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Bruno, Hamilton. "Identificação das práticas de avaliação de empresas com ativos tangíveis e intangíveis." Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2018. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2463.
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The process of determining the worth of a company (valuation) aims to calculate the fair value using several methodologies. Considering that, the value of a company is a result of its potential production; valuation methods should measure the capability to generate future benefits from the company's assets, which may be tangible (machinery, stock, etc.) and intangible (brands, the quality of its administration, strategy, etc.). Intangible assets, besides being more difficult to measure, are fundamental to the organization, contributing to the company's value. Several methods have been identified, making more difficult to choose the method to be used. Thus, the present study sought to analyze the main valuation methods and their applications, both those traditionally used and those that used for intangible assets. It was also observed if the governance of the company and involvement in fraud and corruption are considered during the evaluation. The identification of the practices of using which evaluation methods are most appropriate to each type of organization was elaborated from the data collection through the application of a structured questionnaire with professionals of the area and the evaluation of the results by a discussion group composed by specialists. The research findings can contribute to the choice of methods for evaluating companies, depending on their segment, size and concentration of assets: tangible and intangible. The results of this work demonstrate that, despite the existence of several methods of valuation of companies and intangible, the cash flow discounted method is the most used, but can also be complemented by other methods.
O processo de avaliação de uma empresa (valuation) tem como objetivo calcular o valor justo (fair value), sendo que esse cálculo pode ser realizado mediante a utilização de diversas metodologias. Considerando que o valor de uma empresa é representado pelo o que poderá produzir, os métodos de avaliação devem, em princípio, mensurar a capacidade de geração de benefícios futuros, originados dos ativos da empresa, que podem estar sob a forma de ativos tangíveis (imóveis, máquinas, estoques, etc.) e intangíveis (marcas, a qualidade de sua administração, sua estratégia, etc.). Os ativos intangíveis além de apresentarem maior dificuldade de serem mensurados, possuem importância fundamental na medida em que seu adequado gerenciamento gera vantagens competitivas à organização, contribuindo para a alavancagem do valor da empresa. Foram identificados diversos métodos, o que dificulta a escolha do procedimento a ser empregado. Assim, o presente estudo buscou verificar a aplicação dos principais métodos de avaliação, tanto os tradicionalmente utilizados, como os que tratam de avalição dos ativos intangíveis. Procurou-se observar se a governança da empresa e envolvimento em fraudes e corrupção são consideradas quando da avaliação. A identificação das práticas de utilização de quais métodos de avaliação são mais adequados a cada tipo de organização foi elaborado a partir da coleta de dados mediante a aplicação de um questionário estruturado com profissionais da área e da avaliação dos resultados por um grupo de discussão composto por especialistas. Os achados da pesquisa podem contribuir para a escolha de métodos para avaliações de empresas, em função do seu segmento, porte e concentração de ativos: tangíveis e intangíveis. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que, apesar da existência de diversos métodos de avaliação de empresas e de intangíveis, o método do fluxo de caixa descontado é o de maior utilização, podendo, porém, ser complementado por outros métodos.
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Wiberg, Johanna, and Anne-Marie Nordström. "Internationalisering av redovisningsregler för svenska börsnoterade företag : effekterna på redovisningen av varumärken efter införandet av IAS 38." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1048.
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Syfte
Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera vilka effekter införandet av internationellt gällande redovisningsregler har på den svenska redovisningen. Detta ska belysas genom studerandet av hur IAS 38 har påverkat redovisningen av varumärken.
Metod
Studiens kommer att bedrivas med en kvalitativ ansats där datainsamlingen kommer att ske genom intervjuer och skriftliga källor.
Slutsatser
Studien visar att implementeringen av IAS 38 ej görs på ett enhetligt sätt och att inte samma metoder för att värdera varumärken används av företagen vilket skapar problem med jämförbarheten mellan olika företag. Vidare visar studien att varumärken är en av de vanligaste tillgångarna som identifieras vid förvärv och att företagen oftast överväger en särskiljning av varumärket från goodwill vilket visar att implementeringen av IAS 38 är på god väg. Slutsatser som dras av studien är att det kommer att krävas tid och även en specialisering inom revisionsbranschen för att implementeringen av internationaliseringen ska få full effekt, vilket är att skapa enhetlighet, jämförbarhet och ett rättvisare värde på företaget på en internationell nivå.
Aim
The aim of the thesis is to analyse what impact the current international accounting standards have on Swedish accounting. This will be illustrated through the study of the affect of IAS 38 on the accounting of brands.
Methodology
The thesis will be investigated through a qualitative approach with collected data from interviews and written sources.
Conclusion
The study shows that the implementation of IAS 38 is not carried out in a homogeneous way. The companies are not using the same methods in their valuations of brands and that causes problems when comparing different companies. Moreover, the essay demonstrates that the brand of a company is one of the most common assets identified in company acquisitions. That companies often consider a distinction between the brand and goodwill shows that IAS 38 is well on its way to be established. The conclusions drawn from this study are that for the implementation of the internationalization to succeed it will require both time and a specialization within the accountancy branch. The aim of the adaptation of IAS 38 is to create homogeneity, comparability and a more equal value of the companies on an international level.
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Azevedo, Anabela Palmira Fontes. "Activos intangíveis no contexto da avaliação de empresas." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3882.
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Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências EmpresariaisJá lá vai o tempo em que saber quanto vale uma empresa era apenas necessário quando se pretendia efectuar uma aquisição ou fusão, que ocorria com uma frequência relativa. Na última década, e um pouco por todo o mundo, tem-se assistido a movimentos de concentração de empresas. Paralelamente, os grandes grupos económicos desenvolvem estratégias de diversificação sectorial e geográfica. Deste modo processo de avaliação de uma empresa é de vital importância neste contexto. Para um conhecimento mais aprofundado desta matéria, é sempre necessário ter presente que as empresas são constituídas por diversos tipos de activos. Em consonância com as actividades que desenvolvem estes activos são divididos e classificados em dois grandes grupos: tangíveis e intangíveis. Este trabalho tem como objectivo o conhecimento de metodologias para mensuração dos activos intangíveis, no âmbito da avaliação da empresa. Demonstra-se nesta investigação que múltiplos intangíveis contribuem e têm um impacto nos resultados das empresas. Foi também concluído que não existe consenso quanto ao método de valorização de activos intangíveis a utilizar.
It’s has been a long time since companies only wanted to know its value when one acquisitions or mergers were considered which occurred with relative frequency in the past. In the last decade, and all over the world, one has observed a movement of concentration. Meanwhile, the big economic groups are developing strategies for sectorial and geographical diversification. In this context the evaluating process is of vital importance for a company. For a deeper understanding of this issue it is always necessary to bare in mind that companies are made of different types of assets. Based on the type of work that they do they are divided and classified into two major groups: tangible and intangible. This work aims to deeper the knowledge of methodologies for measuring intangible assets. It was found that intangibles play an important role in creating value in companies. This research also demonstrates that multiple intangibles contribute and have an impact on corporate results. It was concluded that no consensus was found on the method for the valuation of intangible assets.
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Kratochvíl, Petr. "Ocenění doménového jména/internetového portálu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77892.
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The aim of the thesis is valuation of the domain name heureka.cz on the date 1.7.2010. The thesis consists of strategic analysis, financial analysis, analysis and prognosis of generators of value and financial plan. The value of the domain name is determined by the excess earnings method and as additional method is used residual method based on DCF equity and market coparison.
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Dupree, Lee. "Valuation Strategies for Small Businesses' Intangible Assets." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7135.
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Small business owners who attempt to sell their businesses may not receive full value if they do not adequately value their intangible assets. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore effective strategies business leaders used to value intangible assets when considering the sale of their businesses. The participants for this study were 5 business owners in a metropolitan area in the southeastern United States who had successful valuation experiences during the sale of their businesses. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with participants, methodological triangulation, observations, and review of company documents. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, coding narrative segments, and reviewing secondary data. The themes that emerged from data analysis include collecting and using company data concerning intangible assets; hiring a reputable accounting firm to assist in valuation; understanding the values of brand, customer base, and goodwill; and choosing the appropriate asset valuation approach. To accurately value the intangible assets of their businesses, the most significant and recurring theme in the participants' responses was the need for assistance from a reputable accounting firm. The implications of this study for positive social change include the potential to enhance the economic investment in local areas where business owners appropriately value intangible assets.
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Du, Ruixue. "Intangible Assets Valuation in the Hospitality Industry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50577.
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Market value of firms and book value of firms are rarely the same. The difference, which is attributed to unrecorded or unrecognized intangible assets, has increased significantly since the 1970s. The issue of appropriately valuing these intangible assets, however, still remains unresolved. The purpose of this study is to address this lack of understanding of valuing intangible assets in the hospitality industry. Five intangible asset investments: Research and Development, Training, Advertising, Labor, Pension, and one business model, Franchising, are chosen as the valuation constructs in this study based on previous research in the hospitality industry. The valuation models for the casual dining restaurant industry and the quick service restaurant industry are compared.
The sample of this study includes 13 casual dining restaurant firms and 12 quick service restaurant firms. Compustat North America is the primary data source for this study. The annual data for casual dining restaurant firms from 1980 to 2011 is collected from this database. There are 238 firm-years in total. Two firm-years are excluded due to systematic missing values, and 15 firm-years are excluded due to missing share price information. Thus, the final count of data points for casual dining restaurant firms usable for analysis purposes is 221. The annual data for quick service restaurant firms from 1980 to 2011 is also collected from the Compustat North America database. There are 251 firm-years in total. Eight firm-years are excluded due to systematic missing values, and 47 firm-years are excluded due to missing share price information. Thus, the final count of data points for quick service restaurant firms usable for analysis purposes is 196.
Pearson correlation and multivariate analyses are performed to answer the four research questions in this study. Two hypotheses are supported while one hypothesis is not supported and one hypothesis remains unanswered due to Multicollinearity issues identified in multiple regression models. The results of this study show that 1) R&D, training, advertising, labor and pension are all important valuation constructs in the hospitality industry, and 2) there are some differences, however, between casual dining restaurant firms and quick service restaurant firms. This study fills the gap in the current literature by providing a quantitative method to value intangible assets in the hospitality industry that uses the valuation constructs identified in previous hospitality research. The practical implications of this study will provide managers in the hospitality industry with helpful insights for strategic decision making, specifically in regards to research and development, advertising and employee compensation.Ph. D.
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Karjalainen, P. (Pasi). "Valuation of intangible assets in different financial environments." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514284403.
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Abstract
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the valuation of intangible assets in different financial environments. Value relevance of intangible investments has been largely recognized by indicating their close relatedness on future operating performance and valuation of firms. The financial environment of the country (market- or bank-based) is also found to be an important determinant of the economic performance of the firm. This thesis combines these two important issues by examining how a country's financial system affect the firm's investments and valuation of intangible assets.
The study consists of four essays and an introductory section. Essay I investigates the firm's investments in human capital in different legal- and financial environments. The results of this study indicate that human capital asset constitutes an essential part of the market value of firms in all our sample countries. The results also suggest that firms make investments in human capital to increase their innovation capabilities and to improve their future benefits.
