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Journal articles on the topic 'Valence transition'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Kindler, B., D. Finsterbusch, R. Graf, F. Ritter, W. Assmus, and B. Lüthi. "Mixed-valence transition inYbInCu4." Physical Review B 50, no. 2 (July 1, 1994): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.704.

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2

Colman, Ross H., H. Esma Okur, Winfried Kockelmann, Craig M. Brown, Annette Sans, Claudia Felser, Martin Jansen, and Kosmas Prassides. "Elusive Valence Transition in Mixed-Valence Sesquioxide Cs4O6." Inorganic Chemistry 58, no. 21 (October 21, 2019): 14532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02122.

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3

Ghosh, N. K., and R. L. Sarkar. "Finite Temperature Valence Transition in Mixed Valence Systems." physica status solidi (b) 176, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221760213.

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4

Wang, Z. L., J. Bentle, and N. D. Evans. "Mapping The Valence States of Transition Metals Across Interfaces By Energy-Filtered Tem." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013830.

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Some properties of transition metal oxides are related to the presence of elements with mixed valences. In electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), the L or M ionization edges of transition-metal, rare-earth and actinide elements usually display sharp threshold peaks known as white-lines. EELS experiments have shown that a change in cation valence state introduces a significant change in the White-line intensity ratio [1]. With the use of valence state information provided by the white lines, an experimental approach is demonstrated here to map the valence state distributions of Mn and Co using an energy-filtered transmission electron microscope (TEM). A spatial resolution of ˜ 2 nm has been achieved. This technique should be particularly useful in studying valence states of cations in magnetic oxides.To map the distribution of ionization states, an energy window of ˜ 10 eV in width is required to isolate the L3 from L2 white lines (Figure 1).

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5

ARIPONNAMMAL, S., and S. K. RATHIHA. "THEORETICAL STUDY ON INTERMEDIATE VALENCE FLUCTUATION IN EUROPIUM SULPHIDE (EuS)." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 27 (October 30, 2011): 3663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211101946.

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Europium chalcogenides receive greater interest because of their interesting properties such as valence transition, semiconductor to metallic transition and structural phase transition etc. In this paper, the charge transfer in Europium Sulphide ( EuS ) is analyzed by experimental and theoretical X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. The direction and amount of charge transfer are inferred by plotting and comparing the structure factors of the components. The charge transfer parameter thus obtained is 0.29 electron from Eu to S which confirms the intermediate valence fluctuation. Further, the charge transfer in EuS , EuSe and EuTe , is found to be decreasing with the increase of lattice constant and energy gap which correlates the valency and lattice size.

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6

Kiremire, Enos Masheija Rwantale. "The Main Group Elements, Fragments, Compounds and Clusters Obey the 4n Rule and Form 4n Series: They are Close relatives to Transition Metal Counterparts via the 14n Linkage." International Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (April 27, 2016): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v8n2p94.

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<p>The paper presents numbers which were derived from 4n-based series in a matrix table. The numbers agree precisely with the total number of valence electrons surrounding the respective skeletal elements. The series approach focuses mainly on the number of skeletal elements and their respective number of valence electron content regardless of the origin of the electrons and the type of skeletal elements. For instance, any 6 skeletal elements of transition metal carbonyls surrounded by 86 valence electrons coded as (6,86), series S = 14n+2 normally adopt an octahedral geometry whereas (6,26) series S = 4n+2 for main group elements also tend to adopt an octahedral shape. The transition metal carbonyl cluster series were extensively covered in our previous articles. This paper demonstrates that the main group fragments, clusters and molecules which we normally explain by terms such as valency, valence electrons and octet rule also obey the 4n-based series. The fragments, molecules and clusters of the main group elements correspond well to those of respective transition metal clusters especially the carbonyls if the masking electrons are removed from them. Hence, the series approach is a qualitative method that acts as a unifier of some transition metal clusters with some main group elements clusters.</p>

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7

Rose, James H., and Herbert B. Shore. "Valence of the Elemental Transition Metals." Australian Journal of Physics 53, no. 1 (2000): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph99039.

