Dissertations / Theses: 'Validity of the contract'

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Toyama, Miyagusuku Jorge Luis. "Validity and efficacy of the labor contract." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116240.

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The validity and efficacy of the labor contract as well as cases of nullity and defeasibility import an analysis of scopes of the supplementary application of Civil Code taking into account the peculiarities of Labor Law. Labor contract, while legal business has as regulatory framework to the regulations of Civil Code but it is necessary to determine, in each case, whether to apply fully this normative body, or modulate its supplemental application, or simply conclude that it doesn’t result compatible its regulation due to the special nature of labor relations. Specifically, this issue will be analyzed from cases of nullity and defeasibility of the labor contract.
La validez y eficacia del contrato de trabajo así como los supuestos de nulidad y anulabilidad importan un análisis de los alcances de la aplicación supletoria del Código Civil teniendo en cuenta las peculiaridades del Derecho del Trabajo. El contrato de trabajo, en tanto negocio jurídico, tiene como marco de regulación a las disposiciones del Código Civil pero es necesario apreciar, en cada caso, si corresponde aplicar plenamente este cuerpo normativo, o modular su aplicación supletoria, o simplemente concluir que no resulta compatible su regulación por la naturaleza especial de las relaciones laborales. Especialmente, este tema será analizado a partir de los supuestos de nulidad y anulabilidad del contrato de trabajo

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Nguyen, Quan Hoang Computer Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Validity contracts for software transactions." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Computer Science & Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44533.

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Software Transactional Memory is a promising approach to concurrent program- ming, freeing programmers from error-prone concurrency control decisions that are complicated and not composable. But few such systems address consistencies of transactional objects. In this thesis, I propose a contract-based transactional programming model toward more secure transactional sofwares. In this general model, a validity contract spec- ifies both requirements and effects for transactions. Validity contracts bring nu- merous benefits including reasoning about and verifying transactional programs, detecting and resolving transactional conflicts, automating object revalidation and easing program debugging. I introduce an ownership-based framework, namely AVID, derived from the gen- eral model, using object ownership as a mechanism for specifying and reasoning validity contracts. I have specified a formal type system and implemented a pro- totype type checker to support static checking. I also have built a transactional library framework AVID, based on existing Java DSTM2 framework, for express- ing transactions and validity contracts. Experimental results on a multi-core system show that contracts add little over- heads to the original STM. I find that contract-aware contention management yields significant speedups in some cases. The results have suggested compiler- directed optimisation for tunning contract-based transactional programs. My further work will investigate the applications of transaction contracts on various aspects of TM research such as hardware support and open-nesting.

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Ryan, Julian. "Show Me the Money: Examining the Validity of the Contract Year Phenomenon in the NBA." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14398539.

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The media narrative of the ‘contract year effect’ is espoused across all major professional American sports leagues, particularly the MLB and NBA. In line with basic incentive theory, this hypothesis has been shown to be true in baseball, but the analysis in basketball to this point has been flawed. In estimating the contract year effect in the NBA, this paper is the first to define rigorously the various states of contract incentives, the ignorance of which has been a source of bias in the literature thus far. It further expands on previous analyses by measuring individual performance more broadly across a range of advanced metrics. Lastly, it attempts to account for the intrinsic endogeneity of playing in a contract year, as better players get longer contracts and are thus less likely to be in a contract year, by using exogenous variations in the NBA’s contract structure to form an instrument, and by comparing performance to a priori expectations. In this manner, this paper produces the first rigorous finding of a positive contract year phenomenon. The estimated effect is about half that found in baseball, equivalent to a 3-5 percentile boost in performance for the median player in the NBA.

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Kliemann, Ana Carolina. "Erro invalidante da dogmática do negócio jurídico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7686.

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A regulamentação das hipóteses de erro no Direito Obrigacional foi objeto de profunda alteração em razão da nova redação atribuída à matéria pelo novo Código Civil e em razão do novo cenário desenhado pelo princípio da manutenção do contrato. A presente dissertação trata das diferenças entre a regulamentação do erro em face do Código anterior (1916 – “CC/16”, artigos 86 a 113) e do novo Código (2002 – “CC/02”, artigos 138 a 166). Além disso, a dissertação trata sobre as conseqüências advindas do desfazimento do negócio jurídico por erro, inclusive sobre eventual indenização. As questões propostas e que subjazem esta dissertação são: em quais situações a parte pode requerer o desfazimento por erro? A existência de erro, somente, é suficiente para que se declare inválido o contrato? E quais são as conseqüências da invalidação do negócio jurídico? Há algum dever indenizatório? As respostas a essas questões serão umas, se analisadas a partir das regras do Código Civil de 1916, e outras, se respondidas com base nas regras do Código Civil de 2002. A dissertação analisa o fato de, em regra, a doutrina apontar como modificação do novo Código Civil a introdução do princípio da proteção da confiança daquele que não agiu em erro. Na verdade, no entanto, essa proteção já era implementada na vigência do Código Civil anterior (CC/16), por meio do dever de indenizar. Portanto, a proteção da outra parte não é novidade introduzida pelo novo Código Civil (CC/02). A tese exposta nesta dissertação aponta para o fato de que, além da proteção da outra parte, a lei protege o contrato em si, como uma forma de proteger o comércio, ou seja, todos os demais contratos que dependem dele, direta ou indiretamente. E essa proteção é colocada em prática ao se dificultar o desfazimento do negócio jurídico por erro. Nesse sentido, o novo Código Civil inovou ao acrescentar um outro requisito para o desfazimento do negócio por erro: a sua recognoscibilidade.
The regulation of the hypotheses of mistake in Contract Law has suffered deep modifications due to the new wording of the new Civil Code and the new scenario drafted by the principle of maintenance of the contract. The presented thesis covers the differences between the old regulation supported by the old Civil Code (1916 – “CC/16”, articles 86 to 113) and the new one (2002 – “CC/02”, articles 138 to 166). Besides that, it deals with the consequences of the extinguishment of the contract due to mistake, including the possibility of indemnification of the other party. The questions posed, which are beneath this thesis, are: in which situations a party may avoid a contract for mistake? The existence of the mistake, solely, is enough to make the contract unenforceable? And what are the consequences? Is there any duty of indemnification? The answers will be different according to the rules of the Civil Code of 1916 and the 2002 one. In general, writers have pointed out as the modification introduced by the new Civil Code the protection of the other party that has not acted in mistake. Actually, this protection has been in evidence since the old Civil Code (CC/16), what was put into practice throughout the duty of indemnification. Thus, the protection of the other party is not the change introduced by the new Civil Code (CC/02). The point is that the new law, besides protecting the other party, protects also the contract itself, as a means of protection of the market, or, in other words, all other contractual relations that depend on it, direct or indirectly. And this protection is put into practice by making more difficult to terminate the contract for mistake. In this sense, the new Civil Code added one more requisite: the recognosibility of the mistake.

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Stoltz, Danielle Ivy. "The validity of automatic termination clauses in employment contracts." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53192.

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This study aims to establish the validity of the automatic termination of an employment contract. The automatic termination of an employment contract means that the contract is terminated ex lege and not by an act of the employer. Such termination will therefore not qualify as a dismissal for purposes of section 186 of the LRA. The result is that these employees will not be able to challenge the fairness of such termination based on the unfair dismissal provisions in the LRA. It may be argued that such automatic terminations offer employers the opportunity to effectively circumvent their obligations under the LRA with regards to the fairness of dismissals. Automatic termination provisions are often used by employers as a mechanism to this. The Constitution of the RSA provides that everyone has the right to fair labour practices .1 This constitutionally guaranteed right is given effect to in the LRA2 which provides employees with the right not to be unfairly dismissed.3 By depriving employees of their protection against unfair dismissal, it may be argued that their fundamental rights to fair labour practices are infringed. This study aims to investigate the topic of automatic termination of employment contracts by analysing the provisions of, inter alia, the LRA and the Constitution of the RSA in order to determine the extent of protection afforded to employees against exploitation in circumstances such as these and will consider various findings of courts that may shed light on the matter. The effect of the recent amendments to the LRA in this regard will also be considered.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Jurisprudence
LLM
Unrestricted

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Mpati, Lungisa. "Termination of employment contract by operation of law in the education sector: the constitutionality and validity of the deeming provisions." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1600.

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Fundamental to any contract of employment is the obligation that rests on an employee not to be absent from work without justification. Under the common law, if an employee did that, the employer would be entitled to dismiss him or her on notice. The International Labour Organization Convention (ILO) 158 of 1982 provides that the employer must have a reason for a dismissal and sets out broad categories or reasons for dismissals . Section 23 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996(Act 108 of 1998) provides that “Everyone has the right to fair labour practices”. Section 33 of the Constitution provides that “Everyone has the right to administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair. The Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (PAJA) is designed to give effect to just administrative action. Section 1 and 3 of the Labour Relations Act,1995(Act 66 of 1995)(LRA) require compliance with Article 7 and 8 of the ILO Convention 158 of 1982, when the employment of a worker has been terminated by his or her employer. The LRA protects employees against unfair dismissal. In the Department of Education, Section 14(1)(a) of the Employment of Educators Act, 1998 provides for the discharge of an educator in the event that he or she absents himself or herself from work for a period exceeding 14 consecutive days without the permission of the employer. A similar provision, Section 17(5)(a)(i) of the Public Service Act, 1994 provides for the discharge of an officer other than an educator who absents himself or herself from his or her official duties without the permission of the Head of Department for a period exceeding one calendar month. Section 14(2) of the Employment of Educators Act, 1998 and 17(5)(b) of the Public Service Act,1994 afford an employee who has been deemed discharged to show good cause why he or she should be reinstated. Against this background, the critical legal question is the constitutionality of the deeming provisions. The study will examine the validity of these provisions in relation to the ILO Conventions, Constitution, LRA and PAJA.