Essay II investigates the firm's investments in R&D capital in different financial systems. The common result concerning both financial system is that the estimated R&D capital constitutes a great part of the firm's unrecorded goodwill. The main finding of the study is that the effects of the firm's past profitability and growth on its estimated R&D capital are stronger in bank-based than market-based financial systems. This result emphasizes the role of bank-based financing over market-based financing in the efficiency of resource allocation to R&D investments.
Essay III investigates the stock market's response to the firm's R&D investments in different financial systems by taking account of lead-lag structure between the firm's R&D investments and its market value. The main result of the study is that the stock markets' response to current R&D investments varies between different financial systems with regards to the point in time against which the stock market response is examined. This study suggests that information disclosure policies, level of stock-market expectations and attitude towards risk are the most important potential factors that explain the valuation differences of R&D between market- and bank-based financial systems.
Essay IV investigates the effect's of a country's financial system on current R&D investments and the future profitability of the firm. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows: the firm's current R&D investments are more strongly associated with the level of future firm profitability in bank-based than market-based financial system whereas current R&D investments are more strongly associated with the uncertainty of future firm profitability in market-based than bank-based financial system. The findings of this study suggest that differences in the valuation of R&D between market-based and bank-based financial systems mainly depends on the information asymmetry between the firm and its investors.
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ALBUQUERQUE, NELSON RODRIGUES DE. "VALUATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS USING COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE: APPLICATION AT HUMAN CAPITAL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21555@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Esta tese apresenta uma nova metodologia para valoração dinâmica do Capital Intelectual, aplicada ao Capital Humano. Trata-se de oferecer, ao tomador de decisão, uma ferramenta capaz de calcular e comparar o retorno do investimento em ativos intangíveis, como ocorre com outros ativos tangíveis. Através da metodologia proposta, denominada KVA-ACHE, é possível estimar a quantidade potencial de conhecimento humano, utilizado na geração do resultado financeiro da empresa. Essa metodologia também permite medir variações de desempenho nos processos-chave que compõem a cadeia de valor da empresa e o impacto do investimento em educação em um determinado processo. O método KVA-ACHE é composto de cinco módulos, que são executados em três fases. Na primeira fase se avalia a empresa de forma agregada, segundo seu modelo estratégico e, na segunda fase, avalia-se a quantidade de conhecimento potencial e disponível, associado a cada processo-chave. A terceira fase é aplicado o método KVA e obtido o indicador de desempenho ROI. Ao final da sua aplicação, essa metodologia permite: identificar os processos que estão drenando resultado da empresa, através da observação de indicador financeiro adaptado, como o ROIK (Return on Investment on Knowledg), identificar a necessidade individualizada de treinamento para se atingir o máximo de desempenho em um determinado processochave; analisar o impacto percebido em termos percentuais do investimento em educação, realizado em determinado processo-chave; e, finalmente, dar uma visão sobre os recursos de conhecimentos e habilidades disponíveis na equipe de colaboradores, os quais poderão ser aproveitados na avaliação de novos negócios e desafios para empresa. A principal inovação dessa metodologia está no fato de se utilizar a Teoria dos Conjuntos Fuzzy e de Sistemas de Inferência Fuzzy - SIF para transformar conceitos relacionados à disponibilidade e ao uso de conhecimento humano em valores que, dessa forma, permitem a comparação de ativos intangíveis com ativos tangíveis.
This thesis presents a new methodology for dynamic valuation of Intellectual Capital, applied to the Human Capital. It offers, to the decision-maker, a computational tool able to quote and compare the return on investment in intangible assets, as with tangible assets. Through the proposed methodology, called KVAACHE, it is possible to estimate the potential amount of human knowledge, used in generating the company’s financial results. This approach also allows the measurement of variations in performance in the key processes that make up the value chain of the company and the impact of investment in education in a given process. The method KVA-ACHE is composed of five modules, which are executed in three phases. The first phase evaluates the company on an aggregate basis, according to its strategic model, and, in the second phase, the amount of potential and available knowledge, associated with each key process, is evaluated. The third phase applies KVA method. This methodology allows: the identification of the processes that are draining the company’s income by looking at the adapted financial indicators, such as ROIK (Return on Investment on Knowledge); the individualized need for training to achieve maximum performance in a particular key process; the analysis of the impact noticed in terms of percentage of the investment in education, held in a certain key process; and finally, an insight into the resources of knowledge and skills available in the team of collaborators, which may be used in the assessment of new challenges and business to the enterprise. The main innovation of this methodology lies in the use of Fuzzy Set Theory and Fuzzy Inference Systems - FIS to transform concepts related to the availability and use of human knowledge into values, and thus allow the comparison of intangible assets with tangible assets.
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Sandner, Philipp. "The valuation of intangible assets an exploration of patent and trademark portfolios." Wiesbaden Gabler, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996212027/04.
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Lundström, Carl-David, and Emma Wall. "Kundkapitalets roll i företagsvärderingen : En jämförande studie mellan svenska och amerikanska företagsmäklares inställning till kundkapitalet i värderingsprocessen." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30495.
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Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka svenska och amerikanska företagsmäklares inställning till kundkapitalet och dess värderingsmodeller. Studien syftar även till att finna konsekvenser som en explicit redovisning av kundkapitalet skulle ha på företagsvärderingar. Tidigare forskning: Centrala modeller i studien är Customer Lifetime Value, Customer Equity, Customer Profitability och Multi-Period Excess Earnings Model. Tidigare forskning hittas i Edvinsson och Malone (1997), Gupta et al (2004), Villanueva och Hanssens (2007), Wiesel et al., (2006) samt Hofstedes forskning om nationella dimensioner. Metod: Studien använder metodtriangulering. Huvudsaklig primärdata genereras ur webbaserade enkäter som skickas till svenska och amerikanska företagsmäklare. Vidare utförs tre semi-strukturerade intervjuer med representanter från KPMG, Deloitte och UC. Ett chi-tvåtest utformas för att se om det finns ett samband mellan nationalitet och företagsmäklares inställning till att beakta kundkapitalet. Slutsats: 72 procent av de deltagande företagsmäklarna och samtliga intervjupersoner anser att det är viktigt att värdera kundkapitalet. Trots detta är det endast 38 procent av enkätrespondenterna som svarar att de beaktar kundkapitalet vid värdering av kundbaserade företag. En jämförelse mellan nationaliteterna visar att svenska företagsmäklare är mer positiva till de ”nya” kundvärderingsmodellerna, främst Customer Equity och Customer Profitability. De är också mer benägna att använda dessa. Amerikanska företagsmäklare tenderar istället att använda den traditionella Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method.Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate Swedish and American business appraisers’ attitude towards customer capital and its valuation models. This thesis also aims to find consequences that an explicit accounting of customer capital would have on business valuations. Previous Research: Central models in this study are Customer Lifetime Value, Customer Equity, Customer Profitability and Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method. Previous research is found in Edvinsson and Malone (1997), Gupta et al., (2004), Villanueva and Hanssens (2007), Wiesel et al., (2006) and Hofstedes research regarding cultural dimensions. Method: This study uses a triangulation of methods. The main primary data is generated through internet-based questionnaires which was sent to Swedish and American business appraisers. Furthermore, three semi-structured interviews are conducted with representatives from KPMG, Deloitte and UC. A chi-Squared test is made to see if there is any relationship between nationality and business appraisers’ attitude towards taking heed of the customer capital. Conclusion: 72 per cent of the participated business appraisers and all interviewees think that it is important to value customer capital. Despite this, there are only 38 per cent of the survey respondents who say that they account for customer capital when valuing customer-based companies. A comparison between the nationalities show that Swedish business appraisers are more positive towards the “new” customer valuation models such as Customer Equity and Customer Profitability. They are also more inclined to use these. American business appraisers tend to use the more traditional Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method.
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Kang, Helen Hyon Ju Accounting Australian School of Business UNSW. "Reporting intangible assets: voluntary disclosure practices of the top emerging market companies." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Accounting, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31211.
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The purpose of financial reporting is to provide information that is useful for decision making. Recently, however, there has been a systematic decline in the usefulness of such information. Indeed, the current reporting model seems to be no longer sufficient mainly due to the fact that it ignores many of the nonfinancial intangible factors which are increasingly becoming important in determining corporate value and performance. That is, there is a need for the traditional reporting model to be modified or at least broadened to reflect Intangible Assets (IA) in order to enhance the usefulness of information being provided to different stakeholders. In the absence of mandatory reporting requirements, one alternative way of disseminating information regarding IA is to engage in voluntary disclosure practices. It has also been suggested that companies which would benefit the most from such practice are those originating from emerging economies looking to expand into international markets. While there exists an array of empirical studies which have examined the voluntary disclosure practices of corporations from developed economies, less considered are the reporting practices of emerging market companies regarding their IA. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the voluntary disclosure practices of the top 200 emerging market companies regarding the variety, nature and extent of IA and to consider some of the factors that may be associated with the level of such disclosure. Using a disclosure index based on the Value Chain Scoreboard??? (Lev, 2001), narrative sections of the 2002 annual reports of the top 200 emerging market companies are analysed. The findings indicate that emerging market companies engage in voluntary disclosure practices in order to disseminate different varieties of mainly quantitative IA information to their global stakeholders. Further, the variety and the extent of IA disclosure are associated with corporate specific factors such as leverage, adoption of IFRS/US GAAP, industry type, and price to book ratio. Contrary to the existing literature on voluntary disclosure, however, firm size and ownership concentration are not found to be associated with the IA disclosure level. Country specific factors such as the level of risks associated with economic policy and legal system are also found to be significantly associated with the IA voluntary disclosure level.
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Dahmash, Firas Naim. "An examination of the value relevance and bias in the accounting treatment of intangible assets in Australia and the US over the period 1994-2003 using the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) framework." University of Western Australia. Financial Studies Discipline Group, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0145.
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[Truncated abstract] The primary aim of this study was to examine, and compare, the value relevance and any bias associated with the reporting of intangible assets in Australia and the US over the ten-year period 1994 to 2003. The study adopts a disaggregated form of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation model and associated linear information models (LIMs) to allow goodwill and identifiable intangible assets to be separately examined using unbalanced panel regression analysis. The results for the Australian sample suggest that the adaptation of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation model used in this study is particularly useful in examining Australian equity securities. For example, the pooled sample analysis results in an adjusted R2 of 71%, which is consistent with similar US studies by Ahmed, Morton and Schaefer (2000) and Amir, Kirscenheiter and Willard (1997). Further, the results from the disaggregated Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation models suggest that the information presented with respect to intangible assets (both goodwill and identifiable intangible assets) under Australian GAAP is value relevant. However, the results from the valuation models also suggest that (for the average Australian company) the market believes goodwill is reported conservatively and identifiable intangible assets aggressively. ... As noted earlier, the increasing importance of intangible assets in the `new-economy’ suggests that (wherever possible having regard to the measurement difficulties) all intangible assets should be recognised in financial statements to maximise the value relevance of those statements. It should be noted, however, that there was some evidence to suggest that certain Australian companies (that is, those not consistently reporting positive abnormal operating earnings) might be reporting goodwill and/or identifiable intangible assets aggressively and this is an area that standard setters might need to carefully consider in future. I trust that the findings presented in this study will prove helpful to both researchers and those involved with formulating international accounting standards in this particularly difficult area of intangible assets. I also hope the results will help to allay any fears regulators (and others) might have that providing managers with accounting discretion will (necessarily) lead to biased reporting practices; based on the findings of this study for the majority of Australian and US companies, any such fears appear unwarranted.
