Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Valoració'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Valoració.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Iglesias, i. Reig Xavier 1965. "Valoració funcional específica en l'esgrima." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2912.
Full textSe realiza un análisis de las demandas fisiológicas de la esgrima de competición y del perfil funcional de esgrimistas de distintos niveles. Un primer estudio se centra en la respuesta funcional en entrenamiento y competición (n=55). Se caracteriza la FC, la lactacidemia, el consumo de oxígeno, el gasto energético y la duración de los asaltos en competiciones y entrenamiento. La fuerza explosiva de extremidades inferiores es evaluada en laboratorio (n=215) por la dificultad de su análisis sobre la pista. Finalmente se realiza la valoración funcional de la selección española de esgrima (n=28) para determinar un perfil funcional del esgrimista de élite. Del análisis en competición destaca la variabilidad de la respuesta funcional de los esgrimistas por la influencia de factores como la adaptación cardiocirculatoria individual, importancia de la competición, eliminatoria registrada, nivel del rival, dinámica competitiva, arma y género. Se comprueba que, en asaltos, el 41 % (de=34%) del tiempo se registra una FC por encima del umbral anaeróbico, el 39 % (de=26 %) entre los dos umbrales y el 20 % (de=18 %) bajo el umbral aeróbico. Los valores de lactacidemia en competición (X=3,7 mmol·L-1; de=1,1) confirman la débil activación de la glucolisis láctica. Los asaltos representan solo un 18 % del tiempo total de competición. Se utiliza un método de cálculo indirecto del VO2 en función de la relación individual FC-VO2. En asaltos de competición, el consumo de oxígeno estimado en mujeres (X=39,6 mL·kg-1·min-1) es inferior al de los hombres (X=53,9 mL·kg-1·min-1). La intensidad individual media está entre el 56 % y el 74 % del VO2max, con máximos entre el 75 % y el 99 % del VO2max, que confirman la importancia de los requerimientos aeróbicos en la esgrima. El consumo de oxígeno en competición internacional es superior al registrado en competición autonómica y en diferentes situaciones de entrenamiento. Entre tiradores del mismo sexo no se detectan diferencias significativas en función del arma. Con la ayuda de un analizador telemétrico de gases espirados se valida el método de estimación, detectándose una sobreestimación del VO2 que disminuye en mejorar la especificidad de la relación FC-VO2. La potencia energética presenta valores superiores en competición internacional (X=15,4 kcal·min-1) a los de pruebas autonómicas (X=12,3 kcal·min-1) y a los de entrenamiento (X=7,4 a 9,8 kcal·min-1). En la valoración de las extremidades inferiores en el laboratorio se observan valores superiores de 2,1 cm de media en el CMJ (X=33,2 cm) sobre el SJ (X=31,1 cm). En los protocolos específicos, diseñados en el estudio, también son superiores los resultados con intervención del componente elástico de la musculatura. La fuerza explosiva aumenta con la edad de los 6 a los 18 años, donde se estabiliza. En la comparación per sexos y categorías, exceptuando la categoría "M-12, la muestra masculina es significativamente superior en todos los tests. Los sablistas presentan mejores valores en protocolos donde interviene el componente elástico de la musculatura. Los buenos niveles de fuerza en extremidades inferiores confirman la importancia de los recursos anaeróbicos alácticos, siendo este factor, determinante para el rendimiento, pero no discriminante por sí solo entre sujetos del mismo nivel esgrimístico. Del estudio antropométrico de la selección española destaca el somatotipo ectomesomórfico (S=2,3-4,5-2,9) del equipo masculino y la marcada asimetría de los perímetros musculares de las extremidades (p<0,001), condicionada por el trabajo unilateral con el arma y la hipertrofia del muslo anterior por efecto de las contracciones excéntricas en la frenada del fondo. El VO2max en laboratorio el equipo nacional español masculino presenta valores superiores (X=56,5 mL·kg-1·min-1) al femenino (X=46,3 mL·kg-1·min-1). La fuerza explosiva de los hombres de la selección española en el SJ (X=38,3 cm; de=3,9) y en el CMJ (X=43,1 cm; de=6) es similar a la del equipo nacional italiano de esgrima y congruente a la descrita en deportes de equipo.
Here we present a multidimensional analysis of the physiological demands of competitive fencing, and a physiological profile of competitors of various levels. We characterized HR, blood lactate, oxygen uptake, energy expenditure, and exercise duration during competition and training (n=55). Explosive strength of the knee extensors was also measured in the laboratory (n=215). We carried out systematic physiological testing of the Spanish National fencing team (n=28). From the analysis during competition we emphasize the variability of the physiological response. It was found that during different assaults, 41% (sd=34%) of the time the competitors' heart rates were above that HR corresponding to the anaerobic threshold. Assaults represent alone 18% of total competition time. A method of VO2 estimation during the exercise was used. In competitive assaults, the estimated oxygen uptake averaged 39.6 mL·kg-1·min-1 for female fencers, a lower value as compared with men (X=53.9 mL·kg-1·min-1). Our results showed an overestimation of real (measured) VO2. When the knee extensors by means, CMJ values were found to be 2.1 cm higher (X=33.2 cm) than SJ values (X=31.1 cm). In specific testing protocols results were also found to be higher when the elastic component. Male competitors showed consistently higher strength values in all categories, with the exception of the under-12 years age group. Members of the Spanish National male team showed larger O2max values (X=56.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) and showed higher explosive strength values in the SJ (X=38.3 cm; sd=3.9), and in the CMJ (X=43.1 cm; sd=6).
Juàrez, Laiz M. Mar. "Valoració geriàtrica integral en atenció primària." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8840.
Full textOBJECTIUS: Esbrinar els principals problemes de salut dels ancians. Conèixer l'estat de salut i la qualitat de vida. Valorar els ancians en funció del seu estat funcional. Conèixer l'accessibilitat, utilització i freqüentació dels serveis. Esbrinar quins factors tenen més rellevància com a predictors d'incapacitat.
METODOLOGIA: Estudi descriptiu, transversal. Població d'estudi: tots els subjectes majors de 65 anys del municipi de Valls, segons el padró municipal del 2001. Mostra: 322 subjectes obtinguts per mostreig aleatori estratificat per edat i sexe. Període d'estudi: 1 de Gener de 2002 al 30 d'abril del 2003. Es realitza valoració geriàtrica integral utilitzant: qüestionari general, instruments específics de valoració i examen físic a tots els subjectes de la mostra. Estudi estadístic descriptiu i d'associació de les diferents variables i anàlisi multivariant per comprovar l'efecte de diferents factors sobre les variables independents estudiades.
RESULTATS: 270 individus, 83,8% de participació. Fracció de mostreig: 8,5%. Un 59,2% són dones. Mitjana d'edat: 75,7 anys. El 64,2% dels homes viuen en parella. Les dones viuen soles més sovint que els homes. El 3,3% són "avi oreneta". Un 79,3% tenen estudis primaris i un 9,9% de les dones són analfabetes. El 45,2% declaren ingressos entre 300-600 /mes, 45,9% més de 600 /mes i 8,9% menys de 300 /mes. Els homes declaren ingressos superior als de les dones. Les pensions de jubilació o viduïtat són la font d'ingressos més freqüent, 92,2% dels subjectes. El 81,1%, són autònoms per accedir als serveis sanitaris. Un 8,2% estan registrats en el programa ATDOM. Les variables associades a freqüentació són: nivell d'estudis, caigudes recurrents, hospitalització recent, exercici habitual i tenir HTA i dislipemia.
Les malalties més freqüents són les osteoarticulars (46%) en dones i les cardiovasculars (33%), en homes. Globalment els fàrmacs més consumits són els antihipertensius, en dones les benzodiacepines i els antiagregants/anticoagulants en homes.
Les síndromes geriàtriques més prevalents són: incontinència urinària (45,6%), caigudes (40%), hipoacusia (32,8%), restrenyiment (31,9%) i polifarmàcia (26,2%).
El consum d'analgèsics té una OR=4, per la incontinència urinària. Ser dona (OR=3), polifarmàcia (OR= 2) i dependència per les ABVD (OR=3,6) són factors de risc de caigudes recurrents. La patologia articular (OR=2,4) i el consum de benzodiacepines (OR=2,4), s'associen a restrenyiment. Factors de risc per polifarmàcia: caigudes (OR=2,2), recolzament social insuficient (OR=2,2) i ingrés hospitalari recent (OR=3,7). Un 10% dels ancians, tenen deteriorament cognitiu. L'edat (OR=1,1) i la dependència funcional ( OR=3,7) són els principals factors associats La depressió és freqüent en dones de 65-74 anys. Factors de risc són: consum benzodiacepines (OR=6,4), dependència funcional (OR=4,1) i baix recolzament social (OR=5). L'estat funcional, comença a declinar als 75 anys. El factor amb major efecte, és l'edat (OR=1,2). La qualitat de vida (QV) dels ancians és globalment bona. La depressió és la variable amb més efecte sobre la pèrdua de QV en homes (OR=23,4). En dones, la depressió (OR=22,7), i variables relacionades amb pèrdua funcional.
CONCLUSIONS: La valoració geriàtrica en majors de 75 anys, hauria de ser eina habitual en atenció primària. Diagnosticaríem més i millor, milloraríem el registre de patologies i factors de risc i adaptaria l'actitud terapèutica a les necessitats reals. Això comportaria major pressió assistencial, que caldria contemplar per organitzar les diferents activitats realitzades en l'atenció primària.
INTRODUCTION: The aging of the population is a known fact that will be maintained according to the WHO in the coming decades. Aging is associated with degenerative and pathological processes that frequently cause dependency on other persons. The aged are the population group that most frequently consults and that uses the greatest number of the health services. The best indicator of the health of this group is the functional state and the best way of evaluating it is through Integral Geriatric Assessment.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the health problems of older people. To evaluate their quality of life and functional state. To know the accessibility, use, and frequentation of the health services. To analyze the factors with a greater predictive power of incapacitation.
METODOLOGY: Transversal descriptive study. Population: all subjects older than 65 years of age in the city of Valls (Catalonia, Spain), according to the 2001 city census. Sample: 322 subjects, based on an randomized sample stratified by age and sex. Period of study:1 January 2002 to 30 April 2003. Integral Geriatric Assessment via the author's own questionnaire, specific evaluation instruments, and physical examination of all the subjects of the sample. Descriptive statistical and associational study of the different variables and multivariate analysis to verify the effect of different factors on the independent variables studied.
RESULTS: 270 individuals. Participation: 83.8%. Sample fraction: 8.5%. 59.2% are women. 75.7 average age. 64.2% of the men live with a partner. The women more frequently live alone. 3.3% alternate "residences." 79.3% have finished primary school and 9.9% of the women are illiterate. 45.2% declare earnings of 300-600 /month, 45.9% more than 600 /month and 8.9% less than 300 /month. The men declare higher earnings than the women. Retirement or widows' pensions are the most frequent source of income (92.2%). 81.1% have autonomous access to the health services. 8.2% are included in a program of domiciliary health care. Variables associated with hyperfrequentation are: Level of education, recurrent falls, frequent hospitalization, habitual exercise and having AHT and dyslipemia.
The most frequent pathologies are osteoarticular (46%) in women and cardiovascular in men (33%). Globally, the medicines with highest consumption are antihypertensives, benzodiazepines in women and antiaggregants in men. The most frequent geriatric syndromes are: urinary incontinence (45.6%), falls (40%), hearing loss (32.8%), constipation (31.9%) and polypharmacological treatment (26.2%).
Consumption of analgesics has an OR=4, for urinary incontinence. Being a woman (OR=3), polypharmacological treatment (OR= 2) and functional dependence (OR=3.6), are risk factors for recurrent falls. Articular pathology (OR=2.4) and consumption of benzodiazepines (OR=2.4), are associated with constipation. Risk factors for polypharmacological treatment: falls (OR=2.2), lack of social support and hospitalization (OR=3.7). 10% of seniors suffer cognitive deterioration. Factors with predictive value are: age (OR=1.1) and functional dependence (OR=3.7). Depression is more frequent in women. Risk factors: benzodiazepine consumption (OR=6.4), functional dependence (OR=4.1) little social support (OR=5). Functional capacity declines from the age of 75 years, age is the factor with greatest influence (OR=1.2). Quality of life is globally good. Depression is the variable with the greatest predictive valule on its loss in men (OR=23.4). In women, these are depression (OR=22.7), and variables related to functional capacity, which are the main factors of risk of loss of CV.
CONCLUSIONS: Geriatric assessment in people older than 75 should be a habitual activity in primary treatment. We would diagnose more and better if we improved the recording of pathologies and risk factors and adapted treatment to real needs. This would lead to greater attention pressure which would need to take into account the organization of the different activities carried out in primary treatment.
Caparrós, Pons Toni. "Valoració funcional al bàsquet professional. Capacitats condicionals, rendiment i lesionabilitat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133324.
Full textIn the context of sports performance, professional sport is characterized by training methods based on the continuous monitoring of the athlete. Its final goal is always to get the best performance, but is based on two different objectives such as knowing at anytime the performance of the player as well as reduce as much as possible the injury incidence. It is in a training methodology based on the integration of specific training variables and their conditional functional assessment, where we pretend to maximize resources and optimize training load. The following study aims to determine the relationship between the state of the players performance during competition of a professional basketball team (ACB and Euroleague), it’s injury incidence and it’s conditioning. This proposal is carried out by analyzing data collected on the conditioning tests during the 2009/2010 season of the same team, choosing a test on strength and endurance by relating them to their own statistical evaluation on official competition and team injury incidence.
González, Alujas Mª Teresa. "Ecocardiografia Doppler en la valoració del foramen oval permeable. Implicacions terapèutiques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4477.
Full textMotiu del estudi i objectius: 1) Discrepàncies entre DTC i ETE. Estudi de discrepàncies i elaboració de l'estratègia diagnòstica. 2)Valorar la relació entre FOP i AVC-criptogènic. Determinació del tractament. segons les dades estudiades.
Disseny de l'estudi: Es va dividir en 2 fases: Fase I: Anàlisi de concordança entre tècniques.. Fase II: Relació entre el FOP i l'AVC-criptogènic.
Pacients i mètodes: 134 pacients amb sospita d'AVC criptogènic varen ser inclosos a la Fase I dels quals el diagnòstic final va ser: 28 AIT, 91 AVC i 15 migranya, d'edats 46,4±14,2. En 21 pacients d'aquest grup es van valorar els canvis de variables fisiològiques durant la sedació del ETE. A la Fase II es van incloure els 119 pacients diagnosticats d'AVC criptogènic (28 AIT, 91 AVC). Per tal d'establir la incidència de FOP a la població normal es va fer un estudi en un "grup control" per ETT en 65 pacients sense patologia embòlica ni cardíaca. A tots els pacients s'els va practicar DTC, ETT i ETE simultàniament i es va donar com a positiu el diagnòstic en el que dues tècniques concordaven. El seguiment i tractament va ser realitzat pel neuròleg.
Resultats: FASE I: Es va diagnosticar de FOP a 93 (93/134: 69%) 17 van mostrar discordança entre tècniques :4 entre el DTC i l'ETT/ETE i 13 entre l'ETE i l'ETT/DTC El DTC va fer 3 falsos negatius en curtcircuits lleugers i un fals positiu en un pacient amb una fístula pulmonar. L'ETE va fer 13 falsos negatius que van ser diagnosticats de FOP per ETT/DTC i no ho van ser per ETE: el curtcircuit va ser lleuger en 11, moderat en 1 i sever en 1. La sensibilitat del DTC, ETT i ETE va ser del 97, 100 i 86% respectivament i l'especificitat del 98, 100 i 100%. L' ASI s'associava a majors diàmetres i curtcircuit més important (p<0,0001). Durant l'ETE va disminuir la TA sistòlica i la saturació d'oxigen i va augmentar la freqüència cardíaca (p<0,0001).
FASE II: El grup control va mostrar un 23% de FOP aïllat i un 5% de FOP amb ASI. El grup sense FOP mostrava més arteriosclerosi aòrtica significativa que el grup amb FOP (p<0,0001), i el grup amb FOP s'associava amb més ASI (p<0,0001). El grup amb FOP aïllat tenia més factors de risc, més aterosclerosi significativa i curtcircuits més petits.
L'associació entre FOP aïllat i AVC-criptogènic mostrava una Odds Ratio 0,97 (0,47-2,00) i que l'associació FOP amb ASI i AVC-criptogènic era de 17,75 (5,27-59,76)
El 16% dels pacients tenien alteracions a la trombofilia. Hi va haver 9 recurrències i no es trobaren diferències significatives entre la antiagregació i l'anticoagulació encara que hi havia una clara tendència a demostrar-se la anticoagulació com la millor estratègia en casos amb factors de risc alt. Els 13 pacients amb dispositiu no van recorre.
Conclusions: L'ETT amb imatge harmònica i contrast és la tècnica de referència en el diagnòstic del FOP. L'ETE pot realitzar falsos negatius sobretot en pacients sedats.
La freqüència de FOP en l'AVC-criptogènic és de 69%, amb curtcircuit important en el 66%, i associat a ASI en el 62%. L'aterosclerosi aòrtica i els factors de risc cardiovasculars són més freqüents en els AVC criptogènics sense FOP. La recurrència de AVC és del 3,7% anual i és més freqüent en el grup amb FOP i ASI no anticoagulats.
L'estratificació de risc de recurrència de l'embòlia paradoxal és fonamental per una correcta indicació terapèutica. En situacions de risc baix pot ser suficient l'antiagregació, en situacions de risc entremig amb curtcircuit més que lleuger s'hauria de plantejar l'anticoagulació i en situació de risc alt amb curtcircuit important, amb ASI o noves recurrències estaria obligada l'anicoagulació. A falta de més evidències, el tancament percutani només estaria indicat en els casos amb alt risc de recurrència que no tolerin l'anticoagulació.
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is present in 30% of the adult population. Can be diagnosed by transcranial Doppler (TCD), transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The main reason for study diagnosis of PFO is that it maybe a cause of paradoxical emboli. Cryptogenic-stroke has been associated with the presence of PFO. Definition of the morphological features that imply a greater risk of cryptogenic-stroke may lead to better management of this complication.
Aims: 1) To define the disagreement between TCD and TEE and to establish the optimum diagnostic strategy. 2) To assess the relation-ship between PFO and cryptogenic stroke and determine the most appropriate treatment.
Design: Phase I: Analysis of intertechnique agreement in diagnosis and quantification of PFO. Phase II: Establish the relation-ship between PFO and stroke.
Patients and methods: 134 patients with a suspected cryptogenic stroke were included in Phase I : 28 TIA, 91 stroke and 15 migraine, age 46,4±14,2. Changes in physiologic variables down TEE sedation were assessed in 21.
In Phase II, 119 patient diagnosed of stroke (28 AIT, 91 stroke) were analysed. To ascertain the incidence of PFO a control group (n: 65) without cardiac disease or previous emboli were included. DTC, TEE and TTE were performed simultaneously. Diagnosis was considered positive when 2 techniques showed agreement. All patients were followed-up and treated following the neurologist indications.
Results: Phase I: PFO was diagnosed in 93 (64%). 17 cases of intertechnique disagreement were found: 4 between TCD vs TTE/TEE and 13 between TEE vs TCD/TTE. TCD yielded 3 false negatives in slight shunts and 1 false negative in a patient with a pulmonary fistula. TEE made 13 false negatives which were diagnosed by the other techniques. The shunt was slight in 11 cases, moderate in 1 and severe in 1. Sensitivity of TCD, TTE and TEE was 97, 100 and 86% and specificity 98, 100 and 100% respectively. ASA showed greater PFO diameter and more significant shunt. Systolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation decrease and heart rate increase down sedation.
Phase II: Control group showed PFO in 28% of cases, 5% of them with ASA. In the group of the study, patient without PFO showed more significant aortic atherosclerosis than the group with PFO (p<0.0001) ; and the group with PFO was associated with more ASA. (p<0.0001). The group without ASA present more frequently atherosclerotic risk factors , more severe atherosclerosis and smaller shunt than the group with ASA.
