Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Valeurs (philosophie) Morale'
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Ruby, Christian. "Eloge du refus : l'effort de bien vivre." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100050.
Full textLang, Patrick. "La valeur : éthique, politique et sciences sociales." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010607.
Full textGnassounou, Bruno. "De l'obligation morale à l'obligation politique : Essai sur le formalisme en philosophie." Besançon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BESA1022.
Full textTournois, Jocelyne. "L'évaluation morale : le bien, le mal et la gravité : définition; mesure." Nancy 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN21018.
Full textTraditional gravity scales are questioned in their metric aspects, conceptual validity, and content validity. Measurement of seriousness is included in the larger context of moral evaluation by means of structural measures. Two different cognitive structures arise : "the good" (a radex), and "the evil" (a duplex". Once the measurement has been defined as a global experimental process with several stages, each stage is being studied : items' choice (form, and content), data collection's choice (five data collections), data elaboration (different metric postulates), and model of measurement (mds). Proceeding cognitive structures gather various elements studied in the literature from three fields : scaling of seriousness (criminology), psychological studies of moral judgment and morality, and studies of values. Strength and weakness of each measure (seriousness scaling and structural measurement) are studied; structural measure deriving from a student sample is generalized to an adult sample; temporal stability is established
Baumard, Nicolas. "Une théorie naturaliste et mutualiste de la morale." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0033.
Full textWhy are we moral? This work relies on two approaches. The naturalist approach comes from the tradition of moral sense (Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Adam Smith) and aims at explaining morality with the help of tools coming from natural sciences (evolutionary theory, cognitive psychology). The mutualist approach comes from the social contract tradition (Hobbes, Rousseau and Rawls) et see moral relationships as mutually advantageous interactions. Thus, this work distances oneself from non naturalist theories of morality ( culturalist theories, rational choice theories) and fron non mutualist theories (group selection or altruistic theories, sentimentalist or continuiste theories). This works shows that numerous moral situations (justice, solidarity, moral dilemmas, economic games, crimes without victim) are better explained in a naturalist and mutualist framework
Ripoll, François. "La morale héroïque dans les épopées latines d'époque flavienne : tradition et innovation /." Louvain ; Paris : Peeters, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37007913v.
Full textJourdain, Christine. "L'éducation et la morale à l'école : convictions éthiques, positions praxéologiques et pratiques effectives des enseignants." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20925.
Full textAllard, Aurelien. "Le mérite : signification, possibilité et valeur." Thesis, Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080012.
Full textThe idea of merit holds a special status in contemporary societies. Like equality or liberty, merit enjoys a very high degree of support in many western countries. However, contrary to other moral principles, the idea of merit suffers from a very high degree of skepticism within the philosophical literature. We defend in this dissertation that this skepticism is unjustified, and that merit owes its popularity to the fact that it is a fundamental moral principle. The originality of this dissertation lies in part in the recourse to psychological experiments used to study folk perception of fundamental philosophical problems. This recourse to empirical methods is justified by the idea that every moral theory should be a rationalization of folk intuitions. The deep anchoring of merit in commonsense morality constitutes a major justification of the value of merit. Furthermore, we put forward three other justifications. Merit also plays a fundamental role in the promotion of collective welfare, ensures the harmony of private and public interest, and contributes to the constitution of a community of values. This four-fold justification enables us to defend the necessity of inscribing merit within a pluralist theory of social justice
Beque, Marilyne. "Place des valeurs morales dans la pensée sociale : une étude empirique." Paris 8, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA081878.
Full textHeitz, Jean-Michel. "L'éthique entre raison et sentiment pour une éthique scientifique et une logique des valeurs." Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIML001.
Full textThis work attempts firstly to question the sphere of ethics and the foundations which support it, particularly formai practice and axiology as the analogon of the formal logic, or analytic logic, bequeathed by Aristotle. Indeed, action, volition and valorisation can be questioned to learn what relationship they might have with pure logic. Is there a mathesis universalis of values and volition, and can these be understood through a logicaldeductive process? How can the irreducible part belonging to affectivity be defined and delimited? One can not attempt to answer such questions as long as they have not been reintroduced within the vast field of a theory of knowledge. Many authors will be studied, in particular Hume, Kant and Husserl, and their thinking will be broadened towards a contemporary ethical design, that of Paul Ricoeur
Buffet-Catalogne, Jacqueline. "Familles, valeurs et transmission : enquête qualitative sur les valeurs de trois générations dans les classes moyennes françaises, à la fin du XXe siècle." Paris, EPHE, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPHE5022.
Full textThe question which arose at the beginning of the research was as follows : do young people today have values and bearings in life? To begin with, a survey was conducted of 600 young people who fell into two categories : those who had gone to catechism and those who had not. Basic values such as family, love, friendship, loyalty, solidarity, and respect for others remained prevalent, parents being the principle actors in handing down these values. School exposes adolescents to culture but also to others, thus encouraging tolerance. It is a successful vehicle of secular values. Faith obtains a limited score, even amongst those with a religious upbringing. The initial results did not permit an analysis of future developments liable to occur in the process of handing down values from one generation to the next. Nor was it possible to determine the exact meaning attributed to each given term. A qualitative survey made of twenty middle-class families, some stretching over three generations, enabled to examine a true line of value transmission. The above study would tend to confirm a movement towards a certain form of individualisation, together with a refusal to adhere too strictly to most institutions. Further, it reveals a tendency to create personal belief systems. The belief issue can be seen as central, as revealed in the emphasis put on it by those surveyed, no matter the generation. However, faith has relatively little influence on the other values. What appears here is "free-choice" religion. The analysis shows that value transmission remains present, although no longer imposed but accepted through discussion. Values no longer come from outside restraints. They are taken on personally from demands made by the conscience and freely consented to, hereby appealing largely to moral standards based on conviction and responsability
Lagos, Dondé Francisco Lorenzo Vermeren Patrice. "Corps et devenir chez Nietzsche après la mort de Dieu." Saint-Denis : Université de Paris 8, 2008. http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/LagosDondeThese.pdf.