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Erimée-Chanteur, Manuella. "L'entrée payante dans le contrat." Thesis, Antilles, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANTI0171/document.

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La présente étude se propose de théoriser la pratique de l’entrée payante dans le contrat. Elle peut être envisagée comme l’obligation monétaire préalable et déterminante imposée à l’une des parties, conditionnant la conclusion d’un contrat. La réunion sous ce seul vocable d’un certain nombre d’obligations précontractuelles permet de dégager une vision unitaire de la question, avant de s’attacher à leurs particularités. L’entrée payante connaît, de fait, diverses manifestations et ses justifications le sont tout autant. « Engagement » ou « supplément », la validité de ces obligations interroge nécessairement au regard du principe de la liberté contractuelle. Si l’on ne peut nier l’existence d’instruments juridiques susceptibles d’en assurer le contrôle, ce dernier demeure néanmoins non efficient. Dès lors, doit être sérieusement envisagée la création d’une norme générale encadrant ces pratiques
This study intends to theorize the application of admission charge into contracts. It can be regarded as a preliminary and decisive monetary obligation imposed upon one of the parties, determining the finalization of the contract. The union of several pre-contractual duties under this sole term allows to put forward a unified vision of the question before going into particularities. De facto, admission charge is subject to various manifestations and so are its justifications. «Engagement» or «supplementary» pre-contractual monetary obligation issues continue to arise regarding the validity of these obligations in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract. While there can be no denying the existence of legal instruments likely to ensure its regulation, it remains inefficient nonetheless. Henceforth, creating a general standard to regulate such practices ought to be seriously considered

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Al, Khoury Wissam. "Des nullités en matière civile : essai de reconstitution d'une théorie en droit français et libanais en considération des perspectives européennes et internationales." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10031.

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La théorie des nullités, telle qu'exercée aujourd'hui en Droit civil, souffre d'une grave incohérence tant dans sa conceptualisation que dans son application. Il serait adéquat de parler de "cumul de théories". Car, de toutes les théories qui ont été élaborées, nulle n'a réussi à s'imposer comme seule compétente à régir toute la matière, et aucune, en revanche, n'a été définitivement éradiquée de la pratique juridique. De l'inexistence, à la rescision, aux nullités relative, absolue, virtuelle, partielle, conventionnelle, unilatérale, les modules du système d'annulation s'entassent sans qu'ils constituent un ensemble homogène susceptible de former une théorie pertinente, digne de la réputation historique et mondiale du Code civil français. Dans le mouvement d'européanisation et de mondialisation de l'activité juridique et législative, d'une part, et à l'heure où le chantier de la réforme du droit des obligations et des contrats est lancé, d'autre part, il semble que seule une théorie de nullité débarrassée de toute classification astreignante et dogmatique saurait remédier aux difficultés que soulève l'inlassable variation des circonstances. Dans cette perspective, désencombrer la nullité nous amène à dépoussiérer le noyau de la théorie et à remettre en avant le principe du but de la loi. Ceci implique aussi un élargissement de l'imperium du magistrat pour faire valoir le but de la loi, soit pour assurer la sauvegarde de l'intérêt général ou de l'ordre public, soit pour renforcer la protection du contractant faible au contrat
The theory of nullities, as exercised nowadays in civil Law, suffers from a severe incoherence as much in its conceptualization as in its applicafion. It would be adequate to talk of “accumulation of theories”. Since, of all the theories that have been elaborated, none has succeeded to impose itself as the only competent to cover the entire subject, and none, on the other side, has been definitely eradicated from the juridical practice. From the inexistence, to the rescission, to the relative, absolute, virtual, partial, conventional, unilateral nullities, the modules of the system of nullification accumulate without forming a homogenous set liable of forming an apt theory worth the historical and global reputation of the French civil Code. In light of the movement of Europeanization and globalization of the juridical and legislative activity from one part, and at the time when the site of the reform of the of the law of obligations and contracts has been launched, from the other part, it seems that only a theory of nullity free of any demanding and dogmatic classification would be able to remedy the difficulties arising from the tireless variation of circumstances. In this perspective, emancipating the nullity will lead us to dust the nucleus of the theory and put on forth the principle of the goal of the law. This also implies enlarging the “imperium” of the magistrate to emphasize the goal of the law, either to ensure the protection of the general interest or public order or to reinforce the protection of the contractor weak towards the contract

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Tonkin, Liechen. "The validity of automatic termination clauses in employment contracts / by L. Tonkin." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9846.

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This study aims to establish the validity of automatic termination clauses in employment contracts. An automatic termination clause in an employment contract is a mechanism that has the effect that the expiry of an employment contract cannot constitute a dismissal. In terms of the common law a fixed term contract of employment is terminated automatically as soon as the agreed terms have been reached and it therefore does not constitute a dismissal. The common law therefore created a gap for the exploitation of employees in that the employer can keep the employee on a series of fixed term contracts, which is not in line with the aims of the LRA to create job security. Section 186(1) of the LRA defines a dismissal as an employer who terminated an employment contract with or without notice and an employee who reasonably expected the employer to renew a fixed term contract of employment on equal or comparable terms, and the employer renewed the contract on less favourable terms, or did not renew the contract at all. In terms of section 185 of the LRA every employee has the right not to be unfairly dismissed. Section 23 of the Constitution affords everyone the fundamental right to fair labour practices. The question that arises in respect of these matters is whether automatic termination clauses fall foul of the Constitution and the LRA and whether they are invalid in terms of the LRA and Constitution. In Mahlamu v CCMA and Others the validity of the automatic termination in an employment contract was challenged. The court noted that when an employee signs a contract with an automatic termination clause, the employee waives his right not to be unfairly dismissed in terms of the Constitution and the LRA. The court found that the rights conferred on the employee in terms of the LRA and Constitution are a matter of public interest and cannot be waived by the individual. Employment contracts with automatic termination clauses fall foul of the LRA and the Constitution, are against public policy and thus invalid. The Labour Court stated that a contractual device that renders the termination of a contract something other than a dismissal is exactly the exploitation the LRA prohibits This study aims to establish the validity of different automatic termination clauses in employment contracts, to discuss the interpretation of the LRA and the Constitution regarding automatic termination clauses and to establish to what extent employees are protected against exploitation with regards to employment security in terms of the above-mentioned provisions in employment contracts. The investigation sought to establish whether employees can ‘contract out’ their right not to be unfairly dismissed, and whether these provisions fall within the ambit of the LRA, and more specifically the Constitution. The constitutionality of the current effect of the LRA on employment contracts with automatic termination clauses will be scrutinised. In conclusion the study will discuss the proposed amendments to the LRA and the possible effects should these amendments be enacted. The Amendment Bill, if enacted, will prove the contract of employment with the automatic termination clause to be invalid where the employer cannot justify the reason for the temporary employment. The Amendment Bill will furthermore provide for the extensive protection of the rights of the temporary and fixed-term employees. It is clear that the automatic termination clause in an employment contract which is not based on operational reasons falls foul of the Constitution and LRA.
Thesis (LLM (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

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Yang, Joong-Nam. "Negative cognition in depression : a test of its validity by means of contruct accessibility." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722169.

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This thesis was designed to examine two issues concerning negative cognition in depression: whether a negative schema is a characteristic of depressed people, and if so, whether it is a temporary state or an enduring trait. Previous research has reported mixed findings on both issues. A negative schema was defined as the negativity of an individual's chronically accessible constructs. A positive relationship between negative construct accessibility and depression , and between negative construct accessibility and vulnerability to depression was predicted. The relationship between negative construct accessibility and vulnerability to depression controlling for depression was also examined. Subjects completed a construct accessibility measure, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results indicated that the relationship between negative construct accessibility and depression was modified either by anxiety alone or by gender and vulnerability to depression. The relationship between negative construct accessibility and vulnerability to depression was modified by gender and depression. These results suggest that under certain conditions a negative schema is a temporary state in depressed individuals. Implications for future research are discussed.
Department of Psychological Science

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Marcou, Pauline. "Les remèdes à l'invalidité contractuelle." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD007.

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Un contrat dont les conditions de formation ne sont pas remplies est nul. Ce poncif du droit des obligations mérite aujourd’hui d’être nuancé. Aux côtés des sanctions traditionnellement enseignées se développent des techniques tendant à remédier à l’invalidité. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’étude du développement de ces remèdes et de leurs manifestations. L’émergence des remèdes à l’invalidité contractuelle, tardive, a été justifiée par les avantages procurés par le maintien du contrat malformé. Le XXe siècle a fait preuve d’audace en la matière avec l’apparition de techniques extrêmement variées qui peuvent être mises en œuvre par les parties ou par le juge. Ce panorama effectué, un constat est possible : la multiplication progressive et casuistique de ces techniques nouvelles a pour conséquence néfaste un véritable éclatement de la matière. Afin de pallier cet éclatement, la seconde partie de la thèse s’attache à bâtir un système nouveau. Une notion unique, associé à un régime harmonisé, peut ainsi être construite autour du dénominateur commun de l’ensemble des techniques correctives. En définitive, la théorie de la validation du contrat serait le pendant utile et nécessaire de la théorie de l’invalidation. Elle offrirait un droit de correction du contrat invalide face au droit de critique dégagé depuis maintenant près un siècle
When the requirements for the formation of a contract are not met, that contract is void or voidable. This longstanding principle of contract law should now be reconsidered. Alongside traditional contractual remedies, new curatives mechanisms have been developed to preserve the validity of contracts that would historically be deemed invalid. The first part of this paper describes the development of these cures and outlines how they are implemented. The recent emergence of these new contractual cures is a function of the advantages of preserving the validity of contracts that would otherwise be invalidated. The 20th century has witnessed the development of a great variety of bold new mechanisms which can be implemented either by the judge or by the parties themselves. This paper will make clear that the gradual and casuistical accretion of novel cures has led to a dramatically fragmented set of rules. To adress this situation, the second part of this paper recommends the development of a new system around a notion and a unified legal regim, both derived from the common denominator of the existing contractual cures. The theory of contractual validation would eventually be the necessary and useful counterpart of the theory of invalidation. It would complement the right to challenge invalid contracts that was elaborated almost a century ago with a right of correction

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Sunkel, Kelly Dawn. "The pactum de non cedendo :a re-evaluation." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7967_1298282635.