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Claesson, Johan, Frida Wengbrand, and Sofia Eriksson. "Valuation of Family Businesses : A case study." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-156.
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Bakgrund
Majoriteten av alla svenska företag är familjeföretag. Forskning inom området har inte bedrivits i någon större utsträckning förrän på senare år. Därtill kommer att forskning inom värdering av familjeföretag är närmast obefintlig. Familjeföretag skiljer sig på många sätt från icke-familjeföretag, t.ex. när det gäller kultur, ägande och ledning. Härav finns det anledning att tro att familjeföretag värderas annorlunda än icke-familjeföretag.
Syfte med uppsatsen
Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva hur värdering av familjeföretag går till från ett uppköpande företags synvinkel.
Metod
För att utföra denna uppsats har ett kvalitativt, hermeneutiskt tillvägagångssätt använts för att förstå helheten av fenomenet familjeföretags värdering. Vi har genomfört en fallstudie bestående av tre familjeföretags uppköp gjorda av Företag X som noggrant har studerats.
Slutsats
När ett familjeföretag värderas är det avgörande att ha erfarenhet, branschkännedom, intuition och framför allt kunskap och erfarenhet om familjeföretag. De immateriella tillgångarna i ett familjeföretag, som till exempel rykte, kultur och kunskap bidrar tillsammans med olika värderingsmodeller till ett rättvist värde av familjeföretaget.
Background
The vast majority of all Swedish companies are family businesses. Research within the field of family businesses has not until recent years been developed. Moreover, the research regarding valuation of family businesses is close to non-existing. Family businesses differ in many ways from non-family businesses, for example when it comes to culture, ownership and management. Hence, there is a possibility that family businesses are valuated differently from non-family businesses.
Purpose of this thesis
The purpose with this thesis is to describe how valuation of family businesses is done from the perspective of an acquiring company.
Method
For this thesis a qualitative, hermeneutic approach was applied in order to understand the whole picture of the valuation of the family business phenomenon. A case study approach was carried out by carefully studying three acquisitions of small private family businesses in the service sector made by Company X.
Conclusions
The crucial skills to possess are experience, industry knowledge, intuition and most of all family business knowledge and experience when determining a fair value of a family business. The intangible assets of a family business, for instance reputation, culture and knowledge, together with different valuation methods contribute to the estimation of the value of a family business.
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Guilding, Christopher J. "Valuing and managing brands : an internal accounting perspective : an empirical investigation of attitudes to internal brand valuation and organisational and behavioural implications associated with the way that the internal brand management accounting system is operated." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3842.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with accounting for the brand management function. Two distinct perspectives are taken: the first derives from aspects of organisational and behavioural accounting research, and the second concerns organisational implications of brand valuation. Both perspectives were initially approached by means of exploratory interviews and a literature review. Hypotheses pertaining to the first perspective were analysed via survey data collected in nine strongly-branded, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies. Propositions concerned with the implications of brand valuation were developed and used as the basis for measuring attitudes to brand valuation. A questionnaire concerned with brand valuation attitudes was administered to senior-ranking officials in strongly-branded, FMCG companies. The final methodological phase, for both perspectives, involved a case study conducted in a strongly-branded, FMCG company. Significant findings arising from this study include: 1) Managers who see their company as being short-termist, hold more positive attitudes to brand valuation. 2) Marketing-orientated managers are more favourably disposed to brand valuation than accounting-orientated managers. 3) Organisational benefits arising from brand valuation are more strategically, than operationally, orientated. 4) Brand manager budget participation is significantly negatively-related to job-related tension, and positivelyrelated to trust in superior and attitude to reliance on accounting performance measures. 5) Budget participation is more effective in reducing jobrelated tension in situations of high, compared to low, task uncertainty situations. 6) Reliance on a brand manager's accounting performance is positively related to brand manager performance and motivation, and negatively associated with job-related tension.
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Hůlová, Radka. "Vykazování nehmotných aktiv (srovnání úpravy v ČR s IFRS)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114553.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis focuses on comparing the accounting treatment and reporting of intangible assets in accordance with rules in the CR and IFRS. This thesis is concentrated on finding significant differences. A practical example shows the form of intangible assets in practice a few selected companies from different sectors.
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André, Étienne. "Les actifs incorporels de l'entreprise en difficulté." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3076.
Full textAbstract:
La mutation des économies a transformé les richesses en profondeur en les désincarnant. Ce phénomène s’est traduit par l’accroissement de valeurs sans matière au sein des entreprises et, incidemment, lorsqu’elles éprouvent des difficultés. La notion d’actifs incorporels place la valeur au centre des préoccupations et renvoie à une réalité tant juridique qu’économique. Cette approche révèle leur singularité dans un contexte de défaillance à travers l’observation des opérations d’évaluation et de réalisation. D’une part, l’évaluation des actifs incorporels se montre défectueuse, révélant les carences de la comptabilité française, qui peine à retranscrire la valeur de ces actifs, et plus largement, mettant en exergue les limites des méthodes d’évaluation de ces actifs dans un contexte de difficulté. D’autre part, la réalisation des actifs incorporels est complexifiée par les modes de cession ou des garanties constituées. Ainsi, la singularité des actifs incorporels rend difficile leur maîtrise. Partant, des solutions peuvent être trouvées dans le cadre du droit des entreprises en difficulté. Une grille de lecture des actifs incorporels peut d’ores et déjà s’articuler autour de la valeur et de son interaction avec l’exploitation. Certains actifs incorporels, tels qu’un logiciel ou un fichier-client, sont directement corrélés à l’activité de l’entreprise et ont tendance à se dévaloriser au fur et à mesure des difficultés de celle-ci. D’autres actifs incorporels, tels les créances et les droits sociaux, reposant sur des éléments extérieurs à l’entreprise, ne perdent pas automatiquement leur valeur en présence de difficultés. La division des actifs incorporels peut donc s’opérer entre les actifs incorporels dont la valeur s’établit à l’aune de l’exploitation, et ceux dont la valeur ne lui est pas directement liée. Ces actifs incorporels suscitent par ailleurs une évolution du droit des entreprises en difficulté au niveau des opérations d’évaluation et de réalisation afin d’être mieux appréhendés. La prise en compte de ces évolutions est indispensable. L’importance grandissante des actifs incorporels au sein des entreprises en difficulté, ne doit pas être ignorée au risque sinon de les affaiblir davantage, de décrédibiliser le cadre judiciaire du traitement des entreprises en difficultéThe mutation of the economy has fundamentally transformed wealth by disembodying it. This has led to the increase in intangible wealth within companies and, incidentally, when they experience difficulties. The concept of intangible assets places centers on value and refers to both a legal and economic reality. This approach reveals their exceptional character in a context of default by observing operations related to valuation and transfer. On the one hand, the valuation of intangible assets is defective, revealing the shortcomings of French accounting, which struggles to translate the value of these assets, and more broadly, highlights the limits of the methods used to value these assets in a difficult context. On the other hand, the transfer of intangible assets is made more complex by the methods of sale or guarantees provided. Thus, the exceptional nature of intangible assets makes them difficult to master. However, solutions can be found in law governing companies in financial difficulty. An index for measuring intangible assets can already be based on value and its interaction with business operations. Some intangible assets, such as software or client files, are directly correlated to the company's activity and tend to devalue as the company's difficulties arise. Other intangible assets, such as receivables and social rights, based on elements external to the company, do not automatically lose their value in the event of difficulties. The division of intangible assets can therefore be made between those intangible assets whose value is established based on exploitation, and those whose value is not directly related to it. Consideration of valuation and transfer operations in relation to intangible assets has led to changes in the law governing companies in difficulty. It is essential to take these developments into account. The growing importance of intangible assets within companies in difficulty must not be ignored at the risk of weakening them further and undermining the judicial framework for such companies
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Dani, Mercedesz, and Johanna Sterner. "Management & Valuation of Intangible Assets in Swedish Holding Companies : An integrative model on how Swedish holding companies assess, evaluate and manage their intangible assets to maintain old and create new knowledge within their subsidiaries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36557.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Companies operate in a dynamic and challenging business environment with a constant battle to become and stay competitive and achieve sustainable growth. The business environment has transformed rapidly in the past decade due to major globalization and internationalization processes, which have created a demand for mapping and understanding business value and core competences. Parting from the traditional, the focus within companies and research is shifting from tangible assets to human capital, such as knowledge, as the primary competitive resource. Knowledge is a concept that is both complex and volatile. Knowledge emerges and develops through processes of each individual and also from individuals merging together into groups – making it hard to manage. Sadly, without proper management of such resources and processes, it is competitive advantage cannot be exerted. Nowadays, most companies can be identified as knowledge intensive firms, where competitive advantage is related to the ability to create and apply new knowledge through mergers and acquisitions. For about 3 decades, researchers, governments and companies have been trying to develop methods to evaluate and measure intangible assets, but there is a lack of research on how it is done in reality. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate Swedish holding companies’ approach to working with intangible assets, primarily knowledge; investigating the way it is leveraged and used in the holding structure to create knowledge as a competitive resource across the entire corporation. Method: A qualitative research is used with a sample of 10 Swedish holding companies varying in size, structure and sector in order to test a proposed integrative model formulated on theory. Purposive sampling is used for participant selection based on personal networks. Conclusion: Firstly, we found that the majority of the Swedish holding companies do not have a method for evaluating intangible assets in general. In the event of mergers and acquisitions, on the other hand, human capital is emphasized as a main factor for decision making. From the managerial point of view, there is an elevating need for developing a systematic approach to assess human capital when acquiring new subsidiaries, primarily in order to understand the value and context of knowledge. Secondly, Swedish holding companies have internal structures and work-approaches to identify key persons within the newly acquired subsidiaries and transfer their knowledge to the mother company. Furthermore, they try to maintain and create knowledge by investing on education and leadership, but in general, knowledge management is done subconsciously. Therefore, the general finding of this research is that the concept of knowledge management is in the beginning of its lifetime and there is a clear need to put more managerial emphasis on restructuring processes.
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Dávidová, Lucia. "Ocenenie doménového mena." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114378.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of this work is to evaluate the market value of the Internet domain, Fotečky.cz, at the 1st in January 2012, for the purpose of subsquent selling the domain on the market to the potential buyer. To correct evaluation, method of multi-period excess earnings and method of the license analogy are used.
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Козлов, А. А., and A. A. Kozlov. "Влияние нематериальных активов на результаты деятельности предприятий промышленного комплекса : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/71079.