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We propose that the recently introduced bonding valence is the appropriate valence for describing the gross energetics of the elemental transition metals. In support of this proposal, we show that the trends in the experimental cohesive energies, surface energies and melting points of the noble and transition metals are simple linear functions of the bonding valence. The trends in the cohesive energies of the elemental transition metals are given by 2·45ZB – 3·47 eV, where ZB is the bonding valence.

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8

Yoshimura, K., T. Nitta, T. Shimizu, M. Mekata, H. Yasuoka, and K. Kosuge. "Valence transition in YbIn1−xAgxCu4." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 90-91 (December 1990): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(10)80168-4.

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9

Büchler, Stefan, René Monnier, Leo Degiorgi, and Louis Schlapbach. "Valence Transition in Yb Hydrides*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 163, Part_2 (January 1989): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1989.163.part_2.0579.

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10

Bauchspieß, K. R., E. D. Crozier, and R. Ingalls. "The valence transition in SmSe." Physica B: Condensed Matter 158, no. 1-3 (June 1989): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(89)90361-x.

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11

TAKAHASHI, KAZUTOSHI, MASAO KAMADA, YO-ICHIRO DOI, KAZUTOSHI FUKUI, TAKESHI TAYAGAKI, and KOICHIRO TANAKA. "PHOTOINDUCED PHASE TRANSITION OF A SPIN-CROSSOVER COMPLEX STUDIED WITH THE COMBINATION OF SR AND LASER." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02002312.

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We have performed a photoemission study on an organometal spin-crossover complex, [ Fe(2-pic) 3] Cl 2 EtOH , using the combination of synchrotron radiation and laser. The core-level and valence-band photoemission spectra were measured for high-spin, low-spin, and photoinduced phases. The N 1s and valence-band spectra showed remarkable changes due to the photoinduced phase transition, indicating that the electron charge was transferred from nitrogen to iron at the photoinduced phase transitions. It was also found that the valence-band structure of the photoinduced phase is very different from that of the high-spin phase caused by the thermally induced phase transition.

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12

Boudreaux, Edward A., and Eric Baxter. "Valence and valence-core interactions in transition-metal diatomic molecules." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 102, no. 5 (2005): 866–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.20525.

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13

Ramshaw, B. J., Arkady Shekhter, Ross D. McDonald, Jon B. Betts, J. N. Mitchell, P. H. Tobash, C. H. Mielke, E. D. Bauer, and Albert Migliori. "Avoided valence transition in a plutonium superconductor." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 11 (March 3, 2015): 3285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421174112.

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The d and f electrons in correlated metals are often neither fully localized around their host nuclei nor fully itinerant. This localized/itinerant duality underlies the correlated electronic states of the high-Tc cuprate superconductors and the heavy-fermion intermetallics and is nowhere more apparent than in the 5f valence electrons of plutonium. Here, we report the full set of symmetry-resolved elastic moduli of PuCoGa5—the highest Tc superconductor of the heavy fermions (Tc = 18.5 K)—and find that the bulk modulus softens anomalously over a wide range in temperature above Tc. The elastic symmetry channel in which this softening occurs is characteristic of a valence instability—therefore, we identify the elastic softening with fluctuations of the plutonium 5f mixed-valence state. These valence fluctuations disappear when the superconducting gap opens at Tc, suggesting that electrons near the Fermi surface play an essential role in the mixed-valence physics of this system and that PuCoGa5 avoids a valence transition by entering the superconducting state. The lack of magnetism in PuCoGa5 has made it difficult to reconcile with most other heavy-fermion superconductors, where superconductivity is generally believed to be mediated by magnetic fluctuations. Our observations suggest that valence fluctuations play a critical role in the unusually high Tc of PuCoGa5.

