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1
Hadibrata, Halimi. "PROSES MORFOLOGIS DALAM BAHASA DAYAK TUNJUNG DI KABUPATEN KUTAI BARAT, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR." SUAR BETANG 12, no. 2 (2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v12i2.30.
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The aim of this research is to discover word class and describing the morphological process of word-formation in Dayak Tunjung. This language is spoken by citizen of West Kutai Region, East Kalimantan. This research applies the qualitative method. The data is collected through survey and note-taking technique. The data is analyzed by using the word-paradigm and valency approach. The word-formation paradigm by affixation, reduplication, and composition to discover word derivation as noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. The valency model of word in sentence is applied to discover preposition and conjunction word class. The result shows that the given language has several word classes, namely noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition and conjunction
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Petrov, А. V. "CORRELATION OF THE DERIVATIVES WITH COMPOSITES, DEVELOPING THE FEATURE OF SIMILARITY." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Philological sciences 6(72), no. 1 (2020): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1679-2020-6-1-137-160.
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The article examines the semantic structure of simple adjectives with the suffix -at- (-ат-) in their relationship with single-root composites visible, —vidnij, -obraznij, podobnij (-видный, -образный, подобный) developing the meaning of similarity. The card file of linguistic facts was compiled on the basis of the «Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language», «The Dictionary of the Russian Language» in 4 volumes and the internet resources. Mono- and polysemic adjectives were selected with the suffix —at— (-ат-), which is combined with 28 bases. Derivation paradigms are formed, which include adjectives with the suffix -at- (-ат-) and single-root composites with suffixes of -vidnij, -obraznij, podobnij (-видный, -образный, подобный), integrable by one or another basis. Derivatives with the suffix —at— (-ат-) comprise seven fourmembered paradigms with composites. Based on internet resources, in each derivational paradigm, compatible series of adjectives were formed, in which the number of adjective actors varies. The maximum number of lexical distributors was recorded in a paradigm with the basics of tarelk— (тарелк-) and shishk— (шишк-). Name distributors are included in various thematic groups. The compatibility analysis of single-root lexical units is intended to reveal certain semantic nuances in the transmission of the attribute of an object and answer the question of whether adjective composites with a similarity value are doublets. Thus, the leading study is the valency analysis.
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Satyawati, Made Sri, I. Nyoman Kardana, and Dewa Ayu Kadek Claria. "Morpho-Semantic of Predicate in Indonesian." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 6 (2021): 1082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1204.24.
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Semantically, a predicate is not always filled in by verbs. This study aims to discover and describe the predicate category and the number of arguments each predicate has in the Indonesian language. This study's data were taken from informants and the daily newspaper 'Bali Post'. The collected data were analyzed by applying deductive and inductive approaches. The result shows that Indonesian's predicate can be filled in by verb and non-verb categories: noun, adjective, preposition, and numeral. The predicate of the Indonesian sentences can be classified into the valency-one predicate, valency-two predicate, and valency-three predicate. Besides, there are several intransitive and transitive predicates in the Indonesian language, followed by a clause. Each of those finding is explained in detail in this article.
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Lönngren, Lennart. "О реализации валентности при субстантивированных словах(On Valency Realization in the Syntax Frame of Substantivized Words)". Poljarnyj vestnik 3 (1 лютого 2000): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1414.
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Amongst the syntactic attributes of a substantivized adjective or participle some are normal in the sense that they semantically modify the noun, whereas others are arguments inherited, so to speak, from the corre- sponding adjective or verb. One of these arguments is expressed by the substantivized word itself, but there may also be one, or even two, addi- tional arguments expressed by case forms, prepositional phrases, verbs in the infinitive, or adverbs.
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Morgan, G. T. "The Co-ordination Theory of Valency in Relation to Adjective Dyeing." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 37, no. 2 (2008): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1921.tb01112.x.
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Luraghi, Silvia. "Basic valency orientation and the middle voice in Hittite." Studies in Language 36, no. 1 (2012): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.36.1.01lur.
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This paper discusses basic valency orientation in Hittite, based on the typology proposed in Nichols et al. (2004). Verb pairs usually employed to test basic valency indicate the clearly transitivizing character of this language; a closer scrutiny of intransitive verbs further reveals the existence of a three-fold distinction featuring two intransitive verbs, a basic stative one (or an adjective), and an overtly marked intransitive change-of-state, in addition to a transitive counterpart overtly marked as causative. The high productivity of causative derivation is shown by the fact that morphologically marked causatives are not only derived from stative verbs, but also from telic intransitives and from transitive verbs. In the case of telic intransitive verbs, a minor pattern is also attested, whereby valency alternation is encoded through voice alternation, with intransitive forms inflected in the middle voice and transitive forms in the active. Since neither voice can be considered to be derived with respect to the other, verbs that display this behavior are indeterminate as to basic valency orientation. In spite of the limited extent to which voice indicates valency alternation, this finding becomes more significant when set into the framework of valency alternation in the early Indo-European languages, and sheds some light (or raises more questions) on the original function of the Hittite and of the Indo-European middle voice, a typologically puzzling category.
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Dimitrova, Sylvia, and Temenuzhka Seizova-Nankova. "A Corpus-Based Analysis Of The Complementation Patterns Of The Adjective “Ashamed”." Studies in Linguistics, Culture, and FLT 9, no. 2 (2021): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/zkkq9762.
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The paper presents a corpus-based analysis of the predicative use of the adjective “ashamed” giving a full description of its complementation patterns with the help of the Valency Theory (VT – Herbst et al., 2004). The findings are based on a reference corpus extracted from the British National Corpus (BNC) by using the SkE software. The analysis reveals the advantages of the approach used for learners at levels B1 and B2 while, on the other hand, it shows the insufficiency of information found in the main English dictionaries (OALD, LDCE, etc.). It also demonstrates how both language learning and teaching, and materials production could be optimized using the corpus-based analysis.
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Yani, La, Ketut Artawa, Made Sri Satyawati, and I. Nyoman Udayana. "Verbal Clause Construction of Ciacia Language: Syntactic Typology Study." e-Journal of Linguistics 13, no. 2 (2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2019.v13.i02.p05.