Full textDrouin, Marie-Eve. "Des valeurs et des enfants : processus de transmission du discours des droits humains dans un cadre ludique et sa réception." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27646/27646.pdf.
Full textLinteau, Richard. "John Dewey, l'éthique et les valeurs : entre savoir et savoir-faire." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30723.
Full textD’emblée, cette thèse s’est donnée une orientation générale soucieuse de penser ensemble les dimensions théorique et pratique de l’éthique. Dans cette perspective, le pragmatisme de John Dewey s’est vite imposé comme cadre conceptuel permettant de lui fournir des assises épistémologiques rigoureuses tout en ouvrant la voie au développement d’outils pratiques visant la résolution de problèmes concrets. Ainsi, savoir et savoir-faire pourraient se nourrir mutuellement. S’inscrivant dans la foulée de la théorie de l’évolution de Darwin, la philosophie de Dewey adopte un naturalisme rejetant tout dualisme opposant le corps et la pensée. L’expérience humaine est abordée dans sa continuité avec l’environnement naturel et social qui est le sien. Langage, idées et théories peuvent dès lors être conçus comme autant d’instruments contribuant à améliorer notre adaptation aux changements constants de cet environnement. Produites dans l’expérience et validées par elle, si précieuses soient-elles, nos connaissances générales seraient d’une utilité limitée sans les ressources cognitives d’une être capable de raisonner dans des contextes chaque fois uniques. Sur le plan éthique, une éducation se limitant à l’apprentissage de grands principes moraux ne suffira donc pas à orienter adéquatement la conduite humaine. Son rôle étant d’habiliter à trouver les solutions les mieux adaptées à des problèmes spécifiques, l’éducation morale doit d’abord viser le développement d’habiletés intellectuelles contribuant à l’autonomie de chacun et de chacune. Une approche réflexive de l’éthique s’impose donc selon Dewey, mais cela sans toutefois renier l’importance des normes et des habitudes, incluant les dispositions morales. Pour lui, le travail de reconstruction ou d’amélioration de la théorie éthique doit s’abreuver à plusieurs sources. D’abord des connaissances que nous pouvons dégager à même notre propre vie morale. Ensuite, des théories éthiques dont nous disposons déjà pour jeter un éclairage utile sur nos pratiques. Enfin, de toutes les disciplines susceptibles de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la conduite humaine. En développant une conception naturaliste de la logique accompagnée d’une théorie de l’enquête fournissant les grandes étapes d’une méthode de résolution de problèmes, Dewey nous offre la possibilité de rapprocher le savoir du général du savoir-faire du singulier. Sur le plan épistémologique, cette thèse débouche sur une conception probabiliste de l’éthique. Sans prétendre à quelque certitude, la pensée réfléchie contribue à augmenter la probabilité que l’agent moral contrôle son action de manière à produire de meilleurs résultats qu’en s’en remettant exclusivement à ses impulsions, à ses désirs, à ses habitudes ou aux normes en vigueur. Sur le plan pratique, elle mène à l’hypothèse que l’explicitation des valeurs en tension dans une situation problématique contribue à augmenter la qualité d’une délibération et de la décision qui en résultera. Cela s’accompagne aussi de la nécessité de proportionner la délibération à l’importance des enjeux identifiés à même le processus d’enquête. John Dewey a produit une théorie de la valuation qu’il disait inachevée et qui devait selon lui être « développée et perfectionnée » par un usage approprié encore inexistant. Cette thèse défend l’idée que l’explicitation des valeurs pourrait bien être cet usage approprié permettant de mieux résoudre nos problèmes éthiques pratiques. Nous pensons donc qu’elle peut contribuer, comme le souhaitait Dewey, au « développement d’une théorie de valuation comme instrument efficace ». C’est ainsi que nous aurons atteint notre objectif d’un enrichissent mutuel de la théorie et de la pratique de l’éthique.
The general approach at the start of this thesis was to merge the theoretical and practical aspects of ethics. From this perspective, John Dewey’s pragmatism rapidly became the conceptual framework on which to base solid and rigorous epistemological foundations leading to the development of practical tools to resolve concrete problems. Knowledge and know-how could therefore benefit from true synergy. Along the same lines as Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, Dewey’s philosophy adopts a naturalistic posture rejecting any dualism opposing mind and body. The human experience is considered in its continuity within its natural and social environment. Language, ideas and theories can therefore be viewed as many instruments contributing to improving our adaptation to constant changes in this environment. Broad knowledge is gained, built and validated by experience. But however valuable this knowledge may be, it would be of limited usefulness without the cognitive resources of the human capacity to reason in ever unique situations. From an ethical point of view, education limited to the learning of major moral founding principles would then be insufficient to adequately guide human conduct. Moral education with its role of providing means to better resolve specific problems, must first aim to fully develop intellectual abilities to enable individual autonomy. Therefore, from Dewey’s point of view, a reflexive approach to ethics is necessary without however denying the importance of norms and habits, including moral disposition. Dewey views the reconstruction or the improvement of the theory of ethics to be fuelled by different sources: from the knowledge we gain from leading our own moral life, from existing ethical theories we can draw from to help us shed light on our own practices and finally, from all disciplines that may contribute to a better understanding of human conduct. In developing a naturalistic concept on logic supported by an inquiry theory outlining the global steps of a problem-solving methodology, Dewey provides the opportunity to close the distance between broad knowledge and specific know-how. From an epistemological point of view, this thesis launches a probabilistic concept of ethics. Without claiming to any certainties, reflective thought contributes to increasing the probability that moral agent can control their actions for better results rather than base them only on impulse, desire, habit or standard conventions. From a practical point of view, this leads us to hypothesize that the explicitation of conflictual values within a problem situation contributes to increasing the quality of deliberation and, from there, to increasing the probability that the decision resulting from it will yield better results. This also entails that the deliberation be proportionate to the importance of issues identified within the inquiry process itself. John Dewey elaborated a theory of valuation which he qualified as incomplete and, according to him, to be “developed and perfected” through an appropriate but still inexistent use. This thesis advances that explicitation of values may be this appropriate use which can help resolve concrete ethical problems. We believe this notion may contribute, as Dewey wished, to the “development of a theory of valuation as an effective instrumentality”, thus achieving our goal of mutual enrichment of both theory and practice of ethics.