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14

Terauchi, Masami. "Information of valence charge of 3d transition metal elements observed in L-emission spectra." Microscopy 68, no. 4 (May 14, 2019): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz020.

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Abstract L-emission spectra of 3d transition metal elements from Sc to Zn and some oxides were measured to examine the relation between L-emission intensities of Lα, Lβ, Lℓ, and Lη and valences of those elements by using a soft X-ray emission spectrometer attached to a scanning electron microscope. Lα,β emission intensity due to transitions from valence bands to core 2p levels compared with Lℓ,η emission intensity due to transitions from core 3 s to deeper 2p levels, Lα,β/Lℓ,η was found to be a key parameter. A linear relation was found between the number of 3d electrons and the intensity ratio of Lα,β/(Lα,β+ Lℓ,η) from Sc to Ni, except for Cr. It takes into account not only a change in N3d but also a change of transition probability due to a change in N3d In the case of 3d metal oxides, the evaluation based on the equation showed an overestimation of the calculated number of 3d electrons, which could be due to a charge transfer from ligand oxygen atoms to the transition metal element, resulting from a core-hole effect in the intermediate state.

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15

Kim, Sung-Jin, Sunah Yim, Eun-Young Goh, Haeyong Kang, Woun Kang, and Dongwoon Jung. "Mixed-Valence Transition Metal Thiophosphates: AuNb4P2S20." Chemistry of Materials 15, no. 11 (June 2003): 2266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm021790+.

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16

Felner, I., I. Nowik, D. Vaknin, Ulrike Potzel, J. Moser, G. M. Kalvius, G. Wortmann, et al. "Ytterbium valence phase transition inYbxIn1−xCu2." Physical Review B 35, no. 13 (May 1, 1987): 6956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.35.6956.

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17

Zhuang, Jia-Tao, Xiao-Jun Zheng, Zhi-Yong Wang, Xing Ming, Huan Li, Yu Liu, and Hai-Feng Song. "Valence transition in topological Kondo insulator." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 32, no. 3 (October 22, 2019): 035602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab4625.

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18

Ogawa, S., S. Suga, M. Taniguchi, M. Fujisawa, A. Fujimori, T. Shimizu, H. Yasuoka, and K. Yoshimura. "Surface valence transition in YbxIn1−xCu2." Solid State Communications 67, no. 11 (September 1988): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(88)91192-1.

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19

Adroja, D. T., and B. D. Rainford. "Valence transition in CeNi1−xCoxSn alloys." Physica B: Condensed Matter 199-200 (April 1994): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)91882-1.

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20

Eser, Selda, and Leyla Özdemir. "Electric dipole transitions between low-lying levels in doubly ionized krypton, xenon, and radon." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 6 (June 2018): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0238.

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Using the general-purpose relativistic atomic structure package (GRASP) based on a fully relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock (MCDF) method, the transition parameters, such as transition rates (probabilities), oscillator strengths, and line strengths for the electric dipole transitions between low-lying levels are evaluated for doubly ionized krypton, xenon, and radon. Breit interactions for relativistic effects and quantum electrodynamical (QED) contributions besides valence and valence–core correlation effects are taken into account in calculations. We compare the results obtained with the available data in the literature and discuss them, when possible.

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21

Bauchspiess, K. R., E. Daryl Crozier, and R. Ingalls. "The Valence of Samarium in the Mixed-Valence Transition in SmSe." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, S2 (January 1, 1993): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.32s2.752.

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22

HUANG, SHIHUA, FENGMIN WU, JI LIN, and FANG LU. "PHOTOCURRENT ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF Si0.6Ge0.4/Si QUANTUM WELLS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 02 (January 20, 2006): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206033139.