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Typology study of Ciacia language (CL) in various linguistic aspects has not been conducted yet. It is the first study that focus on syntactic typology. Ciacia language is one of local languages in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The study focuses on five main problems, they are (1) How is the base construction of verbal clause in CL? (2) How are the predicate and structure argument constructions of verbal clause in CL, (3) How are the simple predicate and complex predicate constructions of verbal clause in CL? (4) How are valency and valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL? (5) How are complex sentence construction and grammatical alliance system?. The oral data of this study is obtained through recording and elicitation techniques. Written data is obtained through the previous studies. The study also used synthetic data which is verrified by the informants. The data was analyzed by apportion (distributional) method.
 The investigation of clause base construction shows that verbal clause construction of Ciacia language is always filled by subject and aspect markers (PS/A) that is affixed to PRED verb. Base structure of verbal clause in CL consists of verbal predicated clause and non-verbal predicated clause. Non-verbal predicated clause can be constructed through base nominal and adjective categories. Verbal clause predicate can be filled by intransitive base verb, mono transitive base verb, ditransitive base verb, and ambi-transitive base verb.
 Predication and argument structure of verbal clause construction in CL can be classified in to verbal clause: (i) intransitive with one main argument in terms of SUBJ and as A or OBJ systematically; (ii) semi-transitive with one main argument as A/ACT and with the presence of OBJ argument optionally; (iii) mono-transitive with two main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT with one OBJ argument as UND, (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT before PRED and two arguments after PRED, in terms of OTL (indirect object) and OL (direct object); and (v) ambi-transitive with one main argument, namely SUBJ, either as Sa or as So.
 Valency and transitivity of verbal clause construction in CL consists of (i) valency and intransitive verb transitivity with one argument or verb with one valency; (ii) semi-transitive verb with one argument before verb and the presence of argument after Pred verb optionally; (iii) transitive with the obligatory of O presence after Pred verb, so it has two main arguments or verb that has two valency arguments, namely S and O; (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments or verb that has three valency arguments; (v) ambi-transitive with only one argument or verb that has one valency.
 Verbal clause construction in CL can be filled by simple Pred verb and complex Pred verb. Simple predicate is created by base verb/intransitive verb and non-verb category, semi-transitive verb, and transitive verb with PS/A. Complex predicate is created through verb (i) intransitive; (ii) semi-transitive verb; and (iii) transitive integral verb. The valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL can be done through formal causativation and semantic causativation, applicative, and resultative.
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Almela-Sánchez, Moisés. "Collocation and Selectional Preferences: A Frame-based Approach." Journal of English Studies 17 (December 18, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.3905.
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Most of the research conducted into collocation and semantic frames has dealt with these phenomena separately. The study of collocation has not figured prominently in the research agenda of frame semantics, and frame semantics has only sporadically been used as an analytical framework for collocation. This article is a contribution to narrowing the gap between the two fields. It does so by addressing key issues in the design of a frame-based approach to collocation, with a special focus on the relation between collocational patterns and semantic valency, and by providing arguments for the efficacy of the frame-semantic theoretical apparatus in explaining verb-adjective links that are not accounted for by the existing models of collocation. The methodology combines lexicographic resources as well as quantitative and qualitative analysis of examples and data from an English web corpus (ukWaC).
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Beck, David. "Transitivity and Causation in Lushootseed Morphology." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 41, no. 2 (1996): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100016297.
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AbstractThe Salishan language Lushootseed shows an unusual pattern in its verbal morphology wherein its verbs are formed from intransitive, adjective-like roots via a highly productive set of suffixes, the bulk of which serve to increase the valency of their stem. These include the middle-marker, which forms intransitives, and several transitivizing affixes, which are shown here to be types of causative, their transitivizing effect being an expression of the causality inherent in the prototypical transitive event. In addition, the syntactic properties of the Lushootseed passive — formed by combining a transitivizing suffix with the middle-marker — can be analyzed as straightforward consequences of the meanings of the affixes that compose it. Treating Lushootseed causatives as subtypes of the transitive event model suggests that cross-linguistically transitive-causatives — as well as instrumentals and applicatives — may be subschematic extensions of the simple transitive clause, rather than derivations from more complex, biclausal structures.
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Haugen, Tor Arne. "Adjectival valency as valency constructions." Constructions and Frames 5, no. 1 (2013): 35–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.5.1.02hau.
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The article offers new data to the debate on lexical vs. constructional approaches to valency. Research on valency has mainly been concerned with verbs, and in this article it is argued that the neglected area of adjectival valency can shed some new light on this fundamental question. Among the evidence in favour of a constructional approach are the considerable differences in the possibilities of valency realisation between adjectives in attributive and in predicative function. It is also argued that a constructional approach allows for a more principled treatment of polysemy between valency variants.
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Kolářová, Veronika, Anna Vernerová, and Jana Klímová. "Systemic and non-systemic valency behavior of Czech deverbal adjectives." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 72, no. 2 (2021): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2021-0034.
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Abstract We present results of an automatic comparison of valency frames of interlinked adjectival and verbal lexical units based on the valency lexicons NomVallex and VALLEx. We distinguish nine derivational types of deverbal adjectives and examine whether they tend to display systemic or non-systemic valency behavior. The non-systemic valency behavior includes changes in the number of valency complementations and, more dominantly, non-systemic forms of actants, especially a prepositional group.
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Jacobsen, Thomas, Katharina Buchta, Michael Köhler, and Erich Schröger. "The Primacy of Beauty in Judging the Aesthetics of Objects." Psychological Reports 94, no. 3_suppl (2004): 1253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.3c.1253-1260.
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The conceptual structure of the aesthetics of objects was investigated. To this end, associative namings for the word “aesthetics” were collected from 311 nonartist German college students in a timed verbal association task. 590 different adjectives were produced, depicting diversification of the concept. The adjective “beautiful” was given by more than 90% of the participants. The adjective “ugly” was the second most frequent naming, used by almost half of the students. All other namings were markedly less frequently produced. It is argues that the beautiful–ugly dimension represents the primary concept in the aesthetics of objects, so that performing aesthetic judgments of the beauty of objects comes naturally to individuals. In other words, the most prototypical aesthetic judgments are those of beauty. Furthermore, the majority of generated words had a positive valence as measured by an additional valence-rating study including 41 participants. This result contrasts with comparable studies of emotion terms, as such studies typically show a negativity bias. Frequency in general language use and valence of the adjectives did not account for the results.
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Doqaruni, Vahid Rahmani. "Investigating bilinguals’ cognitive processing of affective words in minimal linguistic contexts." Mental Lexicon 16, no. 2-3 (2021): 422–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.20026.doq.