Full textAbstract:
At the current level of the world and Russian economy development industrial enterprises can get important advantages due to the effective formation and use of intangible resources which have a significant impact on the activities of these enterprises. The purpose of the thesis is to assess the impact of intangible assets on the industrial complex enterprises activities. The information and empirical base of the research was based on legislative acts and regulations governing commercial organizations and enterprises accounting of intangible assets, normative acts, monographic research, periodical materials, international accounting and reporting standards, guidelines, scientific works and publications of foreign and domestic economists, official statistic data of the intangible assets use by commercial organizations, reporting documents of the investigated industrial enterprise. Domestic and foreign literary sources analysis shows the unified approaches absence to the study of the problems of accounting and valuation of industrial enterprises intangible assets. Therefore, in the course of writing the master’s thesis the author’s definition of “intangible assets” was given, the classification of industrial enterprises intangible assets was clarified, and a multifactor model for evaluating the industrial enterprise’s activities results taking into account the influence of various factors including intangible assets considered and not accounted for was developed. This multifactor model which was tested on research enterprise will help to give not only an assessment of the degree of these factors impact, but also allow for a predictive check of changes in the results of the enterprise’s activity under various development scenarios.При современном уровне развития мировой и российской экономики промышленные предприятия могут получить существенные преимущества за счет эффективного формирования и применения нематериальных ресурсов, которые оказывают значительное влияние на деятельность этих предприятий. Целью диссертационной работы является оценка влияния нематериальных активов на результаты деятельности предприятий промышленного комплекса. Информационно-эмпирическая база исследования основывалась на законодательных актах и положениях, регламентирующих коммерческие организации и ведение бухгалтерского учета нематериальных активов предприятиями, нормативных актах, монографических исследованиях, материалах периодической печати, международных стандартах учета и отчетности, методических рекомендациях, научных трудах и публикациях зарубежных и отечественных экономистов, официальных статистических данных об использовании нематериальных активов коммерческими субъектами, отчетных документах исследуемого промышленного предприятия. Анализ отечественных и зарубежных литературных источников показывает отсутствие единых подходов в изучении проблематики учета и оценки нематериальных активов промышленных предприятий. Поэтому в ходе написания магистерской диссертации дано авторское определение «нематериальные активы», уточнена классификация нематериальных активов промышленных предприятий, а также разработана многофакторная модель оценки результатов деятельности промышленного предприятия с учетом влияния различных факторов, в том числе учитываемых и не учитываемых в балансе нематериальных активов. Данная многофакторная модель, которая была апробирована на исследуемом предприятии, поможет дать не только оценку степени воздействия этих факторов, но также позволит провести прогнозную проверку изменения результатов деятельности предприятия при различных сценариях развития.
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Kirsch, Tomáš. "Ocenenie ochranných známok pivovaru Krušovice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262374.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the diploma thesis is to evaluate a portfolio of Krušovice trademarks which is part of a wider trademark portfolio of the Czech beer producer Heineken Česká republika, Ltd. At first, a portfolio of Krušovice trademarks needs to be identified and selected. Secondly, it is essential to carefully choose method for valuation based on the importance and significance of trademark portfolio for the company. Two income methods will be used for valuation of Krušovice trademarks. Consequently, value of all intangible assets of Heineken is determined and the share of Krušovice trademarks on the total intangible assets of Heineken is discussed.
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Fälting, Agnes. "Varumärkesvärdering : En analys av varumärkesvärdering 1960- 2010." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354165.
Full textAbstract:
Brands can be one of the most valuable assets a company holds. These intangible assets are difficult tovalue and brand valuation is today a debated subject. By register or incorporate a trademark you can getsole right to it. This legal protection is a big part of the brand. The purpose of this essay is to analysethe value of a brand in an economical historical perspective with institutional theory and law andeconomics. I will describe how the legal framework for accounting (Bokföringslagen andårsredovisningslagen) and trademarks (varumärkeslagen) changes from 1960 to 2010. By looking atarticles from Nordiskt immateriellt rättsskydd (NIR) about trademarks and brands from 1960 to 2010 Iwill try to analyse how the view of brand valuation changes during these years. My result is that brandsget more and more popular and the value of a brand is more important in 1990 and forward then it wasin the 1960’s. I also find it hard to decide whether brands should be activated in company’s balancesheet because of the uncertainty and subjectivity in brand valuation.
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Miarons, Blanco Meritxell. "Historical cost versus fair value of biological assets: Relevance of accounting information." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667858.
Full textAbstract:
This study develops a bibliometric and empirical analysis of the relevance of accounting information when biological assets are measured at fair value versus at historical cost, using an international sample of firms with biological assets.
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Andersson, Kristina, and Anette Titze. "Immateriella tillgångars värde i två företagsspecifika situationer : konkurs relaterat till företagsförvärv." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-888.
Full textAbstract:
Sammanfattning
Datum: 2008-06-04
Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi
Författare: Kristina Andersson Anette Titze
Enköping Västerås
Handledare: Matti Skoog, universitetslektor
Titel: Immateriella tillgångars värde i två företagsspecifika situationer
konkurs relaterat till företagsförvärv
Problem: Intressenter som verkar kring ett företag måste kunna få en
helhetsuppfattning om dess värde. Redovisningsteoretiker har länge
ansett att immateriella tillgångar bör redovisas i större omfattning i
balansräkningen, både de som kan aktiveras enligt regelverket samt
de osynliga så som personalen. Svårigheten med att värdera dessa
tillgångar är med andra ord ett problem, därav den fortgående
debatten. Därför är det intressant att studera hur tillgångarna behåller
sitt värde i händelse av konkurs, sett i relation till företagsförvärv.
Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att diskutera problematiken kring
värderingen av de immateriella tillgångarna och studera i vilken
utsträckning värdet behålls i förvärvs- respektive konkurssituationer.
Metod: Författarna har använt regelverk, relevant litteratur, samt artiklar
inom området där värderingsproblematik har diskuterats. Vidare har
primärdata samlats in i form av handlingar från företag där konkurs
har avslutats och intervjuer med sakkunniga inom området för att
kunna studera praxis. Studien har således en kvalitativ ansats.
Slutsats: De immateriella tillgångarnas värden påverkas olika då det gäller
huruvida de behåller sitt bokförda värde i händelse av konkurs och
företagsförvärv. I konkurs tenderar denna tillgång att tappa hela sitt
bokförda värde, vilket är viktigt för företagets intressenter att känna
till. Särskilt de intressenter med säkerhet i företagets tillgångar. Vid
företagsförvärv behålls det bokförda värdet och kan till och med öka,
vilket har betydelse för tidigare ägare till företaget då denne erhåller
betalning även för företagets osynliga resurser.
Sökord: Immateriella tillgångar, konkurs, värdering, intressenter
Abstract
Date: 2008-06-04
Level: Bachelor thesis in business administration
Authors: Kristina Andersson Anette Titze
Enköping Västerås
Advisor: Matti Skoog, Lecturer
Title: The value of intangible assets in mergers and bankruptcy situations
Problem: Stakeholders operating on a company must be able to get the full
ramifications of its value. Researchers have long believed that
intangible assets should be reported to a greater extent on the balance
sheet, both those that can be activated under the regulatory
framework and the invisible, for example the company staff. The
difficulty in valuing these assets is a problem, hence the continuing
debate. Therefore, it is interesting to study how the assets will retain
its value in the event of bankruptcy, in relation to acquisitions.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to discuss the problem of valuation of
the intangible assets and to study the extent to which the value is
retained in mergers and bankruptcy situations.
Method: The authors have used the regulatory framework, relevant literature,
and articles in the area where the problem regarding valuation have
been discussed. Furthermore, the raw data collected in the form of
documents from companies in which the bankruptcy has been
completed and interviews with experts in the field to study the
practice. The study therefore has a qualitative approach.
Conclusion: The intangible asset values are affected different in terms of whether
they retain their book value in the event of bankruptcy and
acquisitions. In bankruptcy they tend to lose their book value, which
is important for the company's stakeholders to know. In particular,
those stakeholders with security in the company's assets. At
acquisitions the book value is retained and may even increase, that is
relevant to the former owner of the company when receiving
payment for the company's invisible resources.
Keywords: Intangible assets, bankruptcy, valuation, stakeholders
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Milone, Mario Cesar de Mattos. "Cálculo do valor de ativos intangíveis: uma metodologia alternativa para a mensuração do valor de marcas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-27122005-214349/.
Full textAbstract:
Cada vez mais tem sido evidenciado pela performance das empresas nos mercados financeiros que uma parcela significativa do seu valor não está vinculado aos ativos tangíveis que ela possui. Diversos estudos acadêmicos sugerem que outros ativos são responsáveis por esta geração de valor adicionado nas empresas: os ativos intangíveis. Dentre os vários ativos intangíveis que aportam valor a uma empresa, a marca tem sido destaque em diversos trabalhos. Existem evidências que marcas fortes geram valor adicionado às empresas, sendo a sua mensuração um grande desafio. Diante disso, neste estudo elaborou-se uma metodologia alternativa de mensuração do valor de marcas baseada no método do fluxo de caixa descontado. Para tal, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta denominada Scorecard da Marca que identifica e quantifica a influência que a marca exerce na capacidade de geração de fluxos futuros de uma empresa. A metodologia alternativa foi aplicada a empresas de diferentes segmentos de mercado, a saber: Banco Itaú e Unibanco do setor de Serviços Financeiros e Perdigão e Sadia do setor Alimentício. Ficou demonstrado, pelos resultados obtidos, que a metodologia proposta captou as diferenças entre as empresas analisadas e possibilitou a mensuração do valor específico de cada uma das marcas. Assim, foi possível incorporar, de maneira mais abrangente, o impacto que as marcas agregaram aos resultados financeiros das empresas.The performance of companies in the financial markets for the past few years has led to the conclusion that a very significant portion of their value can not be directly explained by the tangible assets they possess. Recent academic studies have suggested that the value creation in these companies are caused by the intangible assets. Amongst the various different intangible assets that help create value in companies, the brand has been focus of several studies. Empirical evidence have shown that strong brands help create added value for the companies that control them. Additionally, the identification and calculation of the value of brands has posed as a huge challenge. In this context, the main objective of this study was the development of an alternative methodology for brand valuation, based on the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. In order to accomplish this objective, an instrument called Brand Scorecard was developed in order to capture the brands influence in the companies excess cash flow creation. This alternative methodology was applied to four different companies, participating in two distinct market segments. They are: Banco Itaú and Unibanco of the Financial Services segment and Perdigão and Sadia from the Food segment. The results indicate that the proposed methodology was efficient in capturing the main differences among the companies and brands. The methodology was also capable of capturing the value of the brands by identifying and isolating their relationship with the companies excess cash generation capacity.
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Britto, Daniel Pitelli de. "Avaliação de empresas de real estate: um estudo sobre os direcionadores tangíveis e intangíveis de valor." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-29122015-152431/.