Isolated PFO was associated with cryptogenic stroke with an OR 0,97 (0,47-2,00) while PFO with ASA presented an OR 17,75 (5,27-59,76). In 16% patients a trombophilic pattern was found. Nine patients presented recurrences. Although no significant differences between antiaggregation and anticoagulation treated were found., data showed a clear tendency toward anticoagulation is the best strategy in patients with high risk. In 13 patients percutaneous closure were performed and no recurrences was observed in the following.
Conclusions: TTE with harmonic imaging and contrast is the technique of choice in PFO diagnosis. TEE can yield false negatives particularly in sedated patients.
In cryptogenic stroke, PFO was present in 69%, significant shunt in 66% and associate with ASA in 62%. Aortic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors were more frequent in cryptogenic stroke without PFO. Stroke recurrence was 3.7 % annually and more frequent in the group non anticoagulated with PFO and ASA.
Stratification of paradoxical emboli risk recurrence was fundamental for correct therapeutic management. Antiaggregation may be sufficient in the low risk group, in the intermediate risk anticoagulation is advisable and mandatory in the higher risk group. The latter group is defined by the presence of ASA or new recurrences.
Percutaneous closure of PFO should only be indicated in patients with high risk of recurrence who do not tolerate anticoagulation.
Moreno, Doutres Daniel. "Valoració funcional i bioenergètica en jugadors de basquetbol júniors d’alt nivell." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401504.
Full textBasketball is an intermittent sport with variable efforts and recovery periods. The aim of the present research is to provide insight about the game requirements and players’ characteristics, and is divided into six sections: 1) analysis of the game requirements in simulated game situation (game test); 2) description of the maximal aerobic power (VO2max) by using an incremental test (20 meters shuttle-run test); 3) comparative study of the in-game requirements and maximal test requirements; 4) determination of the relationship between the HRdP (heart rate deflection point), ventilatory thresholds (VT1 i VT2) and VO2max; 5) assessment of the predictive ability of both tests to obtain an estimation of the VO2game with the HR (heart rate) and 6) assessment of the predictive power of both tests to obtain an in-game estimation of the energy expenditure using the HR. Thirty basketball players, belonging to Catalan basketball organizations, participated in the study. The subjects were divided into ‘national team’ and ‘non-national team’ groups according to his performance level and into ‘guards’, ‘forwards’ and ‘centers’ in agreement with their playing role. The results showed that when using the simulated game test, players reached a high VO2game near to their VO2max, with peaks of maximum demands. We provided calculations to obtain the game load by using the TRIMPs methodology. The game test has proven to be valid to estimate VO2 values during game situations based on the HR–VO2 individual regression and the HR recordings performed during the actual game. Junior basketball players showed a high level of aerobic performance despite their intermediate level of aerobic power (VO2max). The 20 meters shuttle-run test showed a moderate predictive ability of VO2game. The study of the oxygen uptake kinetics provided knowledge of two key factors in intermittent activities: on and off-transient kinetics. The HRdP stood between the VT2 and the VO2max. Between tests comparison revealed that, despite some specific peaks that may at some point reach 100% of VO2max, game test is not maximal at all while 20 meters shuttle-run test really is. National team players performed better and showed better VO2max levels and higher energy expenditure profile in both tests. Based on the playing role, guards showed better aerobic power, more than probably due to the higher demands of this position during the game. For this reason worse performance was showed by centers whereas, forwards were the role with the better aerobic performance profile (VT1 and VT2 near VO2max).
Romeu, Ferran Marta. "Distrès Oxidatiu en humans. Valoració en diferents situacions fisiològiques i patològiques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8727.
Full textEl distrès oxidatiu es quantifica amb la PDO (puntuació del distrès oxidatiu) i inclou la quantificació en sang dels següents biomarcadors: antioxidants de baix pes molecular [glutatió reduït (GSH)], enzims antioxidants [superòxid dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT), glutatió peroxidasa (GPx), glutatió reductasa (GR) i glutatió s-transferasa total, termoestable i % residual (T-GST, TS-GST i RGST)], productes de la peroxidació lipídica [substancies reactives a l'àcid tiobarbitúric (TBARS)], productes de la peroxidació proteica [glutatió oxidat (GSSG)] i marcadors de la susceptibilitat d'oxidació [hemòlisi].
Hipòtesi: un model de puntuació global basat en biomarcadors indirectes és capaç de valorar el desequilibri entre els sistemes prooxidants i antioxidants tant en situacions de malaltia com fisiològiques, i permet detectar a què és degut el desequilibri en cada una de les situacions fisiopatològiques estudiades: a una major producció de RLO, a una disminució en la disponibilitat dels antioxidants, o a ambdues.
Objectius: Definir, en la població sana, els rangs de normalitat pels biomarcadors sistèmics.
Establir el pes dels biomarcadors estudiats en el model de puntuació global que ens ha de permetre valorar el grau de distrès oxidatiu en diferents situacions fisiològiques i patològiques. Aplicar el model de puntuació en diferents situacions fisiològiques i patològiques en desequilibri oxidatiu. I comparar la PDO amb un model estadístic de puntuació de discriminants.
En individus control, la PDO es situa al voltant de zero punts, i en individus amb estrès oxidatiu, la PDO és superior a zero. Segons la PDO, els pacients amb IR no sotmesos a diàlisi tenen estrès oxidatiu, i aquest estrès es manté després de sis mesos de tractament amb EPO. També en tenen els pacients amb MPOC. En la sèpsia i l'IAM l'estrès oxidatiu apareix en el moment de l'ingrés hospitalari però no a les 24 i 48 hores, ni en el moment de l'alta. La PDO es manté als zero punts en homes i dones sans de tots els rangs d'edat. Les dones embarassades que prenen ferro tenen estrès oxidatiu a les 26 setmanes de gestació, i aquest és més elevat en les que no tenen anèmia. Els estudiants universitaris obtenen una PDO superior a zero abans i després dels exàmens universitaris, però l'estrès oxidatiu després és superior en els que no tenen hàbits de vida saludables.
El test dels discriminants separara correctament els individus en grups utilitzant els paràmetres lligats al distrès oxidatiu i ens diu els biomarcadors que més s'alteren en cada situació estudiada. No obstant, ni indica quin dels grups té més estrès oxidatiu i quin és el grau d'estrès en cada individu, ni obté en un moment concret la puntuació d'estrès oxidatiu d'un sol individu.
La PDO és un possible paràmetre clínic a tenir en compte a l'hora d'avaluar l'estrès oxidatiu de manera rutinària i individual, la seva aplicació és possible tant en el context de la malaltia com per al control d'altres situacions, com ara els efectes d'una vida no saludable. En tots dos casos, la informació que ens aporta el nostre mètode obre la porta a una possible prescripció de teràpia antioxidant, ja sigui de tipus farmacològica o dietètica.
Numerous factors are related to oxidative stress (OS) in humans, which is particularly common in individuals with psychological or health problems. The following blood biomarkers were used to determine the oxidative status of healthy individuals: antioxidant enzymes [glutathione Stransferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR)], peptide peroxidation products and low molecular weight antioxidants [reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG), GSSG/GSH ratio], lipid peroxidation products [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and oxidizability measurements [haemolysis test]. The relationships between biomarkers were studied in a healthy group of individuals, and used to create a score of oxidative stress (SOS). SOS was clinically validated by applying it to a group of patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sepsis, and acute myocardium infarction. SOS was also applyed in a various groups of healthy individuals and we studied the effect of sex, age, pregnancy, and lifestyle on oxidative stress. SOS was statistically validated with discriminating test. In conclusion, OS biomarkers were strongly related, and SOS was a useful clinical parameter for evaluating the effect of OS on the illness. This may be important in the future for preventing and treating OS with antioxidants.
Fajula, Payet Anna. "L’anunciant davant les idees comunicatives: valoració i aprovació. Una aproximació qualitativa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385845.
Full textThe advertiser is a key element in the process of advertising communication. They are the gear that starts the advertising industry, so we can say that this industry would not exist without their presence. At least not as we know it today, because their role has been instrumental in shaping this sector. Despite this evidence, the advertiser, as the subject of advertising, has traditionally been ignored in the field of communication research where basically they have been treated as a legal subject, as an investor, as issuer and in relation to how structurally organized their commercial communication. This thesis aims, therefore, to deepen the study of the advertiser highlighting their many facets and demonstrating that we are facing a complex reality, which has been named a kaleidoscopic reality. So, without neglecting the traditional analytical viewpoints around this figure, this subject, as a crucial piece of the advertising process, is analyzed from different perspectives encompassing four areas: the legal aspects , economic, social and professional. These generic categories allow us to identify the different roles that the advertiser can carry out in the context of advertising. Apart from offering a portrait of the figure of this subject, the thesis examines a particular element of its function: the approval of communicative ideas. This objective is approached from the perspective of their own clients and creative directors. Therefore, the work carried out also comes close to identifying the elements that determine the assessment and approval of communicative ideas by the advertiser. Finally, we propose a new taxonomy of advertisers on the basis of the attitude adopted facing communication ideas.
Moras, Feliu Gerard. "Amplitud de moviment articular i la seva valoració: el test flexomètric." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672208.
Full textSánchez, Vila Ramón. "Real options analysis in real estate investments and developments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669453.
Full textThe analysis of real estate projects poses a great number of challenges. The uniqueness of the characteristics of each of type of real estate means that an assessment must be carefully adapted to each case. One of the most determining aspects is the management flexibility of real estate projects. Their long duration, belonging to a strongly cyclical sector, the important level of investment required and other aspects such as the variation of technical solutions link their success to the management skills and capabilities of managers. In practice, the options available to managers constitute one of the main assets of a project. These real options increase the value of projects through two effects. First, as the theory of real options demonstrates, it is possible to assign an objective value to flexibility, which is added to the value of the project estimated strictly by discounting its cash flows. Second, the presence of more or less flexibility in the project makes it more adaptable, reducing its relative risk with respect to less flexible projects, and consequently reducing the cost of capital required by the investor. The objective of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of both aspects. Regarding the first, the challenge is in adapting the methodology of real options to real cases more common in the daily analysis of a real estate analyst. More than four decades after the first authors described methods for the valuation of real options in real estate, the current reality is that the value of options is almost always still estimated in an intuitive manner. Regarding the second aspect, the effect on the cost of capital, this work focuses on identifying, ordering, quantifying and interrelating the determining factors between management flexibility and the cost of capital required. From the present analysis, it can be inferred that it is possible to quantify the value of the flexibility of a real estate project. Furthermore, this value is sufficiently significant and reliable, and conceptually it can come from different sources. It can also be concluded that in each project there are decisive factors for the investor to decide whether to invest or not, depending on the relationship between the potential return and the inherent flexibility. In both aspects, the skills and capabilities of the manager are crucial, since he is responsible for enhancing the flexibility of a project before and during its course.
Santandreu, Pol. "Metodologies de valoració d'empreses del sector hoteler: contemplant la creació del valor." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387419.
Full textThe aim of this work is the determination of the relevant variables for shareholder investor in hotel chains and to define to which extend their variation affect the value of trading change of the chain shares. The results serve as a base to build-up an Automatic Valuation Model (AVM). The methodology consists in analyzing a sample of 16 hotel chains whose shares are traded in several regulated markets, for which the relationship between the dependent variable "Value of Equity" with 17 potential independent variables analyzed, observed for 6 fiscal years, between 2006 and 2011. Multivariate models are used. The model represents a simple formula to assess the future trend of the market price of one share of a chain from the expected value of a series of variables, such as sales or EBITDA among others. Thus, investors may get a functional and quickly indicator taking purchase or sale decisions, without requiring complicated economic and financial knowledge.
El objetivo del trabajo es la determinación de las variables relevantes para el accionista o inversor en una cadena hotelera y en qué medida la variación de éstas afecta la variación del valor de cotización de las participaciones de las cadenas hoteleras. A partir de los resultados, se confecciona un Modelo Automatico de Valoración (AVM). La metodología del trabajo consiste en analizar una muestra de 16 cadenas hoteleras cuyas acciones cotizan en distintos mercados organizados, para las cuáles se analizan las relaciones entre la variable dependiente “Valor de los Fondos Propios” con 17 posibles variables independientes, observadas durante 6 ejercicios económicos, comprendidos entre 2006 y 2011. La metodología estadística aplicada son modelos bivariados y multivariantes. El modelo supone una sencilla fórmula para valorar la tendencia futura de la cotización de una acción de una cadena hotelera a partir de los valores esperados de una serie de variables, como son las ventas o el EBITDA entre otras. De este modo, los inversores pueden obtener un indicador para la toma de decisiones de compra o venta de acciones de una manera funcional y rápida, sin precisar de sofisticadas herramientas ni conocimientos económicos y financiero.
Font, Pujol Jordi. "Violència i psiquiatria: validació de l'Escala de Valoració de Risc d'Agressivitat (EVRA)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/381074.
Full textEstudi observacional prospectiu dut a terme durant tres anys. La mostra és de 722 pacients que van ingressar al servei d’aguts de psiquiatria del Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià de Salt de l’Institut d’Assistència Sanitària. En el moment de l’admissió, es van recollir de la història clínica un conjunt de variables que segons la literatura poden ser factors de risc d’agressivitat i al llarg de tot el període d’ingrés, es van registrar els incidents d'agressivitat amb la Overt Aggression Scale (OAS).S’ha construït una escala formada per la combinació de factors de risc estàtics (edat, violència anterior, estat civil, consum de tòxics recent) i factors de risc dinàmics (irritabilitat, suspicàcia, activitat motora, consciència de malaltia) que té un valor AUC de 0,854, sensibilitat del 82%, una especificat del 73%, un valor predictiu positiu del 62% i un valor predictiu negatiu del 88% en el punt de tall 3-4 per determinar el risc de violència global.
Baiget, Vidal Ernest. "Valoració funcional i bioenergètica de la resistència específica en jugadors de tennis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2932.
Full textDel disseny i validació de la prova es conclou que el SET-Test és una prova de camp objectiva, fiable i vàlida per avaluar la resistència específica en tennistes, que permet realitzar una avaluació directa de paràmetres ergoespiromètrics sense que això afecti significativament els paràmetres estudiats i que és vàlida per estimar de manera indirecta el segon llindar ventilatori (LlV2). La variable d'efectivitat tècnica, valorada com a percentatge d'encerts en precisió i potència dels cops durant la prova, es mostra com el millor indicador de rendiment, seguit de prop dels paràmetres fisiològics de resistència i potència aeròbica (LlV2 i VO2max), paràmetres que expliquen bona part de la variància en el nivell competitiu dels jugadors (56 i 53%, respectivament). Possiblement la resta de la variabilitat pugui ser explicada pel seu nivell en habilitats tàctiques, estratègiques o psicològiques. Es confirma l'existència d'un punt de deflexió de la freqüència cardíaca observable en el 92% dels subjectes, relacionat amb una reducció de l'efectivitat tècnica.
Per tal d'establir un perfil de la resistència específica de jugadors de tennis es va aplicar el SET-Test a una mostra àmplia de jugadors de competició d'alt nivell i es va comprovar que els valors de VO2max (57,0 ± 6,0 mL·kg-1·min-1) són entre moderats i alts d'acord amb la naturalesa aeròbica del tennis. L'efectivitat tècnica evoluciona en proporció inversa a la intensitat de l'esforç durant la prova; els valors globals registrats (63,1 % d'encerts ± 9,1) mostren un elevat nivell de precisió i potència.
De l'anàlisi de la competició simulada es conclou que els moderats valors mitjans observats durant el joc (VO2 29,9 ± 3,7 mL·kg-1·min-1; 51,6 ± 8,6 % del VO2max) i l'elevat percentatge de temps en que els jugadors participen a un nivell d'intensitat baixa o moderada, per sota del segon llindar ventilatori (77,2 ± 24,5 %), confirmen que el sistema de transport d'oxigen no és un factor limitant del rendiment en aquest esport.
This research includes three interrelated studies: a first study is focused in the design of a specific endurance tennis test (SET-Test), assessing its reliability (with 12 competitive players) and validity (with 38 competitive players). A second study describes the physiological characteristics of competitive tennis players based on the administration of the SET-Test to 38 players. A third study examines the energy demands of a singles tennis match by assessing ergo-spirometric parameters during a simulated match play through 20 sets in 20 tennis players.
From the design and validation of the SET-Test we conclude that it can be considered an objective, reliable, and valid field test for the assessment of specific endurance capacity in tennis players, allowing a direct evaluation of ergo-spirometric parameters without significantly affecting performance. The test can also be used to estimate the second ventilatory threshold. Technical efficiency (TE) is shown to be the best performance marker, followed by aerobic endurance (ventilatory threshold) and aerobic power (VO2max). These two parameters, combined with TE explain an important part of the competitive level variance (56 and 53%, respectively). The reminder is likely to be explained by tactical, strategic and psychological abilities, which the SET-Test is not intended to assess.
The SET-Test was administered in a tennis court to a wide sample of international tennis players, and main results are presented VO2max (57.0 ± 6.0 mL·kg-1·min-1) can be described as moderate to high, according to the aerobic profile of the sport, although it cannot be considered as the most relevant parameter in tennis performance.
From match play analysis we emphasize the moderate VO2 values during the play (VO2: 29.9 ± 3.7 mL·kg-1·min-1; 51.6 ± 8.6 % of VO2max) and the high percentage of playing time (77.2 ± 24.5 %) in which players exercise at a low to moderate intensity (below the second ventilatory threshold), thus confirming that the oxygen transport system is not a limiting factor in this sport.
Arroyo, Cardona Gemma. "Valoració de la qualitat en els primers estadis de desenvolupament embrionari humà." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/322799.
Full textSeveral strategies have been proposed for the selection of embryos for uterine transfer in human assisted reproduction. The possibility of choosing adequate embryos with high implantation potential will allow the reduction in the number of embryos transferred. This will lead to a decrease in the percentage of multiple pregnancies and its complications. The scoring criteria of embryo selection are based on serial morphological observations conducted on day 1 (during the assessment of fertilization and early cleavage), on days 2 and 3 (based on cleavage and blastomere fragmentation), on day 5, or on combinations of these criteria. Extending the culture of embryos to the blastocyst stage may also be a good option to select high quality embryos, as well as the determination of the chromosome constitution of the embryo. Unfortunately, not all cases are good candidates and benefit from extended culture. Pronuclear morphology assessment has been extensively described as a method to score zygotes. Also, some countries are only allowed to freeze zygotes and the selection of embryos at this stage is thus necessary. The objective was to evaluate the usefulness of pronuclear patterns as described by Tesarik and Greco, 1999 (patterns p 0-5) and Scott et al., 2000 (Z1-4) as well as the occurrence of early cleavage at 26h as predictors of embryo morphology, implantation potential and chromosome constitution. The first purpose was to relate pronuclear patterns (PN) and zygote cytoplasmic appearance and embryo morphology. On this sense, the usefulness of PN classifications for embryo selection was assessed. We observed that synchrony on polarization and number of nucleolar precursor bodies (NPB) were associated with good quality embryos. Pattern 4 zygotes were associated with small number of NPB developed into multinucleated embryos and poor quality embryos. No significant differences were found in the pregnancy rate between transfer of at least one good prognosis PN pattern and transfer of poor prognosis PN patterns. In order to evaluate the usefulness of pronuclear patterns as predictors of embryo chromosome constitution, up to 73 preimplantation genetic diagnosis/preimplantation genetic screening (PGD/PGS) cycles were analysed. The results show that the PN pattern using Tesarik’s and Scott’s classification systems is not related to the embryo developmental potential or its chromosome constitution. As regard to the relationship between PN pattern and embryo quality, the data obtained in the second study showed no correlation between both parameters. Although there were no significant differences when comparing the distribution of chromosomally normal and abnormal embryos with respect to embryo quality, such differences were observed when distinguishing between normal, aneuploid and polyploid embryos. The second objective was to analyse the correlation between early cleavage and embryo quality and chromosome constitution including 595 embryos from 96 PGS/PGD cycles. When clinical pregnancy rates per transfer were compared, statistically significant differences were observed between patients that had at least one early cleavage embryo and patients no EC. Statistically significant differences were found between EC, No PN and 2PN embryos at 26 h, good embryo quality at day 2 and in blastocyst rate in PGS cycles. These differences were not found in the PGD group. Early cleaved embryos exhibited less chromosome abnormalities than No PN and 2PN group in PGS and in PGD group. In conclusion, sequential assessment involving the evaluation of oocyte quality, the classification of PN patterns and embryo morphology allows a more accurate evaluation of embryos to be selected for transfer. Therefore, in the context of a PGD/PGS programme, the PN pattern cannot be used as a tool to predict embryo quality or chromosome status. Early cleavage has shown to correlate with embryo quality, with the capacity to develop up to blastocyst stage, as well as with euploid chromosome constitution.