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Abstract The main aims of the present study are, first, to extend the current cognitive research on affective word processing in bilinguals by analyzing affective words in minimal linguistic contexts and, second, to explore the potential impact of the affective valence of prime nouns on the affective valence of target adjectives. To fulfill these aims, a semantic decision task was employed in which the Persian-English bilinguals saw a pair of words one after another, and were asked to decide whether or not the target word, which was an adjective loaded with positive or negative valence, was related in meaning to the preceding word, which was a noun. Mixed factorial repeated measure ANOVA was run on reaction times and error rates data. The results showed that bilinguals’ responses were slower and less accurate to negative target adjectives in comparison to positive target adjectives. The data further revealed that bilinguals were faster but less accurate when they were responding to related target adjectives compared to unrelated target adjectives. The results provide evidence for a dynamic interaction between cognitive and affective language processing in bilinguals.
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LANDAU, IDAN. "Saturation and reification in adjectival diathesis." Journal of Linguistics 45, no. 2 (2009): 315–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226709005714.
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The study of adjectival diathesis alternations lags behind the study of verbal diathesis and nominalization. This paper aims to diminish the gap by applying to the adjectival domain theoretical tools with proven success elsewhere. We focus on evaluative adjectives, which display a systematic alternation between a basic variant (John was rude) and a derived one (That was rude of John). The alternation brings about a cluster of syntactic and semantic changes – in the semantic type of the predicate, its valency and the mode of argument projection. We argue that the adjectival variants are related by the joint application of two operators: a lexicalsaturationoperator (also seen in verbal passive) and a syntacticreificationoperator (also seen in nominalization). The analysis straightforwardly extends to similar alternations with Subject- and Object-Experiencer adjectives (proud,irritating). Among its important implications are (i) lexical saturation is not restricted to external arguments (internal ones may also be saturated), and (ii) ‘referential’ (R) roles are not restricted to nominal predicates (adjectives may assign them as well).
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Artemova, Vera, and Mariya Dmitrieva. "The Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic of the Adjective in Swiss German." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4 (56) (January 26, 2022): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-56-4-155-162.
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This paper examines mechanisms found in verbal fixation of the national specifics of the Swiss German language based on a categorical-grammatical group of adjectives related to a wide association of signified words. The objects of the analysis are adjectives collected from lexicographic sources as well as
 journalistic and artistic texts by the continuous sampling method.
 The main attention is paid to the features of the qualitative composition and semantic valence compatibility of segmental root and non-root derivational morphemes within the two main word-formation models of adjectives that are
 characteristic of the modern German language in its synchronous state, they are derivatives and composites. The functioning of adjectives in phraseological units
 is also analyzed. This group consists mainly of single-morpheme root lexemes. Phraseological units used as a research material allows us to more fully represent the functional potential of adjectives in the linguistic and cultural aspect.
 The study concludes that in Swiss German, compared to the German language, root morphemes and postfixes more widely realize their potential of mutual compatibility, which leads to an enrichment of paradigmatic meanings and reveals additional discursive and pragmatic adjective values of Swiss German.
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Markantonatou, Stella, and Bjarne Ørsnes. "Group adjectives." Journal of Greek Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2002): 139–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jgl.3.07ors.
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AbstractThis paper attempts a comparative syntactic study of group adjectives in Danish, English and Modern Greek. The central problem with group adjectives is to account for the contrast between their seemingly argumental behaviour and their inability to introduce new referents into the discourse. We propose a novel analysis whereby group adjectives form a weakly lexical structure with their head noun and modify the first argument of the argument structure of the head noun while the argument itself remains unexpressed. If this analysis is right, it lends support to the representation of argument structure as a level which is simultaneously distinct from the representation of syntactic valency and participates in valency saturation phenomena. The framework is that of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG).
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Alanovic, Milivoj B. "Principles of Adjectival Valency." Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 18, no. 18 (2018): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21618/fil1818061a.
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Pinheiro, Ana P., Robert W. McCarley, Elizabeth Thompson, Óscar F. Gonçalves, and Margaret Niznikiewicz. "From Semantics to Feelings: How Do Individuals with Schizophrenia Rate the Emotional Valence of Words?" Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/431823.
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Schizophrenia is characterized by both emotional and language abnormalities. However, in spite of reports of preserved evaluation of valence of affective stimuli, such as pictures, it is less clear how individuals with schizophrenia assess verbal material with emotional valence, for example, the overall unpleasantness/displeasure relative to pleasantness/attraction of a word. This study aimed to investigate how schizophrenic individuals rate the emotional valence of adjectives, when compared with a group of healthy controls. One hundred and eighty-four adjectives differing in valence were presented. These adjectives were previously categorized as “neutral,” “positive” (pleasant), or “negative” (unpleasant) by five judges not participating in the current experiment. Adjectives from the three categories were matched on word length, frequency, and familiarity. Sixteen individuals with schizophrenia diagnosis and seventeen healthy controls were asked to rate the valence of each word, by using a computerized version of the Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley and Lang, 1994). Results demonstrated similar ratings of emotional valence of words, suggesting a similar representation of affective knowledge in schizophrenia, at least in terms of the valence dimension.
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MIRTO, Ignazio Mauro. "On the Valence of Adjectives in Italian." Écho des études romanes 4, no. 2 (2008): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/eer.2008.017.
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Góra, Katarzyna. "Predicate-Argument Structure in a Valence Dictionary (on the Example of the Verb Reward)." Acta Neophilologica 1, no. XXIII (2021): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.6414.
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Valence dictionaries are very often specialized works for advanced readers which present how particular linguistic units combine with its subordinates. The article is a critical analysis of a dictionary entry for the lexical unit of reward contained in A Valency Dictionary of English, a Corpus-Based Analysis of the Complementation Patterns of English Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives [2004]. A complementary proposal regarding the predicate-argument structure and its annotation system will be provided based on the theoretical model proposed by S. Karolak [1984; 2002] called Semantic Syntax (SS) and more specifically its extended model called explicative syntax [Kiklewicz et al. 2010; 2019]. The research findings demonstrate the need for coordinated international projects that should integrate both the syntactic as well as the semantic levels in order to gradually meet the objective of an integrated language description encompassing both the grammar and the lexicon.
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Savostyanov, Alexander, Andrey Bocharov, Tatiana Astakhova, Sergey Tamozhnikov, Alexander Saprygin, and Gennady Knyazev. "The Behavioral and ERP Responses to Self- and Other- Referenced Adjectives." Brain Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110782.