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Since the pactum de non cedendo is prohibitory by its nature and operation, our law should have proceeded with caution when determining its effect. This, unfortunately, is not what transpired in the locus classicus decision. Nor did subsequent cases correct this fatal ratio. The distressing truth is that the old authorities, upon whom the locus classicus judgment is based, were in all probability not writing about pacta de non cedendo. Strangely enough, when this was suggested by an academic in the field, it elicited no response. The lack of response evidences a lack of interest in the topic in general, partly due to the uncertain state of affairs in which the pactum de non cedendo operates, and partly due to the courts&rsquo
unwillingness to rectify the situation. Despite the waning interest, the pactum de non cedendo is prevalent and appears in many types of contracts, most recently in the powerhouse factoring industry, and cannot simply be swept under the rug. This dissertation breathes new life into the pactum de non cedendo and discusses its validity and effect from a fresh perspective: A commercial perspective with a strong influence from American law. Hopefully this re-evaluation of the pactum de non cedendo will re-capture the attention of academics and judges alike, so that those in the position to do so, will re-consider its validity and effect.

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Juillet-Regis, Hélène. "La force obligatoire du contrat, réflexion sur l'intérêt au contrat." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020034.

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La force obligatoire du contrat est universelle. Ce consensus contraste fortement avec les débats qui affectent les règles qui lui sont consacrées : quelle est l’assise du contrat ? faut-il que la cause et l’objet demeurent des conditions de sa validité ? comment adapter la protection du consentement aux contrats d’adhésion ? faut-il faire de la lutte contre les clauses abusives une question de droit commun ? quelle place accorder à la bonne foi ? quel office reconnaître au juge ? faut-il admettre la révision judiciaire pour imprévision ? quel rôle laisser à l’interprétation objective ? quel rôle reconnaître à l’article 1135 du Code civil ? de quelles sanctions assortir l’inexécution du contrat ? existe-t-il une hiérarchie entre elles ? comment concilier la prolifération des exceptions au principe d’intangibilité du contrat avec la cohérence d’ensemble de la force obligatoire ? A ces diverses questions, notamment, l’étude se propose de répondre en révélant le chaînon permettant de mettre en cohérence les règles relatives à la force obligatoire : l’intérêt au contrat, lequel désigne les éléments essentiels et « essentialisés » déterminants du consentement des parties. Organisée autour de ce pivot, la force obligatoire promeut et garantit le respect de l’intérêt au contrat, en application des fonctions utilitariste et sociale qui lui sont assignées. Assise et mesure de la force obligatoire, l’intérêt au contrat unifie le corpus normatif qui la gouverne
The binding force of the contract has a universal effect. This consensus contrasts sharply with the debates that affect the rules governing the binding force : what is the basis of contract ? Should the “cause” and the subject matter (“l’objet”) of the contract remain conditions of its validity ? How to adapt the protection of the consent to standard form contracts ? Should the regime against unfair contract terms be part of ordinary law ? What role should “good faith” play ? What role should the judge play ? Should we accept judicial revision for unforeseeability ? What role should objective interpretation play ? What importance should article 1135 of the French Civil Code have ? What sanctions should be associated to the termination of contract ? Is there a hierarchy between these sanctions ? How to reconcile the proliferation of the exceptions to the principle of intangibility of contract and the overall consistency of the binding force ? To all of these questions, among others, the study intends to answer by uncovering the link that ties together consistently all the rules on the binding force: the point to the contract, which refers to the essential (and “essentialized”) elements that are key to the consent of the parties. Structured around this link, the binding force promotes and ensures the protection of the point to the contract, pursuant to the utilitarian and the social functions assigned to it. Being both the basis and the measure of the binding force, the point to the contract unifies the body of law that governs it

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Arntyr, Johan. "Issues of Non-Compliance and Their Effect on Validity in Field Experiments : A case study of the field experiment “Taxis and Contracts”." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-228623.

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Guichard, Pamela. "Arbitrage commercial international et intérêts étatiques. Avantages de la convention d'arbitrage internationale mixte." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3001.

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L’arbitrage commercial international dans lequel une des parties est étatique est aussi actuel que décrié. Les tribunaux étatiques doivent renoncer à leur pouvoir d’appréciation de la validité légale et de l’efficacité de la convention d’arbitrage commerciale internationale, même si cette dernière n’est pas conforme à leur droit national. On comprend facilement les problèmes de légitimité que pose cette convention vis-à-vis de l’État partie. La question des intérêts étatiques dans l’arbitrage commercial international représente des enjeux non seulement juridiques mais également économiques importants pour les États. Notre première partie est dédiée à l’étude des instruments juridiques favorisant, dans l’intérêt des États, l’extension de la validité de la convention d’arbitrage à l’égard de la personne publique ; tandis que la seconde partie aborde les délicates questions, soulevées lors de différends engagés, qui tendent à remettre en cause la validité ou l’efficacité de la convention d’arbitrage, en raison d’allégations par la personne publique, de violations de certaines normes juridiques internes ou de certains changements politiques ou économiques. Depuis quelques décennies, la jurisprudence et la doctrine françaises prônent le fait que la convention d’arbitrage insérée dans un contrat international a une efficacité et une validité propres. Nos recherches nous ont permis de trouver le corps de règles et de principes fondant le cadre juridique de la convention d’arbitrage véritablement détachée de tout lien national avec les autorités et les droits nationaux, en démontrant par ailleurs l’inefficacité récurrente de solutions recherchées sur le terrain des conflits de lois de procédure ou par le recours aux tribunaux des États. Cette théorie est particulièrement mise en exergue lorsqu’une personne publique est partie à un arbitrage commercial international. Nous analysons de manière critique pour les intérêts des États, le recours à la protection diplomatique comme voie de substitution à l’inefficacité ou l’invalidité de la convention d’arbitrage. Le recours à l’exercice de la protection diplomatique est un recours extrêmement subjectif, car dépendant à la fois du jugement arbitraire de l’état protecteur par rapport à son ressortissant et de la puissance de cet État sur la scène internationale. Les opérateurs économiques ne sont pas en situation d’égalité lorsqu’il s’agit de juger de la bonne ou mauvaise exécution des obligations contractuelles relevant d’un contrat international, puisqu’il n’est plus question d’un recours objectif grâce au droit, mais une question de puissance entre États. D’autant plus que l’exercice de la protection diplomatique a souvent amené des conflits interétatiques. Notre thèse défend la légitimité, la pertinence et les avantages de la convention d’arbitrage à travers le kaléidoscope de nombreuses sources juridiques internationales et au regard de la prévalence des intérêts étatiques. Même si cela peut paraître a priori paradoxal, il n’y a aucun paradoxe pour les États à s’engager de manière conventionnelle à renoncer aux pouvoirs discrétionnaires des juridictions nationales, au contraire les relations économiques internationales sont basées sur la confiance, la moralité et la loyauté, et l’arbitrage commercial international atteint cet objectif en offrant une voie de recours internationale judiciaire objective pour les deux parties
The international commercial arbitration in which one party is a State party is as current as criticized. The State courts may have to give up exercising their discretion of the legal validity and the efficacy of the international commercial arbitration agreement, even if the latter does not conform to their national law. It is easy to understand the problem of legitimacy posed by this agreement opposite to the State party. The question of State interest in international commercial arbitration represents not only important legal issues but also economic issues for the State. The first part is dedicated to the study of the legal instruments favoring, in the interest of the State, the extension of the validity of the arbitration agreement towards the State; whereas the second part deals with the delicate questions raised during disputes which call into question the validity or the efficacy of the arbitration agreement, due to the allegations made by the public entity based on violations of certain national legal provisions or changes in economic or political circumstances. For a few decades, the jurisprudence and the French doctrine advocate that the arbitration agreement in an international contract has its own efficacy and validity. Our legal research has revealed the body of rules and principles basing the legal framework of the arbitration agreement detached of some link with authorities and with the national law. At the same time, we demonstrate the repeating ineffectiveness of the remedies sought on the ground of the conflicts of procedural legislations or by recourse to State court. This theory is particularly underlined when a public entity is a party to an international commercial arbitration. We critically analyze for the State interest, the exercise of diplomatic protection as a substitute remedy against the inefficiency or invalidity of the arbitration agreement. The exercise of diplomatic protection is highly subjective, because it depends simultaneously on the arbitrary judgment of the protective State with respect to its national and to the power of this State on the international scene. The economic operators are not on an equal footing while it is a question to rule the proper or improper performance of contractual obligations based on an international contract, because it is no longer a matter of an objective remedy through the right, but a matter of power between the States. This is all the more the case as the exercise of diplomatic protection has often leaded to inter-state conflicts. Our thesis defends the legitimacy, pertinence and advantages of the arbitration agreement through the kaleidoscope of many international legal sources and with regard to the prevalence of State interest. However paradoxical that might seem a priori, there is no paradox for the State to engage itself in a conventional manner to waive its discretionary power of domestic jurisdiction. On the contrary, the international economic relations are based on trust, morality and loyalty, and international commercial arbitration achieved that goal by providing an effective international judicial remedy for both parties

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Carvalho, Fabio Gonzaga de. "A boa-fé como critério definidor da extensão de direitos trabalhistas aos empregados públicos não submetidos à prévia aprovação em concurso público e sua demostração em juízo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-05022014-113521/.