Calvo, González Xavier. "Valoració pronòstica de les síndromes mielodisplàstiques i de la leucèmia mielomonocítica crònica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667996.
Full textThe present doctoral thesis aims to provide improvements in the prognostic evaluation of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). MDS and CMML present common clinico-biological characteristics and an inherent risk of evolving into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although the majority of prognostic factors identified in MDS are also applicable to CMML, some of them are specific of the latter. The different subtypes of MDS are grouped by the presence of: cytopenias, morphological dysplasia, recurrent genetic abnormalities and an increase in the percentage of bone marrow (BM) blasts. These defining characteristics permit to establish the diagnosis and have been recognized as the main prognostic determinants of the disease. Achieving an appropriate prognostic stratification of patients is fundamental, since some patients will survive more than one decade while others will live less than one year. The existing prognostic scores are quite effective tools, but it is essential to develop strategies for improving risk stratification of MDS patients. In this sense, the main contributions of the current thesis are: a) high levels of global DNA methylation are an independent adverse prognostic factor for survival and leukemic transformation. b) considering BM blasts from non-erythroid cellularity improves the prognostic evaluation of MDS. c) Erythroleukemia is in the spectrum of MDS with excess blasts, which supports its inclusion into future classifications of MDS. In the same way, treatment decisions in CMML are also risk-adapted. The prognostic index CPSS has been the most widely accepted for the prognostic stratification of CMML. In the current thesis, we showed that adding the item "platelets <100 x 109/L" to the variables that compose the CPSS allowed the implementation of CPSS-P. This presented the best prognostic accuracy of all scores analyzed (MDAPS, Mayo prognostic model and CPSS).
Fort, Vanmeerhaeghe Azahara. "Valoració i entrenament del control neuromuscular per a la millora del rendiment esportiu." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9233.
Full textS'ha utilitzat una mostra de 81 esportistes sans entre els diferents estudis que s'hi presenten. Les diferents avaluacions realitzades han registrat els següents ítems: dolor (escala visual analògica), incidència de lesions esportives, estabilitat postural estàtica i dinàmica (estabilometria i salt unipodal) i força explosiva de l'extremitat inferior (salt amb contramoviment). Els dos mètodes d'entrenament neuromuscular utilitzats són l'anomenat TRAL (Teràpia Reequilibradora de l'Aparell Locomotor) i les VCS (vibracions de cos sencer).
La primera part d'aquesta tesi (Estudis I i II) va tenir l'objectiu de valorar l'eficàcia del mètode TRAL. Aquest va produir una reducció significant del dolor de turmell independentment del gènere registrat, mentre que en el cas del dolor de genoll només hi van haver diferències en les noies estudiades. Un dels altres efectes registrats importants a destacar va ser la reducció significant de l'àrea de desviació del centre de pressions en el cas de les noies, el que representa una millora de l'estabilitat postural. Aquesta dada també va ser positiva en una de les proves registrades en el grup de nois.
La segona part d'aquest treball (Estudi III) es va centrar en donar fiabilitat a una bateria de tests d'equilibri mesurats amb un estabilòmetre, tenint com a objectiu valorar l'estabilitat estàtica i dinàmica de l'extremitat inferior. Es va obtenir una correlació de bona a excel·lent en totes les variables de la millor amplitud promig en el test unipodal d'ulls oberts i tancats. Aquests resultats suggereixen una bona fiabilitat per a la distinció entre grups de subjectes. En el cas del test més dinàmic i proper a la realitat de l'esportista, el salt unipodal, la correlació va ser baixa.
Com a continuació d'aquesta segona part, l'estudi IV va comparar de forma transversal les diferències de l'estabilitat postural estàtica i dinàmica segons sexe i cama dominant. El test d'equilibri unipodal d'ulls oberts no va mostrar diferències significatives en la desviació del centre de pressions entre homes i dones. D'altra banda, el sexe femení va mostrar un major equilibri en els tests més dinàmics (UT i S) en comparació amb el sexe masculí. En relació a les diferències entre cama dominant - no dominant, només es van trobar diferències significatives en les dones en la recepció del salt unipodal, mostrant-se un millor control quan la recepció s'efectuava amb la cama dominant.
La següent línia de treball es va iniciar amb l'estudi V, que va consistir en una revisió sistemàtica sobre els efectes de l'entrenament vibratori sobre el rendiment esportiu en persones físicament actives. Els resultats van mostrar una gran heterogeneïtat clínica i una baixa qualitat metodològica dels treballs analitzats fins la data cercada. Malgrat no poder extreure conclusions clares, existeix una tendència a la millora de la força explosiva. També podem establir un rang segur dels paràmetres d'aplicació de vibracions mecàniques sobre la població d'estudi. Aquest es troba entre 1,7-11mm d'amplitud i entre 20-44 Hz de freqüència, aplicant-se tant en exercicis estàtics com dinàmics i fins a un màxim de 18 minuts de durada per sessió.
Per últim, es va realitzar un assaig clínic controlat aleatori (Estudi VI) amb l'objectiu de valorar l'eficàcia de l'entrenament mitjançant vibracions de cos sencer sobre la força explosiva i el control postural en joves jugadores de bàsquet. Els resultats van mostrar un increment significatiu del salt amb contramoviment, del salt unipodal i de l'equilibri amb ulls tancats a les 8 i 15 setmanes d'entrenament en el grup experimental. És destacable el fet que no es trobessin diferències significatives entre els tests realitzats a les 8 i les 15 setmanes d'entrenament en cap de les variables. D'altra banda, el grup control no va experimentar canvis respecte les valoracions preintervenció. Amb aquests resultats podem afirmar que l'entrenament vibratori possibilita la millora dels paràmetres analitzats, repercutint favorablement en el rendiment esportiu i, també, de forma indirecta, en la prevenció de lesions en esportistes d'alt risc.
A forma de síntesi, els estudis d'aquesta tesi emfatitzen la importància del control neuromuscular sobre el rendiment i prevenció de lesions esportives. És necessari destacar la importància de continuar investigant sobre noves eines que mesurin els paràmetres associats al control neuromuscular, així com seguir estudiant l'eficàcia dels diferents mètodes d'entrenament neuromuscular per a la seva optimització.
El control neuromuscular ha sido descrito como un importante factor para el éxito en el rendimiento deportivo. Del mismo modo, también se ha identificado como clave en la prevención y readaptación de las lesiones deportivas. El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral ha sido evaluar la eficacia de diferentes tipos de entrenamiento neuromuscular en deportistas.
Se ha utilizado una muestra de 81 deportistas sanos entre los diferentes estudios que se presentan. Las diferentes evaluaciones realizadas han registrado los siguientes ítems: dolor (escala visual analógica), incidencia de lesiones deportivas, estabilidad postural estática y dinámica (estabilometría y salto unipodal) y fuerza explosiva de la extremidad inferior (salto con contramovimiento). Los métodos de entrenamiento neuromuscular utilizados fueron el llamado TRAL (Terapia reequilibradora del Aparato Locomotor) y las VCE (vibraciones de cuerpo entero).
La primera parte de esta tesis (Estudios I y II) tuvo el objetivo de valorar la eficacia del método TRAL. Este produjo una reducción significativa del dolor de tobillo independientemente del género registrado, mientras que en el caso del dolor de rodilla sólo hubo diferencias en las chicas estudiadas. Otro de los efectos registrados importantes a destacar fue la reducción significativa del área de desviación del centro de presiones en el caso de las chicas, lo que representa una mejora de la estabilidad postural. Este dato también fue positivo en una de las pruebas de equilibrio registradas en el grupo de chicos.
La segunda parte de este trabajo (Estudio III) se centró en dar fiabilidad a una batería de tests de equilibrio medidos con un estabilómetro, teniendo como objetivo valorar la estabilidad estática y dinámica de la extremidad inferior. Se obtuvo una correlación de buena a excelente en todas las variables de la mejor amplitud media en el test unipodal de ojos abiertos y cerrados. Estos resultados sugieren una buena fiabilidad para la distinción entre grupos de sujetos. En el caso del test más dinámico y cercano a la realidad del deportista, el salto unipodal, la correlación fue baja.
Como continuación de esta segunda parte, el estudio IV comparó de forma transversal las diferencias de la estabilidad postural estática y dinámica según sexo y pierna dominante. El test de equilibrio unipodal de ojos abiertos no mostró diferencias significativas en la desviación del centro de presiones entre hombres y mujeres. Por otro lado, el sexo femenino mostró un mayor equilibrio en los tests más dinámicos (UT y S) en comparación con el sexo masculino. En relación a las diferencias entre pierna dominante - no dominante, sólo se encontraron diferencias significativas en las mujeres en la recepción del salto unipodal, mostrándose un mejor control cuando la recepción se efectuaba con la pierna dominante.
La siguiente línea de trabajo se inició con el estudio V, que consistió en una revisión sistemática sobre los efectos del entrenamiento vibratorio sobre el rendimiento deportivo en personas físicamente activas. Los resultados mostraron una gran heterogeneidad clínica y una baja calidad metodológica de los trabajos analizados hasta la fecha buscada. A pesar de no poder extraer conclusiones claras, existe una tendencia a la mejora de la fuerza explosiva. También podemos establecer un rango seguro de los parámetros de aplicación de vibraciones mecánicas sobre la población de estudio. Este se encuentra entre 1,7-11mm de amplitud y entre 20-44 Hz de frecuencia, aplicándose tanto en ejercicios estáticos como dinámicos y hasta un máximo de 18 minutos de duración.
Por último, se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorio (Estudio VI) con el objetivo de valorar la eficacia del entrenamiento mediante vibraciones de cuerpo entero sobre la fuerza explosiva y el control postural en jóvenes jugadoras de baloncesto. Los resultados mostraron un incremento significativo del salto con contramovimiento, del salto unipodal y del equilibrio con ojos cerrados a las 8 y 15 semanas de entrenamiento en el grupo experimental. Es destacable el hecho de que no se encontraran diferencias significativas entre los tests realizados a las 8 y las 15 semanas de entrenamiento en ninguna de las variables. Por otra parte, el grupo control no experimentó cambios respecto a las valoraciones preintervención. Con estos resultados podemos afirmar que el entrenamiento vibratorio posibilita la mejora de los parámetros analizados, repercutiendo favorablemente en el rendimiento deportivo y, también, de forma indirecta, en la prevención de lesiones en deportistas de alto riesgo.
En forma de síntesis, los estudios de esta tesis enfatizan la importancia del control neuromuscular sobre el rendimiento y prevención de lesiones deportivas. Es necesario destacar la importancia de continuar investigando sobre nuevas herramientas que midan los parámetros asociados al control neuromuscular, así como seguir estudiando la eficacia de los diferentes métodos de entrenamiento neuromuscular para su optimización.
Neuromuscular control is believed to be an important factor for success in athletic performance. Similarly, it has also been identified as a key to prevention and rehabilitation of sports injuries. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of neuromuscular training in athletes.
A total of 81 healthy athletes were used for the purpose of the study. The evaluations performed have resulted in the following items: pain (visual analogue scale), incidence of sports injuries, static and dynamic postural stability (stabilometry and one-leg hop test) and explosive strength of the lower extremity (countermovement jump). Neuromuscular training methods used were TRAL (Locomotive rebalancing therapy) and WBV (whole body vibration).
The first part of this thesis (Studies I and II) aims to assess the efficacy of TRAL. The training period showed a significant reduction of ankle pain recorded regardless of gender, whereas in the case of knee pain only differences in the girls studied were found. Another important effect to highlight that contributes to an improvement of stability in body position in women is the significant reduction of movements of the centre of pressure, while there was only a significant reduction in one of the men tests.
The aim in the second part (Study III) is to assess the static and dynamic stability of the lower extremities focusing on battery of tests reliability measured with a stabilometer. Correlation obtained in single leg stance test of open and closed eyes was found in the range between good to excellent, in all variables of t he best average amplitude. These results suggest a good reliability for the distinction between subject groups. Regarding a more dynamic and closer to athlete's reality test, the one-leg hop test, poor correlation was obtained.
Continuing in the second part, study IV compares differences between static and dynamic position stability, by sex and leg dominance. The one leg stance with open eyes test showed no significant difference in the deviation of center of pressure between men and women. Moreover, females showed more balance in higher dynamics tests (UT and S) compared with males. The differences regarding dominant - non dominant leg, were found only in girls in receiving one leg jump, showing a better control where the reception took place with the dominant leg.
The next topic begins with study V, which consists of a systematic review on the effects of vibration training in physically active people. The results demonstrate a high clinical --heterogeneity and low methodological quality of previous studies performed prior to the date of our study. Even if we cannot provide a specific result, there is a tendency to improve explosive strength. Also, we can certainly establish a safe range of parameters for vibration training to be applied on a physically active population. This range goes from 1.7-11mm amplitude, 20-44 Hz frequency, both in static and dynamic exercises, and up to 18 minutes working with vibration.
In the last topic, we conduct a randomized controlled trial (Study VI) aimed to assess the effectiveness of whole body vibration training on explosive strength and postural control in young basketball players. The results showed a significant increase in countermovement jump, one-leg hop test and balance with closed eyes at 8 and 15 weeks of training with the experimental group. It is noteworthy that no significant differences were found between tests performed at 8 and 15 weeks of training in any of the variables. Moreover, the control group experienced no changes from pre-intervention assessments. Based on these results we can state that vibration training enables the improvement of the analyzed parameters, impacting positively on athletic performance, and indirectly prevents injuries in high-risk athletes.
In conclusion, this thesis emphasizes the importance of neuromuscular control on sports performance and prevention of injuries. It is necessary to stress the importance of continuing the research on new tools to measure parameters associated with neuromuscular control, and further studying the effectiveness of different methods of neuromuscular training for its optimization.
Aran, Corbella Begoña. "Valoració del risc genètic en pacients amb oligoastenozoospèrmia en un programa de microinjecció intracitoplasmàtica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3788.
Full textEl risc genètic de la ICSI ha sorgit al tractar factors masculins idiopàtics i severs (Meschede i cols, 1997), ja que el dany produït a l'oòcit mitjançant aquesta tècnica és mínim si s'utilitza la metodologia adequada (Palermo i cols, 1996). Cal tenir en conte la possibilitat d'obtenir embrions anormals després de la microinjecció d'espermatozoides cromosòmicament anormals de pacients amb oligoastenozoospèrmia severa.
Als anys setanta es va descriure defectes en l'aparellament i en la recombinació a la meiosi en pacients estèrils (Hultén i cols, 1970; Pearson i cols, 1970). Des de llavors s'ha utilitzat els estudis meiòtics en biòpsia testicular com a eina diagnòstica de l'esterilitat masculina. S'han trobat anomalies meiòtiques en el 6% dels pacients estèrils (Egozcue i cols, 1983) i aquest percentatge arriba fins a 17.5% en pacients amb oligoastenozoospermia (OA) (Vendrell i cols, 1999). Aquestes anomalies poden donar lloc a bloqueigs meiòtics que provocaran azoospèrmies o oligozoospèrmies amb un percentatge més elevat d'espermatozoides amb anomalies cromosòmiques (Egozcue i cols, 2000).
Alguns estudis han demostrat, utilitzant hibridació in situ de fluorescència (FISH), un increment de les disomies d'alguns cromosomes i d'espermatozoides diploids en pacients amb oligoastenozoospermia (OA) que realitzen cicles de FIV-ICSI (Pang i cols., 1999; Vegetti i cols. 2000; Bernardini i cols., 2000). Rubio i cols (2001) i Calogero i cols. (2001) presenten aquesta associació, relacionant-la amb una baixa taxa d'embaràs.
L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi es avaluar el risc genètic dels pacients amb oligoastenozoospèrmia sotmesos a un programa de FIV-ICSI. S'han realitzat tres treballs amb els següents propòsits:
1. Analitzar la freqüència d'anomalies cromosòmiques, mitjançant FISH, en els espermatozoides de pacients estèrils.
2. Valorar els resultats clínics dels cicles d'ICSI en pacients amb OA en funció de les anomalies meiòtiques que presenten.
3. Analitzar la incidència d'anomalies cromosòmiques en embrions procedents de pacients amb anomalies de la meiosi masculina.
4. Avaluar la contribució del Diagnòstic Genètic Preimplantacional a la millora dels resultats dels cicles d'ICSI en pacients amb anomalies meiòtiques.
En el primer estudi es van analitzar 9373 espermatozoides de 19 pacients estèrils i es van comparar amb un grup control de 5 homes sans. Es va analitzar la freqüència de diploïdies i de disomies pels cromosomes X, Y i 18. No es va trobar diferències en el percentatge de disomies del cromosoma 18, però sí es va trobar diferències en la incidència de disomies dels cromosomes sexuals i d'espermatozoides diploïdies.
En el segon estudi es van avaluar 224 cicles de FIV-ICSI realitzats per 137 pacients amb OA severa, agrupats en tres grups en funció del resultat del estudi meiòtic (meiosi normal, bloqueig parcial de la meiosi o anomalies sinàptiques). No es va trobar diferències significatives en quant a la taxa de fecundació, embaràs, implantació i avortament entre els diferents grups.
En el tercer estudi s'han analitzat 27 cicles de DGP-AS per alteracions meiòtiques. S'ha observat un elevat nombre d'embrions anormals (42.5%) en aquests pacients però no es demostra que seleccionant els embrions normals per a la transferència s'aconsegueixi unes taxes d'embaràs i d'implantació més altes que les d'un grup de 44 pacients amb les mateixes característiques que no realitzen DGP-AS.
L'estudi dels pacients abans de sotmetre's a un cicle de FIV -ICSI és important per avaluar el seu risc genètic. És recomanable fer estudis de FISH en espermatozoides i també estudis meiòtics en biòpsia testicular per poder donar un consell genètic a la parella i, en casos d'alt risc, plantejar si és convenient realitzar DGP-AS per augmentar les possibilitats d'èxit al transferir embrions cromosòmicament normals.
Since Palermo et al. (1992) reported the first delivery of an infant born as a result of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) this technique has become the method of choice for the treatment of severe male infertility.
Genetic risk associated with the use of ICSI has arisen when patients with severe male factor are treated (Meschede at al., 1997). The oocyte damage is minimized by the use of proper tools and methodology (Palermo et al., 1997). The possibility of obtaining chromosomally abnormal embryos after the injection of unbalanced sperm from men with severe oligoasthenozoospermia (OA) must be taken into account.
Meiotic studies have been incorporated as a cytogenetic diagnostic tool in the screening of male infertility since the early 1970s (Hultén et al., 1970; Pearson et al., 1970). Investigation of the meiotic division in spermatpgenic cells from testicular biopsies resulted in the description of specific meiotic abnormalities limited to the germ cell line, affecting homologue chromosome pairing and recombination. These anomalies can lead to meiotic arrest that often results in azoospermia or oligozoospermia (Egozcue et al., 2000).
Some studies that used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) have reported an increase in some chromosome disomies and diploid spermatozoa in patients with OA undergoing ICSI cycles (Pang et al., 1999; Vegetti et al., 2000; Bernardini at al., 2000). Rubio et al. and Calogero at al. also reported this association resulting in lower pregnancy rates.