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The aim was to investigate behavioral reactions and event-related potential (ERP) responses in healthy participants under conditions of personalized attribution of emotional appraisal vocabulary to one-self or to other people. One hundred and fifty emotionally neutral, positive and negative words describing people’s traits were used. Subjects were asked to attribute each word to four types of people: one-self, loved, unpleasant and neutral person. The reaction time during adjectives attribution to one-self and a loved person was shorter than during adjectives attribution to neutral and unpleasant people. Self-related adjectives induced higher amplitudes of the N400 ERP peak in the medial cortical areas in comparison with adjectives related to other people. The amplitude of P300 and P600 depended on the emotional valence of assessments, but not on the personalized attribution. The interaction between the attribution effect and the effect of emotional valence of assessments was observed for the N400 peak in the left temporal area. The maximal amplitude of N400 was revealed under self-attributing of emotionally positive adjectives. Our results supported the hypothesis that the emotional valence of assessments and the processing of information about one-self or others were related to the brain processes that differ from each other in a cortical localization or time dynamics.
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LAU, MARK A., BRUCE K. CHRISTENSEN, LANCE L. HAWLEY, MICHAEL S. GEMAR, and ZINDEL V. SEGAL. "Inhibitory deficits for negative information in persons with major depressive disorder." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 9 (2007): 1249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000530.
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ABSTRACTBackgroundWithin Beck's cognitive model of depression, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which activated self-schemas result in the production of negative thoughts. Recent research has demonstrated that inhibitory dysfunction is present in depression, and this deficit is likely valence-specific. However, whether valence-specific inhibitory deficits are associated with increased negative cognition and whether such deficits are specific to depression per se remains unexamined. The authors posit the theory that inhibitory dysfunction may influence the degree to which activated self-schemas result in the production of depressive cognition.MethodIndividuals with major depressive disorder (MDD, n=43) versus healthy (n=36) and non-depressed anxious (n=32) controls were assessed on the Prose Distraction Task (PDT), a measure of cognitive inhibition, and the Stop-Signal Task (SST), a measure of motor response inhibition. These two tasks were modified in order to present emotionally valenced semantic stimuli (i.e. negative, neutral, positive).ResultsParticipants with MDD demonstrated performance impairments on the PDT, which were most pronounced for negatively valenced adjectives, relative to both control groups. Moreover, these impairments correlated with self-report measures of negative thinking and rumination. Conversely, the performance of the MDD participants did not differ from either control group on the SST.ConclusionsImplications of these findings for understanding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of depressive cognition are discussed.
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Segalowitz, Norman, Pavel Trofimovich, Elizabeth Gatbonton, and Anna Sokolovskaya. "Feeling affect in a second language." Emotion words in the monolingual and bilingual lexicon 3, no. 1 (2008): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.1.05seg.
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Anecdotal evidence from second language users and results from experimental studies indicate that affectively valent words are not always represented identically in a person’s first language (L1) and second language (L2) mental lexicons. The present study investigated whether such differences reflect how automatic (immediate, involuntary) the processing is of the affective element of affectively valent words, and what the relation is between this kind of processing and general word recognition efficiency for L2 words lacking affective valency. Participants were 48 L1 speakers of English with L2 French. Automaticity of processing adjectives with affective valence was operationalized using an Implicit Affect Association Task (IAAT) developed for this purpose. General efficiency in L2 word recognition was operationalized using a speeded semantic classification task with affectively neutral concrete nouns. Reaction time results from the IAAT showed that the processing of affectively valent words was less automatic in the L2 than in the L1. However, results from the semantic classification task indicated that this effect is not related to general weaker L2 word recognition abilities. Implications for an understanding of the L2 mental lexicon are discussed.
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Grühn, Daniel. "An English Word Database of EMOtional TErms (EMOTE)." Psychological Reports 119, no. 1 (2016): 290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294116658474.
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Research in the socio-emotional domain may require words for experimental settings rated on emotionally and socially relevant word characteristics (e.g., valence and desirability). In addition, cognitively relevant word characteristics (e.g., imagery) are important for research in the interface of emotion and cognition (e.g., emotional memory). To provide researchers with a corresponding word pool, the database of English EMOtional TErms (EMOTE) provides subjective ratings for 1287 nouns and 985 adjectives. Nouns and adjectives were rated on valence, arousal, emotionality, concreteness, imagery, familiarity, and clarity of meaning. In addition, adjectives were rated on control, desirability, and likeableness. EMOTE norms provide an easily accessible word pool for research in the socio-emotional domain. To illustrate the usefulness of this database, norms were linked to memorability scores from a word recognition task for EMOTE nouns. The database as well as future directions are discussed.
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Haugen, Tor Arne. "Polyvalent adjectives: A challenge for theory-driven approaches to valency." Lingua 156 (March 2015): 70–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2014.12.006.
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Tsaousis, Ioannis, and Stelios Georgiades. "Development and Psychometric Properties of the Greek Personality Adjective Checklist (GPAC)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 25, no. 3 (2009): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.164.
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This study presents the development and the psychometric properties of the Greek Personality Adjective Checklist (GPAC), a new instrument assessing personality in the Greek population. The GPAC is based on the lexical hypothesis tradition and its theoretical framework was derived from the emic study of the Greek personality lexicon ( Saucier, Georgiades, Tsaousis, & Goldberg, 2005 ). It consists of 94 adjectives measuring six concrete dimensions: Even Temper, Introversion/Melancholia, Prowess/Heroism, Agreeableness/Positive Affect, Conscientiousness, and Negative Valence/Honesty. Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provided support for a six-factor solution for the structure of Greek personality. Additional results provided empirical evidence for the reliability of the GPAC. The Cronbach’s α coefficients for the six scales ranged between .85 and .95. The test-retest correlation coefficients ranged between .71 and .85. Finally, preliminary results provided evidence of construct validity based on convergence correlations with other personality measures such as the Traits Personality Questionnaire 5 (TPQue5), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the 50 Big Five Factor Markers (50 BFFM), as well as other criterion personality measures such as the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). It is concluded that the GPAC is a reliable and valid measure, useful for the assessment of normal personality in the Greek population.
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Herbst, Thomas. "A valency model for nouns in English." Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (1988): 265–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011804.
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The distinction between complements and peripheral elements, which is made in valency theory, applies not only to verbs and adjectives but also to nouns (cf. Matthews, 1981: 231–233), as is shown by examples such as the following: (1a) You will not find many signposts to Exeter on Dartmoor, (1b) You will not find many signs for Exeter on Dartmoor. (2a) He presented his arguments against the proposal at the meeting. (2b) He presented his objections to the proposal at the meeting.