Lepine, Samuel. "Une Défense du sentimentalisme : émotions, motivations et valeurs." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3075.
Full textThis dissertation is both a presentation and a defense of "sentimentalism", the philosophical theory according to which emotions constitute our main access to values, and the source of our evaluative judgments. After considering briefly the historical origins of this philosophical approach (Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and Adam Smith), I review the current psychological and philosophical literature about emotions. I define the function of emotions, arguing that they are bodily and cognitive "attitudes" that possess an evaluative intentionality. They allow us to appraise the value of objects according to their relevance for our motivational states, like our desires or sentiments. I proceed then to an analysis of the epistemological and metaphysical consequences that we can draw from this thesis. I show that emotions are likely to play a crucial role in our knowledge of values, focusing on the debate about the "correctness conditions" of emotions. I propose a distinction between two characterizations of correctness conditions, which are generally not explicit in the literature, and which I name the "independence" approach and the "motivational" approach. I argue in favor of the latter and I defend the thesis that emotions constitute a reliable access to values, when they are based on motivations that are themselves correct or appropriate. According to this view, values should be conceived as real and relational properties. Finally, I consider the role which emotions may play in our moral judgments in particular. After having rejected nativist accounts of our moral competence, I claim that emotions are necessary conditions to the development of our moral life
Krol, Pawel. "L'évolution des valeurs de soin humain : une analyse dialectique de la proposition d'humanisation de Watson à la lumière d'une perspective nietzschéenne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30517/30517.pdf.
Full textNursing today is heir to values that have developed over many years. In addition to the values of human care, present-day nursing embraces values that shape our modern world. This dialectical study first traces the evolution of a number of the traditional values associated with human care that nursing has retained. It goes on to show how some of the values of human care have been cast aside in favour of modern—neoliberal, technocratic and bureaucratic—values which have in turn given rise to disturbing problems of instrumentalization. Watson’s theory of caring proposes two ways to remedy such instrumentalization: espousing a transcendental, metaphysical mode of thought and adopting an altruistic humanism. However, many critics have questioned the theoretical consistency and very legitimacy of the theory as a means of dealing with instrumentalization. This study analyzes Watson’s proposals, using a Nietzschean dialectic approach to test them and to suggest possible solutions. Significant problems in terms of both consistency and relevance are brought to light, tending to refute Watson’s notions. More particularly, our findings suggest that the application of Watson’s theory may paradoxically perpetuate dualism and nihilism and, rather than curb their invasive impact, lead inevitably to a conversion to instrumental values. In conclusion, we suggest an alternative, ethics-of-life approach based on the synthesis of our dialectics that would foster a return to, and respect for, humanity’s essential nature. Keywords : Humanism, metaphysics, human care, Jean Watson, Friedrich Nietzsche, nihilism, Ressentiment.
Desmeules, Marie-Hélène. "De la description à la prescription : recherches pour une phénoménologie de la normativité à partir de l'oeuvre de Husserl." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27800.
Full textSi certains héritiers de la phénoménologie ont cherché à libérer l’apparaître des normes qui lui étaient imposées, il en allait autrement chez Husserl. Les normes étaient d’abord appliquées aux visées de sens elles-mêmes, lesquelles étaient dites « correctes » ou « incorrectes ». Autre façon de dire que la phénoménologie ne pouvait faire l’économie des normes : point de description sans prescription, et sans prescription à la description. Dire que le projet phénoménologique est essentiellement descriptif, c’est cependant admettre que les normes s’y tiennent en retrait. Le premier défi d’une phénoménologie des normes est donc de les mettre au jour. De plus, en son versant critique, la phénoménologie des normes doit justifier notre droit de les poser et de les appliquer normativement. À ce titre, elle sera une phénoménologie du caractère normatif des normes. Suivant les traces de Husserl, nous considèrerons d’abord les enjeux normatifs liés à la logique, puis les autres normes reconnues par lui. Ces normes étant assimilées à l’obtention d’une évidence ou d’un certain type d’évidence, elles avaient toutes un usage théorique. Nous ferons cependant l’hypothèse que certaines normes peuvent avoir un usage pratique. Cette hypothèse se heurtera à un obstacle de taille chez Husserl, qui proposait de justifier les devoirs pratiques grâce aux valeurs et non par les normes. Déconstruisant chacun des présupposés normatifs ayant conduit Husserl à recourir aux valeurs en éthique, nous paverons la voie à une éthique phénoménologique, normative et suspensive. Mots-clés : phénoménologie, Edmund Husserl, normativité, normes, logique normative, éthique, valeurs, volonté, action, devoir.
If some of phenomenology’s heirs sought to free that which appears from the norms imposed upon it, it was not Husserl’s main concern. He applied norms foremost to sense itself, which was then said to be « correct » or « incorrect ». This was another way of saying that phenomenology could not avoid norms : no description without prescription, and without prescription to description. To say that the phenomenological project is essentially descriptive is to admit that norms keep out of the limelight in phenomenology. The first challenge of a phenomenology of norms is therefore to shine a spot upon them. Moreover, in its critical orientation, a phenomenology of norms must justify our right to posit and apply them normatively. As such, it is a phenomenology of the normative character of norms. Following Husserl’s reflection, I will first consider the normative stakes linked to logic and then the other norms he recognized. As norms were assimilated to evidence or to some type of evidence, they all had a theoretical use. I will assume, however, that some norms may have a practical function. This hypothesis will encounter a major obstacle, as Husserl proposed to justify practical ougths by means of values instead of norms. By deconstructing each of the normative presuppositions that led Husserl to rely on values in ethics, I will pave the way for a phenomenological, normative and suspensive ethic. Keywords : phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, normativity, norms, normativ logic, ethic, values, will, action, ought.