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Absorption spectra of Si 0.6 Ge 0.4/ Si quantum wells are characterized by photocurrent measurements. The absorption coefficients of two different transitions, namely the transition between the Si band states and the discrete energy level in quantum wells, and the interlevel transition in quantum wells are deduced. They are directly proportional to (ℏω-ΔE)3/2 and δ(ℏω-Eeh), respectively. The valence band offsets of Si 0.6 Ge 0.4/ Si interface are 297 meV. The ground state energy levels in valence band and conduction band Si 0.6 Ge 0.4/ Si quantum wells are 37 meV and 23 meV, respectively.

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23

González-Platas, Javier, Cristina González-Silgo, and Catalina Ruiz-Pérez. "VALMAP2.0: contour maps using the bond-valence-sum method." Journal of Applied Crystallography 32, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889898010279.

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VALMAP2.0 is a Microsoft-Windows-based program designed to assist material scientists in accurate structural investigations. The aim ofVALMAPis to calculate the sum of bond valences that a particular atom would have if it were placed at any arbitrary point in the crystal. By movement of this atom through all possible points, its valence-sum contour map can be displayed. Parameters of the bond-valence model are available and may be modified. The program was tested in a number of cases and two examples of applications are reported: (i) finding probable atom sites in crystal structures; (ii) displacive and order–disorder phase transition mechanisms, analysing steric effects.

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24

Gippius, A. A., K. S. Okhotnikov, P. A. Anferova, M. Baenitz, N. V. Mushnikov, and A. N. Vasiliev. "Crossover from Valence Phase Transition to Kondo Behavior in Yb_1-xCe_xInCu₄ as Probed by Cu NQR." Solid State Phenomena 152-153 (April 2009): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.152-153.419.

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Influence of cerium substitution on the valence phase transition in Yb1-xCexInCu4 system (x = 0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.16) has been studied by means of 63Cu NQR. Discontinuous change in Cu NQR frequency was detected around valence transition temperature Tv in YbInCu4, Yb0.96Ce0.04InCu4 and Yb0.92Ce0.08InCu4. In the vicinity of Ce concentration x = 0.08 a crossover from the 1-st order valence phase transition to gradual change of electronic and magnetic properties of Yb1-xCexInCu4 system is observed.

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25

Kojima, Norimichi. "Valence Transition and Phase Diagram of Mixed Valence Complexes under High Pressure." REVIEW OF HIGH PRESSURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 4 (1994): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.3.368.

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26

Lu, F., S. Gunapala, M. Croft, N. G. Stoffel, and M. L. den Boer. "Unstable valence rare earths ion implanted into transition metals: Valence variation studies." Journal of Applied Physics 63, no. 8 (April 15, 1988): 3692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340688.

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27

Mitsuda, A., H. Wada, M. Shiga, and T. Tanaka. "The Eu valence state and valence transition in Eu(Pd1-xPtx)2Si2." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 12, no. 24 (May 31, 2000): 5287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/12/24/317.

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28

Landis, C. R., and F. Weinhold. "Valence and extra-valence orbitals in main group and transition metal bonding." Journal of Computational Chemistry 28, no. 1 (2006): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20492.

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29

FARKAŠOVSKÝ, PAVOL, and HANA ČENČARIKOVÁ. "VALENCE AND METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITIONS IN THE SPINLESS FALICOV–KIMBALL MODEL INDUCED BY DOPING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 23 (September 20, 2005): 3603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205032395.

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The influence of doping on valence and metal-insulator transitions in the spinless Falicov–Kimball model is studied by the well-controlled numerical method. Two types of doping are examined, and namely, the substitution of rare-earth ions by non-magnetic ions that introduce (i) one or (ii) no additional electron (per non-magnetic ion) into the conduction band. It is found that the first type of substitution increases the average f-state occupancy of rare-earth ions, whereas the second type of substitution has the opposite effect. In both cases valence changes are accompanied by a doping induced insulator-metal transition. The results obtained are used to describe valence and metal-insulator transitions in the samarium hexaboride solid solutions.