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Jakubowicz, Mariola. "Once again about the Semantics of CS adjective *mǫdrъ". Slavic and Balkan Linguistics, № 2 (2019): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3372.2019.2.5.
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The subject of the article is the semantic development of CS adjective *mǫdrъthat comes from the proto-European root *men-dh- and has equi-valents in other language groups. The meaning of the Lituanian adjective mandras is ‘cheerful, lively' while the OHG muntar means‘ardent, cheer-ful'. In the etymological dictionaries the meaning ‘cheerful' is recon structed as a primary meaning. The basis for such a reconstruction is the rule that specifi c meanings precede abstract ones. However, it is in contradiction with the semantics of the derivative base, because for the root *men-dh- the meaning ‘to put one's mind to some-thing' is reconstructed. It seems logical that the meaning of the adjective *mon-dhro- should also be connected with the concept of thinking. This leads us to the conclusion that the meaning ‘wise' of the CS adjective *mǫdrъis an inherited one.
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HADZHIEVA, Krasimira. "TEACHING BULGARIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE FROM A MORPHOSYNTACTIC PERSPECTIVE: VALENCY AND RECTION OF THE BULGARIAN VERBS." Ezikov Svyat volume 20 issue 1, ezs.swu.v20i1 (February 10, 2022): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v20i1.11.
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Despite the skepticism of a number of linguists towards the valency theory it should take an important place in foreign language teaching. Valency theory is closely related to the phenomenon of verb rection. The valency of a verb refers to its ability to control the number and type of the arguments that can appear in its environment. Valency is a syntactic (and a semantic) notion. The rection of a verb refers to its ability to determine the morphological form of the words that appear in its environment. Since the verb is in control of the declension of the neighbouring words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, etc.), that is to say, it requires a word to be modified to express different grammatical categories such as number, case, definiteness, etc., rection could be considered a morphological notion. Due to the interface between this two phenomena, in other words, due to the interaction between syntactic and morphological features of the words a morphosyntactic approach is applicable in foreign language teaching, and in particular in teaching Bulgarian as a foreign language. Valency and rection are among the major sources of grammatical errors in foreign language learning. Consequently, a good approach for learners of Bulgarian is to learn new verbs simultaneously with their valency and rection.
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Carson, Nicole, R. Shayna Rosenbaum, Morris Moscovitch, and Kelly J. Murphy. "Self-Reference Effect and Self-Reference Recollection Effect for Trait Adjectives in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 8 (2018): 821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617718000395.
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AbstractObjectives: The self-reference effect (SRE), enhanced memory for self-related information, has been studied in healthy young and older adults but has had little investigation in people with age-related memory disorders, such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Self-referential encoding may help to improve episodic memory in aMCI. Additionally, self-referential processing has been shown to benefit recollection, the vivid re-experiencing of past events, a phenomenon that has been termed the self-reference recollection effect (SRRE; Conway & Dewhurst, 1995). Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the valence of stimuli influences the appearance of the SRE and SRRE. Methods: The current study investigated the SRE and SRRE for trait adjective words in 20 individuals with aMCI and 30 healthy older adult controls. Ninety trait adjective words were allocated to self-reference, semantic, or structural encoding conditions; memory was later tested using a recognition test. Results: While healthy older adults showed a SRE, individuals with aMCI did not benefit from self-referential encoding over and above that of semantic encoding (an effect of “deep encoding”). A similar pattern was apparent for the SRRE; healthy controls showed enhanced recollection for words encoded in the self-reference condition, while the aMCI group did not show specific benefit to recollection for self-referenced over semantically encoded items. No effects of valence were found. Conclusions: These results indicate that while memory for trait adjective words can be improved in aMCI with deep encoding strategies (whether self-reference or semantic), self-referencing does not provide an additional benefit. (JINS, 2018, 24, 821–832)
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De Deyne, Simon, Wouter Voorspoels, Steven Verheyen, Daniel J. Navarro, and Gert Storms. "Accounting for graded structure in adjective categories with valence-based opposition relationships." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 29, no. 5 (2013): 568–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2013.794294.
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Green, Melanie, and Gabriel Ozón. "Valency and Transitivity in a Contact Variety: The Evidence from Cameroon Pidgin English." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 1 (2019): 52–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01201003.
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We explore valency and transitivity patterns in Cameroon Pidgin English (cpe) from a language contact perspective, with particular focus on (a) lexical and (b) constructional phenomena. With respect to (a), many verbs of English origin surface in cpe with additional senses and valency properties to those they display in the lexifier, illustrating the drive towards polysemy in a language with a relatively small lexicon. We also describe category change, whereby English non-verbal expressions (typically adjectives) emerge as verbs in cpe. In terms of (b), verbs undergo valency changes as a consequence of participation in productive serial verb constructions. These constructions are built around a small set of high-frequency verbs, some of which also occur in the light verb construction, which represents another strategy for the creation of complex predicates. We review the evidence for constructional substrate influence. The data under discussion are drawn from two small corpora of spoken cpe.
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van Gaal, Simon, Lionel Naccache, Julia D. I. Meuwese, et al. "Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1641 (2014): 20130212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0212.
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What are the limits of unconscious language processing? Can language circuits process simple grammatical constructions unconsciously and integrate the meaning of several unseen words? Using behavioural priming and electroencephalography (EEG), we studied a specific rule-based linguistic operation traditionally thought to require conscious cognitive control: the negation of valence. In a masked priming paradigm, two masked words were successively (Experiment 1) or simultaneously presented (Experiment 2), a modifier (‘not’/‘very’) and an adjective (e.g. ‘good’/‘bad’), followed by a visible target noun (e.g. ‘peace’/‘murder’). Subjects indicated whether the target noun had a positive or negative valence. The combination of these three words could either be contextually consistent (e.g. ‘very bad - murder’) or inconsistent (e.g. ‘not bad - murder’). EEG recordings revealed that grammatical negations could unfold partly unconsciously, as reflected in similar occipito-parietal N400 effects for conscious and unconscious three-word sequences forming inconsistent combinations. However, only conscious word sequences elicited P600 effects, later in time. Overall, these results suggest that multiple unconscious words can be rapidly integrated and that an unconscious negation can automatically ‘flip the sign’ of an unconscious adjective. These findings not only extend the limits of subliminal combinatorial language processes, but also highlight how consciousness modulates the grammatical integration of multiple words.
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Zele, Andreja. "Between grammar and dictionary: With special reference to Slovene verb." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 69 (2013): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1369091z.