Full textAbstract:
Desde a onda de abertura de capital ocorrida com o setor de real estate brasileiro entre 2006 e 2007, a discussão em como identificar por meio de informações disponíveis ao público o valor das empresas que compõem esse importante setor se intensificou tanto entre seus gestores como nos analistas do mercado de capitais. Os modelos tradicionais de avaliação de empresas se mostraram inadequados e necessitam de adaptações para serem utilizados em empresas do setor, bem como a identificação e caracterização dos direcionadores de valor. Esta tese tem como objetivo desenvolver uma rotina de avaliação de empresas de Real Estate e sua relação com os direcionadores de valor, intangíveis ou tangíveis, identificando quais são os ativos que possuem maior influência na geração do valor e o porquê dessa influência, possibilitando aos investidores e analistas avaliar melhor o valor de empresas do setor. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica em conjunto com a análise dos prospectos de abertura de capital e das demonstrações financeiras disponibilizadas ao público, foi proposta uma taxonomia para medir o valor das empresas de real estate em quatro dimensões: capital de propriedade, capital humano, capital de mercado e capital relacional. Em cada dimensão foram mapeados os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que as formam e estes relacionados à geração de valor por meio de indicadores e benchmarks.Since the wave of IPO occurred in the Brazilian real estate sector between 2006 and 2007, the discussion on how to identify by disclosure information the fair value of those companies intensified both among its managers and capital market analysts. Traditional valuation models proved inadequate and require adaptations for use in those companies, as well as the identification and characterization of value drivers. This dissertation aims to develop a routine valuation of Real Estate from the drivers of value, tangible or intangible, identifying which are the assets that have greater influence on the value generation and why this influence, enabling investors and analysts to better assess the value of companies in the sector. After a literature review as well as the analysis of the IPO Prospectus and the financial statements available to the public, taxonomy was proposed to measure the value of the real estate companies in four dimensions: property capital, human capital, market capital and relational capital. In each dimension were identified tangible and intangible assets and these related to value generation through indicators and benchmarks.
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Nyquist, Mattias, and Catarina Wikström. "Värdering och redovisning av varumärken : En studie av företag noterade på OM Stockholms Fondbörs A-lista." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1246.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Accounting of intangible assets have increased during the last years which have created a debate about if trademarks should be accounted as assets with the uncertainty of the value in mind. Valuation and accounting of trademarks are of interest for accountants and investors. These should be able toget information about the assets that are of importance for the company. A solid brand can be of great value for a company, which should be accounted for.
Purpose: The purpose of this master is to examine the function of the brand in the different companies in the study and map the definitions that the different companies have of brands. We also want to describe and investigate how and why companies choose to present its brands and also investigate the reliability of the used methods of valuation. Accomplishment: To fulfil our purpose, the annual reports from the companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange were studied. An inquiry was sent to complement the collected information. For further draught we interviewed a lender and a brand expert.
Result: Companies define a brand from three different perspectives; marketing-, accounting- and legally perspectives. The companies definitions differ depending on which line of business they work. The most important functions of the brand also differ depending on which line of business they work, generally the companies bring out the distinction and the customer loyalty functions of the brand. Six of the 33 companies in the study has valuated their trademarks. These also have chosen to activate the obtained values. The fact that all companies that have valued its trademarks also activate them may have its reason in that they don´t see a relevance in just valuating the trademark for internal use. The methods of valuation the companies have used are the Cash-flow method, the cost- based method of valuation and the market-based method of valuation. In accounting of trademarks the companies bring out the precautionary principle and solely aquired trademarks are activated in accordance to RR15.
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Beard, Jeffrey L. "Theoretical framework for determinants of A/E/C firm value, strategy and continuity: an analysis incorporating corporeal, volitional and knowledge assets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43605.
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This research project endeavors to frame a methodology that can be used to categorize firm value strategies (production logics) and choices of factor inputs (tangible and intangible assets), which are used to fuel production cycles for goods and services outputs. A secondary goal of the research is to attempt to determine what asset group combinations (resources) are combined by various classes of firms to produce sustainable outcomes for the A/E/C firms in the survey.
The National Bureau of Economic Research recently issued a system of national accounts (acknowledging both tangible and intangible assets) that reflects the macro-economy but at the same juncture, lamented the fact that a firm-level micro-economic schema did not exist to mirror the national system. This study makes an effort to redress that void by investigating how such a system of accounts - measured on the input side of the ledger -- could begin to fill in a gap in information and understanding as pointed out by participants in the National Academy of Sciences symposium of 2009 entitled "Intangible Assets: Measuring and Enhancing Their Contribution to Corporate Value and Growth."
In brief, the research represents an effort to make a contribution to a growing body of knowledge about intangible assets by solidifying a framework within which both tangible and intangible assets may be more appropriately conceptualized and more adequately measured for purposes of current and future investigations. The research also provides a methodology for beginning to understand how some design and construction industry firms rely on specific asset categories for operating success, corporate stock value and business continuity. It is conceivable that managers would use a variation of the methodology to better balance ongoing investments in their firm's portfolio of tangible and intangible resources.
The mixed methods used in this research support the following conclusions:
1) In terms of rank order of asset deployment categories by firms, intangible assets appear to have a modest edge over tangible assets for deployment by value shop firms (architecctural and engineering design firms), but these emphases are not consistent among value chain-oriented (construction) firms.
2) Although pronounced differences were expected, there was little evidence of differences in rank order of asset category accumulation and deployment by firms (according to the Delphi panel) regardless of whether the firm was focused on continuity and longevity or (alternatively) short-term profit maximization.
3) Because of their ambidexterity in production logic, the expert panel had difficulty placing EPC (Engineer - Procure - Construct), design-build and integrated services firms in a single Stabell - Fjeldstad value logic category, and a new composite category was posited based on Delphi panel feedback.
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Čechová, Michaela. "Finanční aktiva v účetní závěrce investora v ČR a SRN." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202072.
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The aim of this thesis is the comparison of the accounting systems in the Czech Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany with a focus on financial assets from the investor's perspective. Although both countries being members of the European Union successfully implemented the European Directive no. 2013/34/EU, we can hardly address comparability financial reporting in financial assets. Firstly, the thesis defines the generally accepted accounting principles and legal regulation of accounting procedure on which the accounting system of examined countries are based. Afterwards, each balance sheet position of financial assets will be described. The most important issue of this thesis is the valuation of financial assets, which differs across accounting systems. The practical part contains an analysis of the financial statements of significant companies from both countries, focusing on the balance sheet position and valuation methods. The thesis intent to demonstrate the diametrical differences in the valuation of financial assets, even though they are consistent with the EU legislation.
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Schlüter, Melissa dos Santos. "Estudo da avaliação econômica de ativos intangíveis." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/25781.
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Os negócios evoluem cada vez mais aceleradamente. Essa expansão está representada pela predisposta valoração de ativos intangíveis em função dos ativos físicos. Mas a principal razão para a avaliação dos intangíveis talvez seja a gestão estratégica desses ativos. Tal desafio levou estudiosos a calcular e a mensurar o valor dos diferentes tipos de ativos intangíveis de uma entidade. Com isso, este trabalho passa a questionar-se sobre quais são os principais métodos de avaliação econômica de ativos intangíveis. Para tanto, o objetivo geral é estudar a mensuração dos ativos intangíveis e seu papel no meio empresarial. O estudo do ativo intangível torna-se fundamental dentro do atual cenário econômico mundial, vista a notória diferença entre o patrimônio contábil e o valor de mercado das empresas. A contabilidade vem se aprofundando, nas últimas décadas, no estudo do ativo intangível. Estudiosos, contadores e investidores têm buscado métodos de incorporar e divulgar, nas demonstrações financeiras, os ativos intangíveis das empresas. A pesquisa divide-se em definição de ativos; referencial teórico relativo aos ativos intangíveis e identificação e análise dos principais métodos de mensuração de ativos intangíveis.Business is developing faster and faster these days. This expansion is represented by the predisposed valuation of intangible assets in terms of physical assets. But the main reason for the evaluation of intangible assets may be the strategic management of these assets. This challenge made scholars calculate and measure the value of different types of intangible assets of a company. Consequently, the objective of this work is to pose the question: what are the principal methods of economic valuation of intangible assets? The overall goal of this work is to study the measurement of intangible assets and their role in business. The study of intangible assets becomes crucial in the current global economic scenario, given the striking difference between the equity accounting and the market value of companies. In recent decades, accounting has been gathering strength in the study of intangible assets. Scholars, accountants and investors have sought methods to incorporate and report in the financial statements, the intangible assets of companies. The research has two aims: to define the assets, the theoretical framework related to the intangible assets and to identify and analyze the main methods of measurement of intangible assets.
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Červenková, Iva. "Ocenění souboru ochranných známek." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75202.
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The thesis focuses on the intangible assets, particularly valuation of trademarks. The theoretical part deals with definition of intagible assets and tradenark. In next part is shown legislative issues of trademark and methods of vauation. Practical part includes the valuation of trademarks and application of described methods in a concrete example.
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Říhová, Zuzana. "Účetní a daňové souvislosti u dlouhodobého majetku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72009.
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The aim of my thesis is the issue concerning tangible and intangibe fixed assets. The topic is processed from the perspective of Czech accounting and tax adjustment. The attention is paid to the characteristic and distribution of fixed assets both from accounting and tax perspective. I deal with valuation, technical assessment, tax and accounting depreciation. I focus on disposals of assets and deferred tax. I explain the difference between accounting and tax reporting of fixed assets by way of practical examples of one business company.
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Cunha, Jorge Luiz Vicente da. "Proposição de uma estrutura de indicadores para apoiar a gestão dos ativos intangíveis de capital intelectual em IFES." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/179541.