The aim of this study is to analyse the genetic risk of oligoasthenozoospermic patients participating in an ICSI programme. Three studies were done with the following objectives:
1. To analyse the frequency of chromosome abnormalities in the spermatozoa of infertile men using FISH.
2. To value the clinic outcome of ICSI in relation to the meiotic abnormalities in patients with OA.
3. To analyse the incidence of chromosome abnormalities in the embryos from patients with meiotic disorders.
4. To evaluate whether ICSI results could be improved by selecting embryos through Preimplantational Genetic Diagnostic (PGD) in couples, whom male partner presents meiotic abnormalities.
In the first study 9373 spermatozoa from 19 infertile patients were analysed and they were compared with a control group of 5 healthy men. Frequency of diploid sperm and disomy for chromosomes X, Y and 18 were analysed by FISH. No differences in the frequency of disomy 18 were found, but statistically differences in the incidence of sex chromosomes and of diploidy were observed.
The second study evaluates 224 ICSI cycles from 137 men with OA in whom diagnostic meiotic analyses had been performed. There were no significant differences in fertilization, pregnancy, implantation or abortion rates in relation to the meiotic pattern (normal meiosis, meiotic arrest or synaptic anomalies).
In the third study, 27 cycles of PGD for meiotic disorders were analysed. A high number of abnormal embryos was observed (42.5%), though no improvement in pregnancy and implantation rates were obtained comparing with a control group of 44 patients with meiotic abnormalities that performed ICSI cycles without PGD.
The screening of patients before ICSI is important to assess genetic risk. Meiotic studies and FISH in ejaculated or testicular spermatozoa are highly recommended and should be consider as a part of the genetic study in these patients. Reproductive counselling and further strategies should consider the results obtained in the genetic study. In this sense, PGD should be advised in cases with a high genetic risk to increase the chances of replacement of chromosomally normal embryos.
Vila, Subirós Josep. "Anàlisi i valoració dels boscos de les valls d'Hortmoier i Sant Aniol (Alta Garrotxa)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1962.
Full textRESUMEN:
En primer lugar se ha realizado una cartografía de la distribución de los bosques de los valles de Hortmoier y Sant Aniol que forman parte del espacio natural protegido "Alta Garrotxa" (Girona). A partir de esta cartografía se ha desarrollado un exhaustivo trabajo de campo que ha permitido analizar las características ecológicas y estructurales de estos bosques con la realización de inventarios forestales. Este análisis ha constatado que su explotación intensiva en el pasado ha provocado una uniformización de su estructura y que el posterior abandono de su aprovechamiento ha comportado una recuperación diferencial de las distintas tipologías de bosques; así como también una progresiva recuperación de los bosques potenciales en substitución de las masas silvículas secundarias. En segundo lugar se ha desarrollado una propuesta metodológica basada en la integración y valoración de todo un conjunto de factores físicos, biológicos y de aprovechamiento. Esta valoración de los bosques ha permitido establecer una zonificación del espacio forestal a partir del principio de multifuncionalidad de las masas forestales que puede ser el punto de partida científico para una correcta ordenación y gestión de este territorio.
Pérez, Merino Laura. "Valoració de l'eficàcia del dexketoprofèn en la síndrome subacromial amb diferents tractaments de fisioteràpia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/108994.
Full textUltrasound is of the most widely used techniques in physiotherapy to treat subacromial syndrome. Phonophoresis and iontophoresis are physical agents that, in contrast to ultrasound, use a drug as an electrical conductor. To evaluate whether the use of dexketoprofen as a conductor in phonophoresis and iontophoresis leads to a greater improvement than the use of ultrasound, a randomized clinical trial was carried out on three treatment groups, each of which was administered a different technique. The main variables in the study were the visual analog scale (VAS), the DASH questionnaire and the Constant-Murley scale. The Constant-Murley scale and the VAS found significant differences between the ultrasound and iontophoresis, and the Constant-Murley scale found significant differences between phonophoresis and iontophoresis. All the patients significantly improved in terms of the three variables after the treatment. Consequently, the three physical agents are effective but the use of dexketoprofen does not improve the results.
Candiota, Silveira Ana Paula. "Contribució a la millora del diagnòstic i de la valoració pronòstica de tumors cerebrals humans." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3525.
Full textLa espectroscòpia per ressonància magnètica nuclear in vivo és una eina per al diagnòstic no invasiu amb gran potencial davant la sospita de lesió intracerebral. Es pot adquirir en la mateixa exploració que les imatges per ressonància magnètica amb un petit augment del temps total. En canvi, l'espectroscòpia d'alta resolució ha estat molt utilitzada en l'anàlisis d'extractes de metabòlits de biòpsies tumorals o bé de fluids corporals per a una millor resolució i separació dels diferents components moleculars de la mostra.
Aquesta tesi tracta de l'anàlisi in vivo i in vitro de patrons espectrals de tumors cerebrals humans i també de lesions cístiques associades a aquests tumors. L'anàlisi d'espectres in vivo ha emprat també la metodologia de reconeixement de patrons espectrals.
En l'estudi de lesions cístiques, hem desenvolupat un classificador automàtic basat en patrons espectrals in vivo per distingir entre lesions malignes, benignes i abscessos. Els líquids cístics han estat estudiats quimicament. S'han detectat àcid siàlic i àcid hexurònic, compostos moltes vegades presents a elements macromoleculars de matriu extracel·lular. S'han realitzat extraccions de metabòlits solubles en àcid perclòric (PCA) dels líquids per observar-ne el patró espectral. Els principals resultats d'aquest apartat són que el senyal observat in vivo a 2,03 ppm, generalment associat a N-acetilaspartat, correspon en bona part a un element macromolecular, possiblement siàlic associat a proteïnes.
S'han analitzat els patrons in vivo i en dissolucions model a camp clínic (1,5 Teslas) de mio-inositol i glicina, donada la seva importància en la gradació de tumors astrocítics i en la discriminació d'altres tipus tumorals com hemangiopericitomes i meningiomes, i s'ha dissenyat una corba de calibració amb dissolucions model per determinar les quantitats relatives de cadascun a l'espectre in vivo. Això permetrà la comparació d'aquests valors amb els obtinguts a l'anàlisi de biòpsies in vitro. En aquest apartat, s'ha comprovat que la quantitat relativa de mio-inositol disminueix amb l'augment del grau tumoral.
També es van plantejar, a l'anàlisi de patrons espectrals a camp clínic, fórmules discriminatòries experimentals ("classificadors"), com la basada en mio-inositol/glicina i lípids per a discriminar glioblastoma de metàstasis amb una millora de la discriminació diferencial per 22% dels casos de glioblastoma.
Les anàlisis in vitro s'han fet mitjançant extraccions de metabòlits solubles en PCA amb posterior avaluació del patró espectral mitjançant una anàlisi estadística, per detectar metabòlits útils en la discriminació futura de tipus tumorals difícils de diferenciar en exploracions in vivo. A més, s'han realitzat tests preliminars de reconeixement de patrons espectrals in vitro. S'han obtingut les evidències per entendre les diferències observades in vivo. Finalment, la detecció de concentracions de glicina in vivo als tumors astrocítics de grau baix, més reduïda que la obtinguda in vitro, suggereix una restricció de la mobilitat de la glicina al teixit intacte, possiblement degut a la seva associació amb macromolècules cel·lulars.
A més, aquesta Tesi també tracta de la col·laboració al desenvolupament d'una eina d'auxili al diagnòstic de tumors cerebrals, basada en patrons espectrals de RMN de 1H, anàlisi d'imatges per ressonància magnètica, anatomies patològiques i dades clíniques, associada al projecte INTERPRET (International Network for Pattern Recognition of Tumours using Magnetic Resonance, http://carbon.uab.es/INTERPRET). Aquesta eina es troba en procés de certificació industrial i està sent sotmesa a avaluació en diferents centres clínics.
Human cerebral tumours are relatively frequent neoplasms. access to closed cranial spaces is difficult and then proper diagnositc is important to ensure correct therapeutic proceedings.
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an important diagnostic tool for abnormal intracraneal masses. Spectra can be acquired in the same magnetic resonance imaging exploration, with little additional time. On the other hand, high resolution spectroscopy, by another hand, has been widely used in perchloric extracts analysis and for body liquids and fluids to achieve a better resolution and separation of different sample compounds.
This thesis deals with the in vivo and in vitro analyses of spectral patterns of human cerebral tumours and also cystic lesions associated with these tumours or with infectious abscesses. Pattern recognition techniques have also been applied to in vivo spectral analyses of data.
We have developed an automatized classifier based in the spectral pattern recorded in vivo from cystic lesions to distinguish between malignant and benign tumours and abscesses. Cystic fluids have also been chemically analysed and we have found sialic and hexuronic acids, often present in macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix. We have also carried out perchloric acid (PCA) extraction of soluble metabolites of cyst fluids to characterize its spectral pattern. Main results of this part were that the 2,03 ppm signal in vivo, generally attributed to N-acetyl aspartate, is mainly due to a macromolecular component, possibly protein-bound sialic acid.
Furthermore, we have analysed in vivo and model solution spectral patterns (clinical field, 1,5 Teslas) of myo-inositol (mI) and glycine (gly), due to their possible importance in astrocytic tumour grading and also for discrimination of other tumoral types as hemangioperycitomas and meningiomas. We have also designed a calibration curve with model solutions to calculate de mI/gly in in vivo spectra. This has allowed comparison of these values with in vitro ones, obtained from biopsy PCA extractanalyses. In this part, we have verified that the relative concentration of myo-inositol decreases with increasing tumoral grade.
In in vivo spectral pattern analysis, we have also proposed experimental discriminative formulas (classifiers), as one based in myo-inositol/glycine and lipids, to discriminate glioblastomas from metastasis with an improvement of discrimination in 22% of the glioblastoma cases.
In vitro analyses have been carried out with PCA-soluble metabolites, with further evaluation of spectral pattern by means of statistical analyses, in order to detect metabolites potentially useful in discrimination of tumoral types difficult to be performed in toward?¿? clinical practice. Moreover, preliminary studies with pattern recognition techniques on the in vitro data have been started. These studies will provide evidence-based facts to understand the in vivo detected differences. We have confirmed previous results, such as the high myo-inositol concentration in hemangioperycitomas, being a very important differential diagnostic feature. Finally, detection of the in vivo apparent glycine concentration in astrocytic tumours, lower than the in vitro detected concentration, suggests a reduction of glycine mobility in intact tissue, possibly due to its association with cell macromolecules.
This thesis also describes the collaboration in the development of a decision-support-system to aid cerebral tumour diagnosis, based in 1H-RMN spectral patterns, magnetic resonance imaging analysis, anatomical pathology and clinical data, associated to the INTERPRET project (International Network for Pattern Recognition of Tumours using Magnetic Resonance, http://carbon.uab.es/INTERPRET). This system is presently in process of industrial certification and its performance is being evaluated at several clinical centres.
Jubany, Güell Júlia. "Fatiga i patrons d’activació muscular en la lumbàlgia crònica inespecífica: valoració mitjançant electromiografia per superfície." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/293376.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Back pain is a syndrome with multifactorial etiology that affects 80% of the population at least once in their lifetime. Due to the lack of knowledge concerning its causal factors, it is also known as non-specific chronic low back pain (CLBP). There are multiple studies in research literature regarding muscle dysfunctions of CLBP subjects, but very different results have been observed, which can even be contradictory at times. Furthermore, there is no clear and unified direction regarding the assessment and monitoring of this dysfunction. OBJECTIVES: To present and evaluate two tools for monitoring and assessing trunk muscles: a tool to evaluate maximum voluntary isometric strength (MVC) and a tool to evaluate the multiple subtle muscle activations and deactivations that occur during the process of muscular stabilization. At the same time, the study aims to review some of the methodological practices commonly used in the assessment of CLBP subjects: using a weight proportional to the MVC as the load to be applied to the individual and using a weight calculated from the individual's anthropometric measurements. Subsequently, some of the dysfunctions associated with CLBP subjects which are most controversial in research will be evaluated using surface electromyography (EMG) procedures: fatigability and altered muscle activation patterns. The study will equally address the similarity of some of these with dysfunctions which healthy subjects may experience in situations of fatigue. DESIGN: A validation and reliability study of the two tools developed, together with a comparison of the two methods are reviewed in this paper. At the same time, the study is transversal with the inclusion of a control group (CLBP subjects compared to healthy subjects). The analysis was carried out using two tests: a fatigue test (maintained isometric contractions, Sorensen test) and a test to evaluate the characteristics of muscular reaction to a sudden increased load. Muscles were recorded by surface EMG, and posture control during the tests was filmed by a video camera recording system. EMG fatigue parameters, EMG signal amplitude and latencies of trunk and limb muscle activation were evaluated together with body angles, heights and positions. PARTICIPANTS: 26 subjects with chronic low back pain and 26 healthy subjects, all between the ages of25 and 55. RESULTS: Both tools showed high reliability and validity in comparison to the gold standard used in each case. Both methodologies used showed opposite results in the determination of the existence of fatigability in CLBP subjects compared to healthy subjects. From the use of the tools presented in this work and the method considered most appropriate, (proportionate loads based on anthropometric measurements) CLBP subjects showed increased levels of fatigability similar to those of the healthy subjects, as well as demonstrating muscular patterns that were different from the healthy subjects both in their temporal characteristics (higher latency activation among others) and their amplitude characteristics (greater muscular activity). The muscular pattern used by CLBP subjects when faced with the unexpected load was similar to that of the fatigued healthy subjects fatigue as far as temporary characteristics were concerned. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The tools and methodology developed in this work represent an advance in the study of spinal muscles. Furthermore, the importance of the different methodologies used is demonstrated, as this can affect the results obtained in a significant way. The muscular behaviour ofCLBP subjects, both in a maintained isometric situation as well as in the stabilization process following an increased load, differs from the healthy population, which could well be a dysfunction that leads to the pain becoming chronic. CLBP subjects present an initial neuromuscular state in the test which is similar to that of the fatigued healthy subjects, although the rate of fatigue during isometric effort (fatigability) showed no significant differences between the two groups.
González, Vaca Julia. "Valoración y manejo del dolor en personas con demencia moderada-severa en centros sociosanitarios." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668508.
Full textBACKGROUND: Over 50% of people who have dementia experience chronic pain, which is often not fully detected and occasionally undertreated. In addition, people with moderate-severe dementia have, in addition, a difficulty of communication. Pain assessment must be multidimensional, therefore up to 35 tools for people with moderate-severe dementia have been validated in the last 30 years. But there is not yet a gold-standard. Changes in the threshold of the pain response are not appreciated in people suffering from dementia, although a decrease in pain tolerance is observed. In addition, dementia might be associated with other situations that cause pain. In the last 3 years, evaluation in the use of non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) for the treatment of pain as a coadjuvant for pharmacological treatment have been proposed, with clear benefits in pain and quality of life of people. However, there is a lack of studies at evaluate the benefits of NPI in a cohort of people with moderate-severe dementia admitted to long-term care facilities. OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare two observational scales for the assessment of pain in people with moderate-severe dementia admitted to long-term care facilities of the Baix Llobregat health area. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in the reduction of pain in people with moderate-severe dementia admitted to long-term care facilities of the Baix Llobregat health area. METHODOLOGY: To achieve the objectives we carried out simultaneously: a) a psychometric comparison analysis and, b) a quasi-experimental pre-post intervention exploratory design. We included patients admitted to long-term care facilities in the Baix Llobregat health area, over 65 years of age with moderate-severe dementia. Firstly, psychomimetic properties of two scales were analyzed: Pain Assessment Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale and the Abbey Pain Scale (Abbey). Secondly, non-pharmacological interventions were carried out in the centers through an ad-doc protocol. A descriptive and inferential evaluation of the sample, the pain and the effectiveness of the interventions was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 157 consecutively admitted patients from three long-term care facilities were recruited for the study. For PAINAD scale, Cronbach alpha at rest was 0.847 and in pleasant activity (during personal care) was 0.845 . For ABBEY, Cronbach alpha was 0.728 at rest and 0.814 during personal care. Both scales showed good concordance, although at item by item analysis, physical changes and physiological changes of the Abbey scale showed tiny reliability. The mean age of the sample was 81.8 years (SD=7.6), between 65 and 96 years, 58.1% were women. The level of functional dependence obtained through the Barthel scale was 22.29 (SD=23.25). The baseline pain score assessed by PAINAD scale was 1.45 (SD=2.01) indicative of mild pain, and 3.34 during personal care (SD=2.78) indicative of moderate pain at the beginning of the study. The prevalence of basal pain before NPI was 43.9%. The prevalence of pain during personal care was 73.5%. According to sex, there are no significant differences with respect to pain. Neither age nor the degree of cognitive impairment measured by GDS-FAST is related to the presence of pain or its intensity. Poor night's rest was significantly related to pain intensity (p<0.001). Regarding behavior symptoms, agitation and delirium were significantly related to pain intensity (p=0.05 and p=0.034, respectively). A significant relationship with pain was observed for the following drugs: antiepileptics (p=0.021), antiparkinsonians (p=0.02), antidiabetics (p=0.036), psychopharmaceuticals (p=0.001), neuroleptics (p=0.02) and quetiapine (p =0.001). After NPI, the prevalence of basal pain decrease to 32.9% with a mean score of 1.03 (SD: 1.7) in PAINAD scale. Being a man (p = 0.01) and prescription of analgesics (p = 0.039) were found to be factors significantly associated with pain improvement between day 1 and day 7 after non-pharmacological interventions. Nevertheless, the presence of pressure ulcers was a factor that significantly hampered pain reduction (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis of Ancova showed that pain level are significantly reduced with non-pharmacological interventions (beta: 0.853, p=0.039) and with taking analgesics (beta: 0.690, p = 0.010) irrespective of sex or the presence of pressure ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Both scales maintained good psychometric properties but the PAINAD scale is clearly better valued. The prevalence of pain in long term care facilities was 43.9%. Pain is related to behavioral disorders in people with dementia and poor night’s rest. Non- pharmacological interventions were shown to independently reduce pain irrespective of other factors.
Fortea, Busquets Josep. "Valoració del tractament de la infecció del catèter en un model animal mitjançant l'administració local d'antibiòtics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4409.
Full textLa tesi estudia en soques de S.aureus aïllades de pacients afectats de sèpsia per catèter dels Hospitals de la Vall d'Hebron de Barcelona: la sensibilitat a heparina, vancomicina, ciprofloxacina i rifampicina en fase de creixement exponencial, estacionari i adherit a catèter, és a dir, formant biocapes bacterianes; l'eficàcia in vitro de les combinacions de vancomicina o ciprofloxacina amb heparina o rifampicina mitjançant el mètode de les corbes de letalitat. També analitza l'estabilitat de vancomicina a la concentració de 2000 mg/mL(V2000) i ciprofloxacina a 1000 mg/mL(C1000) amb heparina a 2500 UI/mL(H2500); així com de V2000, ciprofloxacina a 2000 mg/mL(C2000) i rifampicina a 3000 mg/mL(R3000) soles i les combinacions de V2000 i C2000 amb R3000 fins a 72h. Totes les determinacions es fan per triplicat. Així mateix, aporta un nou model animal d'infecció de catèter en conills New Zealand als que se'ls insereix un catèter de silicona a la vena cava inferior a través de la vena jugular, es tunelitza fins la zona interescapular i s'infecta amb un inòcul de S.aureus de l'ordre de 108ufc/mL mitjançant una injecció intraluminal. A les 18 hores(h) s'inicien els diferents grups de tractament: H2500, V2000 i C1000 soles i les combinacions V2000 i C1000 amb H2500; i V2000, C2000 i R3000 soles i les combinacions de V2000 i C2000 amb R3000, mitjançant injecció intraluminal única en pautes de tractament de 24 o 72h de durada. L'avaluació dels grups de tractament al final del període es fa mitjançant el rentat, el rodatge i el sonicat dels 4 cm distals del segment de catèter. Finalment, s'estudia l'aparició de soques mutants resistents a ciprofloxacina i/o rifampicina.