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O presente trabalho possui preponderantemente a natureza de pesquisa teórica, sem, contudo, olvidar-se aspectos empíricos, documentais e históricos. As múltiplas naturezas decorrem da relevância dos fundamentos teóricos e do caráter imprescindível dos documentos existentes e da história por de trás das normas pertinentes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a busca de um critério jurídico que sirva como alternativa à solução ofertada pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho por meio da Súmula n.º 363 aos empregados que prestem trabalhos à Administração Pública à míngua de prévia aprovação em concurso público. Pretendeu-se demonstrar a necessidade de se diferenciar os trabalhadores que ignoram a prestação de trabalho para a Administração Pública daquelas que têm conhecimento da natureza jurídica de seu empregador em um cenário em que o concurso público é pressuposto formal sem o qual o ato jurídico que vincula os sujeitos da relação de emprego é invalido. Como referências teóricas foram utilizadas a teoria geral do Direito do Trabalho, em especial dos contratos de trabalho, a teoria geral dos atos jurídicos, nomeadamente as teorias da nulidade e da ineficácia, a ponderação de princípios, a harmonização de princípios, a boa-fé e, ainda, a teoria geral da prova em razão das repercussões processuais do estudo. Por fim, como resultado, demonstrou-se que a utilização da boa-fé como critério diferenciador da concessão de direitos aos empregados que trabalhem para a Administração Pública sem a prévia aprovação em concurso público proporciona harmonização entre o princípio do valor social do trabalho e os princípios regentes da Administração Pública.
This work has mainly the nature of theoretical research, without, however, forgetting is empirical aspects, and historical documentary. The multiple natures derive the relevance of the theoretical and the essential nature of existing documents and the story behind the relevant standards. The aim of this study was to search for a legal test that serves as an alternative to the solution offered by the Superior Labor Court by Precedent n. 363 employees who provide jobs to government starved prior approval in tender. It was intended to demonstrate the need to differentiate Worker who ignore the provision of work for the Public Administration of those who have knowledge of the legal nature of their employer in a scenario in which the tender is formal assumption without which the legal act that binds the subject of the employment relationship is invalid. Theoretical references were used the general theory of labor law, especially of labor contracts, the general theory of legal acts, including the theories of invalidity and ineffectiveness, the weighting of principles, harmonization of principles, good faith and also the general theory of proof because of the procedural implications of the study. Finally, as a result, it was shown that the use of good faith as a differentiating criterion for granting rights to employees who work for the Public Administration without prior approval in tender offers harmonization between the principle of the social value of work and governing principles of public administration.

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Guilbaud, Thomas. "Le contentieux des tiers au contrat administratif." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D056.

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Le contentieux des tiers au contrat a connu depuis la décision Tropic travaux signalisation des changements profonds. Chaque année ou presque est intervenue une évolution, dont la dernière, l’arrêt Département de Tarn-et-Garonne, a ouvert à tous les tiers un recours de pleine juridiction contre le contrat. Cependant, afin de ne pas remettre en cause de manière exagérée la sécurité juridique des parties au contrat, le juge applique de multiples restrictions qui conduisent souvent à l’absence d’annulation du contrat, voire à l’absence de toute sanction.Les présents travaux permettent de dresser un état des lieux du droit positif, en particulier sur le maintien, certes limité, du recours pour excès de pouvoir. Ils envisagent ensuite des améliorations du contentieux des tiers au contrat. Celles-ci passent par une unification des voies de recours. Il est proposé de créer un recours précontractuel ouvert à tous les tiers y ayant un intérêt, et un recours contractuel, dont la recevabilité sera plus limitée. Il est par ailleurs envisagé de généraliser aux nouveaux recours un pouvoir de sanction pécuniaire, aujourd’hui réservé au seul référé contractuel. Ce pouvoir permet en effet de concilier la sécurité juridique des parties et le respect de la légalité pour les tiers au contrat. Il devrait être utilisé pour sanctionner les vices de pure forme, le juge ne disposant pas actuellement de pouvoir adéquat, sans remettre en cause l’acte
The field of litigation by third parties to contracts has been undergoing major changes since the Tropic travaux signalisation decision was handed down. New developments have occurred almost on a yearly basis – the latest of which, the Département de Tarn-et-Garonne decision, has allowed third parties to fully challenge contracts. At the same time, in an attempt to limit the risks involved for the legal certainty expected by the contracting parties, courts apply multiple restrictive filters, which often results in the contract not being quashed, or even in the absence of any sanction.The paper contains an overview of the current state of applicable rules, with a particular emphasis on the continued - albeit limited - use of the traditional action for misuse of authority (recours pour excès de pouvoir). If then considers possible improvements to litigation by third parties to contracts. These improvements go through a unification of the existing actions. Our proposal is to create a pre-contractual action that would be available to any interested third party, along with a contractual action whose admissibility would be more limited. It is also envisaged to extend to these new actions the power to impose financial penalties that is currently limited to contractual fast-track challenges (référés contractuels). Indeed, this sanction allows a conciliation between the legal certainty expected by the contracting parties and the respect of the principle of legality pursued by third parties. Its use should target mere formal defects, as courts currently lack an adequate power in this case, without setting aside the contracts

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Palvadeau, Émmanuelle. "Le contrat en droit pénal." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40048/document.

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En tant que « pilier de l’ordre juridique », le contrat n’est pas ignoré du droit pénal. Incontestablement présent dans d’innombrables incriminations, le contrat fait toutefois l’objet de conceptions particulières que la doctrine relève ponctuellement comme autant de marques d’autonomie de la matière. Mais la présentation du contrat en droit pénal par le simple constat de solutions autonomes ne peut suffire, qui ne permet pas de déterminer, de manière positive et rationnelle, ce en quoi le contrat consiste en droit pénal.En refusant de lui transposer l’ensemble du régime contractuel, le droit positif semble pourtant formuler le principe d’une sélection que la finalité du droit pénal peut éclairer de manière décisive. Le contrat en droit pénal apparaît alors, qui résulte ainsi d’une sélection fonctionnelle des dispositions du régime contractuel : seules celles assurant la finalité du droit pénal doivent être caractérisées
As a « bedrock of the legal order », the contract is not ignored by criminal law. Unquestionably present in many offences, the contract is the object of specific conceptions that the doctrine find here and there as signs of the autonomy of criminal law.However, the presentation of the contract in criminal law through the statement of fact that autonomous solutions exist, is not sufficient. It doesn’t allow establishment in a positive and rational way, the real definition of the contract in criminal law.By refusing transposition of the entire contractual settlement, current law expresses the principle of a selection and that the purpose of criminal law may clarify it in a decisive way.Then, the contract in criminal law appears, resulting of a functional selection from the dispositions of contractual settlement: only the ones which maintain the aim of criminal law must be distinguished

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Lima, Cíntia Rosa Pereira de. "Validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos (shrink-wrap e click-wrap) e dos termos e condições de uso (browse-wrap): um estudo comparado entre Brasil e Canadá." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-03062011-090910/.