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Slovene resources confirm that verbal aspect and aspectualness depend on the morphological, lexical, syntactic, and other characteristics of a particular language. Since verbal aspect is directly connected to the meaning of a particular verb, as well as its structural and semantic-syntactic abilities, it is considered to be an essential characteristic in terms of the language system of every language. The specific features of aspectualness, especially if we take into account its connectedness to a given language system, are confirmed by various contrastive studies, which also place considerable emphasis on a number of general aspectual characteristics that can be applied to all languages. Within every language system, for example, the grammatical (morphological), lexical, and syntactic aspectualness are distinguished from one another, whereas in the case of a particular text, the relationship between aspect, time, and mood cannot be overlooked. What remains central in both current and future discussions is establishing the relationship between aspectualness and temporality within a particular language or languages. Cases of ?aspectual competitiveness?, related to the temporal structure of a given sentence, have been noted in Slovene as well, especially in examples like Sem ze vecerjal - Sem ze povecerjal (?I already had dinner - I already finished my dinner?), Vedno smo k obstojecemu doprinesli tudi nekaj novega - Vedno smo k obstojecemu doprinasali tudi nekaj novega (?We always contributed something new to the existing condition - We always used to contribute something new to the existing condition?), etc. That the behavior of the imperfect may vary in the past and future is shown by examples like Temperatura se je dvigovala ?visala, padala in spet visala? (The temperature kept rising ?rising, falling, and rising again?), Temperatura se bo dvigovala ?vedno samo navzgor, brez nihanja? (The temperature will keep on rising ?it will rise without falling?). It is also important how a particular dictionary presents verbal valency as a developmental category. The most common is the change from monovalent verbs to bivalent or governed verbs. When considering the valency of non-deverbal nouns and adjectives, it must be noted that especially in the case of nondeverbal adjectives, valency is the consequence of the dynamic meaning of semantically similar verbs, which can replace non-deverbal adjectives in a particular sentence.
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Ademi Shala, Rudina, Boele De Raad, and Aliriza Arënliu. "The structure of Albanian personality descriptive trait-adjectives: A psycho-lexically based taxonomy." International Journal of Personality Psychology 6 (December 23, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/ijpp.6.37224.
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In this study, we describe the taxonomy of personality descriptive trait terms in the Albanian language according to the psycho-lexical procedure, in two parts. In the first part the selection of trait terms from a standard Albanian dictionary took place, largely according to standard procedures. This resulted in a useful set of 607 personality relevant terms. In the second part this list of trait terms was administered to 497 participants to obtain self-ratings. During the rating process, participants could indicate their familiarity with the terms, leading to another reduction to a final set of 434 trait terms with self-ratings. Principal Components Analysis followed by Varimax rotation was applied both using raw data and using ipsatized data. Structures with one up to seven factors were discussed and represented in a hierarchy of factor solutions. As an aid to the interpretation of the factors, use was made of markers of the Big Five, selected from the full list of 434 terms. The most comprehensive and clearest structure was found with seven factors, which included the Big Five and both Negative Valence and Positive Valence.
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Yoon, Leehyun, Kwangwook Kim, Daehyun Jung, and Hackjin Kim. "Roles of the MPFC and insula in impression management under social observation." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 5 (2021): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab008.
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Abstract People often engage in impression management by presenting themselves and others as socially desirable. However, specific behavioral manifestations and underlying neural mechanisms of impression management remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the neural mechanism of impression management during self- and friend-evaluation. Only participants assigned to the observation (OBS) group, not the control (CON) group, were informed that their responses would be monitored. They answered how well positive and negative trait adjectives described themselves or their friends. The behavioral results showed that the OBS group was more likely to reject negative traits for self-evaluation and to accept positive traits for friend-evaluation. An independent study revealed that demoting negative traits for oneself and promoting positive traits for a friend helps manage one’s impression. In parallel with the behavioral results, in the OBS vs the CON group, the rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC) and anterior insula (AI) activity showed a greater increase as the negativity of negatively valenced adjectives increased during self-evaluation and also showed a greater increase as the positivity of positively valenced adjectives increased during friend-evaluation. The present study suggests that rmPFC and AI are critically involved in impression management, promoting socially desirable target evaluations under social observation.
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Nardiati, Sri. "PERILAKU SATUAN LINGUAL -(N)ING DALAM BAHASA JAWA (LINGUAL UNIT BEHAVIOR -(N)ING IN JAVANESE LANGUANGE)." Widyaparwa 44, no. 2 (2016): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v44i2.143.
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Penelitian ini berjudul Perilaku Satuan Lingual (n)ing dalam Bahasa Jawa. Teori yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah kategori kata dan analisis konstituen. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode simak. Analisis menggunakan metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung. Data yang terkumpul menunjukkan bahwa kehadiran satuan lingual (n)ing berfungsi sebagai penentu bagi unsur yang berposisi di sebelah kanannya. Satuan lingual tersebut dapat bervalensi dengan prakategorial, kata tugas, adjektiva, verba, dan nomina. Kehadiran (n)ing frekuentatif dalam bentuk frasa, antara lain frasa adjektival, frasa nominal, frasa verbal, dan frasa preposisional. Selain itu, satuan -(n)ing dapat hadir dalam bentuk kalimat meski dengan frekuensi yang sangat rendah. Satuan lingual tersebut dapat bervariasi dengan -e/ne dalam tingkat ngoko dan ipun/-nipun dalam tingkat kromo. Satuan lingual tersebut menandai hubungan makna pemilikan, pelaku, partitif, dan tujuan.The title of this study is Lingual Unit Behavior -(N)ing in Javanese Language". The theory is word category and constituent analysis. The data collection is recording. The analysis method is distributable method with direct element division technique. The collected data shows that the existence of lingual unit form -(n)ing functions as a determinant for elements positioned on the right. The (n)ing lingual unit form can be valence with pre-categorical, preposition, adjective, verb, and noun. Frequentative presence of (n)ing form in phrases, such as adjectival phrase, noun phrase, verbal phrase and prepositional phrase. In addition, -(n)ing lingual unit can be present in the form of a sentence even in the lowest frequency. The lingual unit form can be vary with -e/-ne in ngoko level and -ipun/-nipun in kromo level. This lingual unit marks semantic relations comprising possessive, agentive, portative, and goal.
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Brodhun, Christoph, Eleonora Borelli, and Thomas Weiss. "Influence of acute pain on valence rating of words." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0248744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248744.