Arbouche, Marc. "Ethique des vertus et management." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0095.
Full textThe objective of this research is to show that virtue ethics are more appropriate for understanding the socio-ethical stakes in management practice. This ethic is distinguishable from consequentialist ethic and conscience ethic (or duty ethic) which dominates moral thought about and on management. This thesis shows the nature of management, its topics and its context by referring to resources of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas philosophy. The content is divided in three parts: -The first part concerns research on the common sense of management. This analysis defines the scope of the ethical and social stakes of management. -The second part is a presentation of the virtue ethics and its appropriation in management. -The third part is the application of the virtue ethics resources to the essential stakes of management, specifically participation, power, organisation and remuneration. The result of the thesis develops the heuristic and normative range of the application of virtue ethics on the social and ethical stakes of management
Arvanitakis, Sophie. "Le rôle de la médiation communicationnelle dans la construction éthique de dispositifs techniques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32077.
Full textThe purpose of our thesis is to show that human values are inseparable technical devices. Their ethics is common because we can not separate the man of the art. Therefore, ethics is not a single vision but rather a co-constructed between the technical and man, at some point in their history. The goal is for us to go beyong the commonly accepted perceptions of a universal ethic independent technical device and observe the relationship between man, the technical and ethical. We seek to show that particulary in the intertwined referred want to be an ethical devices, communication built mediation by a neutral posture, a balance between ethical postures. Indeed, we view the nature and function of relational communication as a process of sociotechnic mediation; i. E. , the construction of common values shared by individuals and devices. The value of this work is to propose, first, a new reading of theoretical frameworks concerned with relations between man and sociotechnic devices, the nature of values affordance techniques and their transformation into Whereas those they no longer reside only in the heads of individuals, but by a process of sharing. The ethics of technical devices is then a construction of meaning that emerges from a meeting in situ a user with a context. This mediation, following a socio-constructivist approach is pragramtic characteristic values, norms, rules, distributed among individuals, situation and context. The secon interest lies in the methodological role that we play in the mediation of communication. In Information Sciences and Communication, think little research ethics as a dependent variable of mediation communication. It is not used here as an end but a means. The problem then is we know how each (in its own domain) built a posture ethics? Ie what are the daily practices? A vision-up is therefore necessary to observe the phenomenon because it is neither the means, which vary considerably depending on the views, or for the order as possible that are not permitted strictly speaking, an end in itself. Today, it is commonly accepted that the foundations of ethics are built on timeless values, however, the daily values change depending on the here and now uses. Individuals have a vision, a canon of ethics and yet they adapt to situations sandstone. Therefore, the technical reflection of human activities can be ethical?
Loeffel, Laurence. "La question du fondement de la morale laïque sous la Troisième République (1871 - 1914)." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05H026.
Full textMoulin, André. "Engagement social dans le champ économique au regard de l'éthique personnelle : diversité des perceptions exprimées et des conduites sociales des salariés : question de convictions et de passions?" Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLE026/document.
Full textThis thesis will look to engage with the diversity of expressed perceptions and the social behaviour of employees. Is there a link between beliefs and/or motivations? To verify this hypothesis, this based upon in-depth interviews conducted with a diverse selection of 65 employees, who were asked: What do you see? What do you think of your job? What do you aspire to? What do you do?These interviews are analysed and discussed - taking into account studies on the relationship to, and anxiety at work - combined with further approaches on solidarity, merit, responsibility and autonomy, as well as concepts of domination, emancipation, necessity and social constraints. However, throughout these approaches, man is considered to be driven by urges, emotions, and not only by a logic inspired by the values he holds dear.Using beliefs and emotions as a key basis for analysis does not ignore social elements. What we are studying more precisely are the gaps between the extensive freedoms won by some, and minor freedoms won by others regarding the established rules and normative perceptions, freedoms which may or may not ‘shift the lines’ and change the social structures.The analysis shows that an employee's beliefs and emotions, depending on his experiences – social experiences included – form the basis for his perceptions and actions according to the social context. Further results set out below are addressed without any preliminary assumption.The perceptions, judgements and aspirations expressed make it possible to distinguish between dominant values within organisations (for private companies, these perceived values are “individual interest & merit” based) and those of most of employees (who aspire to achieve “cohesion & solidarity” associated with “social justice”). Most of employees doesn't commit with “corporate values”.What employees say about "what they do" shows that employees who share ‘corporate values’ are not the most efficient. The most efficient are those who lean towards “cohesion-solidarity” and furthermore “cohesion and social justice”. The implication should be considered in light of the employee's beliefs and not in terms of his commitment with the dominant values of the company. Those who want “cohesion and social justice” tend to be motivated by others (relationships) and by society (utility of what they do) and tend to participate more (by devoting more time or even by breaking rules). Those driven by “individual interest & merit” tend to have personal motivations (personal development, salary) or motivations linked to their organization (objectives, constraints), think about themselves first and participate with moderation.When it comes to their future, most employees who aspire to solidarity are fearful (economic environment) and unhappy (about their organization) and thus need to stick together in their fear and unhappiness. Most employees driven by individual interest & merit, show elements of acceptance, fatalism and submission. They have enough confidence in their own abilities to believe that they can make it on their own. One belief is not "better" than another, but it may be better suited to the emotions involved - a belief is suitable when it encourages emotions of joy and fulfilment.Therefore, we distinguish two opposite personality-types among the employees interviewed: (1) personality combining feelings of acceptance, submission or pragmatism, and a belief in “individual interest and merit”, which inspires a minority, but strongly the relations of production; (2) personality combining fear and / or unhappiness and a belief in “social justice and solidarity” which inspires a majority who is persuaded, intuitively or by experience, that this conviction is more suited to "living together" serenely
Lhostis, Nathalie. "Dramaturgie et morale dans les comédies de Ménandre et de Plaute. La question de l'axiologie." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0860.