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Esta tese tem por objeto a investigação dos aspectos legais decorrentes do comércio eletrônico, com ênfase na validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos e os denominados termos e condições de uso. Estes negócios jurídicos eletrônicos podem ser divididos em três espécies: a) licenças do tipo shrink-wrap, terminologia reservada às compras de software no estabelecimento físico do fornecedor, cujos termos contratuais que vincularão as partes não podem ser visualizados antes da compra do produto, mas tão somente no decorrer da instalação do software, garantindo-se ao adquirente a possibilidade efetiva de devolução do produto se não concordar com os termos da licença; b) contratos do tipo click-wrap, contratos celebrados inteiramente em meio eletrônico, em que o consumidor tem a oportunidade de ler as cláusulas contratuais antes de manifestar, expressamente, sua anuência ou não, clicando em uma caixa de diálogo indicativa de expressões como eu aceito, ou outra semelhante; e, c) os termos e condições de uso, denominados pela doutrina estrangeira como browse-wrap, disponibilizados no canto inferior de uma página da internet em um hiperlink, vinculando toda e qualquer pessoa, que tão-somente acesse o respectivo site, sem ao menos chamar a atenção do usuário para a existência destes termos ou nem exigindo a manifestação da anuência a tais termos. Os tribunais estrangeiros têm enfrentado a problemática em torno da validade e obrigatoriedade destas práticas comerciais, em especial os browse-wrap, cujo formato em que são utilizados descaracteriza-nos com contratos ou condições gerais de contratação, pois o usuário nem ao menos tem consciência da existência de tais termos. Portanto, parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência entende que o browse-wrap não se encaixa na definição de contrato, mas são termos unilateralmente propostos por uma das partes sem que a outra possa ter efetivo conhecimento a respeito. Se, por um lado, há necessidade de reconhecer os efeitos obrigatórios dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos, fortalecendo o comércio eletrônico; por outro lado, a sociedade global exige a efetiva proteção dos consumidores e usuários contra abusos praticados por multinacionais, que operam sem fronteiras geográficas. Assim, juristas e doutrinadores enfrentam um enorme desafio: desenvolver um comércio eletrônico sustentável, equilibrando os interesses comerciais e os direitos dos consumidores. Este trabalho pretende determinar os requisitos jurídicos para a validade dos contratos eletrônicos de maneira científica, analisando o processo de formação contratual em meio eletrônico. Por fim, investiga-se a dúvida acerca da lei aplicável e da jurisdição na era digital, enfatizando a cláusula de eleição de foro, de escolha da lei aplicável e compromissória, bem como seu impacto no acesso à justiça do consumidor. Em suma, esta tese destaca a necessidade de uma legislação uniforme sobre comércio eletrônico e a proteção do consumidor, tendo em vista o alto nível de globalização, para que se possam tutelar os direitos dos consumidores aliados aos interesses econômicos do mercado.
This thesis intends to investigate some of the legal issues raised by e-commerce, specifically the validity and enforceability of the electronic adhesion contracts and the terms and conditions of use. Such electronic juridic acts can be grouped into three subspecies: a) the shrink-wrap licences, reserved for purchase in the store, but yet the consumer can not view the terms and conditions that she or he will be bound by, once the product (often a software) is installed; the consumer is granted with a period of time within she or he can return the product to the store if she or he does not agree with the terms and conditions; b) the click-wrap agreements are contracts presented to the consumer, when dealing on-line, stating the terms and conditions of the purchase, and then, once its read, she or he may point and click in a dialog box indicating her or his consent (such as I agree or some other synonymous expression); and c) the browse-wrap, composed by terms and conditions listed in a hyperlink on the bottom of a web page, which obliges the consumer only because she or he surfs on the Web, nevertheless it is not require that the consumer shows any kind of consent to the terms and conditions. Even though some courts have ruled in favor of the validity and enforceability of browse-wrap, it is very questionable to accept the fact of being bound by something that one never knew that it even existed. Thus, some other courts are of the view that browse-wrap is not technically a contract according to the legal doctrine. Instead it is a sort of private regulation of the disposal of products and services written by the supplier. On one hand, there is a need to enforce electronic commerce in order to stimulate and consolidate it by making electronic contracts binding on consumers. On the other hand, there is a need to protect consumers from the abuse of unequal bargaining power in such contractual relation, which may pit them against a multinational corporation, which operates throughout the world. Thus, jurists and academics must combine efforts to find a sustainable balance between these two sides. Besides there is a need for a uniform and scientific solution, given that a prerequisite to valid contract formation is the unequivocal meeting of the minds which may not happen in this means of contract formation, especially if the supplier does not require any clear and effective sign of assent from the consumer. The touchstone of e-commerce is the law and jurisdiction conflicts since such contracts often include a forum selection clause or a mandatory arbitration clause, which can deprive the consumers of their day in court. In short, it highlights the need for a uniform legislation and a strong consumer protection system to ensure the growth of ecommerce. This would foster a reliable electronic environment meeting the consumers expectations and the market standards.

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Hacala, Jean-Daniel. "La nature et la validité du contrat de services esthétiques chirurgicaux." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23439.

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Our new civil code gives a new meaning to the cosmetic surgery contract. Given that this medical agreement is innominate, we believe that it is essentially a contract for services. Yet what makes it distinctive is the fact that the surgeon operates on a healthy organ. Cosmetic surgery is not a vital necessity but instead is based entirely on aesthetic appearances. In this light, the validation of the contract is handled very differently from a traditional medical contract. The goal of the cosmetic surgery contract is to render surgical services for the purpose of relieving the distress caused by a physical deformity. The capacity to exercise and consent is very restrictive in this field, a factor that is dictated by the non-urgent nature of the surgery and the fact that it leaves permanent results. We can conclude that consent in cosmetic care surgery requires the complete disclosure of risks and obliges the surgeon to refuse the surgery if the risks are disproportionate with its benefits.

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Clerc, Ludivine. "La validité des contrats administratifs." Avignon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AVIG2014.

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Le contrat administratif est une norme concrète de droit public, issu d'un accord de volontés (être), qui impose un commandement (devoir être). Il s'agit d'une norme individuelle dont les conditions de validité formelle diffèrent de celles des contrats de droit commun. En effet, le contrat administratif étant entouré d'actes unilatéraux, la légalité de ses actes "périphériques" constitue une condition de validité du contrat administratif. A fortiori, l'ouverture du recours pour excès de pouvoir à une catégorie spécifique de contrats conforte la thèse selon laquelle la validité du contrat est soumise à la légalité. Au demeurant, le juge administratif privilégie une "lecture administrative" de la jurisprudence érigeant l'ordre public contractuel en condition de validité. Il ne se réfère que ponctuellement aux dispositions de l'article 1108 du Code civil. Cette singularité du contrat administratif tend à remettre en cause une théorie générale des obligations, malgré l'ingérence de l'unilatéralisme dans le droit commun des contrats
The public service contract is a concrete norm of public law, stemming from an agreement of will (being), which imposes a commandment (duty-being). It is about an individual norm the conditions of formal validity of which postpone from those contracts of common law. Indeed, the public service contract being surrounded with one-sided acts, the legality of its acts "peripherals" constitutes a condition of validity of the public service contract. All the more, the opening of the appeal for abuse of power to a specific category of contracts consolidates the thesis according to which the validity of the contract is subjected to the legality. However, the administrative judge privileges a "administrative reading" of the case law setting up the contractual law and order as condition of validity. He refers only punctually to the provisions of the article 1108 of the civil Code. This peculiarity tends to question a general theory of the obligations, in spite of the premature intervention of the unilateralism in the common law of contracts

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Tchotourian, Ivan. "L'affectio societatis, critère de validité et de qualification du contrat de société." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN20012.

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L'affectio societatis demeure une notion utile. Les magistrats et les auteurs tiennent compte de la présence de l'affectio societatis pour déterminer la nullité, la fictivité et la qualification de "société" ou d'"associé". Dépassant le simple consentement à un contrat, l'affectio societatis est un criterium utilisé sur deux plans. D'un côté, l'affectio societatis est un critère de validité des structures sociales. En son absence, la nullité de la société peut être prononcée et la fictivité du groupement peut être reconnue. A l'opposé, sa présence rend plus que douteux la validité des sociétés créées en sommeil. D'un autre côté, l'affectio societatis est un critère de qualification du contrat. Premièrement, elle intervient afin d'établir l'existence de sociétés dépourvues de personnalité morale. Deuxièmement, elle intervient afin de distinguer la société d'autres formes de propriété commune (indivision), de groupements (association, G.I.E., syndicat) ou de contrats (travail, prêt, bail, vente, mandat, franchise, concession, croupier, entreprise, édition, collaboration). La caractéristique malléable de l'affectio societatis n'empêchant pas nécessairement de la circonscrire, une proposition de définition peut être faite : l'affectio societatis est la volonté d'intégrer un groupement, doté ou non de la personnalité juridique, et dans lequel chacun collaborera activement avec les autres membres ou organes à la marche de l'affaire, à la réalisation d'un objectif économique nouveau et commun, en même temps que chacun contribuera aux risques de l'entreprise
The affectio societatis remains a useful notion. The judges and the authors take into account its presence to determine the nullity, the fictivité and the qualification of "company" or "partner". The affectio societatis is a criterium used on two plans. On one side, the affectio societatis is a criterion of validity of the social orders. In its absence, the nullity of the company can be pronounced and the fictivité of the grouping can be recognized. In contrast, its presence returns more than doubtful the validity of companies created in sleep. On the other hand, the affectio societatis is a criterion of qualification of the contract. In the first place, it intervenes to establish the existence of companies devoid of moral personality. Secondly, it intervenes to distinguish the company of the other forms of common property, groupings (association, G.I.E., syndicate) or of contracts (work, loan, lease, sale, mandate, franchising, concession, enterprise, publishing, collaboration). The moldable characteristic of the affectio societatis not preventing inevitably from confining it, a proposition of definition can be made : the affectio societatis is the will to integrate a group, endowed or not with the legal personality and in whom each will collaborate actively with the other members or the organs in the march of the business, in the realization of a new and common economic objective, at the same time as each will contribute to the risks of the company

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Douteaud, Stéphanie. "La stabilisation des contrats de l'administration par le juge de la validité." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2030/document.

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En une décennie, le Conseil d’État a profondément modifié les termes de la contestation juridictionnelle des contrats des personnes publiques. À une politique de stabilisation formelle de la chose contractée, agissant sur l’accès au juge du contrat, a succédé une politique de stabilisation matérielle. Le recul du principe d’irrecevabilité des conclusions d’annulation dirigées contre le contrat s’est accompagné d’une rigidification du prononcé de l’annulation. La mise en évidence d’une irrégularité propre à justifier la disparition rétroactive du contrat de l’acte a été volontairement compliquée.Chaque étape de l’instance est affectée par le phénomène de stabilisation. À tous les moments de l’examen du contrat, des techniques juridictionnelles sont susceptibles d’écarter le risque d’annulation rétroactive de l’acte. En cela, la stabilisation est transversale.La doctrine a maintes fois souligné ses manifestations au stade de la sanction du contrat. Dorénavant, en présence d’une irrégularité, le juge du contrat dispose de pouvoirs de sanction différenciés et adaptés à la gravité du vice. En conséquence, le contrat vicié n’est plus nécessairement exposé à l’annulation. Les pouvoirs de sanction qui autorisent un maintien partiel ou total du contrat irrégulier sont caractéristiques de la stabilisation palliative. Mais le conditionnement du régime de l’action contentieuse affecte également l’examen juridictionnel stricto sensu. Le droit de critique du contrat s’exerce à présent dans un périmètre plus réduit qu’auparavant. C’est ainsi que d’autres procédés juridictionnels agissent sur la caractérisation de l’irrégularité. Ils ont pour effet de repousser la déclaration d’irrégularité. Dans cette perspective, la stabilisation est préventive.L’ouvrage propose une étude d’ensemble du phénomène stabilisateur. Suivant la chronologie du procès fait au contrat, la stabilisation préventive est appréhendée avant la stabilisation palliative du contrat
Within a decade, the Conseil d’Etat deeply changed the terms of the judicial complaints towards public persons’ contracts. A policy of substantive stabilization replaced a former policy of formal stabilization of the res contracted – which was influencing the access to the judge of the contract. The decline of the rule of inadmissibility of the claims for anulment towards the contract came together with a tensioning on the anulment sentencing. The claim for an irregularity justifying the contract retroactive disappearence has been intentionally complicated.Each step of the proceedings is impacted by the phenomenon of stabilization. At each moment of the contract examination, judicial techniques are likely to eliminate the risk of retroactive anulment of the contract. This shows that the stabilization is transversal. Legal doctrine showed many times those occurrences at the step of the penalty on the contract. From now on, facing an irregularity, the judge of the contract may use some powers of penalty, quite different and adapted to the seriousness ouf the irregularity. Thus, the irregular contract is not necessarily supposed to be anulled. Powers of penalty that allow a partial or global maintenance of an irregular contract are typical examples of a palliative stabilization. But the conditioning of the legal action system also impacts the strictly speaking judicial examination of the contract. The right to contest the contract may now be exercised in a more reduced scope. In this way, other legal processes act on the charcaterisation of the irregularity. The serve to reject the statement of irregularity. From this perspective, this is a preventive stabilization.This work provides an overview study of the stabilization phenomenon. Regarding the timeline of the contract trial, the preventive stabilization will is first presented, before the palliative one