Es troba que l´heparina a concentracions iguals o menors a 6000 UI/mL no té activitat antibacteriana front les soques de S.aureus estudiades; que vancomicina, ciprofloxacina i rifampicina quan s´avaluen davant de bacteris formant biocapes presenten increments poc importants de la concentració inhibitòria mínima però un augment molt considerable de la seva concentració bactericida mínima; en els estudis de les combinacions, l'heparina no representa cap potenciació de l'efecte antibacterià de vancomicina o ciprofloxacina, i la combinació de vancomicina o ciprofloxacina amb rifampicina no demostra major activitat que rifampicina sola. Pel que fa a l'estabilitat, vancomicina i ciprofloxacina romanen estables almenys 72h quan es combinen amb heparina o rifampicina a les concentracions estudiades. Pel que fa als estudis in vivo: s'ha estandarditzat un nou model animal d'infecció de catèter que permet el tractament local de la infecció de catèter mitjançant la tècnica de l´antibiòtic-lock. Els experiments terapèutics han permès concloure que l´heparina per si mateixa no té cap valor en el tractament local de la infecció de catèter, ni sola ni combinada amb els antibiòtics de l'estudi. Dels antibiòtics estudiats, el més eficaç ha estat la rifampicina i el menys la vancomicina; és possible esterilitzar la superfície externa d´un catèter infectat mitjançant l´administració únicament endoluminal d´antibiòtics; el tractament de la infecció de catèter per S.aureus mitjançant l´administració de rifampicina durant 24h facilita l´aparició de soques resistents i això no succeeix si el tractament es perllonga per espai de 72h o es combina rifampicina amb vancomicina o ciprofloxacina.
Experimental work that considers the hypothesis that the antibiotic-lock technique is a useful method for the local treatment of catheter-related infections. To clarify some of the existing doubts with this type of treatment, the following objectives are defined: to standarize an animal model of catheter-related infection that allows an evaluation of different antibiotic treatments without catheter removal, to evaluate the usefulness of heparin in the local antibiotic treatment of the catheter infection and to evaluate the efficacy of different antibiotic treatment regimens in the local treatment of the catheter infection.
The thesis studies: the sensitivity to heparin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and rifampin in logarithmic growth, stationary and adherent to catheter; the in vitro efficacy of the combinations of vancomycin or ciprofloxacin with heparin or rifampin with the time-kill method, in S.aureus strains isolated in patients with catheter-related sepsis of the Hospitals de la Vall d'Hebron de Barcelona. It also analyzes vancomycin stability at a concentration of 2000 mg/mL(V2000) and ciprofloxacin at 1000 mg/mL(C1000) with heparin at 2500 UI/mL (H2500); and V2000, ciprofloxacin at 2000 mg/mL(C2000) and rifampin at 3000 mg/mL(R3000) alone and the combinations of V2000 and C2000 with R3000 up to 72h. All the determinations are done per triplicate. Furthermore, it introduces a new animal model of catheter-related infection in New Zealand rabbits to which a silicon catheter is inserted into the lower cava vein through the jugular vein, it is tunneled until the interescapular zone and it is infected with an S.aureus inocula of approximately 108ufc/mL with an intralumenal injection. After 18 hours(h) the different treatment groups are started: H2500, V2000 and C1000 alone and the combinations V2000 and C1000 with H2500; and V2000, C2000 and R3000 alone and the combinations of V2000 and C2000 with R3000, in an unique intralumenal injection in therapeutic regimens of 24 or 72h. The evaluation of the therapeutic groups at the end of the study period is done with the flushing, the roll-plate method and the sonication of the distal 4 cm of the catheter. Finally, the appearance of mutant resistant strains to ciprofloxacin and/or to rifampin is also studied.
It is found that heparin at concentracions equal or less than 6000 UI/mL does not have antibacterial activity against S.aureus strains; vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and rifampin when evaluated against biofilm forming bacteria, have small increases in the minimum inhibitory concentration but they present a large increase in their minimum bactericidal concentration; in the combination studies, heparin does not represent any improvement in the antibacterial effect of vancomycin or ciprofloxacin, and the combination of vancomycin or ciprofloxacin with rifampicin does not show better activity than rifampin alone. In relation to the stability studies, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin remain stable unless up to 72h when combined with heparin or rifampin at study concentrations. In relation to the in vivo studies: we standardized a new animal model of catheter infection that allows the local treatment of the catheter infection with the antibiotic-lock technique. The therapeutic experiments conclude that heparin alone does not have any value in the local treatment of the catheter infection, neither alone nor combined with the antibiotics studied. Of the antibiotics studied, the most efficacious has been rifampin and the least, vancomycin; it is possible to sterilize the external surface of an infected catheter with the intralumenal injection of antibiotics alone; the treatment of the S.aureus catheter infection with the administration of rifampin during 24h facilitates the appearance of resistant strains and this does not happen if the treatment is extended up to 72h or rifampin is combined with vancomycin or ciprofloxacin.
Cebolla, Rosell Vicent. "Valoració agronómica de diverses alternatives químiques i no convencionals al bromur de metil en conreus d'horta." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/2627.
Full textCebolla Rosell, V. (2003). Valoració agronómica de diverses alternatives químiques i no convencionals al bromur de metil en conreus d'horta [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2627
Palancia
Solà, Miravete Maria Elena. "Valoració infermera i factors de risc en la prevenció del deliri en la persona d'edat avançada hospitalitzada." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461981.
Full textEl delirio es un síndrome grave y frecuente que pueden presentar las personas de edad avanzada ingresadas en las unidades de hospitalización de agudos. En la explicación del delirio, el modelo multifactorial es el más aceptado y desarrollado. Entre los principales factores de riesgo descritos hay la edad avanzada, el deterioro cognitivo previo, el deterioro funcional, la comorbilidad, entre muchos otros. A pesar del interés actual, el abordaje del problema sigue siendo difícil, lento y retrasado. Optar por un enfoque preventivas basado en programas con intervenciones de múltiples componentes en pacientes de riesgo ha demostrado ser la estrategia más eficaz. OBJETIVOS: 1) Identificar la asociación existente entre determinadas manifestaciones de dependencia recogidas desde la valoración de enfermería y la presencia de delirio. 2) Analizar las diferencias entre las personas de> y <80 años en la frecuencia de estas manifestaciones recogidas desde la VI de los pacientes mayores hospitalizados en los ocho hospitales del Instituto Catalán de la Salud (ICS). MÉTODO: El estudio se ha desarrollado en dos. Fase 1: estudio retrospectivo de diseño caso (delirio) -control (no delirio). Fase 2: descriptiva, transversal a partir de la evaluación retrospectiva de los registros de la valoración enfermera de los pacientes hospitalizados. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la edad y en 89% de las manifestaciones estudiadas. Han resultado predictores de delirio: incontinencia fecal, retención de orina, inmovilidad en cama, dificultad para dormir y demencia previa (deterioro cognitivo previo). El valor de la curva ROC del modelo propuesto es de 0.853. Las personas de> 80 años presentan más dependencia en todas las necesidades estudiadas. CONCLUSIONES: La valoración de enfermería del modelo de necesidades ha demostrado ser un instrumento de utilidad para identificar los factores de riesgo de delirio. El modelo predictivo que se ha obtenido presenta una alta capacidad predictiva, es conocido, resulta de aplicación fácil y es de uso generalizado entre las enfermeras de los hospitales del ICS.
Delirium is a common and serious syndrome which can present in elderly people admitted to acute inpatient units. In the explanation of delirium, the multifactorial model is the most accepted and developed. Among the risk factors described are advanced age, prior cognitive impairment, functional impairment, comorbidity, among many others. Despite the current interest, tackling the problem remains difficult, slow and delayed. Opting for a preventive approach based on programs with multiple components of interventions in risk patients has proven to be the most effective strategy. OBJECTIVES: 1) To identify the association between certain forms of dependency collected from the nursing assessment and the presence of delirium. 2) To analyze the differences between people> and <80 years and the frequency of these events collected from the sixth largest hospital patients groups in eight hospitals of the Catalan Institute of Health (ICS). METHOD: The study was developed in two stages: Phase 1: retrospective study design case (delusion) -control (no delusion). Phase 2: Descriptive cross reference from the retrospective assessment records and the nursing assessments of patients hospitalized. RESULTS: We found significant differences in age and in 89% of the events studied. Delirium has been predicted from : fecal incontinence, urinary retention, immobility in bed, sleeping difficulties and previous dementia (previous cognitive impairment). The value of the ROC curve of the proposed model is 0.853. People> 80 years have more dependence on the needs study. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing assessment model needs, has proved a useful tool for identifying risk factors for delirium. The predictive model which is known to have a high predictive power is easy to apply and is widely used among hospital nurses ICS.
Casanovas, Marsal Josep Oriol. "Apanicu 1.0: sistema automàtic per a la valoració del dolor dels nounats ingressats a les unitats de cures intensives." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454732.
Full textIntroducción: El dolor en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCIN) está presente por los numerosos procedimientos que se realizan. Sufrir dolor intenso y continuado al principio de la vida puede producir consecuencias futuras. La primera medida para tratar el dolor es la correcta evaluación del mismo. Las escalas desarrolladas poseen un componente importante de subjetividad. La aplicación de la inteligencia artificial (IA) podría permitir la monitorización continua y a tiempo real del dolor e integrarla como la quinta constante vital. El objetivo es diseñar un sistema inteligente y automático para valorar el dolor en neonatos ingresados en UCIN. Material y método: Estudio experimental, evaluativo. Un prototipo analiza con los parámetros conductuales y fisiológicos. Mediante IA, se emite una puntuación de dolor que aparece en el monitor estándar de constantes vitales. Se realizaron 11 mediciones en neonatos de edades comprendidas de 25 a 42 semanas de gestación ingresados en UCIN del Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII de Tarragona. Para la evaluación humana (observador A y B) del dolor se utilizaron las escalas Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) y Susan Givens Bell (SGB). El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman se utilizó para la validación del prototipo. Para el análisis de la varianza y comparación de medias se utilizó la prueba ANOVA. Resultados: Muestra n=11. Edad gestacional 32.00±7.23 semanas; peso 2046.50±1409.27 gramos. El 63.6% de la muestra fueron niñas (n=7). Dolor observador A en PIPP:2.6±1.4, en SGB: 2.4±1.3. Dolor observador B en PIPP:2.9±1.4, en SGB: 2.2±1.5. Dolor prototipo:1.55±0.69. ANOVA entre PIPP- prototipo (observador A y B): F=3.62 (p=0.03). Medias de valor de SGB- prototipo (observador A y B): F=2.99 (p=0.06). Conclusiones: El diseño del prototipo y su conexión se realizaron exitosamente pero los valores calculados no se correlacionan. Mejorando el software creando una versión 2.0 se obtendrían resultados más ajustados a la realidad.
Introduction: Pain is a recurrent topic in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs), due to the number of procedures performed in such scenarios. Suffering from intense and continuing pain in the first days of life, can entail consequences in the future. The first measure to deal with pain is its correct assessment. The developed scales include some important subjectivity aspects. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) may allow the continuous monitoring, in real time, of the pain so it can be integrated as the fifth vital sign. The goal of this thesis is to design and implement an intelligent and automatic system to assess pain in neonates hospitalised in a NICU. Material and method: Experimental study, evaluative. A prototype analyses behavioural and physiological parameters. By means of the AI a level for pain is computed, which is displayed on a standard vital signs monitor. 11 measures were conducted with neonates (gestational ages between 25 and 42 weeks) hospitalised in the NICU of Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII in Tarragona. For the human assessment of pain (observer A and B) scales Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) and Susan Given Bell (SGB) were used. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used for the validation of the prototype. The ANOVA test was used for comparing variances and averages. Results: Sample n=11. Gestational age 32.00±7.23 weeks; weight 2046.50±1409.27 g. The 63.6% of the sample were boys (n=7). Pain observer A in PIPP: 2.6±1.4, in SGB: 2.4±1.3. Pain observer B in PIPP: 2.9±1.4, in SGB: 2.2±1.5. Pain in prototype 1.55±0.69. ANOVA between PIPP-prototype (observer A and B) F=3.62 (p=0.03). Measures of value SGB-prototype (observer A and B) F=2.99 (p=0.06). Conclusions: The design of the prototype and its connection was successfully performed, but the computed values are not correlated. By improving the software and creating a version 2.0, better results would be expected.
Peris, Morancho Pere. "Valoració de la Formació Professional per part dels agents implicats: alumnat, tutors a les empreses i professorat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5047.
Full textLa primera part constituïda pel marc teòric i contextual de referència i tracta sobre:
L'estructura i el disseny de la formació professional, on es posa de manifest l'organització de la formació professional espec'fica en l'àmbit del sistema educatiu; s'analitza el context normatiu, els camps professionals generadors del curr'culum formatiu, el paper de les diferents administracions educatives i els agents implicats en la formació. Es fa un recorregut per diferents visions conceptuals sobre el currículum i, per acabar, es descriu el model i el desenvolupament curricular proposat per a la formació professional específica.
Les competències en la formació professional, que aborda diferents concepcions, característiques i tipologies de competència professional. Es presenta una reflexió sobre l'enfocament formatiu basat en les competències i, per últim es descriuen les competències en el propi estudi.
El formador de formació professional inicial, desenvolupant diferents perspectives de la figura del formador, els rols, les funcions, les tasques i les competències que li són pròpies, i s'aborda la tipologia diferencial dels formadors en la formació professional inicial, destacant la importància dels aspectes comuns i la relació com a estratègia.
La segona part comprèn el marc aplicat en el que per una banda es descriu el disseny i el desenvolupament de la investigació i es sintetitzen els resultats, i per altra banda s'elaboren les conclusions i les propostes, finalment s'apunten límits de l'estudi i noves línies d'investigació.
El disseny i el desenvolupament de la investigació explicita l'opció metodològica que es concreta en un estudi de cas. Es fa un recorregut pels diferents elements que s'han considerat en la investigació, des de la caracterització del cas fins als instruments utilitzats en la recollida d'informació, concretant el qüestionari i el guió d'entrevista.
Els resultats es presenten diferenciats en funció dels dos cicles formatius de formació professional sotmesos a estudi. Es segueix l'estructura de les variables plantejades en el qüestionari: variables d'identificació, variables relacionades amb els continguts formatius i variables relacionades amb les funcions dels formadors; aquestes dades quantitatives es complementen amb les dades qualitatives obtingudes a través de l'entrevista tant en la primera part on s'analitzen els resultats de forma global -tots els informants-, com en la segona part on els resultats es presenten i analitzen en funció dels diferents tipus d'informants. En una tercera part es descriuen i analitzen les dades, obtingudes en l'entrevista, que no tenen una correspondència directa amb les obtingudes en el qüestionari.
Les conclusions de la investigació són conseqüència dels resultats obtinguts, en la presentació es segueix la mateixa estructura i ordre que en la descripció dels resultats: primerament trobem les conclusions sobre les competències i capacitats clau; a continuació, sobre les funcions del formador i, seguidament, sobre aspectes generals de la formació, la relació teoria-pràctica i la valoració de la formació professional, entre altres.
A continuació trobem les propostes estructurades en tres àmbits: les dirigides al plantejament formatiu general, les dirigides al plantejament formatiu al centre educatiu i les dirigides al plantejament formatiu als centres de treball.
Finalment es a consideren algunes limitacions i aspectes d'aquest estudi i per acabar s'apunten noves línies per a investigacions futures.
The research that we present is a study of case in that two general objectives are considered. Firstly, to analyze the training at training cycles of professional training from the perspective of the teaching staff of the educative centre, of the company tutors as well as the learners that has finalized the training. Secondly, it is wanted to formulate concrete proposals for the professionals training of the socio-educative area. The structure of the study includes two great blocks.
The first part constituted by the theoretical and contextual frame, it's about:
The structure and the design of the professional training, showing the organization of the specific professional training at the educative system field; analyzing the normative context, the generating professional fields of the training curriculum, the paper of the different educative administrations and the agents implied in the training. A route by different conceptual visions about the curriculum is made and, to finish, we describes the model and the proposed curricular development for the specific professional training.
The professional training competences, starting from different conceptions, characteristics and types of professional competences. We presents a reflection about the training approach based on competences and, finally we describes the competences of the own study.
The initial trainer of professional training, developing different perspective of the trainers figure, the roles, the functions, the tasks and the own competences, and it is approach the trainers differential types at the initial professional training, emphasizing the importance of the common aspects and the relation as a strategy.
The second part includes the applied frame in which on the one hand is described the design and the development of the research and the results are synthesized, and on the other hand the conclusions and the proposals are elaborated, finally we present the limits of the study and new research lines.
The design and development of the research shows the methodological option that is concretised on a study of cases. We present a route by the different elements that have been considered in the research, from the characterization of the case to the instruments used for obtain the information, concretely the questionnaire and the interview script.
The results appear differentiated based on the two training cycles of professional training submissive study. The structure of the questionnaire variables raised is followed: identification variables, variables related to the training contents and variable related to the trainers functions; these quantitative data are complemented as much with the collected qualitative data obtained through the interview, both in the first part where the global results are analyzed -all the informants-, as well as in the second part where the results appear and analyze based on the different informants types. In one third part the data are described and analyzed, obtained through the interview, that do not have a direct correspondence with the obtained ones in the questionnaire.
The research conclusions are consequence of the obtained results, in the presentation we follow the same structure and order that in the description of the results: firstly we found the conclusions on the competences and key capacities, next, on the trainer functions and, next, on general training aspects, the relation theory-practice and the valuation of the professional training, among others.
Next we found the proposals structured in three fields: the directed ones to general training exposition, those directed to the training exposition to the educative centre and those directed to the training exposition to the work centres.
Finally we consider some limitations and aspects of this study and to finish new future research lines are proposed.
El trabajo de investigación que presentamos es un estudio de caso en el que se plantean dos objetivos generales, primeramente analizar la formación en los ciclos formativos de formación profesional desde la perspectiva del profesorado del centro educativo, de los tutores en el centro de trabajo y del alumnado que ha finalizado la formación, en segundo lugar y en base al análisis, se quiere formular propuestas concretas para la formación de profesionales del ámbito socioeducativo. La estructura del estudio incluye dos grandes bloques.
La primera parte constituida por el marco teórico y contextual de referencia, trata sobre:
La estructura y el diseño de la formación profesional, poniendo de manifiesto la organización de la formación profesional específica en el ámbito del sistema educativo; analizando el contexto normativo, los campos profesionales generadores del currículum formativo, el papel de las diferentes administraciones educativas y los agentes implicados en la formación. Se hace un recorrido por diferentes visiones conceptuales sobre el currículum y, para acabar, se describe el modelo y el desarrollo curricular propuesto para la formación profesional específica.
Las competencias en la formación profesional, abordando diferentes concepciones, características y tipologías de competencia profesional. Se presenta una reflexión sobre el enfoque formativo basado en las competencias y, por último se describen las competencias en el propio estudio.
El formador de formación profesional inicial, desarrollando diferentes perspectivas de la figura del formador, los roles, las funciones, las tareas y las competencias que le son propias, y se aborda la tipología diferencial de los formadores en la formación profesional inicial, destacando la importancia de los aspectos comunes y la relación como estrategia.
La segunda parte comprende el marco aplicado en el que por una parte se describe el diseño y el desarrollo de la investigación y se sintetizan los resultados, y por otra parte se elaboran las conclusiones y las propuestas, finalmente se apuntan límites del estudio y nuevas líneas de investigación
El diseño y el desarrollo de la investigación manifiesta la opción metodológica que se concreta en un estudio de caso. Se hace un recorrido por los diferentes elementos que se han considerado en la investigación, desde la caracterización del caso hasta los instrumentos utilizados en la obtención de la información, concretando el cuestionario y el guión de entrevista.
Los resultados se presentan diferenciados en función de los dos ciclos formativos de formación profesional sometidos a estudio. Se sigue la estructura de las variables planteadas en el cuestionario: variables de identificación, variables relacionadas con los contenidos formativos y variables relacionadas con las funciones de los formadores; estos datos cuantitativos se complementan con los datos cualitativos obtenidos a través de la entrevista tanto en la primera parte donde se analizan los resultados de forma global -todos los informantes-, como en la segunda parte donde los resultados se presentan y analizan en función de los diferentes tipos de informantes. En una tercera parte se describen y analizan los datos, obtenidos en la entrevista, que no tienen una correspondencia directa con los obtenidos en el cuestionario.