Full textThis study, entitled “dramaturgy and morals”, looks at the dramatization of moral values in the comedies of Menander and Plautus. I employ an approach that identifies which values are evoked and looks at how they are conveyed and structured in relation to one another. The aim is to analyse how they are treated and the place that is accorded to them. Are they subjected to reflection, affirmed, or critiqued? Thus what is at stake is less about finding the “morals” in the plays or their supposed moral message, but rather delineating the architectonics of values in these comedies. This study will focus more specifically on axiology, that is to say the form that moral evaluation takes in the comedies of Menander and Plautus. According to which criteria is this evaluation carried out? What is at stake in this evaluation?The concept of value, as it appears in the comedies of Menander and Plautus, entails essentially three domains: the material, the symbolic, and the ethical. The issue at hand is understanding how they are conceived of and related to one another in the comedies of Menander and Plautus. Such a perspective intersects with the question of the relationship between personal interest and the interests of others, a key concern in Ancient philosophy which seeks to discover to what extent an ethical agent is obliged to take into consideration others in order to achieve happiness. The first section is concerned with the concepts of moral values and trade. It looks at two types of trade: commercial trade, which outlines the primacy of utilitarian morals, and communal trade, which is based on co-operative values. The second section deals with the idea of contravention. It examines the procedures used to judge a particular action. The third section looks at comedy as ethical experimentation
Desault, Monique. "Le rôle de la littérature et de la philosophie pour enfants dans l'éducation aux valeurs. Quels gestes professionnels ? : l'exemple de l'"Anneau de Gygès" au cycle 3 de l'école primaire." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30046/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis concerns the education of values at the primary school through a system combining literary practices to those of the philosophy for children. Guided by the idea that in the elaboration of moral judgement, the affectivity precedes the work of the reason, we wanted to verify the major role played by the imagination and the empathy. In this perspective, the literature held a privileged place in the mediation. This research is based on sessions organized in classes in the 3rd cycle as from the platonic myth : ‘the Ring of Gygès’ and tries to answer to two main hypotheses : 1st hypothesis : when the discussion with philosophy aims begins with literary fictions, the pupils tend to develop ethical requirements and a capacity of deep thinking on values thanks to the empathy they have for the fictive characters and the teacher’s mediation. 2nd hypothesis : the mediation played by the adult and the quality of his professional gestures is one of the key of this development. The issue is to demonstrate the conditions which would favour the ‘education of the person and the citizen’ in order that literature deserves to appear in the pillar ‘Humanist Culture’ of the common teaching of the primary school
Prevot-Carpentier, Muriel. "Les "conditions de travail" : proposition de modélisation pour l'usage : Entre épistémologie et philosophie sociale, un mode de traitement ergologique du concept." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3111.
Full textStemming from an issue concerning the creation of the observatory of the working conditions within the French National Employment Agency (ANPE) that we participated in as beneficiary of an industrial research grant (CIFRE), the thesis retraces the conceptual genealogies that led to the current views on the concept of « working conditions », which was institutionalized in France around 1970 but remain undefined. Initially structured according to a factorial understanding based on the division of labour, then extended using sequential design derived from taylorism, its meaning is progressively built during the nineteenth century through dialectics between rights-freedom and authority-domination which refers to a political understanding of the working conditions, subsumed from the early twentieth century’s rationalization movement by an organizational design of fully standardized or standardizable conditions. These conditions then tend to be exploited within institutional negotiations, being disconnected from continuously renewed dialectics between normative and normed in activity. This gap between the concept and real life is an epistemological usurpation which we propose to surpass using an ergological way of modeling the concept that brings visibility to multiple groups of debates regarding standards, and therefore values, from micro to macro in the social space. This renewed way of addressing the concept which benefits to those who work, could promote the emergence of alternatives left in the semi-darkness of the activity, potential sources of performance for productive groups
Alexandre, Sandrine. "Faire-valoir. : essai de reconstruction d'un dispositif d'évaluation stoïcien : caractéristiques, limites, enjeux." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817314.
Full textLévi, Ide. "Réalisme moral ou volontarisme théologique ? : le problème de l’objectivité des valeurs et des normes morales en contexte théiste (perspectives médiévales et contemporaines)." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE5078.
Full textAccording to the common version of the “Euthyphro dilemma”, it is generally considered that when theists try to describe the relation between God and morality, they must either opt for theological voluntarism or for hard objectivism (moral realism, in particular). According to the first option, fundamental moral statuses depend essentially on God’s contingent, or even necessary, will. According to the second, God acts in conformity to an objective (and necessary) moral order that is in itself independent of His will, as it is of any kind of pro-attitude, will or desire, at least for the most fundamental and prior moral statuses (and moral properties are consequential upon nonmoral ones, if not reducible to them). I argue here for the existence of a third possibility for theists, rejecting the metaethical externalism assumed by the first two options. According to this third option, it is not the case that objects, state of affairs, actions or persons can have value or generate obligations to us independently of all our pro-attitudes and of the ends we are inclined to pursue. I propose a defence, against realist objections in particular, of a universalist (or non relativist) version of that metaethical position and try to show its compatibility with classical theism : the anti-objectivist natural law theory, according to which values and norms relevant for us depend on our motivational set, depending on our – universally shared – natural inclinations or essential dispositions to love and pursue certain ends (or possibly one ultimate end) preferently to others, and to find our completion and happiness in them (in it)
Gadenne, Clotilde. "Le Chemin de la Civilisation : réflexions autour de la perception des Indiens du Brésil par les voyageurs français (1843-1906)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100088/document.