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A sociedade está cada vez mais competitiva e baseada no conhecimento. Neste sentido, ganha significativa importância o estudo dos ativos intangíveis relacionados ao conhecimento, como pesquisa, inovação, relacionamentos, denominados Capital Intelectual (CI). Nos anos 90 surgem as primeiras experiências no ambiente industrial de identificar e mensurar estes ativos intangíveis, identificados como diferencial competitivo. Na virada do século, as instituições de ensino superior (IES) e centros de pesquisa também passam a perceber a importância da avaliação do CI, uma vez que estes ativos intangíveis são ao mesmo tempo seus principais insumos e também seus resultados. A partir de então, a literatura aponta diversas iniciativas para identificar, mensurar e gerir o CI das IES, entre outras motivações como forma de agregar valor às suas atividades de produção e disseminação do conhecimento. É neste contexto que se insere este trabalho que busca propor uma estrutura de indicadores para apoiar a gestão dos ativos intangíveis de CI das Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) A partir da revisão da literatura foi possível identificar características comuns às iniciativas existentes, em particular às relacionadas ao ambiente acadêmico. Com base nestas características optou-se pela divisão do CI em 3 componentes: humano, organizacional e relacional. Cada um destes componentes foi dividido em diferentes elementos intangíveis, e estes em indicadores. Durante a etapa de construção da proposta de estrutura foi necessário fazer alguns ajustes de forma a alinhar as experiências internacionais com a realidade das IFES brasileiras. Como forma de testar a eficiência da proposta foi realizado um estudo aplicado na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O resultado deste estudo aplicado possibilitou a avaliação da estrutura e dos indicadores, ajustados ao contexto particular da instituição. Além disso, foi possível sugerir algumas formas de análise dos indicadores apurados, bem como identificar o peso de cada um deles no contexto da instituição.Society is increasingly competitive and knowledge-based. In this sense, is gaining importance the study of intangible assets related to knowledge, such as research, innovation, and relationships, called Intellectual Capital (CI). In the 90s, it occur the first experiences in the industrial environment to identify and measure these intangible assets, identified as a competitive differential. At the turn of the century, higher education institutions (HEI) and research centers also come to realize the importance of IC assessment, since these intangible assets are at the same time their main inputs and also their results. Since then, the literature points several initiatives to identify, measure and manage the HEI IC, among other motivations as a way of adding value to its activities of production and dissemination of knowledge. It is in this context that this work is inserted to seeks to propose a structure of indicators for the intangible assets of CI of Brazilian Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES). From the literature review it was possible to identify characteristics common to existing initiatives, in particular those related to the academic environment. Based on these characteristics, we chose to divide the IC into 3 components: human, organizational and relational Each of these components was divided into different intangible elements, and these into indicators. During the construction phase of the structure proposed it was necessary to make some adjustments in order to align the international experiences with the reality of the brazilian IFES. As a way to test the efficiency of the proposal, a study was carried out at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The results of this study allowed the validation of the structure and the indicators, adjusted to the particular context of the institution. In addition, it was possible to suggest some ways of analyzing the identified indicators, as well as to identify the weight of each of them in the context of the institution.
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Chauhan, Lokendra Pratap Singh. "Modelling stock market performance of firms as a function of the quality and quantity of intellectual property owned." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16218.
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This thesis attempts to analyze a part of the big and complex process of how intellectual
property ownership and technological innovation influence the performance of firms and
their revenues. Here I analyze a firm's stock market performance as a function of the
quantity and quality of intellectual property (patents) owned by the firm in context of the
three US high-technology sectors, Pharmaceuticals, Semiconductors and Wireless. In
these sectors, value of a firm is predominantly driven by the technologies which a firm
owns. I use citation based indicators and number of claims to measure the quality of
patents. This research presents empirical evidence for the hypothesis that in high-tech
sectors, companies which generate better quality intellectual property perform better than
average in the stock market. I also posit that firms which are producing better quality
technologies (good R&D) invest more in R&D regardless of their market performance.
Furthermore, though smaller firms get relatively less returns on quality and quantity of
innovation, they tend to invest a bigger fraction of their total assets in R&D when they
are generating high quality patents. Larger firms enjoy the super-additivity effects in
terms of market performance as the same intellectual property gives better returns to
them. In addition, returns to R&D are relatively higher in the pharmaceutical industry
than semiconductor or wireless industries.
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Štelcl, Jakub. "Oceňování majetkové podstaty a věřitelských nároků dlužníka v úpadku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359540.
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This diploma thesis deals with issues of the insolvency proceedings with further focus on methods of valuation of assets and creditor's claims. The thesis defines the basic terms of insolvency law and outlines the insolvency procedure. The following parts describe the basic principles of valuation in accounting and business valuation methods. The practical part deals with the analysis of the specific insolvency proceedings against NERIA a.s., focusing on the assets and its valuation.
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Almásy, Michael. "Accounting and economics: Influence of accounting methods on economic indicators." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72865.
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The way the economic reality is observed is essential in order to determine decision-making of economic subjects. The picture of economic reality drawn by accounting can be said to be either the true and fair, or biased. If the latter is the case, how much does that bias translate into the quality of economic decision-making? In summary, the paper analyzes whether accounting should provide the fair and true view whether it does, and how it affects the economic behavior when it does not on both micro-economic and macro-economic level. The arguments are built up on a logical structure rather taking a broader multidisciplinary approach to answer the previously stated questions.
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Martins, Vinicius Aversari. "Contribuição à avaliação do goodwill: depósitos estáveis, um ativo intangível." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-08032004-170157/.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal demonstrar que parcela da base de depositantes de instituições financeiras que se utilizam de depósitos (a prazo e a vista) como fonte de financiamento das suas atividades, identificada pelos depósitos estáveis, representa um ativo intangível da instituição depositária. Esse ativo intangível decorrente dos depósitos estáveis, quando passível de identificação específica, explica parte do goodwill da instituição depositária, pelo fato do goodwill ser um ativo residual dependente principalmente da avaliação da empresa como um todo. Sendo o valor do goodwill determinado pela diferença entre o fair value da entidade como um todo, como um ativo único em continuidade, e a soma algébrica dos fair values dos ativos líquidos identificáveis dessa entidade, à medida que novos ativos antes não contabilizados são identificados, está-se explicado a natureza do goodwill, assim como está-se auxiliando na sua atribuição de valor. Portanto a identificação de mais um ativo intangível das instituições financeiras implica na identificação de parcelas componentes do goodwill, que englobava esse ativo intangível antes da identificação do ativo intangível, assim como também implica na explicação econômica de parte do goodwill. Para que o objetivo pudesse ser alcançado, comparou-se as características econômicas e contábeis dos ativos, dos ativos intangíveis e do goodwill com as características econômicas e contábeis dos depósitos estáveis, chegando-se à conclusão de que tais depósitos representam um ativo intangível, identificável em separado e passível de registro contábil. O registro contábil desse ativo intangível nas demonstrações contábeis utilizadas para fins de publicação é atualmente possível somente quando a instituição depositária tiver sido objeto de compra por outra entidade. Caso isso não tenha ocorrido, alternativamente pode-se fazer uso do ativo intangível para fins de controle gerencial. O trabalho também apresenta um caso real de avaliação dos depósitos estáveis como forma de corroborar a possibilidade de identificação e avaliação do ativo intangível decorrente desses depósitos.The main objective of the present work is to demonstrate that a part of the depository base of financial institutions that make use of (time and demand) deposits as a source of funding for their activities, which is identified by stable deposits, represents an intangible asset of the depositary institution. When its specific identification is possible, this intangible asset, which results from the stable deposits, explains a part of the goodwill of the depositary institution, considering that goodwill is a residual asset that mainly depends on the valuation of the company as a whole. As the value of goodwill is determined by the difference between the fair value of the entity as a whole, that is, as a unique asset in a going concern, and the algebraic sum of the fair values of the entitys identifiable net assets, to the extent that new assets are identified, which were not recorded before, the nature of goodwill is explained and its value attribution is enhanced. Hence, the identification of another intangible asset in the financial institutions implies the identification of new parts of the goodwill, which incorporated this intangible asset before the identification of the intangible asset, as well as the explanation of the economic nature of goodwill. To achieve this goal, the economic and accounting characteristics of assets, intangible assets and goodwill were compared to the economic and accounting characteristics of the stable deposits, which led to the conclusion that those deposits represent an intangible asset, which can be identified separately and can be registered in the accounting records. The accounting record of this intangible asset in the financial statements, which are used for publication, is only possible nowadays when the depositary institution has been the target of a purchase by another entity. In case this has not happened, the intangible asset can alternatively be used for management control. The present work also presents a real case of stable deposit valuation, so as to corroborate the possibility of identification and valuation of intangibles resulting from the stable deposits.
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Åkerström, Johanna, and Sandra Palmqvist. "Varumärket- vår tids viktigaste tillgång." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17178.
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Varumärket – vår tids viktigaste tillgång. Det är en immateriell tillgång som erbjuder ettexklusivt värde för konsumenten och en möjlighet för företag att utmärka sig från sinakonkurrenter. I genomsnitt upp till 50 % av ett företags balansräkning kan bestå avvarumärket och det beskrivs som lika viktigt som produktens kvalité. Immateriella tillgångarär dock svåra att identifiera och på grund av detta uppstår svårigheter vid erkännande ochkapitalisering. Det saknas även en aktiv marknad för varumärken, vilket försvårarvärderingsprocessen. För att underlätta värderingen har standarder så som IAS 38, IFRS 3 ochISO 10668 framtagits. I dessa finns bland annat definitioner, erkännandekriterier och metoderför beräkning av varumärkets värde.Med detta som utgångspunkt är studiens huvudsyfte att analysera värdering av varumärken ipraktiken. Syftet är också att undersöka hur redovisningsstandarder som ISO 10668, IFRS 3IAS 38 underlättar för professionen vid värdering. För besvara syftet har intervjuer på tre avde största revisionsbyråerna utfösts. Studiens empiri består även av en textanalys av sju olikaföretags årsredovisningar, med syfte att undersöka hur de har värderat sina varumärken.Teorin visar att det finns flera olika värderingsmetoder, där studien presenterar fem av dessa.Resultatet av studien visar att de framtidsorienterade metoderna är de som främst används vidvärdering av varumärken. Relief from royalty är den metod som är vanligast bland deinkomstbaserade tillvägagångssätten. Metoden innebär att man beräknar hur mycket företagettjänar på att äga varumärket istället för att leasa det och få en royaltyavgift, därav namnet,relief from royalty. Det är även möjligt att beräkna värdet med hjälp av förväntade framtidakassaflöden.Slutsatsen i denna studie är bland annat att varumärken utgör en viktig del av företagensbalansräkning, att inte erkänna de skulle ge en felaktig bild av företaget. Även om varumärkeär svårt att definiera och värdera är det bättre att redovisa ett något felaktigt värde än att inteerkänna det alls. Standarderna IAS 38 och IFRS 3 utgör ett ramverk som stödjer ochunderlättar värderingen. Det framkommer dock att ISO 10668 sällan används i praktiken.Metoder som inriktar sig på framtida uppskattade värden är osäkra eftersom de till stor delinnebär bedömningar av händelser som inte har inträffat. Värdering enligt dettatillvägagångssätt ger mer relevanta värden än vid historiska kostnader som bas. Beloppenanses dock brista i tillförlitlighet. För att årsredovisningarna ska kunna vara både relevantaoch tillförlitliga är studiens slutsats att man vid värdering av varumärken bör använda två ellerfler värderingsmetoder. Blir resultatet likvärdigt vid beräkning enligt båda metoder är dettroligt att beloppet är tillförlitligt.Program: Civilekonomprogrammet
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Nascimento, Andrea Farani. "Estudo comparativo entre os indicadores utilizados em modelo de avaliação de atletas de futebol com os métodos contábeis de mensuração de ativos intangíveis." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8971.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroA presente pesquisa objetiva identificar o estado de compatibilidade entre os instrumentos contábeis de mensuração de ativos intangíveis e aqueles utilizados para estabelecer o valor econômico de atletas de futebol. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso único em uma empresa de consultoria que realiza tal avaliação de atleta, com intuito de aprofundar na pesquisa de forma exploratória. As técnicas utilizadas para dar suporte à pesquisa foram análise documental e pesquisa semiestruturada, que contribuíram com os objetivos específicos deste estudo, além da análise bibliográfica. Como resultado de pesquisa pode-se verificar um alinhamento entre os indicadores de avaliação de atletas de futebol utilizados pela empresa objeto desse estudo e aqueles utilizados pelos métodos contábeis para avaliação dos ativos intangíveis com foco no capital humano. Dessa forma, o resultado apresentou a identificação de dez indicadores de alinhamentos, evidenciando uma padronização dos métodos e contribuindo com a redução da subjetividade na forma de avaliar os ativos intangíveis de uma maneira geral.