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30

Concepcion, Javier J., Dana M. Dattelbaum, Thomas J. Meyer, and Reginaldo C. Rocha. "Probing the localized-to-delocalized transition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1862 (September 12, 2007): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2148.

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Detailed understanding of the transition between localized and delocalized behaviour in mixed valence compounds has been elusive as evidenced by many interpretations of the Creutz–Taube ion, [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru(pz)Ru(NH 3 ) 5 ] 5+ . In a review in 2001, experimental protocols and a systematic model to probe this region were proposed and applied to examples in the literature. The model included: (i) multiple orbital interactions in ligand-bridged transition metal complexes, (ii) inclusion of spin-orbit coupling which, for dπ 5 –dπ 6 complexes, leads to five low-energy bands, two from interconfigurational (dπ→dπ) transitions at the dπ 5 site and three from intervalence transfer transitions, (iii) differences in time scale between coupled vibrations and solvent modes which can result in solvent averaging with continued electronic asymmetry defining ‘class II–III’, an addition to the Robin–Day classification scheme, and (iv) delineation of coupled vibrations into barrier vibrations and ‘spectator’ vibrations. The latter provide direct insight into localization or delocalization and time scales for electron transfer. In this paper, the earlier model is applied to a series of mixed-valence molecules.

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31

Khenkin, L. V., Alla A. Novakova, Nikolai S. Perov, and A. A. Vompe. "Magnetic Properties Variations in Iron Complexes with Benzimidazole Derivatives Depending on the System Spin State." Solid State Phenomena 190 (June 2012): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.190.633.

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Complexes of bivalent and trivalent iron with ligands based on benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized and investigated. Chloride-ion was used as anion. Samples ligands differed from each other in the length of alkyl radical. Some samples were found in a mix-valence state, that complicated spin transition observation. Combination of Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic moment in high field (15kOe) measurements in the temperatures range 130K - 350K allowed us to establish the valence of iron ions under spin transition in our samples and spin transition temperature frameworks for these mix-valence compounds.

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32

Dionicio, G., H. Wilhelm, Z. Hossain, and C. Geibel. "Temperature- and pressure-induced valence transition in." Physica B: Condensed Matter 378-380 (May 2006): 724–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.01.258.

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33

Wakeshima, Makoto, Yuki Izumiyama, Yoshihiro Doi, and Yukio Hinatsu. "Valence transition in ordered perovskites Ba2PrRu1−xIrxO6." Solid State Communications 120, no. 7-8 (October 2001): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(01)00388-x.

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34

Mitsuda, Akihiro, Suguru Hamano, Nobutaka Araoka, Hideki Yayama, and Hirofumi Wada. "Pressure-Induced Valence Transition in Antiferromagnet EuRh2Si2." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 81, no. 2 (February 15, 2012): 023709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.81.023709.

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35

Azuma, Masaki, Sandra Carlsson, Jennifer Rodgers, Matthew G. Tucker, Masahiko Tsujimoto, Shintaro Ishiwata, Seiji Isoda, Yuichi Shimakawa, Mikio Takano, and J. Paul Attfield. "Pressure-Induced Intermetallic Valence Transition in BiNiO3." Journal of the American Chemical Society 129, no. 46 (November 2007): 14433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja074880u.

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36

Herman, G. S., T. T. Tran, K. Higashiyama, and C. S. Fadley. "Valence photoelectron diffraction and direct-transition effects." Physical Review Letters 68, no. 8 (February 24, 1992): 1204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.68.1204.

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37

Hübsch, A., and K. W. Becker. "Valence transition in the periodic Anderson model." European Physical Journal B 52, no. 3 (August 2006): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2006-00303-x.

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38

Hu, Feng, Yan Sun, and Meifei Mao. "Fine-structure energy levels and radiative rates in Al-like molybdenum." Canadian Journal of Physics 95, no. 1 (January 2017): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0303.