Full textRenaissance Europe saw the beginnings of a wider view of the world. This new, global perspective underlay the European projects of expansion and integration. The arrival of French explorers and travelers in Brazil in the second half of the 19th century was shaped by this movement , that shaped the very concept of civilization. This concept was rooted in a specific report to time and space, and the Brazilian elites, intent on being considered part of the civilized world, bought into it. To this ‘way of civilization’ responded the way advocated by French travelers for the transformation of the Indians and the Brazilian wilderness. Their encounters with the Other, while varied, were always interpreted in the prevailing terms of human progress. Describing the Indians, the French were adding to the understanding of the diversity of human societies, even while they sought at the same time to reduce it. The travelers made observations about the natives and their lands, and they considered how they might be refashioned and made more useful to humanity. The supposed universality of this model of civilization echoes the universal scale on which its vision of the world was based. Taking another look at the ‘way of civilization’ can let space for others conceptions of the world, based on different perceptions of reality. It makes wonder about those values of western civilization of the 19th century and their present outcomes. The look at Indians is not the same today than in the past, but, it's possible to detect in it the trace of a similar inherited structure
Friedland, Julian. "Esthétique, signification et valeur : développements de la seconde philosophie de Ludwig Wittgenstein." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010594.
Full textGoux, Jean-Joseph. "Echange et valeur : les equivalents generaux." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010680.
Full textLagos, Dondé Francisco Lorenzo. "Corps et devenir chez Nietzsche après la mort de Dieu." Paris 8, 2007. http://octaviana.fr/document/122058623#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThe issue involves a Nietzschean redefinition of man from the perspective of the body. Bodies are the most accomplished realizations of that which distinguishes the organic from the inorganic : the mistake (Irrthum). It is a physiological appreciation and not an objective perception of reality. It is not opposed to truth but rather to other more or less coarse mistakes. These are not only necessary to the survival of organisms but constitute life itself, they are the organic event of the will to power. Bodies and their instincts (cases of particularly strong mistakes) fight to impose their own perspectives — which are particularly open for man. Rivalry between wills to power is characterized by a physiological type : strong or weak. Ascetic morale is the creation of the weak. He alienates himself by inventing an ideal world in response to a world too menacing and ephemeral. The strong faces the world by assertively recognizing his individuality. Hence the philosophy of Dionysus who, as opposed to the Crucified, says yes to life even with all it’s suffering
Desbiolles, Blondine. "La justice à l'épreuve des points de vue : repenser l'impartialité avec Thomas Nagel." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3064.
Full textImpartiality is an essential condition and element of the concept of justice. But what exactly is impartiality in itself? Contemporary theories of justice tend to approach it in strictly political terms, and to leave aside or to limit its epistemological and moral aspects. This work offers to expose, analyse and critically discuss the way Thomas Nagel, from his conception of the conflict of perspectives, renews the approach to the idea of impartiality in epistemological, moral and political terms. Indeed impartiality is first a matter of objective and rational judgment; but such a judgement must also take into account the division of personal and impersonal points of view within us, as well as the pluralism of reasons and values it creates. The concept of impartiality then requires a scrutiny of this division of perspectives, and of the types or degrees of objectivity that could be possible in both moral and political debates. Can we determine impartiality’s criteria, conditions or method? How are we to guarantee it, morally but also politically and distributively? Which principles, reasons or values can a fully impartial justice consistently and legitimately advance or promote? Through our examination of Thomas Nagel’s original and hybrid conceptions, we defend the necessity of going back to these fundamental conditions and questions in order to elaborate a satisfying and realistic conception of impartial justice. Such a conception takes in Nagel’s approach a liberal, democratic, pluralistic and strongly egalitarian shape. It is surely close to Rawls’ or Scanlon’s theorizations of justice, but it is based on original and hybrid theses that offer innovative alternatives. These theses, which Nagel refined and modified over years and which, for most of them, have not yet been translated into French, had not until then been studied in France with a specialized focus on contemporary debates around theories of justice. In our work, we analyse their epistemological, metaethical, ethical, political and economic aspects, while putting into perspective Nagel’s conceptions in relation to those of modern and contemporary thinkers whom he stands out. We also show and explain how his theses combine, complete but also sometimes limit each other. With this analyse, we offer elements of critical discussion and possible extensions of the concept impartiality hence built, as well as of the type of social justice – liberal, pluralist, strongly egalitarian – that it carries. We defend the realist and rationalist perspective of Nagel, his refusal of any form of utopia and his plural, hybrid but demanding conception of impartiality. We also take seriously the difficulties his theses raise and the blockings Nagel faces. But we consider that these difficulties can find, in the options he explores and in the critical elements we suggest in our dissertation, solutions or at least possible resolutions that constitute as many stimulating perspectives to pursue the philosophical effort about justice, impartiality and equity, within and for our actual world
Blanc, Julien. "Enjeux conceptuels de l'évaluation de la qualité de vie en santé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5051.
Full textThe evaluation of quality of the patients' life is central in health, especially in Public Health research programs and policies. Many instruments are developed and discourses on health related quality of life grow in number and diversity. Several approaches and accounts of the concept coexist. However, this growth and diversity is synonymous with enduring doubts about the validity of the existing concepts of health related quality of life. In order to understand and maybe dissolve the confusion, we have first to agree on a common framework of analysis for the concept of quality of life. But, to our knowledge, this framework of analysis is not available. And yet this framework is necessary in order to explicit, compare and test the theoretical choices that determine the concept of quality of life, and most of all of the good quality of life, underlying the measuring instruments. It is indeed the conceptualization of value, of what is good in life, which is at stake. But this aspect is concealed: the approach of quality of life in health is generally but mistakenly conceived as value free or neutral. This concealment probably explains why a common framework of analysis of the existing concepts of health related quality of life is not available. From an understanding of the logic of value specific to quality of life, we try to develop such a framework of conceptual analysis
Boudreault-Fiset, Caroline. "Vaccination et grossesse : analyse des lieux de concordance et de conflit de valeurs éthiques entre la philosophie sage-femme et l'approche de la santé publique au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66319.