Las conclusiones de la investigación son consecuencia de los resultados obtenidos, en la presentación se sigue la misma estructura y orden que en la descripción de los resultados: primeramente encontramos las conclusiones sobre las competencias y capacidades clave, a continuación, sobre las funciones del formador y, seguidamente, sobre aspectos generales de la formación, la relación teoría-práctica y la valoración de la formación profesional, entre otras.
A continuación encontramos las propuestas estructuradas en tres ámbitos: las dirigidas al planteamiento formativo general, las dirigidas al planteamiento formativo al centro educativo y las dirigidas al planteamiento formativo a los centros de trabajo.
Finalmente se a consideran algunas limitaciones y aspectos de este estudio y para acabar se apuntan nuevas líneas para investigaciones futuras.
Ortín, Font Xavier. "Distrès oxidatiu en pacients amb estadis inicials de leucèmia limfàtica crònica. Valoració i correlació amb factors pronòstic." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8752.
Full textObjectiu. Determinar el grau d'OS en pacients amb estadis inicials d'LLC, relacionar amb altres factors pronòstics reconeguts, i comparar-los amb un grup control.
Materials i mètodes. En 37 pacients diagnosticats d'LLC en estadis inicials, es va determinar l'OS mitjançant la mesura i puntuació de diferents paràmetres. Els resultats van ser processats estadísticament.
Resultats. S'observa major OS en grup de pacients, major en els malalts amb major nombre de factors pronòstics adversos.
Conclusió. La determinació del nivell d'OS podria usar-se com a marcador pronòstic en estadís inicials d'LLC al costat dels factors ja coneguts.
Introduction. An important area of research of CLL is the identification of markers useful for predicting likelihood of disease progression. Measurement of oxidative stress (OS), makes reference to the imbalance in favour of prooxidating state in front of antioxidative state.
Objective. To determine the degree of OS in a group of patients with initial stages of CLL, to relate it with another recognized prognosis factors and to compare with a matched group control.
Material and methods. In a group of 37 patients diagnosed of initial stages of CLL, OS were determinated by the measurement and scoring of different parameters. The results were statistical processed.
Results. Significantly greater OS is observed in patients group, greater in patients with higher number of adverse prognostic factors.
Conclusion. The determination of the level of OS could be considered for its use as prognosis factor of CLL early stage, next to the knowed factors.
Sabater, Mora Mercè. "Valoració de la nicotina intraseptal en rates alcohòliques abstinents i no-abstinents, en aprenentatge excitatori i inhibitori." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5485.
Full textParaules clau: Consum crònic i voluntari d'alcohol; Abstinència; Nicotina; Septum medial.
The current knowledge about chronic alcohol consumption effect on the CNS is still limited. Despite to have identificated some of the changes that underlie phenomenons as tolerance and dependence, we still unknown the main mechanism responsible of addiction. Several studies have focused on GABAergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic or serotoninergic transmission. These systems, whereas they become adapted by chronic alcohol, after an abstinence period their adaptation is reverted or compensed, for this reason, they could not be the main support of a permanent fenomenon as addiction. Previous studies, done with chronic alcohol drinking animals, have shown significant differences between alcohol and control groups in several excitatory and inhibitory learning processes. On the other hand, it has been identificated several physiologic and molecular changes in the nicotinic cholinergic transmission of these alcoholic animals. These changes, sensitization by up-regulation of the nicotinic receptor, are supposed to be irreversible. However, we unknow if these learning processes, and the underlying neural substratum, are also modificated during abstinence in these alcoholic animals. One of the main objectives of this thesis is to study the functional state of the nicotinic cholinergic function of the septo-hippocampal pathway during abstinence. For this purpose, we have evaluated the effect of an intraseptal injection of nicotine upon the acquisition and extinction of lever-press response during the alcohol abstinence (Experiment I). Furthermore, we have studied the acquisition of an inhibitory learning in order to know the implication and functional state of that pathway over behaviour control during withdrawal. For this purpose, after the acquisition of a discriminative learning (with excitatory and inhibitory stimulus), we have evaluated the effect of an intraseptal injection of nicotine on the capacity of the animal to inhibit a response, in the Pavlov's Two Stimuli Test and extinction session, during alcohol abstinence (Experiment II). Results obtained in Experiment I show that alcohol abstinence drastically impaired in the alcoholic animal the acquisition of a simple learning. On the other hand, nicotine has opposed effects in Abstinent and Non-Abstinent alcoholic animals. In Non-Abstinent subgroup, subjects that received nicotine 10nM show the worst acquisition, taking threefold more time to attain the criterion compared with saline subgroup, while in the case of the Abstinent, nicotine neutralizes the disruptive effect of abstinence at the dose of 20nM. The alcoholic Non-Abstinent animals compared with those of the control group show a functional sensitization to the intraseptal nicotine with an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve that appears shifted leftwards and with a significative increase of the maximum effect. Results obtained in Experiment II show that abstinence has a disruptive effect over the inhibitory control that is more pronounced in alcoholic animals (sensitization). Regarding nicotine effect in Pavlov's Two Stimuli Test, we observe a dose-dependent disruptive effect in Non-Abstinent subgroup while in the case of Abstinent it has the opposite effect improving their inhibitory control. The dose-response curve for the intraseptal nicotine injection in the Abstinent alcoholic animals compared to the same curve for the Non-Abstinent, shows an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve that appears shifted leftwards (sensitization). Overall results show that alcoholic subjects have an exacerbated reactivity to the intraseptal nicotine when compared to the control group. During alcohol abstinence, the response of that subjects is significantly different of that one of the Non-Abstinent, while the nicotine administration "normalizes" the Abstinent animals response equaling them to the Non-Abstinent injected with saline. All these results are congruent with a functional sensitization of the nicotinic cholinergic response to the concurrent action of alcohol and nicotine. During abstinence nicotine seems to substitute the alcohol and to neutralize the abstinence caused by that drug. Those properties would characterize the alcoholic brain and would distinguish it from the control one, implications for pharmacological therapies are discussed.
Keywords: Chronic voluntary alcohol; Withdrawal; Nicotine; Medial septum.
Caro, Tarrago Aleidis. "Valoració de l'eficàcia d'una malla protèsica en la prevenció d'hèrnia incisional en pacients que precisen una laparotomia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/111167.
Full textObjective: to evaluate the prevention of incisional hernia during the postoperative period of a midline laparotomy during elective surgery. Material and methods: a controlled, prospective, randomized and blind study was carried out. The patients in group A (mesh) were fitted with a polypropylene mesh, to reinforce the standard abdominal wall closure. The patients in group B (non- mesh) were given a standard abdominal wall closure and were not fitted with the mesh. Results: In group A 2/80 incisional hernias were diagnosed, whereas in group B the number was 30/80. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves show that the likelihood of incisional hernia at 12 months is 1.5% in group A compared to 35.9% in group B (p<0.0001), which means that the differences are statistically significant. The risk factotrs for incisional hernia are age>75 years old, BMI>30 and albumine <3g/dL. Conclusion: fitting a prophylactic supra-aponeurotic mesh prevents incisional hernia independently of other factors.
Visa, Pretel Anna. "Valoració dels canals tipus T com a diana terapèutica en el glioblastoma: silenciament gènic versus bloqueig farmacològic." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671725.
Full textLos canales de calcio tipo T (TTCCs), inicialmente identificados en células excitables, tienen una función relevante en células no excitables donde su expresión se encuentra aumentada en la fase G1-S del ciclo celular. En células tumorales, con potenciales de membrana más despolarizados, hemos estimado que los TTCCs que participan en las corrientes son un 1% de las presentes en la membrana, los cuales están permanentemente abiertos. En este trabajo hemos estudiado el mecanismo por el cual el ataque de los TTCCs (por medios farmacológicos o génicos) induce muerte en células de glioblastoma. Así, hemos discernido efectos “on-target” y “off-target” y qué papel juegan sobre la viabilidad celular. Los resultados obtenidos indican una salida de calcio del Retículo Endoplásmico cuando se usa un inhibidor farmacológico de los TTCCs, que conducen a la activación de una compleja cascada señalizadora que implica la UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) y la autofagia, culminando en apoptosis. El estudio de los efectos específicos usando shRNAs contra las isoformas Cav3.1 y Cav3.2 muestra una afectación de la supervivencia en líneas celulares y modelos de neuroesfera, una disminución del crecimiento tumoral en el modelo in vivo de xenografts murinos y una parada proliferativa en cultivos primarios de pacientes de glioblastoma. En conjunto, los datos refuerzan la idea de que los TTCCs pueden ser una diana terapéutica interesante en el tratamiento del glioblastoma.
T-Type Calcium Channels (TTCCs) were first identified in excitable cells. However, they also play a prominent function in non-excitable cells, with increased expression during G1-S transition of the cell cycle. In tumour cells, which typically show more depolarized membrane potentials, we have estimated that approximately a fraction of 1% of TTCCs expressed at the plasma membrane is permanently open. In the present work, we have studied the mechanisms by which targeting TTCCs (by pharmacological or genetic approaches) induces the death of glioblastoma cells. We have discriminated between on-target and off-target effects and their roles in the cellular viability. Results indicate that the pharmacological block of TTCCs induces calcium release from the Endoplasmic Reticulum, which triggers an intricate signalling pathway involving the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) and autophagy that culminates in apoptosis. The study of on-target effects using shRNAs against Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 isoforms shows that cell survival was affected in glioblastoma cell lines and in a neurosphere model. In addition, tumour growth was reduced in vivo in mouse xenografts and a proliferative arrest has also been described in primary cultures derived from glioblastoma biopsies. Taken together, our data highlights the value of TTCCs as therapeutic targets in glioblastoma.
González, Cueto Fernando Antonio. "Valoración social de los cursos de preuniversitario en el sistema educativo chileno." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400669.
Full textIn Chile, 270,000 young yield University Selection Test (P.S.U.) annually, in order to enter higher education, especially university education, known as selective universities. However only 37% is achieved, and statistics show that, in most cases, admitted who come from affluent families and have the support of a pre-university (between 70-75% of the richest quintile, versus only 10% the poorest) quintile. This research of quantitative recognizes the significant aspects brandish graduate students of secondary education that will postulate to higher education, in relation to the valuation assigned to senior high schools and their courses as specialized institutions to prepare these selection tests. Since 2003 these tests are developed based on the curriculum of secondary education. This curriculum is part of the content network that all establishments are obliged to treat in quantity and depth. Results show that senior high schools and their courses are accepted: As specialists in the field educational units, capable of performing designed to develop the skills necessary activities. In addition to training efficiently to avoid problems with how to answer, time that should be used for questions and the right not to answer questions that do not have security that your answer is correct. These are necessary as complements to the preparation given by colleges. In light of the results of this research it is possible to develop research that respond to: Is there a difference in the degree of academic success of students who participate in a pre-university against those who have not attended in university courses high demands? Is incident in the percentage of expenditures in the different cohorts, comparing students who participated in a pre-university with those who have not?
Borràs, Boix Xantal. "La valoració de la força de l’extremitat inferior en el voleibol. Test de salt vertical i determinació d’asimetries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31980.
Full textThe vertical jump is a common action in the volleyball game when spiking, blocking, serving and setting. Volleyball players jump among 65 and 136 times in a 5 set game. The aims of the study were: (1) to describe the lower extremity force during a vertical jump test and (2) to develop a methodology that, simultaneously, evaluates force and determines asymmetries between legs. Physical state of the National Spanish Team players was assessed, during four seasons (2006-2009), by means a vertical jump test protocol that included evaluation of squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arms movement (CMJa) and spike jump (DJb). During 2006-2008 vertical jump was evaluated by means of a contact mat. During 2009, vertical jump was evaluated simultaneously by means of a contact mat and two force platforms, one underneath each foot. The results indicated a better performance of explosive strength, elastic-explosive strength, reflexelastic-explosive strength and a better use of arms when jumping. Results also showed a maximal force and impulse symmetry when comparing right and left legs, but an asymmetry was observed when comparing weak and strong leg. Asymmetry index was lower than 15%. Force platform is considered a better instrument than the contact mat to evaluate vertical jump height because it does not overestimate jump height. Furthermore, power and force can also be evaluated during the assessment, and the force - time curve allows identifying a correct SJ jump. Nevertheless, it is not useful to evaluate DJb due to its reduced dimensions. Maximum relative power has a very high correlation with vertical jump height. The optimal training to improve vertical jump height is the one that increases force at high velocity rates. It would be necessary to perform a base control to all athletes to know normality data and to help in the return to competition diagnosis after an injury.
El salto vertical es una acción que está presente en el voleibol. Forma parte de la técnica del remate, del bloqueo i de los servicios con salto. También es utilizado por los colocadores para anticipar el contacto con la pelota e incrementar la velocidad del juego. Los jugadores de voleibol efectúan entre 65 y 136 saltos durante un partido de 5 sets. Esta tesis doctoral tiene un doble objetivo, por un lado pretende realizar una descripción de la fuerza de la extremidad inferior de los jugadores de voleibol durante la realización del salto vertical. Por otro lado, tiene la intención de desarrollar un método para evaluar a fuerza y determinar la asimetría entre las extremidades que sea aplicable al voleibol y a otros deportes. Se ha realizado una evaluación del salto vertical de los jugadores de la selección española de voleibol durante cuatro temporadas (2006-2009). Este protocolo incluye la valoración del salto desde el medio squat (SJ), el salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), el salto con contramovimiento y utilización de brazos (CMJb) i el salto con carrera de aproximación (DJb). Durante las temporadas 2006-2008 la valoración se realizó mediante una plataforma de contactos. Durante la temporada 2009 se evaluó simultáneamente con una plataforma de contactos y dos plataformas de fuerzas, una debajo de cada pie. Se ha observado que el salto vertical incrementa entre las temporadas 2006-2008. También mejoran las diferentes manifestaciones de la fuerza, aunque entre la temporada 2007 y 2008 el índice de elasticidad empeora. En términos generales, la forma física de la selección es mejor año tras año. Los jugadores de voleibol no presenten asimetría ni en la fuerza máxima, ni en el impulso cuando se compara pierna derecha con pierna izquierda, pero sí cuando se compara pierna fuerte con la débil, aunque de promedio, no se supera el 15% de asimetría considerado como factor de riesgo para sufrir lesiones. La plataforma de fuerzas es un sistema más adecuado que la plataforma de contactos para determinar la altura del salto vertical ya que no sobreestima la altura del salto. También permite evaluar de manera directa la potencia mecánica y la fuerza ejecutada durante el salto, así como identificar un SJ correcto de otro que no lo es. No obstante, no es útil para determinar la altura del salto del DJb debido a sus reducidas dimensiones. Se ha observado que la potencia máxima, sobretodo cuando se presenta relativa al peso corporal, es la variable que mejor explica a altura del salto vertical. Esto indica que el entrenamiento para mejorar la altura del salto tiene que ir orientado a la mejora de la fuerza a elevadas velocidades de ejecución. Es necesario estudiar la evolución de los deportistas y aplicar el método en otros deportes. También se necesita un control de base que sirva para proporcionar datos de normalidad y poder ayudar a diagnosticar el retorno a la actividad después de la lesión.
Borràs, Antoni. "Les metapoblacions de llucareta (Serinus citrinella) del Prepirineus orientals : valoració ecològica i bases per a la seva gestió." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385925.
Full textLa llucareta ha estat considerat durant molt temps com una espècie lligada a les zones boscoses subalpines. Es considerava com no migrador i amb moviments de curt abast, a conseqüència de les males condicions meteorològiques. Durant molt temps es va considerar que el nucli més important de llucareta es trobava a les zones europees alpines. Les dades presentades en aquesta tesi canvia la majoria d'aquests punts de vista. La present tesi s'ha estructurat sobre la base d'onze articles ja publicats. Els objectius de la tesi van ser: i) Aprofundir en la biologia del llucareta. ii) Analitzar la dinàmica de l'espècie des d'una perspectiva evolutiva. iii) Estudiar la dinàmica poblacional de la llucareta des de la perspectiva de la teoria de la metapoblacions. iv) Analitzar els factors limitants. Finalment, aquest coneixement s'integrarà a v) abordar qüestions ambientals tant per a l'espècie com pel seu hàbitat. La distribució de la llucareta a Catalunya durant la cria està estretament lligada a la del pi negre (Pinus uncinata), que ofereix àrees de nidificació i alimentació. Durant l'hivern, la pinassa (Pinus nigra) ofereix el subministrament d'aliments durant el final d'hivern i durant la cria oportunista (febrer-abril). La cria oportunista la realitzen principalment aus d'un any amb en la maduració retardada del plomatge. La cria oportunista necessita de condicions anticiclòniques i NAO positiva. El tàndem de les dues espècies de pi és una combinació d'hàbitats gairebé única només disponible a la Península Ibèrica. La interacció entre la ubicació de les muntanyes del Prepirineu i la meteorologia causa una heterogeneïtat d'hàbitats molt important i un efecte vessant. Aquest efecte secundari és la causa de l'existència d'hàbitats de diferent qualitat: bona qualitat (costat nord) i la qualitat inferior (costat sud). S'ha registrat per primera vegada l'adaptació local morfològica i genètica de la llucareta en aquestes dues vessants. Resultats obtinguts suport que es comporten com metapoblacions. Les dades genètiques donen suport a la idea d'un episodi de coll d'ampolla durant el període Holocè, el que podria explicar l'actual distribució fragmentada de l'espècie a Europa. A nivell microgeográfic, les dades mostren que llucareta s'aparta del model clàssic de fonts-i-embornals, i pot estar més relacionat amb un nou model nomenades fonts-i-cubetes. Aquest model suggereix un intercanvi asimètric entre els hàbitats de diferent qualitat, però en el qual la llucareta s'intercanvia d'àrees de baixa a les d'alta qualitat. Des d'un perspectiva ambiental, l'espècie ha mostrat històricament una plasticitat ecològica que li ha permès aprofitar els canvis antropogènics. Tanmateix, la tesi discutir si aquesta plasticitat serà suficient per fer front als canvis fets per l'home, com canvi climàtic, incendis forestals, pasturatge i les activitats silvopastorals. S'avalua la necessitat de planificar futures accions de gestió. Hem de tenir en compte que qualsevol perill greu que afecti o hipotequi el futur de les poblacions del Prepirineu poden tenir greus conseqüències pel conjunt de la població ibèrica, tant perquè és el nucli més gran en el món i perquè actua com una font de dispersió en el procés de colonització de la península Ibèrica. Finalment, la llucareta es caracteritza per ser un actiu de la diversitat no només a causa de les característiques intrínseques de l'espècie, sinó també per les característiques dels hàbitats únics en què habita: pinedes de pi negre calcàries i pinedes de pinassa protegides. Aquests són considerats com hàbitats d'interès prioritari per a la UE. Per tant, també s'ha de considerar la protecció paral.lela de les pinedes relacionades, i les pinedes submontanes on hi hiverna i hi fa la reproducció oportunista. Tenint en compte la informació recollida durant aquesta tesi, es vol fer èmfasi que les petites espècies com la llucareta poden ser també molt grans, i per tant, ha de captar el nostre interès.
Miarons, Blanco Meritxell. "Historical cost versus fair value of biological assets: Relevance of accounting information." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667858.
Full textMartín, de la Huerga Natalia. "Extensión del estudio multicéntrico de normalización y validación de instrumentos neurocognitivos y funcionales en sujetos jóvenes (neuronorma jóvenes-extensión 2) y perfiles cognitivos de pacientes con esclerosis múltiple mediante la batería neuropsicológica NEURONORMA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669596.