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Numerous studies showed the effect of negative affective and pain-related semantic primes enhancing the perceived intensity of successive painful stimuli. It remains unclear whether and how painful primes are able to influence semantic stimuli in a similar way. Therefore, we investigated the effects of noxious primes on the perception of the valence of subsequent semantic stimuli. In two experiments, 48 healthy subjects were asked to give their valence ratings regarding different semantic stimuli (pain-related, negative, positive, and neutral adjectives) after they were primed with noxious electrical stimuli of moderate intensity. Experiment 1 focused on the existence of the effect, experiment 2 focused on the length of the effect. Valence ratings of pain-related, negative, and positive words (not neutral words) became more negative after a painful electrical prime was applied in contrast to no prime. This effect was more pronounced for pain-related words compared to negative, pain-unrelated words. Furthermore, the priming effect continued to affect the valence ratings even some minutes after the painful priming had stopped. So, painful primes are influencing the perception of semantic stimuli as well as semantic primes are influencing the perception of painful stimuli.
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Zhang, Yanchi, Zhe Pan, Kai Li, and Yongyu Guo. "Self-Serving Bias in Memories." Experimental Psychology 65, no. 4 (2018): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000409.
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Abstract. Protecting one’s positive self-image from damage is a fundamental need of human beings. Forgetting is an effective strategy in this respect. Individuals show inferior recall of negative feedback about themselves but unimpaired recognition of self-related negative feedback. This discrepancy may imply that individuals retain negative information but forget that the information is associated with the self. In two experiments, participants judged whether two-character trait adjectives (positive or negative) described themselves or others. Subsequently, they completed old-new judgments (Experiment 2) and attribution tasks (Experiments 1 and 2). Neither old-new recognition nor source guessing bias was influenced by word valence. Participants’ source memory was worse in the negative self-referenced word processing condition than in the other conditions. These results suggest there is a self-serving bias in memory for the connection between valence information and the self.
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Pettersson, Erik, Eric Turkheimer, Erin E. Horn, and Andrew R. Menatti. "The General Factor of Personality and Evaluation." European Journal of Personality 26, no. 3 (2012): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.839.
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According to the proposal of the general factor of personality (GFP), socially desirable personality traits have been selected for throughout evolution because they increase fitness. However, it remains unknown whether people high on this factor actually behave in socially desirable ways or whether they simply endorse traits of positive valence. We separated these two sources of variance by having 619 participants respond to 120 personality adjectives organised into 30 quadruples balanced for content and valence (e.g. unambitious, easy–going, driven and workaholic tapped the trait achievement–striving). An exploratory six–factor solution fit well, and the factors resembled the Big Five. We subsequently extracted a higher–order factor from this solution, which appeared similar to the GFP. A Schmid–Leiman transformation of the higher–order factor, however, revealed that it clustered items of similar valence but opposite content (e.g. at the negative pole, unambitious and workaholic), rendering it an implausible description of evolved adaptive behaviour. Isolating this evaluative factor using exploratory structural equation modelling generated factors consisting of items of similar descriptive content but different valence (e.g. driven and workaholic), and the correlations among these factors were of small magnitude, indicating that the putative GFP capitalises primarily on evaluative rather than descriptive variance. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Costa, Marco, Philip Fine, and Pio Enrico Ricci Bitti. "Interval Distributions, Mode, and Tonal Strength of Melodies as Predictors of Perceived Emotion." Music Perception 22, no. 1 (2004): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2004.22.1.1.
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Fifty-one tonal and atonal classical melodies were evaluated by 29 students on 10 bipolar adjective scales that focused on emotional evaluation along four factors: valence, aesthetic judgment, activity, and potency. Significant predictors for each factor were obtained through ridge regression analyses. Predictors were quantified characteristics of each melody: the distribution of intervals according to interval size, the mode, and tonal strength (C. L. Krumhansl, 1990). Valence was best predicted by mode. Aesthetic judgment was predicted by the interval distribution and by tonal strength. Melodies judged pleasant contained more perfect fourths and minor sevenths and fewer augmented fourths; they were also high in tonal strength. Activity and potency were best predicted by the interval distribution. Activity, a sense of instability and motion, was conveyed by a greater occurrence of minor seconds, augmented fourths, and intervals larger than the octave. Potency, an expression of vigor and power, was marked by a greater occurrence of unisons and octaves. Thus the emotional expression of a melody appears to be related to the distributions of its interval categories, its mode, and its tonal strength.
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Rocklage, Matthew D., and Russell H. Fazio. "The Evaluative Lexicon: Adjective use as a means of assessing and distinguishing attitude valence, extremity, and emotionality." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 56 (January 2015): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.005.
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Hertel, Paula T., Amaris Maydon, Julia Cottle, and Janna N. Vrijsen. "Cognitive Bias Modification." Clinical Psychological Science 5, no. 1 (2016): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702616649366.
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Ruminative tendencies to think repetitively about negative events, like retrieval practice in laboratory experiments, should enhance long-term recall. To evaluate this claim, ruminators and nonruminators learned positive, negative, and neutral adjective–noun pairs. Following each of four study phases, “practice” participants attempted cued recall of nouns from positive or negative pairs; study-only participants performed a filler task. Half the pairs of each valence were tested after the four learning cycles, and all pairs were tested a week later. Large practice effects were found on both tests, even though ruminators showed a trait-congruent bias in recalling unpracticed negative pairs on the immediate test. Positive practice also improved the moods of ruminators. Thus, repetitive positive retrieval shows promise in counteracting ruminative recall and its consequences.
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Calloni, Judith C., and Michael J. Ross. "Affect Intensity and Self- versus other-Referent Information Processing." Psychological Reports 66, no. 2 (1990): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.495.
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High and low affectively intense subjects were compared on endorsement ratings and incidental recall of positive, negative, and neutral trait adjectives rated for self-descriptiveness or other-descriptiveness. The effects of affect intensity were limited to endorsement patterns of positively valenced sell-referenced words; no significant findings were obtained for recall data. These findings suggest that intensity of affect does not appear to be a confounding factor in studies of mood and self-schematic information processing.
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Kiklewicz, Aleksander. "Typology of syntactic realization forms of propositional argument (on the example of Russian emotional verbs)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 1 (2019): 419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.4535.