Full textAlthough some people may believe so, conceptions of health, illness, and prevention are by no means universal. These conceptions are influenced by the social and cultural context in which they are built. The approaches of medical anthropology are very useful for the analysis of these different conceptions in a given culture. In public health, vaccination is one of the most important intervention. Often criticized,sometimes glorified, this intervention can become a source of important ethical conflicts,especially when it applies to pregnant woman. Since 2007, vaccines can be given to pregnant women and can be recommended, not only by physicians who are involved in maternity care, but also by midwives. With different underlying philosophy of care, health professionals who are involved in maternity care appear to be divided over the importance of vaccination for pregnant women. In this context, the purpose of this research is to analyze the concordance and conflict between ethical values promoted in public health and those underlying the midwifery practice, with regard to vaccination of pregnant women in Quebec. By exploring each of the approaches, this research explores the midwifery approach by collecting testimonials from pregnant women under the care of midwives, to know their personal experience and how they live this type of care. The data presented in this research comes from interviews with midwives and women under their care and an analysis of the Quebec public health discourses on vaccination in pregnancy.
Tran, Khanh-Thanh. "L'influence de l'éducation confluente aux valeurs dans le contexte de l'enseignement des sciences au secondaire." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37376.
Full textQuébec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2019
Pierre, Grégory. "Le juste et le bien en droit international privé." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010310.
Full textRoth, Xavier. "Georges Canguilhem et l'école française de l'activité : juger, agir (1926-1939)." Thèse, Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4438/1/D2267.pdf.
Full textBaudry, Marie-Josèphe. "Manager donator versus manager oeconomicus : Une étude des relations hiérarchiques au sein d'entreprises, une proposition de formation au management éthique conversation, participation, coopération, don, reconnaissance, confiance. : conversation, participation, coopération, don, reconnaissance, confiance." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR2009/document.
Full textIn spite of the ambient profiteering, the conviction that an ethical management vouch economic interest, led the author, an experienced manager, assuming a critical attitude, to consider a managerial training preparing the managers with the practice of a such managerial mode. Thus the management, at the same time science and knowledge, at the same time art, deserves and needs, on the one hand the examination of managerial theories, and of the other hand an approach based on notions of social philosophy, such as the notion of responsability, such us the gift-paradigm according to Mauss, coupled with the notion of recognition (this pair defined by Caillé), notion developed by Honneth in addition, this recognition revealed sometimes in the appearence of confidence. The study of ordinary relationships in the managerial links, between employees or individual contributors and managers, indicates divergences and convergences between the practice of managers and the wishes of employees
Campbell, Matthieu. "Le plaisir dans la pensée d’Aristote : physiologie, essence, valeur et usage." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040069/document.
Full textI scrutinize Aristotle’s theory of pleasure by analysing the texts that define the concept as closely as can be, and by assessing the presuppositions and the stakes of this definition within Aristotle’s philosophy as a whole. My study is centred upon a commentary of Nicomachean Ethics X, 3-4 where the status of pleasure is enlightened with precision: located within a unique act of cognition (which is essentially a perfect and perpetual activity), pleasure is both an aspect that reveals our good functioning, and an incentive for us to keep it working in the exact same way. I explore the elements presupposed by this account, elucidating the opposition between “activity” (energeia) and process, and before, giving a new light to the formal features of the paradigm of a pleasant activity, i. e. perception, as it is conceived in the psychological treatises. I also explain how pleasures that do not follow this paradigm, i. e. bodily pleasures, are not seen by Aristotle as some effective pleasures at all. The last phase in this work is devoted to an assessment of the discourse on pleasure according to its aim: delivering to a teacher the knowledge he needs in order to produce virtues and happiness. I underline that, from the elements given by Aristotle, it is difficult, but necessary, to make a distinction between the pleasure one can feel at goodness and this very same goodness towards which one must strive. It is quite as difficult to conceive and evaluate all the forms of pleasure education has to regulate, as well as those that it must lead one to feel (pleasure deriving from the best practice, or from the best contemplation)
Terraz, Tommy. "L'altruisme au cœur des conditions de l'Éducation : éthique de la relation éducative et émergence de la personne : investigation philosophique." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR111.
Full textEducation is a living and necessary human relationship. Interwoven with values and aiming at finalities, it entails an intrinsically ethical dimension. It implies from the outset respect for all human beings; each of them, without exception, is always a Person who must be respected unconditionally and universally in his dignity, in a harmless and non-violent way. Moreover, if we consider that educating means acting in a relationship in order to facilitate the relational emergence of each educated subject to become gradually emancipated as person through the development of his manifold dimensions (as a moral, social or cognitive subject, as a citizen, etc.), and if it means setting up the conditions allowing himself to progress towards more inner freedom and better well-being, then we can suggest that education and altruism are intimately connected. Even so, this dimension has not yet been questioned explicitly in the context of sciences and philosophy of education. This thesis intends to fill this gap and will thus consist in building and then exploring altruism in education as its research question. Such a question appears all the more legitimate since the present time, sometimes described as hypermodern, is a pivotal phase characterised by multifaceted changes, promises as well as difficulties, which are actually just as many challenges to face. In such a context, and with a view to avoiding the double pitfall of nihilism and dogmatism, it seems essential to look for both theoretical and pragmatic reference points that may be universalised (while being non-exhaustive), and which may be open to continuous questioning in relation to what appear to be the main conditions, values and goals of a truly educational relationship seem to be. Through a philosophical approach within the domain of science of education, the reflexive and speculative research path proposed here draws upon the fields of ethics, epistemology, ontology, philosophy of language and philosophical anthropology, while interacting with scientific studies; our investigation focusses on the links between the educator’s ethics and the relational development of the educated subject as a person. Altruism is unconditional, universal and disinterested. It is a relational ethical virtue with which it is possible to familiarize oneself and to achieve constant progress. It is a dynamic intention that the « autrui universel » can have lasting access to greater inner freedom and happiness: this intention will colour the acts of the moral agent in the relationship with, by and for others. Altruism allows to establish a just and adequate distance in an educational relationship, thus avoiding the pitfalls of a fusional relationship, of manipulation, or of mere training, but also the pitfalls of complete permissiveness, indifference and complaisance. Our logical and analytical demonstration reveals progressively that altruism is at the heart of the conditions of Education – a discovery that could contribute to the opening of a new perspective on education, or even to the formation of a new paradigm. In this way, we can see the reflexive and non-moralistic delineation of a possible framework (with philosophical, empirical, pedagogical and institutional dimensions) for educational ethics inspired by virtuism and directed towards altruism; professionals working in education could be made aware of this ethical approach which, however, should not be imposed on them. Indeed, this ethical framework takes the shape of an invitation to individual philosophising, and relies on the discernment, experience and personal reflexion of each educator in his quality as a moral agent. Respecting the principle of secularism, such an altruistic stance takes shape through a relational praxis and is linked to the advent of dialogue in the interlocutory and ethical integration of the personal third person, to an emancipatory educational authority, and to the postulate that it is possible to educate
Bivina, Guillaume. "L'éducation, un aspect des relations culturelles Cameroun -Canada (1948-2008)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON30009.