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Based on relativistic wavefunctions from multiconfigurational Dirac–Hartree–Fock and configuration interaction calculations, energy levels, radiative rates, and wavelengths are evaluated for all levels of 3s23p, 3s3p2, 3s23d, 3p3, 3s3p3d, 3p23d, and 3s3d2 configurations of Al-like molybdenum ion (Mo XXX). Transition probabilities are reported for E1 and M2 transitions from the ground level. The valence–valence and core–valence correlation effects are accounted for in a systematic way. Breit interactions and quantum electrodynamics effects are estimated in subsequent relativistic configuration interaction calculations. Comparisons are made with the available data in the literature and good agreement has been found, which confirms the reliability of our results.

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39

Yoshikane, Naoya, Keisuke Matsui, Takeshi Nakagawa, Anastasia G. V. Terzidou, Yasuhiro Takabayashi, Hitoshi Yamaoka, Nozomu Hiraoka, Hirofumi Ishii, John Arvanitidis, and Kosmas Prassides. "Pressure-induced valence transition in the mixed-valence (Sm1/3Ca2/3)2.75C60 fulleride." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 4, no. 12 (2020): 3521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qm00707b.

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The mixed-valence (Sm_1/3Ca_2/3)_2.75C₆₀ fulleride undergoes an abrupt strongly hysteretic reversible phase transition accompanied by a drastic increase in the bulk Sm valence by ∼20% to +2.71 through the application of external pressure.

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40

Brisini, Kellie St Cyr, Denise Haunani Solomon, and Jon Nussbaum. "Transitions in marriage." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 6 (March 23, 2017): 831–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517699283.

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This study examines transitions in marriage by merging the frameworks of the relational turbulence model and the experiencing life transitions model. An online survey presented 208 married individuals with open-ended questions and closed-ended scales that gathered information about a particularly important transition in the respondent’s marriage, the quality of their relationship during the transition, and the strategies used to navigate the transition. Analyses, which focused on 157 participants who reported experiencing a transition in their marriage, revealed 10 categories of transitions, the most frequent of which were sparked by health issues or the death of a loved one. Type of transition demonstrated unique associations with relational uncertainty, interference from a partner, relational turbulence, and transition processing activity. Several significant associations between qualities of relational turbulence, engagement in transition processing activity, and transition valence emerged.

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41

Hou, Chunju, Jorge Botana, Xu Zhang, Xianlong Wang, and Maosheng Miao. "Pressure-induced structural and valence transition in AgO." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 22 (2016): 15322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02627c.

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42

Benko, F. A., and F. P. Koffyberg. "The optical bandgap and band-edge positions of semiconducting p-type CuYO2." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-215.

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CuYO2, doped with calcium, is a low-mobility p-type semiconductor. From photoelectrochemical measurements it is found that the valence band edge is 5.3 eV below the vacuum level, typical for oxides with a metal-3d valence band. The lowest bandgap is 1.20 eV and the transition is indirectly allowed. An optical transition at 3.60 eV indicates an oxygen-2p valence band at 7.7 eV below vacuum. The results are discussed with the help of a simplified band scheme.

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43

Goto, Tsuneaki, N. V. Mushnikov, Kazuyoshi Yoshimura, and W. Zhang. "Pressure effect on the mixed-valence state of YbInCu4 with a valence transition." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 272-276 (May 2004): E25—E26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.11.127.

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44

GANGADHAR REDDY, G., A. RAMAKANTH, and S. K. GHATAK. "TEMPERATURE- AND FIELD-INDUCED VALENCE TRANSITION IN A MODEL FOR INTERMEDIATE VALENCE SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 18, no. 08 (March 30, 2004): 1161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979204024653.