Full textIn clinical neuropsychology it is required normative data in order to relate the behavior of a subject with a reference group. These data should be taken from a relevant population, taking into account the specific features of each culture and the effect of sociodemographic variables. The objective of this project is to collect normative data in young adults for widely used neuropsychological tests to assess attention, language, visual-perceptual skills, visual-constructive skills, memory, and executive functions (young NEURONORMA Project). A sample of 360 cognitively normal subjects will be recruited, with an age range between 18 and 49 years old. Demographic, socio-cultural and medical data will be also collected. A subsample (n=30) will be retested after one year to study the stability of the measures and possible practice effects. A clinical sample of subjects with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) will be also studied to illustrate the usefulness of the normative data, to explore the MS cognitive profile and to validate the NEURONORMA battery by comparing its sensitivity to cognitive impairment with the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Test (BRB-N), which is currently the standard.
Farré, Albendea Francisco Javier. "Valoración económica de bienes turísticos en las Terres de l'Ebre: análisis de casos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81716.
Full textLa tesi analitza l'evolució recent de l'activitat turística de les Terres de l'Ebre i posa de manifest la importància dels recursos naturals i culturals que presenta. L'aportació pràctica consisteix en la primera valoració econòmica de dos recursos d'aquestes característiques en el territori. Amb la metodologia del cost de viatge en les seves variants zonal i individual estima el valor de l'ús recreatiu del Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre, explora l'evolució del valor en l'última dècada així com singularitats en els resultats anuals. La variant individual addicionalment revisa problemes metodològics en la construcció del terme de cost i suggereix la distinció de diferents col • lectius a l'espai natural segons el motiu de la visita. L'impacte econòmic de la Festa del Renaixement de Tortosa suposa una adaptació a manera de guia metodològica de totes les fases de càlcul en un esdeveniment local.
Cuesta, Aluja Laia. "Towards green synthesis of organic carbonates: Utilization of CO2 as a chemical feedstock." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401818.
Full textLa presente Tesis doctoral se centra en el uso de dióxido de carbono tanto como materia prima para la síntesis de carbonatos cíclicos y policarbonatos de alto valor añadido, como disolvente alternativo. Se ha estudiado el potencial catalítico de diferentes sistemas catalíticos metálicos, destacando la alta actividad y selectividad; el uso de condiciones suaves y catalizadores favorables para medio ambiente y, también, el esclarecimiento del mecanismo de reacción centrandose en el papel de cada componente catalítico. Se ha descrito el alto potencial catalítico de los complejos con baja toxicidad y gran abundancia terrestre como por ejemplo, los complejos de Al(III) y Fe(III) con ligandos tetradentados N2O2; y los complejos de Zn(II) y Fe(III) con ligandos tridentados NN'O. Además, en el transcurso de esta Tesis se logró la obtención de carbonato de metil oleato, derivado de aceites naturales, mediante los complejos de Al(III), Zn(II) y Fe(III). Por otra parte, se encontraron que los complejos de Fe(III) son activos tanto para la epoxidación de olefinas y la síntesis de carbonatos orgánicos. Asimismo, se realizó un estudio preliminar sobre la carboxilación oxidativa del estireno para la obtención de carbonato de estireno utilizando scCO2 tanto como reactivo y solvente con un complejo de Fe(III) con ligando tridentado NN'O.
This doctoral Thesis was focused on the use of carbon dioxide as both C1 building block for the synthesis of useful cyclic carbonates and polycarbonates and its uses as a plausible alternative solvent. We studied the catalytic potential of different metal-catalyzed systems, highlighting the high catalytic activity and selectivity; the use of mild conditions and environmentally friendly metal catalysts and also the elucidation of the possible reaction mechanism giving a plausible catalytic role of each component. It was described the high potential of a low-toxic and earth-abundant Al(III) and Fe(III) complexes bearing tetradentate N2O2-donor ligand whereas the high activity of Zn(II) and Fe(III) complexes bearing tridentate NN'O-donor ligands. An important and greener goal of this Thesis was the obtention of methyl oleate carbonate, derived from natural oils, with those metal earth abundant Al(III), Zn(II) and Fe(III) complexes. Moreover, iron complexes were found to be active both for olefin epoxidation and organic carbonate synthesis. A preliminary study of direct oxidative carboxylation of styrene towards styrene carbonate using scCO2 as both reactive and solvent with Fe(III) complex bearing NN'O-donor ligand was undertaken.
García, Escobar Greta. "Associació entre la bateria cognitiva neuronorma i els biomarcadors de líquid cefaloraquidi en el contínuum de la malaltia d’Alzheimer." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670522.
Full textLa enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) se caracteriza por un deterioro cognitivo de tipo progresivo. Las valoraciones neuropsicológicas son fundamentales para definir el perfil de afectación y contribuir al diagnóstico. Por otra parte, en las últimas décadas el avance en el conocimiento sobre el proceso fisiopatológico de la enfermedad y el progreso en nuevas técnicas de diagnóstico han permitido definir varios biomarcadores; estos han contribuido a conceptualizar la EA como un continuo biológico que comprende distintas fases clínicas (desde la cognición normal hasta la demencia). Los objetivos de esta tesis son, por un lado, mostrar la asociación entre las distintas variables cognitivas de una batería estandarizada (la batería Neuronorma), con las diferentes medidas de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), consideradas como biomarcadores de la EA, en sujetos cognitivamente sanos (CS), con deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) y con demencia tipo Alzheimer (DTA) en fase leve. Además, se estudian las distancias relativas tanto de las variables cognitivas como biológicas, a fin de determinar su capacidad de discriminación entre estos grupos clínicos. Por otra parte, en este trabajo también se comparan los perfiles cognitivos entre diferentes grupos de sujetos clasificados según las variantes A/T/N propuestas actualmente por la National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s disease Association (NIA-AA) como esquema de clasificación en el ámbito de la investigación. La muestra se compone de un total de 112 sujetos (42 CS, 35 DCLL y 35 DTA leve) los cuales fueron explorados cognitivamente con la batería Neuronorma, que integra un conjunto de tests neuropsicológicos que evalúan diferentes dominios cognitivos. Se obtuvieron muestras de LCR de cada uno de los sujetos mediante una punción lumbar (PL) y se analizaron las siguientes medidas: la proteína beta-amiloide (βA), específicamente la βA1-42, i la proteína Tau total (t-tau) y tau fosforilada (p-tau). Se calcularon coeficientes de correlación para analizar la asociación entre las diferentes variables cognitivas y las medidas de LCR en la muestra global. Se realizó un análisis multivariante y un posterior estudio de magnitud del efecto para la comparación y discriminación entre los grupos de sujetos. Por último, se transformaron las puntuaciones brutas de los tests a puntuaciones escalares (corregidas por edad y escolaridad según los baremos Neuronorma) y posteriormente se calculó la mediana de éstas últimas para construir los perfiles cognitivos. A modo general, las conclusiones de este estudio son: en primer lugar, que existe una asociación entre las variables cognitivas estudiadas y las diferentes medidas de biomarcadores de LCR de la EA. Además, se evidencia una mayor alteración cognitiva y en las medidas biológicas cuanto más grave sea el diagnóstico clínico (en esta ocasión, se comparan los grupos diagnósticos de CS, DCL y DTA leve). Por otra parte, se muestra que las variables del ámbito cognitivo de memoria y algunas de funciones ejecutivas (FFEE) son las que mejor discriminan entre CS y los grupos que presentan deterioro. Y, por último, se observa que los sujetos que presentan positividad en estos biomarcadores tienden a obtener rendimientos cognitivos más bajos respecto aquellos sujetos que presentan biomarcadores normales.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. Neuropsychological assessments are essential to define the profile of those cognitive changes and to contribute to their diagnosis. The last decades have seen major advances in our understanding of the physio-pathological processes of the disease. Combining said advances with the newer diagnostic techniques, we are now able to define certain biomarkers which have contributed to the conceptualization of AD as a biological continuum, covering different clinical phases (from normal cognition to dementia). The objectives of this thesis are twofold: Firstly, we show the association between the cognitive variables of a standardized battery (the Neuronorma battery) and the measurements of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), since those are considered AD biomarkers, in cognitively healthy controls (HC) as well as in subjects with mild cognitive impairments (MCI) and mild AD. Additionally, the relative distances of both cognitive and biological variables are studied to determine their capacity of discrimination between these clinical groups. Secondly, this project also compares the cognitive profiles of different groups of subjects, classified according to the A/T/N variants currently proposed by the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s disease Association (NIA-AA) as a classification scheme in the research field. The sample is composed of 112 subjects (42 HC, 35 with MCI and 35 with mild AD), cognitively explored using the Neuronorma battery that integrates a set of neuropsychological tests that assesses different cognitive domains. CSF samples were obtained from each subject via a lumbar puncture (LP) and the following values were analyzed: beta-amyloid protein (βA), specifically βA1-42, as well as total Tau proteins (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau). Correlation coefficients were calculated to analyze the association between different cognitive variables and CSF measurements in the global sample. A multivariate analysis and a subsequent effect size study were carried out in order to compare and distinguish between the groups of subjects. Finally, the test raw scores were transformed into scalar scores (corrected by age and schooling, according to the Neuronorma scales) and the median of these scores was calculated to construct the cognitive profiles. In general, the conclusions of this study are: firstly, there is an association between the analyzed cognitive variables and the different measurements of CSF biomarkers of AD. Secondly, the greater the cognitive and biological alteration, the more severe the clinical diagnosis (in this occasion, the diagnostic groups of HC, MCI and mild AD are compared). On the other hand, it becomes apparent that memory and executive function (EEFF) are the variables that discriminate better between HC and the groups with cognitive impairments. Finally, it is observed that subjects which test positive for these biomarkers tend to show lower cognitive performances, compared to subjects showing normal biomarkers.
Garcia, Garcia Olga. "Tomografia de coherència òptica swept-source com a mètode de valoració de la coroide en les coroiditis estromals primàries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402940.
Full textBackground: Since 2010, high-penetration optic-coherence tomography (OCT) has been used to measure choroidal thickness manually. However, the choroid can be now be be measured automatically with swept-source OCT (SS-OCT). Hypothesis: Using the automatic measurement feature of SS-OCT to qualitatively and quantitatively assess changes in primary stromal choroiditis (PSC) may provide a rapid and accurate approach to monitoring these patients. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal case-control study of PSC [Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH) and birdshot disease (BD)] in a tertiary university hospital with a 3-year follow-up period (from 2013 to 2016). SS-OCT was performed at each visit and choroidal thickness was measured automatically. The study sample consisted of the following: 12 BD patients and 35 VKH patients (9 acute and 26 convalescent/chronic) and 17 healthy controls. There were no statistically differences between the groups in terms of sex or age at baseline. Patients with more than 3 diopters of myopia or hypermetropia were excluded. Results: 1- BD: SS-OCT confirms retinal and choroidal inflammation. However, the small size of the choroidal granulomas, together with the small increase in choroidal thickness, suggest that SS-OCT is best used as a complement to other methods, including visual acuity assessment, indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), electroretinogram, and visual field testing (which was perfectly correlated with SS-OCT in nearly 60% of patients) . 2- VKH: SS-OCT was useful in the diagnosis of VKH, helping to detect both qualitative (multifocal bilateral serous retinal detachments, retinal pigmentary epithelial folds, and ondulations) and quantitative changes (choroidal thickening). In addition, SS-OCT was valuable for follow-up, enabling detection of post-treatment decreases in choroidal thickness and increases in patients with VKH relapse: 62% of acute VKH choroidal relapses (42% of these relapses in the convalescent/chronic group) were diagnosed with SS-OCT based on increased choroidal thickness without loss of visual acuity and no intraocular signs of inflammation. 3- All the choroidal relapses were confirmed with inflammatory signs evidenced on ICGA. Conclusions: SS-OCT is a non-invasive and rapid approach to assessing choroidal and retinal changes in patients with primary stromal choroiditis (VKH and BD), providing a simple method of monitoring the course of these diseases. SS-OCT complements conventional tests in BD and decreases the need for ICGA in VKH.
Casajuana, Kögel Cristina. "La unitat estandarditzada de cànnabis: un instrument per a la valoració del consum de cànnabis i dels seus riscs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664130.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Cannabis is the most prevalent illegal drug used worldwide and its consumption has been associated to psychiatric, organic and social consequences. The delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC) is cannabis main psychoactive constituent with clinical implications. Currently consensus on criteria to screen for risky cannabis use is still lacking. Criteria focus mainly on frequency of consumption, while cannabis quantities are rarely explored. One major limitation to explore the risks related to different consumption patterns is not being able to quantify cannabis use. Therefore the aim of this project and doctoral thesis is to establish a standardized cannabis unit (the Standard Joint Unit), based on a fixed quantity of 9-THC. METHODOLOGY: From September 2014 to June 2016 adult cannabis users were recruited in different settings of the province of Barcelona (university, leisure, out-patient mental health service and cannabis associations) in order to: 1) ask them for samples (a cigarette rolled with cannabis); and 2) administrate them an anonymous survey. The samples were analyzed to quantify its 9-THC and Cannabidiol (CBD) content. In order to increase its applicability the SJU was related to a conversion factor to translate information usually used by the users (number of joints, grams of cannabis, euros spent) to 9-THC quantities. RESULTS: The participants (N=492) donated 315 valid joints and were mostly young adults (on average 29 years), men (77%), single (75%), with secondary or upper studies (73%) and in active employment (63%). Based on the analytical results of joints, and by consensus, the SJU was established at 7mg of 9-THC. Based on the questionnaires, independently of the type of cannabis, the following conversion factor could be determined: 1 SJU= 1 joint = 0.25 g of cannabis = 1€ = 7 mg of 9-THC. CONCLUSION: The SJU facilitates a common language and can become the key unit to characterize risky consumption patterns. Similarly to the Standard Drink Unit for the alcohol, the SJU approximates cannabis quantities consumed and is therefore of great utility in clinical practice and for epidemiological research.
Balcells, i. Diaz Eudald. "Normalització segons edat i sexe del component força de l'escala de Constant de valoració de la funció de l’espatlla." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667991.
Full text1. INTRODUCTION The Constant Score (CS) is one of the most widely used instruments to measure shoulder function. It is based on four separate components: pain, activities of daily living, movement and strength. The strength component has 25 points allocated of a total of 100. As it is, the strength component doesn’t take into account individual variables such as age or gender. The strength of a normal shoulder differs according to gender and decreases with age, therefore the CS differs from the absolute values but likely reflects a normal shoulder. To compare group results, a normalized Constant score is needed, and the first step to achieving normalization involves statistically establishing the gender differences and age-related decline. 2. OBJECTIVES 2.1 First Objective To establish whether a variation in shoulder strength exists according to age and gender, using appropriate methodology 2.2 Second Objective To establish the relationship between age, gender and strength variation and finding the most appropriate method to normalize the strength values. 2.3 Third Objective To make available to the scientific community, the method of normalisation, through a web page. 3. MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS FOR THE FIRST OBJECTIVE 3.1 Hypotheses: H0 1. There is no statistically significant difference in the distribution of the shoulder strength function between the genders. H0 2. There is no statistically significant difference in the distribution of the shoulder strength function due to age. 3.2 Statistically representative sample obtention After conducting a pilot study, we were able to calculate our sample size. To avoid selection bias, we obtained subjects from a universal source and then randomly extracted the desired sample size with a confidence interval to allow for nonresponders. Then we proceed to measure the subjects shoulder strength. We were able to refute the two null hypotheses. 4. MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS FOR THE SECOND OBJECTIVE After establishing the existence of a significant difference in the strength component of the CS between genders and the way it decreases with age, we have established the function of this variation. We then, have found a normalisation method that adjusts residuals and finally we obtained formulae for males and for females. 4 MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS FOR THE THIRD OBJECTIVE To make our formulae available we created a calculator that can be reached at: www.shoulderscorecalculator.com
Garcia, Uceda Laia. "Utilización de la espectroscopia NIR en el análisis de identificación y control de calidad de productos farmacéuticos liofilizados." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670519.
Full textEsta tesis aborda la mejora de la calidad de productos farmacéuticos liofilizados. A grandes rasgos, el proceso de liofilización consiste en eliminar, por sublimación y desorción, el agua de la solución de medicamento congelada. El contenido de humedad residual (RMC) en un producto liofilizado se considera un atributo crítico de la calidad (CQA) y la cuantificación de este atributo aporta información sobre cómo se ha desarrollado el ciclo de liofilización y sobre la evolución de la calidad del producto durante su vida útil. Por otra parte, las formulaciones de productos farmacéuticos liofilizados que contienen biomoléculas o moléculas orgánicas de gran tamaño acostumbran a presentar una alta sensibilidad al oxígeno; un alto contenido de oxígeno puede tener efectos negativos en la calidad del producto final: disminución de la eficacia, formación de subproductos que pueden tener alta toxicidad o el cambio de coloración del producto. En esta tesis se han desarrollado métodos analíticos para determinar y evaluar el impacto en el producto liofilizado de la humedad y el oxígeno. Todos los productos liofilizados utilizados han sido fabricados por Laboratorios Reig Jofre. En un primer trabajo se ha estudiado el impacto de la humedad contenida en los tapones sobre un producto liofilizado hidrolizable, el cual ha sido almacenado durante 6 meses en condiciones de estabilidad acelerada. Para ello, previamente ha sido necesario desarrollar y validar, con la rigurosidad exigida en el entorno farmacéutico, un método analítico basado en la valoración culombimétrica de Karl Fischer, acoplada a un horno, para la determinación de la humedad residual en los tapones de los viales. El estudio de la humedad y de los productos de degradación por hidrólisis a lo largo de los meses, ha permitido deducir que la degradación por hidrólisis del producto está relacionada con la cantidad de humedad inicial de los tapones. En el siguiente trabajo se ha desarrollado un método de cuantificación de RMC en otro producto liofilizado. A partir de medidas espectroscópicas en el infrarrojo cercano (NIR), se ha realizado un modelo de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLSR). Previamente, ha sido necesario la puesta a punto y validación del método analítico de referencia. El modelo multivariante se ha validado siguiendo las directrices de las diferentes agencias regulatorias de la industria farmacéutica. Finalmente, se ha aplicado a escala industrial para realizar un mapeo de humedad, evaluando la homogeneidad del proceso de secado del ciclo de liofilización. En el tercer trabajo se ha puesto a punto un método cualitativo para la relacionar el contenido de oxígeno en el headspace del vial con el espectro de reflectancia en el visible del producto. Se ha realizado la clasificación con PLS-DA de muestras con alto y bajo contenido de oxígeno a partir de un cierto valor umbral. El método se ha validado y se han calculado los parámetros de rendimiento de éste; la zona de falta de fiabilidad del método se ha calculado a partir la curva característica de rendimiento. En el último trabajo se ha desarrollado y validado un método para la identificación, en el propio envase, de productos terminados antes de su liberación. Se ha utilizado la espectroscopia NIR para crear una biblioteca representativa de los espectros NIR de diez productos y se han utilizado técnicas quimiométricas de reconocimiento de pautas para su verificación y validación.
This doctoral thesis presents new solutions to improve the quality of the lyophilized pharmaceutical products. From a general point of view, the lyophilization process consists of removing, by sublimation and desorption, the water from the frozen pharmaceutical solution. The residual moisture content (RMC) in a lyophilized product is considered a critical quality attribute (CQA) and the quantification of this attribute provides information on the suitability of the lyophilization cycle parameters and the evolution of the product quality throughout the drug product shelf life. On the other hand, lyophilized pharmaceutical product formulations containing biomolecules or large organic molecules tend to have a high sensitivity to oxygen. Thus, a high oxygen content can have negative effects on the quality of the final product: decreased efficacy, formation of by-products that can have high toxicity or a change in the color of the drug product. In this doctoral thesis, analytical methods have been developed to determine and evaluate the impact of humidity and oxygen on lyophilized drug products. All the lyophilized products analyzed have been manufactured by Laboratorios Reig Jofre. In a first study, the impact of the moisture contained in the stoppers on a hydrolysable lyophilized drug product has been studied. The samples were stored for 6 months under accelerated stability conditions. To do this, it was previously required to develop and validate, with the rigor required in the pharmaceutical environment, an analytical method for the determination of residual moisture in the stoppers of the vials based on the Karl Fischer coulometric titration coupled to an oven. The study of the moisture and the hydrolysis related degradation products throughout months allowed us to conclude that the degradation by hydrolysis of the product is related to the amount of initial moisture in the stoppers. In the following experimental study, an RMC quantification method has been developed for another lyophilized drug product. From near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic measurements, a partial least square regression (PLSR) model was built. Previously, it was necessary to set up and validate the analytical reference method. The multivariate model was validated following the guidelines of the different regulatory agencies of the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, the PLSR model was applied on an industrial scale to carry out a moisture mapping of the freeze-dryer, evaluating the homogeneity of the drying process of the lyophilization cycle. In the third study, a qualitative method that relates the oxygen content in the headspace of the vials with the lyophilized products reflectance spectra in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has been set up. First, PLS-DA classification of samples with high and low oxygen content from a certain threshold value was done. Afterwards, the method was validated, and its performance parameters were calculated; the unreliable zone of the method was calculated from the performance characteristic curve. In the last study, a method for the identification of finished products inside their own container before their release to the market has been developed and validated. NIR spectroscopy was used to create a representative library of the NIR spectra of ten products and chemometric pattern recognition techniques were used for the verification and validation of this library.