This research aims to identify the status of compatibility between the financial instruments for the measurement of intangible assets and those used to establish the economic value of soccer players. For this, there was a single case study of a consulting firm that performs such athlete evaluation, aiming to deepen in an exploratory manner research. The techniques used to support research were semi-structured document analysis and research, contributing to the specific objectives of this study, in addition to literature review. As a research result can be seen alignment between soccer players assessment indicators used by the subject company of this study and those used by the accounting methods for the evaluation of intangible assets with a focus on human capital. Thus, the result was the identification of ten indicators alignments, showing a standardization of methods and contributing to the reduction of subjectivity in order to evaluate intangible assets in general.
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Šťastná, Zuzana. "Oceňování značky jako nehmotného majetku firmy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10123.
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Thesis deals with the valuation of a trademark as an intangible property of a firm. In the theoretical part is a treatise on the difference between brand and trademark. There is also explained the importance of brand essence and brand building. It also described the area, benefiting from brand valuation. The selected company is subjected to several analysis and the value of its brand is recognized by the method license analogy.
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Andrýsková, Adéla. "Oceňování v účetnictví a jeho vliv na zdanění." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-360575.
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The goal of the diploma thesis is to describe problems of accounting valuation and issues connected with prices, which are used for income tax purposes within current valid legislation. The thesis decribes basic valuation principles, characterization and valuation methods of some selected section according to the Czech legislation and IFRS. The thesis compares advantages and disadvantages of some valuation methods and valuation base and their influence on taxes. At the end of the thesis is the issue of transfer pricing or accounting valuation in insolvency.
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Blanchet, Pierre-Adrien. "La valorisation du patrimoine immatériel des personnes publiques." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020087.
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Depuis une dizaine d’années, les personnes publiques prennent conscience du potentiel économique que représente leur "patrimoine immatériel". A l’analyse, celui-ci présente une grande diversité dans sa composition et comprend ainsi tout à la fois des éléments non appropriés et des éléments appropriés, qualifiables de "propriétés publiques immatérielles". Les personnes publiques doivent impérativement trouver un équilibre entre différents impératifs dans la valorisation qu’elles opèrent de leur "patrimoine immatériel". Elles doivent en effet pouvoir en tirer de nouvelles ressources financières en les exploitant tout en en assurant une protection adéquate. Les éléments non appropriés du "patrimoine immatériel" font souvent l’objet de régimes juridiques autonomes qui, dans l’ensemble, permettent aux personnes publiques d’en envisager une valorisation équilibrée. Quant aux propriétés publiques immatérielles, la démonstration se concentrera sur les difficultés rencontrées pour les faire bénéficier du régime de la domanialité – qu’elle soit publique ou privée –, puis sur les options envisageables pour mettre un place un régime juridique susceptible d’en assurer une valorisation optimaleOver the past decade, public entities have become aware of the economic potential of their "intangible assets". Upon analysis, such assets are highly diversified and include both irrelevant and relevant items, which can be described as "intangible public properties". It is critical for public entities to achieve a balance between different constraints when promoting their "intangible assets". They must be able to generate new financial resources from such assets by exploiting them while ensuring its adequate protection. Irrelevant elements usually included in the "intangible assets" are often subject to autonomous legal regimes which, taken altogether, allow public entities to contemplate a balanced valuation. As for intangible public properties, the analysis will focus on the challenges faced while incorporating them into the domain regime - whether public or private - and then on the available options to implement a legal regime capable of ensuring an optimal valuation
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Sjoberg, Sandra. "A Social Capital Perspective on Projects: Measuring the Unobservable Using Structural Equation Modeling." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2622.
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Project leadership requires a diverse blend of technical and behavioral skills. Researchers have focused on the technical aspects of project management, leaving a void in understanding the behavioral skills of project leadership. The purpose of this correlational study was to gain insights into the behavioral aspects of projects by understanding the social capital and knowledge integration abilities of project leaders. Nahapiet and Ghoshal's social capital definition and its structural, relational, and cognitive attributes form the basis for the social capital theory constructs used in this study. The focus of the research questions was on the relationship of social capital to knowledge integration and project success. A self-designed survey (α = .925) was used to measure the latent variables of a project leader's social capital and knowledge integration abilities on the observed variable of project success. Survey research, conducted using a sample of project management professionals (N = 108), elicited project members' perceptions on the behavioral aspects of project leaders. Structural equation modeling validated that knowledge integration assists in achieving project success and that 2 types of social capital, structural and relational, have a significant influence on knowledge integration. Structural social capital has a positive effect, and relational social capital has a negative effect. The findings indicated that project management professionals need not only technical skills, but also behavioral skills. Having project leaders with the right blend of competencies will improve project success rates, affecting social change by enabling organizations to achieve greater economic benefits from better understanding the behavioral aspects of project teams.
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Lopes, Jorge Manuel da Cruz Pires. "A problemática fiscal dos preços de transferência e o valor dos intangíveis." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11384.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisA presente dissertação apresenta uma abordagem fiscal à temática dos preços de transferência dos ativos intangíveis, tipificando e caracterizando os principais aspetos em sede de Imposto sobre o Rendimento. É realizado um estudo comparado relativo aos regimes fiscais de patent box adotados por seis países da UE e à proposta de regime do UK, abordando os principais fatores fiscais de cada regime e evidenciando as suas especificidades no âmbito desta temática. Para a determinação dos termos e condições que seriam normalmente estabelecidos em situação de plena concorrência, são analisados os métodos elencados no artigo 63.º do CIRC, bem como outras metodologias de avaliação ás quais é possível recorrer. A oportunidade da criação de regimes de salvaguarda (safe harbour) no domínio dos preços de transferência, poderá constituir uma solução alternativa para Portugal relativamente à avaliação dos ativos intangíveis. Neste contexto é analisada a legislação brasileira como um exemplo da prática de safe harbour.
This paper presents an approach to the issue of tax transfer pricing of intangible assets, typifying and characterizing key aspects of tax based on Income Tax. It is carried out a comparative study on the patent box tax regimes adopted by six EU countries as well as on the proposed UK regime, addressing the main key issues of each tax regime and highlighting their specificities within this theme. For the determination of terms and conditions that would normally be established in a situation of full competition, the methods listed in Article 63.º of CIRC, are analyzed and other valuation methodologies which use can be made. The possibility of creating safeguard regimes in the area of transfer pricing, could be an alternative solution to Portugal concerning the evaluation of intangible assets. In this context, the Brazilian legislation is analyzed as an example of the practice of safe harbour.
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Richieri, Flavio Luiz. "Capital intelectual e a criação de valor nas empresas brasileiras." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2007. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/643.
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Previous issue date: 2007-06-26There are evidences suggesting a growing importance of the intellectual capital (IC) and the intangible assets in the economy. Therefore, it is critical to find ways to measure the companies IC, and to understand the relationship between it and their value generation. The pressure for it, affects not only managers, who have a broad and differentiated access to all the operational aspects of their companies, but specially, investors and other stakeholders that are external to these companies. For the former, the formulation of indexes, capable to measure the stock and the flows of companies IC, based on the financial information available, and the analysis of the association, between these indexes and companies value generation, can bring a completely new perspective, fundamental for supporting their investment decisions in intellectual capital intensive companies. This dissertation makes usage of CIV (Calculated Intangible Value) and ICE (Intellectual Capital Efficiency) to measure IC stock and flows respectively. Through the usage of multivariate regressions and application of static panel data models, the influence of IC indexes on companies value generation is analyzed. The value generation perspective is captured by using: ROE (Returnon-Equity), ROA (Return-on-Assets) and ROS (Return-on-Sales) ratios. The research utilizes a non-probabilistic sample, built with secondary data coming from the Exame magazine Maiores e Melhores annual survey database, which contains 628 observations from 237 companies in the period between years 2000 and 2005. The following question is addressed: What is the relationship between the stock and flow of IC and company s value generation? Results found, suggest the existence of a positive relation between both CIV and ICE and the dependent variables ROE, ROA and ROS. It also shows that IC seems to be a more relevant indicator of value generation than the stock of financial and physical assets.
As evidências apontam para uma participação crescente do capital intelectual e dos ativos intangíveis na economia. Esse fato torna crítico encontrar formas para medir o capital intelectual das empresas e entender a relação deste com a criação de valor das mesmas. Afetando assim, não apenas os gestores, que possuem um acesso diferenciado e abrangente aos diversos aspectos operacionais das empresas, mas principalmente, os investidores e demais partes interessadas externas às empresas. Para os últimos, a construção de índices capazes de medir capital intelectual da empresa, desenvolvidos com base em informações financeiras e contábeis disponíveis, e o estudo da associação desses índices, com a geração de valor das empresas, podem fornecer uma perspectiva nova e fundamental para a análise de investimentos em empresas intensivas em capital intelectual. Esta dissertação faz uso do CIV (Calculated Intangible Value) e do ICE (Intelectual Capital Efficiency), como medidas de estoque e fluxo de capital intelectual respectivamente. Através de tratamento estatístico por regressões multivariadas, e do uso de modelos estáticos de dados em painel (panel data), efetua-se a análise da influência desses índices de capital intelectual, na geração de valor das empresas, aqui medida através dos índices de: ROE (retorno sobre patrimônio líquido); ROA (retorno sobre ativos) e ROS (retorno sobre vendas). O estudo é feito com base numa amostra não probabilística, utilizando dados secundários provenientes da base de dados do anuário Maiores e Melhores da revista Exame e contendo 628 observações relativas a 237 empresas no período entre 2000 e 2005. Responde-se assim à questão: Qual é a relação entre o estoque e o fluxo do capital intelectual e a geração de valor da empresa ? Os resultados da pesquisa mostram a existência de relação positiva em relação ao CIV e ao ICE e as variáveis dependentes ROE, ROA e ROS. Mostram ainda que o capital intelectual parece ser um direcionador mais relevante do que o estoque de ativos físicos e financeiros para a geração de valor das empresas.