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Tchotourian, Ivan Dereu Yves. "L'affectio societatis, critère de validité et de qualification du contrat de société." S. l. : Université Nancy 2, 2007. http://cyberdoc.univ-nancy2.fr.

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Francisco, Pedro Filipe do Amaral Goucha. "Contract-Java - design by contract in Java - Contract-Java." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11035.

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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
A programação por contrato é uma metodologia de programação que implementa mecanismos de correcção de forma bem adaptada à programação orientada por objectos, facilitando a construção de software correto e robusto, permitindo também a sua documentação e especificação e a construção de programas tolerantes a falhas. No entanto, ao contrário da programação orientada por objectos, a programação por contrato tem uma difusão bastante reduzida. Uma das razões para tal facto é a quase completa ausência de suporte para a metodologia na grande maioria das linguagens de programação usadas actualmente, nas quais se inclui a linguagem Java. Apesar de existirem algumas ferramentas para tentar suprir essa omissão da linguagem Java, são aproximações incompletas que não permitem usufruir de todas as vantagens e capacidades da programação por contrato. Neste trabalho pretende-se definir quais as características necessárias numa linguagem de modo a permitir a implementação completa da metodologia, avaliando as falhas que as ferramentas existentes possuem e, de seguida, definir e construir uma nova linguagem, “Contract-Java”, definida como uma extensão da linguagem Java, que permita usar a programação por contrato na sua totalidade.
Design by Contract is a programming methodology which implements correction mechanisms well adapted to object-oriented programming, easing the construction of correct and robust software, as well as allowing its documentation and specification and the construction of fault-tolerance programs. However, unlike object-oriented programming, Design by Contract has a very low distribution. One of the reasons for such is the lack of support for it on most programming languages currently in use, in which Java is included. Although a few tools attempt to workaround such lack of support, they all present incomplete approaches which do not support all the advantages and capabilities of Design by Contract. In this work, we intend to define which characteristics are necessary in order to fully implement the methodology, evaluating the faults of existing tools and, afterwards, defining and constructing a new language, “Contract-Java”, defined as an extension of the Java language, which allows to use Design by Contract in its entirety.

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Rebouças, Rodrigo Fernandes. "Contrato eletrônico: considerações sob a ótica do plano de validade do negócio jurídico na formação do contrato." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6026.

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The present dissertation in the field of private law aims to bring some considerations regarding electronic contracts from the perspective of the validity of legal transactions (terms of validity), since, in the opinion of the writer, hiring through e-mail is just a question of form and does not have any impact on the categories of contracts nor their classification, which this modality should follow. Although this study is not intended to be exhaustive, it suggests new ways to analyze a contractual type that is quickly becoming the most prevalent in commercial, private and consumerist transactions, as with each passing year the community is becoming more accustomed to electronic media and leaves aside issues of subjective uncertainty in order to effectively conclude such contracts. As for electronic contracts, we propose to conduct the study by first describing the characteristics of such means of contracting and providing a critical analysis regarding the main concepts currently applied by legal doctrine. We will then tackle the issues pertinent to the formation of electronic contracts and the interpretation of contracts by national Courts with the goal of formulating proposals for their validity. This dissertation was written for the Masters Program in Civil Law at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, and thereby engages in an indepth analysis of civil contracts and business relationships
A presente dissertação de mestrado em Direito Civil, tem por objetivo trazer algumas considerações sobre os Contratos Eletrônicos, porém analisando-os sob a ótica do plano da validade dos negócios jurídicos (requisitos de validade), uma vez que, no entender do examinando, a contratação por meio eletrônico é apenas uma questão quanto a forma, não impactando nas categorias dos contratos ou na sua classificação, a qual deverá se adequar a tal modalidade. Trata-se de estudo que não pretende esgotar a matéria, porém, sugerir novas análises sobre uma modalidade contratual que tende a, em brevíssimo espaço de tempo, se tornar no meio mais utilizado nas transações comerciais, cíveis e de consumo, uma vez que a cada ano que passa, a comunidade fica mais habituada aos meios eletrônicos, deixando de lado questões de insegurança subjetiva para efetivamente realizar tal contratação. Quanto aos contratos eletrônicos, nos propomos a realizar o estudo iniciando nas características de tal meio de contratação e uma análise crítica quanto aos principais conceitos atualmente aplicados pela doutrina. Na sequência, serão enfrentadas as questões quanto a formação do contrato eletrônico e a interpretação contratual pelos Tribunais pátrios com o objetivo de alcançar propostas para o plano da validade e alguns efeitos de eficácia do contrato eletrônico. A dissertação, por ter sido desenvolvida ao longo do mestrado em Direito Civil da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, tem por objeto uma análise mais aprofundada em relação aos contratos cíveis e de relação empresarial

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Rebêlo, Henrique Emanuel Mostaert. "Contract modularity in design by contract languages." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/12354.

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Design by Contract (DbC) ´e uma t´ecnica popular para desenvolvimento de programas usando especifica¸c˜oes comportamentais. Neste contexto, pesquisadores descobriram que a implementao de DbC ´e crosscutting e, portanto, sua implementa¸c˜ao ´e melhor modularizada por meio da Programa¸c˜ao Orientada a Aspectos (POA) por´em, os mecanismos de POA para dar suporte a modularide de contratos, de fato comprometem sua modularidade e entendidmento. Por exemplo, na linguagem POA AspectJ, o racioc´ınio da corretude de uma chamada de m´etodo requer uma an´alise global do programa para determinar quais advice aplicam e sobretudo o que esses advice fazem em rela¸c˜ao a implementa ¸c˜ao e checagem DbC. Al´em disso, quando os contratos so separados das classes o programador corre o risco de quebrar-los inadvertidamente. Diferentemente de uma linguagem POA como AspectJ, uma linguagem DbC preserva as principais caractersticas DbC como raciocnio modular e documenta¸c˜ao. No entanto, pr´e- e p´os-condi¸c˜oes recorrentes continuam espalhadas por todo o sistema. Infelizmente esse n˜ao o ´unico problema relacionado com modularidade que temos em linguagens DbC existentes, o seu com respectivos verificadores dinˆamicos so inconsistentes com as regras de information hiding devido a naturaze overly-dynamic na qual os contratos s˜ao checados no lado servidor. Este problema implica que durante a reportagem de erros, detalhes de implementa¸c˜ao so expostos para clientes no privilegiados. Portanto, se os programadores cuidadosamente escolherem as partes que devem ser escondidas dos clientes, durante a checagem dinˆamica de contratos, as mudanas nessas partes n˜ao deveriam afetar nem os clientes dos m´odulos nem a reportagem de erros de contratos. Neste trabalho n´os resolvemos esses problemas com AspectJML, uma nova liguagem de especifica¸c˜ao que suporta contratos crosscutting para c´odigo Java. Al´em disso, n´os demonstramos como AspectJML usa as principais caractersticas de uma linguagem DbC como racioc´ınio modular e documenta¸c˜ao dos contratos. Mais ainda, n´os mostramos como AspectJML combinado com nossa t´ecnica chamada de client-aware checking permite uma checagem dinˆamica de contratos que respeitem os princ´ıpios de information hiding em especifica¸c˜oes. Neste trabalho usamos JML para fins concretos, mas nossa solu¸c˜ao pode ser utilizadas para outras linguagems Java-likee suas respectivas linguagens DbC. Para concluir, n´os conduzimos uma avalia¸c˜ao da nossa modulariza¸c˜ao dos contratos crosscutting usando AspectJML, onde observamos que seu uso reduz o esforo de escrever pr´e- e p´os-condies, por´em com um pequeno overhead em tempo de compila¸c˜ao e instrumentação de código para checagem de contratos.
Design by Contract (DbC) is a popular technique for developing programs using behavioral specifications. In this context, researchers have found that the realization of DbC is crosscutting and fares better when modularized by Aspect-Oriented Programming. However, previous efforts aimed at supporting crosscutting contracts modularly actually compromised the main DbC principles. For example, in AspectJ-style, reasoning about the correctness of a method call may require a whole-program analysis to determine which advice applies and what that advice does relative to DbC implementation and checking. Also, when contracts are separated from classes a programmer may not know about them and may break them inadvertently. Unlike an AspectJ-like language, a DbC language keeps the main DbC principles such as modular reasoning and documentation. However, a recurrent pre- or postcondition specification remains scattered across several methods in many types. Unfortunately, this is not the only modularity problem we have with existing DbC languages. Such languages along with their respective runtime assertion checkers are inconsistent with information hiding rules because they check specifications in an overly-dynamic manner on the supplier side. This implies that during error reporting, hidden implementation details are exposed to non-privileged clients. Such details should not be used in a client’s correctness proof, since otherwise the proof would be invalidated when they change. Therefore, if programmers have carefully chosen to hide those parts “most likely” to change, most changes, in the hidden implementation details, do not affect either module clients nor DbC error reporting. In this work we solve these problems with AspectJML, a new specification language that supports crosscutting contracts for Java code. We also show how AspectJML supports the main DbC principles of modular reasoning and contracts as documentation. Additionally, we explain how AspectJML combined with our client-aware checking technique allows runtime checking to use the privacy information in specifications, which promotes information hiding. We use JML for concreteness, but the solution we propose can also be used for other Java-like languages and their respective DbC languages. To conclude, we conduct an evaluation to assess the crosscutting contract modularization using AspectJML, where we observe that its use reduces the overall design by contract code, including pre- and postconditions, but introduces a small overhead during compile time and can increase the resulting bytecode due to code instrumentation to check ordinary and crosscutting contracts

