadijeh, Leila Jahed, Sedigheh Amooee, Mahnaz Zarshenas, Hamidreza Tabatabaee, and Reza Bekhradi. "Comparison of the Effect of VaginalZataria multifloraCream and Oral Metronidazole Pill on Results of Treatments for Vaginal Infections including Trichomoniasis and Bacterial Vaginosis in Women of Reproductive Age." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/683640.

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Effect ofZataria multifloraon bacterial vaginosis andTrichomonas vaginalisis shown in vivo and in vitro. We compare the effectiveness ofZataria multifloracream and oral metronidazole pill on results of treatment for vaginal infections includingTrichomonasand bacterial vaginosis; these infections occur simultaneously. The study included 420 women with bacterial vaginosis,Trichomonas vaginalis, or both infections together, who were randomly divided into six groups. Criteria for diagnosis were wet smear and Gram stain. VaginalZataria multifloracream and placebo pill were administered to the experiment groups; the control group received oral metronidazole pill and vaginal placebo cream. Comparison of the clinical symptoms showed no significant difference in all three vaginitis groups receiving metronidazole pill and vaginalZataria multifloracream. However, comparison of the wet smear test results was significant in patients with trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis associated with trichomoniasis in the two treatment groups (p=0.001andp=0.01). VaginalZataria multifloracream had the same effect of oral metronidazole tablets in improving clinical symptoms of all three vaginitis groups, as well as the treatment for bacterial vaginosis. It can be used as a drug for treatment of bacterial vaginosis and elimination of clinical symptoms ofTrichomonasvaginitis.
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44

Shetty, JyothiB, VL Prabhu, and DhanashriV Kulkarni. "Eggs containing larvae of Enterobius vermicularis in vaginal smear." Journal of Cytology 29, no. 1 (2012): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9371.93238.

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45

Tine, Roger C., Khadime Sylla, Rougyatou Ka, Lamine Dia, Doudou Sow, Souleye Lelo, Khardiata Diallo, et al. "A Study ofTrichomonas vaginalisInfection and Correlates in Women with Vaginal Discharge Referred at Fann Teaching Hospital in Senegal." Journal of Parasitology Research 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2069672.

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Introduction. Trichomoniasis is nowadays the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world. In Senegal, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis is not well known. The current study aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated withT. vaginalisinfection among women with vaginal discharge.Methods. A retrospective analysis of laboratory records from patients referred at the Fann Teaching Hospital in Dakar, Senegal, for vaginal discharge was carried out. The study covered the period from 2006 to 2011. For each participating woman, a vaginal swab was collected and a wet mount smear performed immediately. Optic microscopic examination with 40x magnification was done to detectT. vaginalisand assess biological modifications such as presence of epithelial cells, white blood cells, and red blood cells. A gram stained smear was also performed and examined under oil immersion (100x magnification) to assess the vaginal flora.Results. Overall, 3893 women were enrolled with a mean age at 31.2 ± 10 years. The prevalence of Trichomoniasis represented 4.8%, 95%CI(3.1-5.7) and it was lower among women less than 30 years (4.1%), while divorced women more likely to be infected compared to married and single women (aOR:2.1, 95%CI (1.2-3.7)). Trichomoniasis was associated with abnormal vaginal flora such as type III (aOR:2.6, 95%CI(1.5-4.4)) and type IV (aOR:3.3, 95%CI(2.1-5.3)). In addition, patients with erythrocytes excretion were more likely to be infected byT. vaginalis(aOR:2.8, 95%CI(1.9-3.9).Conclusion.Trichomonas vaginalisremains prevalent among sexually active women. Strategies aiming at improving disease awareness in these high-risk groups are needed to improve trichomoniasis prevention but extensive epidemiological data are still needed for a better understanding of the disease transmission dynamic.
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Nagalikar, Anand, and Rashmi Chandragouda Meti. "Analysis of Cervico- Vaginal Lesions in Women using Pap Smear: A Histopathological Study." Indian Journal of Pathology: Research and Practice 7, no. 6 (2018): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijprp.2278.148x.7618.1.

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Ghorab, Zeina, Nadia Ismiil, Allan Covens, Sharon Nofech-Mozes, Reda S. Saad, Valérie Dubé, and Mahmoud A. Khalifa. "Postradical vaginal trachelectomy follow-up by isthmic-vaginal smear cytology: A 13-year audit." Diagnostic Cytopathology 37, no. 9 (September 2009): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.21059.

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48

Minkoff, Howard, Amos Grunebaum, Joseph Feldman, Marinella Cummings, and William M. McCormack. "Relationship of vaginal pH and papanicolaou smear results to vaginal flora and pregnancy outcome." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 25, no. 1 (February 1987): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(87)90179-2.

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Banik, Urmila, Pradip Bhattacharjee, Shahab Uddin Ahamad, and Zillur Rahman. "Pattern of epithelial cell abnormality in Pap smear: A clinicopathological and demographic correlation." CytoJournal 8 (April 30, 2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1742-6413.80527.

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Background: In the low resource settings of a developing country, a conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) test is the mainstay screening system for cervical cancer. In order to counsel women and to organize a public health system for cervical cancer screening by Pap smear examination, it is imperative to know the pattern of premalignant and malignant lesions. This study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of an abnormal Pap smear, in a tertiary hospital of a developing country, and to carry out a clinicopathological and demographical analysis for establishing the pattern of epithelial cell abnormality in a Pap smear. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a total of 1699 patients who underwent Pap smear examination. The prevalence of epithelial cell abnormality in the Pap smear was calculated in proportions / percentages. Specimen adequacy and reporting was assessed according to the revised Bethesda system. Results: Among the total of 1699 patients who had their Pap smear done, 139 (8.18%) revealed epithelial cell abnormality. Altogether 26 smears revealed high-grade lesions and malignancy, most of which were found to be in women belonging to the 30 – 39 and ≥ 45 age group. A total of 75 (53.96%) women were in the 20 – 44 age group and 64 (46.04%) were in the ≥ 45 age group. A bimodal age distribution was detected in the epithelial cell abnormality, with the bulk being diagnosed in patients aged 45 or above. Overall one-third of the patients with an abnormal Pap smear result showed healthy cervix in per vaginal examination. Conclusions: A raised prevalence of epithelial cell abnormality reflects the lack of awareness about cervical cancer screening. Women aged 45 or above harbor the bulk of premalignant and malignant lesions in the Pap smear, signifying that these women are among the under users of cytological screening.
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Taylor-Robinson, D., M. McCaffrey, J. Pitkin, and R. F. Lamont. "Bacterial vaginosis in climacteric and menopausal women." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/09564620260079581.

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The objective was to determine how frequently an abnormal vaginal flora occurred in women attending a menopause clinic and whether any abnormality might be related to a particular risk factor. Women completed a questionnaire on their gynaecological, sexual and medical history. Whether they were perimenopausal or postmenopausal was determined on the basis of symptomatology, duration of amenorrhoea and on a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) assay when clinically indicated. A speculum examination of the vagina was undertaken, at which time a smear of vaginal secretion was Gram stained and the bacterial flora graded as follows: grade 1, normal; grade 2, intermediate, and grade 3, bacterial vaginosis (BV). Of 100 women examined, 44 had grade 1 flora, 17 had grade 2 flora and 18 had BV. An apparent absence of, or very scanty, vaginal bacteria in which grading was not possible was found in 21 women. Women with BV had had more sexual partners than the others, but otherwise there were no discernible factors associated with the occurrence of BV. Women with vaginal atrophy were more likely to have an apparent absence of vaginal bacteria, but a few had BV.
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