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The subject of this article is the syntactic representation of propositional arguments in the sentences with Russian emotional verbs. The opposition of sentential and nominal actants is treated as a gradual one, i.e. represented by a set of syntactic realization forms of propositional arguments: clausal and non-clausal, finite and non-finite, lexical (material) and zero/empty (non-material). All these forms constitute a valence class of a lexical unit. A quantitative analysis of syntactic representations of Russian emotive verbs has shown that the valent characteristics of verbs and the separate subclasses vary in a large range. The most typical forms of filling the position of propositional argument in the class verba sentiendi are predicate and propositional names, and the least typical are clausal actants with the core component in the form of an adjective and infinitive.
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Liubchenko, T. V. "Predicate and Objective Syntaxeme in the Semantic and Syntactic Structure of a Sentence in Modern Greek." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 19 (January 12, 2020): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2019.19.06.
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The relevance of the proposed study arose from the necessity to define the correlation between the morphologic and syntactic categories of the verb; disclose the functional characteristics of this part of speech that defines the structure of the sentence, the implementation of word formation intentions of the word and construction of the text as an integral unit of the communicative syntax. The article observes the major types of predicates, existing in Modern Greek. The author has coined the lexical content, morphological arrangement as well as the syntactic behavior of objective syntaxemes. At the semantic and syntactic level, the objective syntaxemes hold the position of right-sided strongly controlled member of the sentence. Prototype objective syntaxeme is the causative with a categorical seme expressing motivation of occurrence of the signs of substances. In Modern Greek, causative verbs are represented by the verbs of one lexeme; the verbs of different lexemes; the verbs created using word-formation instruments. Causatives represented by the verbs of one lexeme are interpreted by author as verbs with the variable valence. Verbs with the variable valence include those in which the morphological form itself creates the transitive and intransitive constructions without changing its voice affiliation Word-formation transformative of verbs with the variable valence is represented by the adjective-based and noun-derived verbs. This description enables the preparation of the functional grammar of Modern Greek, which is an urgent task of Modern hellinistic. In common language sense, the interpretation of the study results is important to identify the correlation between the semantic and syntactic structure of the sentence, to determine the semantic types of predicates and to classify the objective syntaxemes.
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Haynes, Alice, Jonathan Lawry, Christopher Kent, and Jonathan Rossiter. "FeelMusic: Enriching Our Emotive Experience of Music through Audio-Tactile Mappings." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 5, no. 6 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5060029.
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We present and evaluate the concept of FeelMusic and evaluate an implementation of it. It is an augmentation of music through the haptic translation of core musical elements. Music and touch are intrinsic modes of affective communication that are physically sensed. By projecting musical features such as rhythm and melody into the haptic domain, we can explore and enrich this embodied sensation; hence, we investigated audio-tactile mappings that successfully render emotive qualities. We began by investigating the affective qualities of vibrotactile stimuli through a psychophysical study with 20 participants using the circumplex model of affect. We found positive correlations between vibration frequency and arousal across participants, but correlations with valence were specific to the individual. We then developed novel FeelMusic mappings by translating key features of music samples and implementing them with “Pump-and-Vibe”, a wearable interface utilising fluidic actuation and vibration to generate dynamic haptic sensations. We conducted a preliminary investigation to evaluate the FeelMusic mappings by gathering 20 participants’ responses to the musical, tactile and combined stimuli, using valence ratings and descriptive words from Hevner’s adjective circle to measure affect. These mappings, and new tactile compositions, validated that FeelMusic interfaces have the potential to enrich musical experiences and be a means of affective communication in their own right. FeelMusic is a tangible realisation of the expression “feel the music”, enriching our musical experiences.
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Barbosa Escobar, Francisco, Carlos Velasco, Kosuke Motoki, Derek Victor Byrne, and Qian Janice Wang. "The temperature of emotions." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0252408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252408.
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Emotions and temperature are closely related through embodied processes, and people seem to associate temperature concepts with emotions. While this relationship is often evidenced by everyday language (e.g., cold and warm feelings), what remains missing to date is a systematic study that holistically analyzes how and why people associate specific temperatures with emotions. The present research aimed to investigate the associations between temperature concepts and emotion adjectives on both explicit and implicit levels. In Experiment 1, we evaluated explicit associations between twelve pairs of emotion adjectives derived from the circumplex model of affect, and five different temperature concepts ranging from 0°C to 40°C, based on responses from 403 native speakers of four different languages (English, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that, across languages, the temperatures were associated with different regions of the circumplex model. The 0°C and 10°C were associated with negative-valanced, low-arousal emotions, while 20°C was associated with positive-valanced, low-to-medium-arousal emotions. Moreover, 30°C was associated with positive-valanced, high-arousal emotions; and 40°C was associated with high-arousal and either positive- or negative-valanced emotions. In Experiment 2 (N = 102), we explored whether these temperature-emotion associations were also present at the implicit level, by conducting Implicit Association Tests (IATs) with temperature words (cold and hot) and opposing pairs of emotional adjectives for each dimension of valence (Unhappy/Dissatisfied vs. Happy/Satisfied) and arousal (Passive/Quiet vs. Active/Alert) on native English speakers. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that participants held implicit associations between the word hot and positive-valanced and high-arousal emotions. Additionally, the word cold was associated with negative-valanced and low-arousal emotions. These findings provide evidence for the existence of temperature-emotion associations at both explicit and implicit levels across languages.
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Smederevac, Snezana, Dusanka Mitrovic, and Petar Colovic. "The structure of the lexical personality descriptors in Serbian language." Psihologija 40, no. 4 (2007): 485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0704485s.
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Two studies, both originating from a larger psycholexical study in Serbian language, are presented here. Two questionnaires, Lexi and PL have been constructed in the psycholexical study. The questionnaires differ by the formulation of their respective items: while the items of the Lexi contain adjectives, the items of the PL are in the form of statements. The first study presented in this paper examines the latent structure of the Lexi questionnaire, while the second one deals with the latent structure of the PL. In both studies, principal component analysis was applied, and the number of components to be retained in the analysis was determined according to the Scree criterion. Also, Promax rotation was applied in both studies. Seven components which were extracted in the first study have been interpreted as Negative Valence, Negative Emotionality, Aggressiveness, Conscientiousness, Positive Emotionality, Positive Valence and Openness to Experience. The content of these dimensions is obviously similar to the dimensions of Tellegen and Waller?s Big Seven model. In the second study, five components were extracted, and interpreted as Sociability, Anxiety, Aggressiveness, Activity and Impulsivity. The content of the dimensions extracted in the second study corresponds with the dimensions of Marvin Zuckerman?s Alternative Five - Factor Model.