Full textIn 2010, Cameroon celebrated the centenary of modern education and the fiftieth anniversary of its independence. For adult generations, school level dropped alarmingly. According to this thesis, the students were once more conscientious and more efficient. As such, schools like BONNEAU, SACRED HEART, SAINT-HEART, VOGT, STOLL, evoke everything that is serious. Great personalities of Cameroon of the example of the current head of State were being trained by Canadian missionaries. Wanting to know what the peculiarity of this education was, we issued the general assumption that it was based on a particular educational approach. This assumption allowed us to develop a questionnaire to examine the ethical, socio-professional, pedagogical and technological aspects of Canadian educators. After counting the questionnaire, it appears that the ethical and moral values were at the heart of their educational approach. The profile of the teachers appeared less important than the Christian values they embodied. We therefore proposed that the current Cameroonian educators get inspired by this model to improve their practice. In short, it became highly desirable that history teachers, based on the Canadian ethical approach, have authentically African values to young Cameroonians
Jacquet, Audrey. "L'autorité parentale étudiée du point de vue des sciences humaines." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20055.
Full textThe idea of parental authority may appear in the law but the law tells very little when it comes to its process. This study is trying to distinguish authority from power, as legitimacy from lawfulness, but also to suggest an explanation of the notion through axiology. This research intends to understand authority differently than a sole relation to others, and harvests both the ethical and moral fields however not through otherness. Furthermore, the way we consider childhood and understand parenthood nowadays does not fall far from considering authority itself. Thus, it seems of primordial importance to be able to determine the child's capacities as much as his or her parents's responsibility in order to carry out a proper research on the authority process throughout the child's upbringing. Just like restraint lies in everyone, we consider this process comes from self-control (no pathology included), which falls within human specificities. The last part of this work will focus on understanding how the child can be helped to carry out this authority and why it appears necessary to his or her development, particularly if we take into account the moral liberty this process seems to enable us with
Djibo, Francis. "Endoctrinement et éducation morale : problématique et pistes de solution /." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=790298791&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textGravel, Geneviève. "Estime de soi et autonomie." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16197.
Full textThis present study is devoted to the sense of self-worth as defended by Paul Benson in his theory of substantial autonomy. Revealing the limitations of the procedural accounts in the cases of oppression, this theory defends the necessity of considering the intersubjective relationships as well as the importance of regarding onself as being competent to answer for one’s conduct in the definition of autonomy. Meanwhile, relational theories acknowledge how social contexts can define values interiorised by agents as well as the self-regarding attitudes that influence one’s sense of worth. To deepen our understanding of this condition, I study the role of moral emotions on the perception that an agent has upon his or herself while demonstrating how these emotions can adequately inform the agent of his or her own values, as well as those internalized from oppressive circumstances. First, I explore what holds the condition of self-esteem from Benson’s viewpoint while linking it to concept of identity. I then demonstrate how this condition captures the limitations of procedural accounts, specifically in oppressive contexts. Secondly, I distinguish other self-regarding attitudes found in the relational theories while showing how self-esteem is not a separate affective phenomenon, but rather a normative judgment formed from the affective experiences of an agent. While I defend Paul Benson’s thesis in a relational perspective, I suggest a deepened definition of what the self-esteem condition stands for, while showing how moral emotions are necessary for an agent to be autonomous upon his actions, thoughts and values.
Guertin-Armstrong, Simon. "Environnement et légitimité morale de l'ordre constitutionnel libéral." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10709.
Full textLa dégradation de l’environnement naturel menace les valeurs fondamentales de la tradition libérale que sont l’autonomie, la sécurité et la prospérité des personnes et des peuples. À ce titre, la légitimité morale de l’ordre constitutionnel libéral et la légitimité morale de l’autorité politique qui le représente sont toutes deux compromises. Or, les mécanismes démocratiques apparaissent pour de nombreuses raisons inaptes à assurer une protection suffisante de l’environnement naturel. Pour rétablir la légitimité des rapports de commandement et d’obéissance qui fondent l’ordre social, deux solutions institutionnelles sont analysées. La première consiste à constitutionnaliser un droit à un environnement naturel de qualité pour dépasser la paralysie du pouvoir législatif. La seconde consiste à déclarer un état d’urgence limité et à recourir aux pouvoirs d’exception, de manière à dépasser l’impotence législative et l’impotence judiciaire. En dépit de leur légitimité, la mise en œuvre de ces solutions politiques demeure improbable.
Froidevaux, Sandra. "Faits, valeurs et non-cognitivisme : une analyse critique." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16557.
Full textHudon, François. "Analyse critique des rapports entre égalité et liberté chez Rawls, Nozick et Nielsen." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16521.
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