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Motivated by the experimental studies on the temperature- and field-induced valence transitions in Yb- and Eu-based rare earth compounds, a model calculation is performed. For this purpose, the periodic Anderson model, supplemented by the Falicov–Kimball term is chosen to describe the fluctuating valence systems. The model is solved first by decoupling the Falicov–Kimball term and then taking the intrasite Coulomb interaction strength to infinity. The resulting coupled equations for the spin dependent average occupations of the localized and itenerant states and the excitonic correlations have been solved self-consistently for different constellations of model parameters. The model calculations show that it is possible to induce valence transitions in the system by either varying the temperature or the field or both. The results obtained bear a rather striking similarity to the experimental observations not only in general but also in most of the details.

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Devic, Thomas, and Christian Serre. "High valence 3p and transition metal based MOFs." Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, no. 16 (2014): 6097–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00081a.

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Chen, Pin Yi, Cheng Sao Chen, Chen Chia Chou, Tseung Yuen Tseng, and Haydn Chen. "Effects of Second Phase and Defect on Electrical Properties in Bi_0.5Na_0.5-xK_xTiO₃ Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1343.

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Second phase and defect formation mechanism of (Bi0.5(Na1-xKx)0.5)TiO3 (BNKT100x) ceramics were investigated using electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) and electrical properties measurements. Experimental results indicated that second phase formation induces Bi-rich regions and compositional inhomogeneity within matrix due to thermodynamic stability of potassium titanate. Ti valence transition for BNKT ceramics sintered in air might be ascribed to formation of the secondary phase, rather than simply attributed to volatilization of bismuth. Li substitution at A-site in BNKT ceramics suppresses formation of the second phase and Ti valence transition. Appropriate Li doped BNKT ceramics suppress oxygen vacancies and titanium valence transition, and therefore decrease the leakage current.

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Ai, R., H. J. Fan, and L. D. Marks. "HREM Study of electron-induced surface radiation damage in ReO3." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100087495.

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It has been known for a long time that electron irradiation induces damage in maximal valence transition metal oxides such as TiO2, V2O5, and WO3, of which transition metal ions have an empty d-shell. This type of damage is excited by electronic transition and can be explained by the Knoteck-Feibelman mechanism (K-F mechanism). Although the K-F mechanism predicts that no damage should occur in transition metal oxides of which the transition metal ions have a partially filled d-shell, namely submaximal valence transition metal oxides, our recent study on ReO3 shows that submaximal valence transition metal oxides undergo damage during electron irradiation.ReO3 has a nearly cubic structure and contains a single unit in its cell: a = 3.73 Å, and α = 89°34'. TEM specimens were prepared by depositing dry powders onto a holey carbon film supported on a copper grid. Specimens were examined in Hitachi H-9000 and UHV H-9000 electron microscopes both operated at 300 keV accelerating voltage. The electron beam flux was maintained at about 10 A/cm2 during the observation.

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Wang, Z. L., and J. S. Yin. "Eels Study of Valence State and Oxygen Vacancies In Magnetoresistive Oxides." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 955–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600011661.

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Colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) has been observed in a class of oxides, La1-xAxMnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, or Ba). Transition and rare earth metal elements with mixed valences are usually present in these materials for stimulating structural and chemical evolutions, leading to specific functionality. The partial substitution of trivalent La3+ by divalent element A2+ is balanced by the conversion of Mn valence states between Mn3+ and Mn4+ and the creation of oxygen vacancies as well, since the ionic structure of La1-xAxMnO3-y is proposed to bein which the valence conversion is the key for determining the material's properties. In practice, quantifying of oxygen vacancies is a challenge to existing microscopy techniques particularly for thin film specimens because of the strong effect from the defects at the substrate-film interface and the surface disordering.

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Miyake, Kazumasa, and Shinji Watanabe. "Unconventional Quantum Criticality Due to Critical Valence Transition." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 83, no. 6 (June 15, 2014): 061006. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.83.061006.

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Romano, Alfonso, Canio Noce, and Roberta Citro. "Valence transition in the extended Anderson lattice model." Solid State Communications 104, no. 10 (December 1997): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(97)00311-6.

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