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Johnson, Rodney Joseph. "Optimal contract appraisal for fine chemicals contract manufacturers." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8749.

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Morris, David Charles. "Comparing job component validity to observed validity across jobs." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2046.

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Five hundred and eighteen observed validity coefficients based on correlations between commercially available test data and supervisory ratings of overall job performances were collected in 89 different job titles. Using Dictionary of Occupational Title Codes, Job Component Validity (JUV) estimates based on similar job titles residing in the PAQ Service database were collected and averaged across the General Aptitude Test.

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Garrido, Huidobro Mattias. "Unfair Contract Terms in European Contract Law : Legal consequences for and beyond Swedish Contract Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229817.

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Recent case law from the ECJ on one of the most important EU contract law legislation has left questions open about the compatibility of Swedish contract law with the Unfair Contracts Term Directive. The case law on Article 6 (1) in the directive seem to have changed the view on how to deal with the legal consequence of an unfair term in consumer contracts; namely that unfair terms cannot be adjusted but need to be declared invalid. This essay examines how the effects from the ECJ case law provide new light upon Swedish contract law. The effect creates a clash of ideas and rationalities between Union law and Swedish contract law. Unfair terms cannot be adjusted as the relevant Swedish legislation provides. An unfair term needs to be invalid, and if necessary, such an unfair term can in certain circumstances be complemented with default rules from national contract law. This does not only seem to change the interpretation and application of the Swedish law, but it also form an underlying tension between the instrumental market-functional Union law and the more justice oriented Swedish private law. Furthermore, as we move towards a new European civil code, perhaps these tensions and clashes may say something about where the discipline of European Private Law is headed.

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Sauerland, Sven. "Enterprise-Contract-Management Vertragsmanagement, Contract-Management, Enterprise-Content-Management." Berlin mbv, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992966736/04.

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James, Megan. "The validity endeavour." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4162.

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Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Qualitative and quantitative research implies different meta-theoretical approaches to knowledge production. The former maintains a constructivist and interpretative perspective, as opposed to the latter, which exists within a realist and even positivist paradigm. Within the field of research methodology, the dominant conceptualisation of validity is based on a positivist discourse, which suggests that (social) scientific research should strive to attain an ultimate truth. This understanding of validity is difficult to achieve within a research paradigm that values the idiosyncratic world views of the participants under investigation. The introduction of CAQDAS (Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software), however, brought with it the hope that its application would confer upon qualitative research the rigour associated with validity in a mainly positivist interpretation of the research process. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to determine whether CAQDAS can make a significant contribution to efforts aimed at validating qualitative research. The research design employed in the present study is that of a descriptive content analysis, focussing on scientific articles that not only report qualitative studies, but also make explicit reference to the use of CAQDAS, and describe validation techniques applied during the research process. Purposive sampling was applied to select 108 articles, published from 1996 to 2009, that meet the sampling criteria and that were identified through online searches of various bibliographic databases and search engines. The study investigates three predominant research questions concerned with the following: (1) the most commonly used software programmes; (2) trends in CAQDAS use over time; as well as (3) the validation techniques reported in examined scientific articles, distinguishing between techniques that are performed with and without the use of CAQDAS. With regard to the first two research questions, it was found that the three most commonly used software programmes are QSR N programmes (including NUD.IST, NVivo, N4, N5 and N6), followed by Atlas.ti and MAXqda (including the earlier version winMAX), and that there has been a general increase over iv the past 13 years (1996-2009) in the number of qualitative research articles reporting CAQDAS use. The exploration of validation techniques utilised in qualitative research, as reported in the examined scientific articles, demonstrated that the techniques are in most cases performed manually. Although CAQDAS offers many benefits, the predominant validation techniques reported can be, and still are, performed without CAQDAS. Techniques that would have been impossible without CAQDAS are based on the data display features of CAQDAS, as well as on the accuracy and consistency offered by CAQDAS in the execution of certain actions. The findings generated by this study seem to support the hypothesis that CAQDAS per se does not enhance validity, since it is predominantly utilised as merely a research tool.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe navorsing is gegrond op verskillende meta-teoretiese benaderings tot die lewering van inligting. Eersgenoemde handhaaf ‘n konstruktivistiese en interpretatiewe perspektief, teenoor laasgenoemde, wat binne ‘n paradigma bestaan wat gegrond is op realisme en positivisme. Binne die veld van navorsingsmetodologie, is die oorwegende konseptualisering van geldigheid, gebaseer op ‘n positivistiese diskoers, wat voorstel dat (sosiale) wetenskaplike navorsing daarna moet streef om ‘n absolute waarheid te bereik. Hierdie begrip van geldigheid word moeilik verwesenlik binne ‘n navorsingsparadigma wat waarde heg aan die ideosinkratiese wêreldbeskouinge van die navorsingsdeelnemers. CAQDAS (Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software), is bekend gestel met die hoop dat die gebruik daarvan kwalitatiewe navorsing sal verleen met stiptheid wat met geldigheid geassosieer word, oorwegend binne ‘n positivistiese interpretasie van die navorsingsproses. Die oorkoepelende doelwit van hierdie tesis is om vas te stel of CAQDAS enige betekenisvolle bydrae kan maak tot pogings om die geldigheid van kwalitatiewe navorsing te verbeter. Die navorsingsontwerp van die huidige studie is die van ‘n beskrywende inhoudsanalise, wat fokus op wetenskaplike artikels wat nie net berig oor kwalitatiwe studies nie, maar ook verwys na die gebruik van CAQDAS, en die geldigheidstegnieke wat tydens die navorsingsproses toegepas is, bespreek. Doelgerigte steekproeftrekking is toegepas en 108 artikels, wat gepubliseer is vanaf 1996-2009, was geselekteer op grond van die feit dat hulle aan die seleksie kriteria voldoen. Die artikels was geïdentifiseer deur aanlyn soektogte van verskeie bibliografiese databasisse en soekenjins. Die studie ondersoek drie oorwegende navorsingsvrae met betrekking tot die volgende: (1) die sagteware programme wat die meeste gebruik word; (2) neigings in die gebruik van CAQDAS oor verloop van ‘n tydperk; sowel as (3) die geldigheidstegnieke wat in die ondersoekte wetenskaplike artikels vi gerapporteer word, deur onderskeid te tref tussen tegnieke wat met of sonder die gebruik van CAQDAS uitgevoer word. Met verwysing na die eerste twee navorsingsvrae, was dit gevind dat die drie algemeenste sagteware programme wat gebruik is, QSR N programme (insluitend NUD.IST, NVivo, N4, N5 en N6), gevolg deur Atlas.ti en MAXqda (insluitend die vroëere weergawe winMAX) is, en dat daar oor die algemeen ‘n toename is in die getal kwalitatiewe navorsingsartikels oor die afgelope 13 jaar (1996-2009), wat die gebruik van CAQDAS rapporteer. Die ondersoek na geldigheidstegnieke wat in kwalitatiewe navorsing gebruik word, soos berig in die ondersoekte wetenskaplike artikels, het getoon dat die tegnieke in die meeste gevalle sonder die gebruik van CAQDAS uitgevoer is. Ten spyte van die feit dat die gebruik van CAQDAS voordele inhou, word die meerderheid geldigheidstegnieke wat gerapporteeer word, steeds sonder die gebruik van CAQDAS uitgevoer. Tegnieke wat nie sonder die hulp van CAQDAS uitegevoer kon word nie, is gebaseer op die data vertoningsvermoë van CAQDAS, sowel as op die akkuraatheid en konsekwentheid waarmee CAQDAS sekere opdragte uitvoer. Die bevindinge wat gegenereer is deur hierdie studie blyk asof dit die hipotese ondersteun dat CAQDAS nie opsig self die geldigheid versterk nie, aangesien dit oorwegend bloot as ‘n navorsingsinstrument gebruik word.

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Kabilan, Vandana. "Using multi tier contract ontology to model contract workflow models." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Computer and Systems Sciences, DSV, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1666.

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Legal Business Contracts govern the business relationshipbetween trading business partners. Business contracts are likeblueprints of expected business behaviour from all thecontracting parties involved. Business contracts bind theparties to obligations that must be fulfilled by expectedperformance events. Contractual violations can lead to bothlegal and business consequences. Thus it is in the bestinterests of all parties concerned to organise their businessprocess flows to be compliant to the stipulated businesscontracts terms and conditions.