Aranda, García Silvia. "Funcionalidad, fuerza y equilibrio en personas mayores: valoración e intervención de ejercicio físico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671862.
Full textJové, Martín Patricia. "Caracterització del suro i subproductes de la indústria surera. Valoració d'aquests com a biosorbents d'hidrocarburs aromàtics policíclics en aigües d'escorrentia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403467.
Full textL'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi ha estat caracteritzar i avaluar la capacitat del suro i subproductes (en conjunt anomenats mostres de suro) de la indústria surera com a biosorbents d'hidrocarburs aromàtics policíclics (HAPs) presents en l'aigua d'escorrentia. Per tal d’assolir aquest objectiu s’han dut a terme una sèrie d’estudis que es detallen a continuació. Un dels usos que s’ha contemplat per a la reutilització de l’aigua d’escorrentia tractada és la seva aplicació en la bullida de les planxes de suro donat que això, no només implicaria millores en la gestió dels recursos hídrics, sinó que també donaria valor afegit a un subproducte del sector surer aplicant-lo en el propi sector. També s'ha avaluat la possibilitat de regenerar el biosorbent contaminat eliminant els HAPs que ha adsorbit anteriorment, a partir de la biodegradació. En aquest cas, el suro contaminat amb antracè o HAP escollit com a compost representatiu, s'ha inoculat amb tres fongs ligninolítics (amb activitat degradadora contrastada) i tres fongs no ligninolítics característics del suro. Després, s'han identificat els productes intermedis generats durant la descontaminació, i s'ha proposat el mecanisme de degradació de l'antracè pel fong que ha presentat major capacitat de degradació. Aquesta darrera etapa és molt important ja que tanca el cicle de l'ús del suro com a biosorbent d'HAPs
Mauri, Paytubí Eduard E. "Maneig radiològic dels petits nòduls pulmonars: valoració crítica de la punció guiada per TAC i de la col·locació prequirúrgica d’arpons." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117788.
Full textIntroduction: The aim of this study is double. First, to show how we have applied interventional techniques to small pulmonary nodules (10 mm or less), adding a critical review of our experience with punctures and placement of harpoons. Second to demonstrate there is a need to change the management algorithm of these patients, in the sense that we have to be more practical and more resolute. We think that we can’t be expecting evolutionary testing and monitoring when a patient may have a primary or metastatic tumor, knowing that surgery provides excellent results in tumors less than 2 cm. Methods: We have performed a review of the current status of the management of small nodules. We have focused on both staging and monitoring of tumors, such as those found in lung screening studies (RX or TC) or in another clinical setting. We present a research-based doctoral study with the first nine cases in which the technique was applied. The placement of the harpoons was done before a videothoracoscopy (VATS). We present the design of a prospective study with a new protocol based on criteria of suspicion (194 patients completed study). These pooled clinical and radiological parameters of the patients in four basic levels of suspicion and applied in each case the proposed approaches. Results: Our results are compared with those existing in the literature, taking histological final results as the gold standard. In the retrospective study we have noticed the high accuracy of this technique depending first on the experience in lung punctures of the radiologist, and a second on the pathologists experience in handling and interpreting samples. These conditions make it difficult to generalize the technique as it is not easy to acquire a long experience by both parties. The technique of placing the harpoon before VATS is very useful as it always permits to get a diagnosis and often in addition to treat the small nodules, this makes possible to resolve the anxiety of the patient and doctor having no doubts about the small nodules nature. The technical evolution of VATS gives more possibilities to surgery, with lower risks in diagnosis and resection of the nodules. Conclusions: The application of the two techniques mentioned, a systematic protocol applied in a suspected well-defined criteria, allows a fast and agile handling of small nodules. In a future the protocol applied in this study has to become more decisive than it is now. It will make possible to reduce the anxiety of the patient and the clinician and will provide security in the conduct adopted. It will also shorten the time to obtain a histological diagnosis. We have checked that final results obtained with our protocol accomplish our initial perspectives. Why? Well, simply because experience gives us some "evidence" of what to do. Our prospective study confirms this and allows us to consider the need to implement a protocol guided by clinical suspicion interventionist with the tools we have. So we recommend this protocol to manage small pulmonary nodules that may be found in the study of cancer patients (known or not).
Areny, Balagueró Marina. "Balloon Analogue Risk Task com a eina de valoració de la presa de decisions en pacients amb dany cerebral adquirit." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/312854.
Full textMental impairment and neurological pathologies are specially vulnerable to the alteration of executive functions and constitute an addition problem that limits the autonomy and functionality of patients, as well as decision-making. Decision-making is a dynamic process which, in situations of uncertainty, favours choosing the most adequate of several options, while assessing its influence on future actions. Other cognitive processes are involved in decision-making, such as the processing of the stimuli present in the task, the memory and manipulation of previous experiences (working memory), and the modification and adaptation of behaviour to the environment (cognitive flexibility). Other behavioural aspects such as motivation, emotions, impulsiveness and sensation seeking are also involved in decision-making. Although the alteration of the decision-making ability is one of the most frequent consequences following a frontal lobe injury, there are few known instruments to evaluate decision-making in the field of acquired brain injury. Most of the instruments designed to assess decision-making are difficult to use because of the complexity of their execution. These instruments require the subjects to have a well-preserved ability of complex verbal comprehension. Presently, the most widely used validated instrument to assess this ability is the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) is a computerised task used in the field of addictions, psychopathology, risk behaviours, and to assess decision-making. The main objective of the present project is to observe whether BART is an adequate instrument and obtain evidence to evaluate decision-making in subjects with acquired brain injury. BART, IGT, Trail Making Test B (TMTB), Wisconsin, Card Sorting Test (WCST), Letter–Number Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale subscores and subtest WAIS-III (LN) and the superposed figures subtest were administered to a clinical group of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI), aged between 19 and 54 years, and a control group of healthy subjects, with similar sociodemographic characteristics; a comparative study was performed to assess the possible differences in the results obtained between the two groups and determine a possible correlation between BART and the other tasks between groups. The results of the different investigations have shown that BART does not correlate with IGT, which suggests that both tests measure different aspects of decision-making. We observed that only cognitive flexibility assessed with the WCST and TMTB tasks could influence the performance of patients with ABI in BART. We concluded that the sensation seeking factor of UPPS-P is not related to BART. Finally, we observed that the task studied can detect differences between a clinical group with frontal lobe ABI and a healthy control group. The present thesis includes three articles that have been submitted for publication, one of which has been accepted. These articles correspond to the different investigations performed in relation to the task.
Garrigós, Cubells Laia. "Influència de factors clínics, radiològics i patològics en la valoració de resposta a la quimioteràpia neoadjuvant en càncer de mama." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457569.
Full textIn patients with breast cancer the assessment of the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAQ) is very important in order to plan the surgical treatment. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is accepted as the best method to predict pathological response to NAQ. However, previous studies suggested that the accuracy of MRI in this situation can be altered by different factors. Initially NAQ was used to improve the surgical options of the patients, in recent years its used has been extended to patients with tumours with immunofenotypes that have a high probability of achieving pathological complete response (pCR), which is associated with better prognosis in triple negative (TN) and HER2 (+) subtypes. This retrospective study included 186 breast cancer patients treated with NAQ between January 2006 and June 2013 at Hospital del Mar. All patients underwent a baseline MRI and after NAQ. Luminal tumours predominated in our series (21% Luminal A and 33.3% Luminal B-HER2[-]). A pCR was achieved in 17.4% patients, 66.7% in HER(+) tumours, the highest, and 0% in Luminal A tumours, the lowest. The main predictors of pCR were Hormonal Receptors (RH) and HER2 status. We observed a good correlation between residual tumour size evaluated by MRI and tumour size evaluated by pathology, with a mean discrepancy of 11.6 mm. The size discrepancy was smaller in TN tumours, of 3.2 mm versus 15.4 mm in Luminal A tumors, where we find the greatest discrepancy. Initial tumor size and HER2 status were significantly correlated with the accuracy of MRI to asses residual tumour size. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value to predict pCR by using MRI were 75.8%, 79.7%, 44.6% and 77.75%. The accuracy of the MRI to detect pCR was superior in the breast that in the axilla. The accuracy of the MRI to detect pCR was influenced by the basal value of ki 67. The immunofenotype where the MRI better evaluated the response was the TN. We did not identified any subgroup where the reliability of MRI was 100% and where it could be considered to eradicate the surgical treatment. Patients who achieved pCR had a higher relapsing free survival rate. In our cohort, patients with most relapses were those with TN tumors, especially those that did not reach pCR.
Albacar, Riobóo Núria. "Atenció d’infermeria a la cuidadora principal de persones amb esquizofrènia: Valoració dels requisits d’autocura i de la salut mental positiva." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/294732.
Full textIntroducción: Cuidar a una persona con esquizofrenia genera en la cuidadora cambios en el estilo de vida, con importantes repercusiones sobre el área personal y social. La Teoría de Enfermería del Déficit de Autocuidado de D. Orem tiene en cuenta la atención a la cuidadora como agente de cuidado dependiente. Siguiendo su línea de investigación, para que Enfermería pueda llevar a cabo los cuidados necesarios y potenciar la autonomía y el bienestar de la cuidadora, recomienda la valoración de la salud mental positiva. Objetivo: Valorar el estado de salud de las cuidadoras de personas con esquizofrenia. Metodología: Estudio multicéntrico, transversal, descriptivo, correlacional y métrico, con metodología cuantitativa. Se realizó en la Fundació Pere Mata Terres de l’Ebre, Centre de Salut Mental Adults 1 de Badalona, y Associació Família i Salut Mental de Girona i comarques. La muestra estuvo formada por 77 cuidadores. Para medir las variables de estudio, se utilizaron el formulario de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos Escala de Requisitos de Autocuidado y el Cuestionario de Salud Mental Positiva (SM+). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo a todas las variables; para el análisis univariante se utilizó la prueba de comparación de medias para muestras independientes, prueba t de Student o el análisis de varianza ANOVA; en la relación entre la SM + y el autocuidado se utilizó la correlación de Pearson y la Rho de Spearman. Resultados y conclusiones: Las cuidadoras de personas con esquizofrenia tienen cubiertos los requisitos de autocuidado general y obtienen unos buenos niveles de SM +. Los constructos de déficit de autocuidado y SM + están correlacionados: a medida que disminuye el déficit de autocuidado, aumenta la SM +, y viceversa. El modelo bifactorial nos delimita cuáles son los requisitos de autocuidado y los factores de SM + que están interrelacionados y que deberán tenerse en cuenta en el diseño de futuras intervenciones enfermeras.
Introduction: Caring for a person with schizophrenia will generate the caregiver lifestyle changes with significant impact over the personal and social area. The Theory of Self-care Deficit Nursing by D. Orem, considers attention to the caregiver as a "dependent care agent". Following her research, so that nurses can perform the necessary caring and promote the autonomy and well-being of the caregiver, she recommends evaluating positive mental health. Objective: To evaluate the health status of caregivers of people with schizophrenia. Methodology: A multicenter, transversal, descriptive, correlational and metric study, with quantitative methodology. It was performed in the Foundation Pere Mata Terres de l'Ebre, Adult Mental Health Center 1 in Badalona and Family and Mental Health Association of Girona and regions. The sample was formed by 77 caregivers. To measure the study variables, we used the clinical and sociodemographic data Form, the " Escala de Requisitos de Autocuidado" (Range of requirements for self caring) and "Cuestionario de Salud Mental Positiva” (Positive Mental Health Questionnaire). There was a descriptive analysis of all variables; for the univariant analysis we used the test for independent samples comparison of averages, Student's T test or ANOVA analysis of variance; the relationship between self-care and SM + using the Pearson correlation and Spearman's Rho. Results and conclusions: caregivers of people with schizophrenia have generally covered the requirements of self care and obtain high levels of SM +. The constructs of self-care deficit and SM + are correlated: as self-care deficit decreases, SM + increases and vice versa. The bifactorial model defines which aret he requirements for self caring and SM+ factors that are more interconnected and will be considered in the design of future nursing interventions.
Sitjas, Molina Eric. "Factors predictors de deteriorament funcional en el vell sa de la comunitat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4418.
Full textL'objectiu del present estudi va ser demostrar la utilitat de sencills instruments geriàtrics com a predictors de de deteriorament de les ABVD o pèrdua en qualitat de vida en un any en ancians amb estat de salut previ aparentment bó, per poder ser aplicat a l' atenció primària de la salut (APS).
MÈTODE: Es va evaluar prospectivament una mostra sistemàtica de 100 ancians de 75 anys o més, independents per les ABVD (Barthel > 90), amb una qualitat de vida acceptable (Karnofsky > 70) i sense cap procés neoplàsic a l'actualitat. Es va aplicar una valoració geriàtrica integral que incluïa: valoració física, neuropsicològica, orgànica, social i de la qualitat de vida. Al cap de 12 mesos es va tornar a valorar les activitats bàsiques de la vida diària i la qualitat de vida.
Per estimar los odds ratio (OR) d'associació, es vàren utilitzar models de regressió logística múltiple.
RESULTATS: L'aplicació de models de regressió logística múltiple va mostrar com variables independents predictores de deteriorament de les ABVD una puntuació en el test de Pfeiffer major de 2. (OR: 4,66; CI 95%: 1,33 - 16,22), i en l'IL inferior a 7 (OR: 4,89; CI 95%: 1,65 - 14,48).
Alteracions en la valoració física de les exremitats inferiors (Guralnik abreviat inferior a 4) i novament alteracions en les activitats instrumentalitzades de la vida diària (IL inferior a 7) es van mostrar com variables independents predictores de deteriorament de qualitat (OR: 7,41; CI 95%: 1,54 - 35,62), (OR: 4,31; CI 95%: 1,62 - 11,44).
CONCLUSIÓNS: A l' APS, sencills instruments de valoració geriàtrica centrats en activitats intrumentalitzades de la vida diària i cognició ens identifica aquells ancians amb més risc de presentar complicacions o deteriorament funcional. La qual cosa serà de important ajuda en l'àmbit de l'Atenció Primària de la Salut per la racionalització de les intervencions geriàtriques que realitzin aquests equips o equips especialitzats i a la vegade per intentar prevenir part d'aquestes complicacions conseguint una major compressió de la discapacitat en les persones grans.
BACKGROUND: The group of elderly people living in the community is not uniform with respect to their health status and healthcare and geriatric needs. A better knowledge on the evolution within a short time in basic activities of daily living (BADL) or quality of life can help us to select fragile older persons with more geriatrics needs.
The goal of this work was to prove the usefulness of simple standard geriatrics tools as a predictors of basic activities of daily living or quality of life decline at one year in older patients apparently in good health for application in primary care.
METHOD: A systematic sample of 100 elderly patients over 75 years of age, independent for basic activities of daily living (Barthel > 90), with acceptable quality of life (Karnofsky > 70) and without any neoplastic condition was evaluated prospectively. A comprehensive geriatric assessment was carried out, which included: physical performance, neuropsychological performance, organic assessment, social assessment and quality of life assessment. After 12 month, the basic activities of daily living (Barthel) and quality of life (Karnofsky) were re-assed.
To estimate the odds ratio (OR) of association, multiple logistic regression models were used.
RESULTS: The alterations noted in the cognition tests (Pfeiffer > 2) and in instrumental activities of daily living (Lawton < 7) proved to be predictors of decline in basic activities of daily living. (OR: 4,66; CI 95%: 1,33 - 16,22), (OR: 4,89; CI 95%: 1,65 - 14,48).
The alterations noted in the physical assessment of lower extremities (Guralnik briefed < 4) and again in instrumental activities of daily living (Lawton < 7) showed to be predictors of decline in quality of life. (OR: 7,41; CI 95%: 1,54 - 35,62), (OR: 4,31; CI 95%: 1,62 - 11,44).
CONCLUSION: In primary care, geriatric assessment tools based in instrumental activities of daily living and cognition predict decline in basic activities of daily living and quality of life in older patients apparently in good health.
Aracil, i. Noëlle M. Carme. "Valoració pronòstica de la proliferació cel·lular en el Carcinoma de pulmó de cèl·lula no petita i a les seves metàstasis ganglionars." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4221.
Full textIntroduction: Lung carcinoma is one of the priority health problems in our society. It shows mainly in men from 55 to 65 years. Is a very aggressive neoplasm and in spite of the efforts done in chemotherapy or combined with radiotherapy, the survival rate has not improved much. On the other hand, we know that the cellular cycle with its different phases is object of a very complex biochemical regulation. In this thesis we pay attention to the study of some cell cycle proteins (PCNA, KI-67, P53, cyclin D1 and E) and to try to see their functions. Objects of thesis: 1) To determine by flow cytometry (FCM) DNA index, S phase, percentage of positive PCNA cells and the heterogeneity degree of every one in non-small-cell-lung carcinomas (NSCLC), in primary tumors and ganglionary metastases. 2) To research the existence of a model or models of DNA index and/or S phase and/or a percentage of PCNA related with metastatic phenomenon. 3) To determine the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression during the cell cycle and to evaluate if there are any other statistic relation with other study parameters. 4) To calculate by immunohistochemistry the degree of expression of cellular proliferating markers (PCNA, Ki-67), negative regulators (p53) and cyclins (D and E). 5) To assess the potential relations between the following values: clinics, anatomopathologics, FCM and immunohistochemistry. 6) To analyze statistically the values that might be important as an independent prognostic factor. Material and methods: We colleted 99 samples of NSCLC from 1993 to 1997, 89 men and 10 women. We collected four different types of data, in order to guarantee the objectivity when we obtain the values: clinical data, anatomopathologic, immunohistochemistry and FCM data. The clinical data was obtained to calculate the free survival and global survival of disease. The anatomopathologic, immunohistochemistry and FCM data was obtained by the analysis of surgically resected lung carcinomas that were sent to laboratory. Every sample was divided in two parts: one to study cell cycle and PCNA expression in different phases of cycle by FCM and the other to study the sample by histological study and immunohistochemical techniques. Results: 70% of adenocarcinomas were diagnosed as stage IIIA. Ki-67, PCNA and cyclin E were related with large cell carcinoma histological type, cyclin E was related too with squamous cell carcinoma type. Cyclin D1 was related with the degree of cell differentiation. PCNA and cyclin E were significantly correlated with Ki-67. A univariate analysis of global survival showed that study, variation coeficient of DNA index and variation coeficient of S phase were the most significant prognostic factors as variables related with disease evolution. Finally in a multivariate analysis to global survival disease, study and variability of S phase showed an independent prognostic value. Conclusions: There is a direct relationship between study and global survival of patients. The variables detected immunohistochemically do not have prognostic factors. There is a relationship between large cell carcinoma and high value of proliferative markers. Cyclin D1 over-expression is directly related with poorly differentiated NSCLC. S phase is related with a high PCNA expression by flow cytometry. Heterogeneity in PCNA expression by flow cytometry is related with heterogeneity degree of DNA index and S phase.