However, Contract Management and Business Process Managementin the current information systems domain are not closelyintegrated. Also it is not easy for business domain experts orinformation systems experts to understand and interpret thelegal terms and conditions into their respective domain needsand requirements. This thesis addresses the above two issues inan attempt to build a semantic bridge across the differentdomains of a legal business contract. This thesis focuses onthe contract execution phase of typical business contracts andas such views contract obligations as processes that need to beexecuted and monitored. Business workflows need to be as closeas possible to the stated contract obligation executionworkflow.

In the first phase, a framework for modelling andrepresenting contractual knowledge in the form of Multi TierContract Ontology (MTCO) is proposed. The MTCO uses conceptualmodels as knowledge representation methodology. It proposes astructured and layered collection of individual ontologiesmoving from the top generic level progressively down tospecific template ontologies. The MTCO is visualised as areusable, flexible, extendable and shared knowledge base.

In the second phase, a methodology for deducing the ContractWorkflow Model (CWM) is proposed. The CWM is deduced from theMTCO and a contract instance document in a stepwise userguideline. The CWM outlines the preferred choreography ofbusiness performance that successfully fulfils the execution ofcontract obligations. The deduced CWM is visualised as an aidto monitor the contract, as a starting point for businessprocess integration and business process workflow design.

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Pérez, Hualde Alejandro. "The Public Services Concession Contract as a "Long Term" Contract." Derecho & Sociedad, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119148.

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In this article, the author highlights the benefits of incorporating the concepts “concession contract” and “long term contract” within the new Civil and Commercial Code of the Nation in Argentina. For the author, these contractual arrangements are fundamental in Administrative Law to understand the scope of the concession of public services, specifically in regard to the introduction of changes in the contract. This also means that foreign police concepts or theories as ius variandi, which only add authoritarian elements under the contract, are not longer required.
En el presente artículo, el autor resalta los beneficios de la incorporación de los conceptos “contrato de concesión” y “contrato de larga duración” dentro del nuevo Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación argentina. Así, para el autor, estas figuras contractuales son fundamentales en el Derecho Administrativo para poder comprender los alcances del contrato de concesión de servicios públicos, específicamente, en cuanto a la introducción de variaciones en la ejecución del contrato. Ello conlleva, además, que ya no se tenga que recurrir a conceptospoliciales extraños o a teorías como la del ius variandi que únicamente añaden elementos autoritarios en el marco del contrato.

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Watson, George W. "Beyond the Psychological Contract: Ideology and the Economic Social Contract." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30413.

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By combining normative philosophy and empirical social science, I craft a research framework for assessing differential expectations of economic justice within the economic social contract of the United States. I argue that distinct viewsof such a contract grounded in the tradition of individualism and communitarianism manifest in people's judgments about economic justice. We empirically test these hypotheses on a sample of 270 subjects, finding broad support for the theoretical framework.
Ph. D.

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Lamonica, Maria Gabriella. "Social contract and change : a discussion of Spinoza's contract theory." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424478.

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Introduction Chapter 1 contains an outline of the main positions held by scholars in the debate about Spinoza's social contract theory. I spell out those which are commonly regarded as the main "anomalies" of Spinoza's contractarianism, and those which are regarded as the contractarian aspects of his theory. Ch 2: I present, and argue against Matheron's evolutionary theory, a noncontractarian reading of Spinoza's political works. Matheron claims that the fragile and problematic contract theory that Spinoza holds in the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus is deeply revised and substantially abandoned in Spinoza's last work, the Tractatus Politicus. He also shows that we can deduce the details of Spinoza's political position from his metaphysical determinism. I try to show the limitations of Matheron's reading of Spinoza's TP, especially in regard of the notions of individual advantage and social/political conflict. Ch 3: I give an exposition of the "conceptual model of natural law theory", which Bobbio offers in highlighting the similarities of different contract theorists. I discuss Bobbio's contractarian reading of Spinoza's work, with special regard to the issue of the natural law theory. Ch 4: I offer my own reading of Spinoza's text, by exploring how the fundamental notions of Spinoza's theory interplay in the construction of an accomplished social contract theory. Ch 5: I show how Spinoza accommodates the notions of social contract and political change, in this way solving some traditional problems of the contract theory, Ch 6: I briefly discuss the relation between the Tractatus Politicus and Spinoza's earlier works. Ch 7: I contrast Spinoza's social contract theory to that of Hobbes. Spinoza's criticism seems directed against some precise aspects of Hobbes's theory rather than against the contract theory in general. I also discuss certain implications of Spinoza's contractarian approach. Conclusion 2

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Westrick, Paul Andrew. "Validity decay versus validity stability in stem and non-stem fields." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3402.

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The main purpose of this study was to determine if validity coefficients for ACT scores, both composite scores and subject area test scores, and high school grade point average (HSGPA) decayed or held stable over eight semesters of undergraduate study in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields at civilian four-year institutions, and whether the decay patterns differed from those found in non-STEM fields at the same institutions. Data from 62,212 students at 26 four-year institutions were analyzed in a hierarchical meta-analysis in which student major category (SMC), gender, and admission selectivity levels were considered potential moderators. Four sets of analyses were run. The first was by the three SMCs: STEM-Quantitative majors, STEM-Biological majors, and non-STEM majors. The second was SMC by gender. The third was SMC by admission selectivity level. The fourth was SMC by gender by admission selectivity level. The results across all four analyses indicated that ACT score validity coefficients for STEM-Quantitative and STEM-Biological majors decayed less over eight semesters than the validity coefficients for non-STEM majors did. This was true for the uncorrected and corrected validity coefficients. For the HSGPA validity coefficients, this was true for the corrected validity coefficients. Non-STEM majors had very similar validity decay patterns regardless of the level of analysis. However, four of the eight STEM subgroups in the final set of analyses had minimal amounts of decay, and in some instances small amounts of validity growth.

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Wotruba, Dominik. "Contract wizard II." Zürich : ETH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Professur für Software Engineering /Chair of Software Engineering, 2003. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=193.

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Ho, Wing-pan Steven. "The marriage contract /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31683642.

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Ho, Wing-pan Steven, and 何穎斌. "The marriage contract." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45007809.

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Knottenbelt, John Alfred. "Contract related agents." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7751.

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Cumyn, Michelle. "La validité du contrat suivant le droit strict ou l'équité : étude historique et comparée des nullités contractuelles /." Paris : LGDJ, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb389285013.

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Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Droit--Paris 1, 2000. Titre de soutenance : Origines et fondements des nullités contractuelles : droit civil et droit de tradition anglaise.
Bibliogr. p. 267-281. Index.

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43

Thomas, Adrain L. "Accounting for correlated artifacts and true validity in validity generalization procedures : an extension of model 1 for assessing validity generalization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28967.

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44

Ferry, Claude. "La validité des contrats en droit international privé : France - U.S.A." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON10018.

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Il y a une trentaine d'annees est apparu en droit international prive ce que la doctrine appelle une crise du conflit de lois. Ce concept exprime, d'une part, l'apparition de regles de rattachement a caractere materiel et de regles de droit international prive materiel, d'autre part le developpement d'une methode de conflit nouvelle, qualifiée par les auteurs americains de "fonctionnaliste", qui se traduit en france par la multiplication des lois de police et par la prise en compte des lois de police etrangeres en dehors du jeu des regles de rattachement. La présente thèse a pour objet d'etudier, sous un angle comparatif et historique, le phenomene de la crise du conflit de lois a propos des problemes de droit applicable survenant dans les litiges portant sur la validite de dispositions contractuelles. La comparaison du droit francais avec le droit international prive americain revele que, quoique de prime abord tres different, les deux droits fournissent des solutions pratiques semblables
About thirty years ago, a so-called crisis of the conflict of laws appeared. This concept expresses, on one hand, the apparition of "rattaching rules of material character" and of material rules of international private law, on the other hand, the development of a new method of conflict, called "functionnalism" by the american scholars, which is revealed in France by the multiplication of "lois de police" and by the taking into account of foreign "lois de police" in a way not related to the rattaching rules. The hereby thesis is aimed at studying, from a comparative and historical point of view, the phenomenon of the crisis of the conflict of laws in the litigation relating to problems of law applicable raising in contracts validity issues. The comparison of french law with american international private law shows that, although prima facie very different, the two systems of laws provide for similar solutions

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Tng, Thiam-huat. "Validity of cephalometric landmarks." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38628399.

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Williams, S. G. "Meaning, validity and necessity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354816.

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湯添發 and Thiam-huat Tng. "Validity of cephalometric landmarks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38628399.

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Kampakoglou, Kyriaki. "Neuromarketing : Validity and Morality." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-16794.

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The new way of doing marketing the so -called neuromarketing, which is a combination of neuroscience findings collected for and used in the marketing domain, has raised a lot of support but a lot of critic as well. The research question is focusing on whether the neuromarketing has been an approach of explaining and defining the human behavior, or whether it has transformed to an unethical manipulation of consumers in order to discover the much wanted “buy button” in consumers’ brains. Additionally issues of validity of neuromarketing researches is to be examined as well their purpose of conduction and the use of their findings.
Program: Master in Fashion Management with specialisation in Fashion Marketing and Retailing

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Zhang, Wenjun. "STUDY ON THE GOVERNANCE OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT FROM THE IMCOMPLETE CONTRACT PERSPECTIVE." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242465.

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京都大学
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第21725号
工博第4542号
新制||工||1708(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻
(主査)教授小林潔司, 教授大津宏康, 教授山田忠史
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering)
Kyoto University
DFAM

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Burchett, Danielle L. "MMPI-2-RF Validity Scale Scores as Moderators of Substantive Scale Criterion Validity." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1351280854.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Validity of the contract'

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