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Martins, Leonardo Lehnemann Agostinho. "Um estudo comparativo entre os indicadores de inovação utilizados pelos métodos de scorecard para o cálculo de ativos intangíveis com os utilizados pelos fundos de capital de risco para investimentos em empresas spin-offs acadêmicas incubadas." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9030.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEste trabalho pretende verificar o alinhamento entre os indicadores de inovação utilizados pelos métodos Scorecard de mensuração dos ativos intangíveis e pelas agências governamentais nacionais e internacionais com aqueles utilizados pelos fundos de capital de risco na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, para investimento em empresas spin-offs acadêmicas incubadas. A metodologia constou de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os métodos de mensuração e valoração dos ativos intangíveis, indicadores de inovação propostos por agências governamentais nacionais e internacionais e fundos de capital de risco que atuam na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Além de serem aplicados questionários nas empresas de fundos de capital de risco desta cidade. Foram levantados diversos métodos Scorecards na literatura com seus indicadores, além dos indicadores de inovação de agências governamentais nacionais e internacionais. Adicionando-se a isso, identificou-se o foco de investimento, o processo de seleção, o método utilizado de avaliação de oportunidades de investimento e indicadores relevantes para as empresas de capital de risco da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Observou-se que os ativos intangíveis, entre eles os de inovação, não são avaliados individualmente. A informação obtida com as empresas que receberão investimentos dessas empresas de capital de risco é utilizada para se entender a origem dos fluxos de caixa projetados e os principais fatores de risco. E esses dados aplicados ao método do fluxo de caixa descontado permitem que se estime o valor da empresa. Pela vasta experiência dos gestores dos fundos de capital de risco com micro e pequenas empresas inovadoras, espera-se que o estudo das práticas deste segmento traga importantes reflexões para as discussões relativas aos ativos intangíveis e a inovação.
This work aims to verify the alignment between innovation indicators used by Scorecard methods of measuring intangible assets, and by national and international government agencies with those used by venture capital funds in the city of Rio de Janeiro, for investment in incubated academic spin-offs. The methodology consisted of a literature review on the methods of measurement and valuation of intangible assets, innovation indicators proposed by national and international government agencies and venture capital funds that operate in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In addition to being applied questionnaires in venture capital companies in this city. Many Scorecards methods have been raised in the literature with their indicators, beyond the innovation indicators of national and international government agencies. Adding to this, it identified the focus of investment, the selection process, the method used for evaluating investment opportunities and relevant indicators for companies of venture capital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Final It was observed that intangible assets, including those of innovation, are not evaluated individually. Information obtained from the companies that receive investments of these venture capital companies is used to understand the origin of the projected cash flows and the main risk factors. And these data applied to the discounted cash flow method allows them to estimate the value of the company. For the vast experience of the fund managers of risk capital with innovative micro and small enterprises, it is expected that the study of the practices of this segment brings important insights to discussions relating to intangible assets and innovation.
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Giržadienė, Sigita. "Vertybinių popierių biržoje listinguojamų įmonių intelektinio kapitalo vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_133447-96085.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe išnagrinėta įmonių intelektinio kapitalo vertinimo koncepcija. Pirmoje darbo dalyje teoriniu požiūriu remiantis tiek moksline lietuvių, tiek užsienio autorių literatūra. Analizuojama intelektinio kapitalo, kaip subjekto, koncepcija, struktūra, įmonių intelektinio kapitalo vertinimo metodai. Antroje darbo dalyje aptariamas intelektinio kapitalo vertinimo būtinumas, procesas, metodika. Sukurtas įmonės intelektinio kapitalo vertinimo modelis, pateikiami vertinimo metodai hipotezių tikrinimui: turto grąža (ROA), nuosavo kapitalo grąža (ROE), pridėtinės vertės intelektualusis koeficientas (VAICTM), intelektinio kapitalo efektyvumo koeficientas (ICE), apskaičiuojamoji nematerialioji vertė (CIV), tikrinami koreliaciniai ryšiai tarp rodiklių. Tyrmui atlikti atrinkos 10 OMX Vilnius ir 6 OMX Talinas vertybinių popierių biržose listinguojamos Oficialiojo sąrašo įmonės. Trečioje darbo dalyje atliekamas empirinis tyrimas, pateikiami biržoje listinguojamų įmonių intelektinio kapitalo vertinimo rezultatai 2009 – 2012 metais, intelektinio kapitalo lygio rodiklių koreliaciniai ryšiai tarpusavyje ir su įmonių turto grąžos ROA ir nuosavo kapitalo grąžos ROE finansiniais rodikliais. Gauti vertinimo rezultatai lyginami su OMX Talinas vertybinių popierių biržoje listinguojamų įmonių rezultatais. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir siūlymai sudaryto modelio gerinimui.This Master’s thesis examines the concept of intellectual capital valuation of listed companies. The first part of the thesis analyses the concept of intellectual capital as a subject, its structure and methods of intellectual capital valuation from the theoretical point of view on the basis of scientific literature of both Lithuanian and foreign authors. The second part of the thesis discusses the necessity, process and methodology of intellectual capital valuation. Intellectual capital valuation model of a company is created and valuation methods to test hypotheses are presented: return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), value added intellectual coefficient (VAICTM), intellectual capital efficiency ratio (ICE), calculated intangible value (CIV), correlations between the indicators are examined. 10 companies listed in the Official List of OMX Vilnius and 6 of OMX Tallinn have been selected for the research. The empirical study is carried out in the third part of the thesis, where the results of intellectual capital valuation of listed companies in 2009 – 2012 as well as intercorrelations of the indicators of intellectual capital level and correlations among return on assets ROA and return on equity ROE financial indicators of the companies are presented. The obtained valuation results are compared to the results of companies listed in OMX Tallinn Stock Exchange. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations to improve the formed model are provided at the end of the... [to full text]
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Vláčilová, Lenka. "Účetní a daňové odpisy dlouhodobého hmotného a nehmotného majetku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15368.
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Thesis summarizes globally the issue of the accounting depreciation and the tax depreciation of tangible and intangible fixed assets in the Czech Republic. The different meaning of the accounting depreciation or the tax depreciation for the accounting entity is pointed out, the impact of the selected method of depreciation on the profit/tax base is discussed as well as the following issue of the deferred tax. Additionally, the different interpretation of some area of the accounting depreciation of the International Financial Reporting Standards is compared with the point of view of the Czech legislation. In the area of the tax depreciation the different concept called investment pool used in the economies of other countries is stated. Finally, the intended changes in the accounting legislation and the tax legislation in the following years are mentioned.
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Rosa, Maria Dora de Jesus Duarte da. "A avaliação actuarial na óptica das comissões de acompanhamento dos planos de pensões." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3777.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisThis report describes the six-month internship conducted at the Sociedade Gestora de Fundos de Pensões under the guidance of Fatima Pires de Lima, MD and is divided into three parts: the selection of concepts and other theoretical tools; The evaluation of an actuarially defined benefit pension plan managed by the company where the internship took place, that also allows the validation of programs and assumptions used by the responsible actuary; The creation of a support manual, which will be useful not only to the company where the internship took place, but also to other monitoring committees of pension plans. Initially, the concepts, terms and commonly used actuarial valuation methods crucial to the work of the internship were identified, as well as the actuarial assumptions (specifically the mortality table, salary growth rate and discount rate), the funding level and the techniques used in asset management. The actuarial valuation assumptions used by the ten largest pension funds in Portugal were also directly analysed from actuarial reports, accounts and their respective funding levels. Based on the actual population of a pension plan and following the procedures used by the actuary, the value of past, current and future liabilities and the fair value of the pension plan's assets were determined to prepare the annual actuarial report. The "Implementing the Monitoring Committee of the Pension Plans" report conducted by the Insurance Institute of Portugal, as well as the opinions of committee members, were very important for the identification of the respective committee activities. The report highlights some of the difficulties and constraints that members of monitoring committees of pension plans face while carrying out assigned tasks and lists some examples to demonstrate the need for monitoring. Finally, we present a set of proposals and tools for members of monitoring committees aimed at increasing the efficiency of their work.
O presente relatório descreve o estágio de seis meses realizado na Sociedade Gestora de Fundos de Pensões sob a orientação da Mestre Fátima Pires de Lima, o qual dividiu-se em três partes: seleccionar conceitos e outros instrumentos teóricos relacionados com a avaliação actuarial; avaliar actuarialmente um plano de pensões de beneficio definido, gerido pela sociedade onde decorreu o estágio e, que permita validar os programas e pressupostos utilizados pela actuária responsável; criar um guia de apoio à actividade, que possa ser util não apenas à sociedade onde decorreu o estágio como, a todas as comissões de acompanhamento dos planos de pensões; Inicialmente foi feita uma recolha dos conceitos, termos e métodos de avaliação actuarial mais utilizados, pressupostos actuariais nomeadamente tábua de mortalidade, taxa de crescimento salarial e taxa de desconto, nível de financiamento do fundo e técnicas utilizadas na gestão de activos, indispensáveis ao trabalho de estágio a realizar. Procedeu-se também ao levantamento, directamente dos relatórios actuariais e de contas, dos pressupostos de avaliação actuarial utilizados pelos dez maiores fundos de pensões em Portugal e dos respectivos níveis de financiamento. Finalmente com base numa população real de um plano de pensões determinou-se o valor das responsabilidades passadas, correntes e futuras e o justo valor dos activos do plano, seguindo-se os procedimentos utilizados pela actuaria responsável com vista à elaboração do relatório actuarial anual. No que se refere à actividade das comissões de acompanhamento dos planos de pensões, para a respectiva identificação foi da maior utilidade o estudo "Operacionalização das Comissões de Acompanhamento dos Planos de Pensões" realizado pelo Instituto de Seguros de Portugal bem como opiniões de membros das comissões de acompanhamento. Constatou-se algumas das dificuldades e constrangimentos que enfrentam na execução das tarefas atribuídas e enumera-se alguns exemplos a demonstrar a necessidade de monitorização. Por fim, apresenta-se um conjunto de propostas e instrumentos destinados aos membros das comissões de acompanhamento que visam aumentar a eficácia da sua actividade.
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Wang, Pao-Hsiu, and 王寶琇. "Valuation of Intangible Assets of Taiwanese DRAM Manufacturers: The Application of Capitalized Excess Earnings Method." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67352894496882549702.
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碩士國立交通大學
科技管理學程碩士班
90
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), a member of the memory IC chip, plays a key role in the semiconductor industry. It was reported that the total market sale of IC products was 133 billion dollars in 2002 of which 15.8 billion (11%) was contributed by DRAM alone. In recent years, the DRAM industry suffered greatly from profitability impairment. It is inevitable for one to question the capability of DRAM manufacturing firms in term of their intangible assets. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate issues regarding the value of intangible assets of Taiwanese DRAM manufacturers. The capitalized excess earnings method (CEEM) was used to estimate the value of the intangible assets. Five variables were proposed and tested by Lief Edvinsson to determine the factors that affect the value of intangible assets. Financial data of four domestic DRAM manufacturing firms, Winbond, Nanya, Powerchip and ProMOS over the period from 1997 to 2001 were collected. Regression models were proposed and estimated. The results of our study suggested that there appeared to be inseparable relation between all the independent variables we chosen and the dependent variable in virtue of the adjusted R is equal to 0.83, therefore these five factors we selected had greatly inseparable relation between the valuation of Intangible Assets of Taiwanese DRAM manufacturers.
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Esteves, Adriana Silva Fernandes. "Ativos intangíveis e a valorização empresarial: uma abordagem à avaliação da marca MOBI.E." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/8957.
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ProjetoA evolução do modelo de desenvolvimento económico, no qual os planos do conhecimento e inovação se intersetam com as atividades económicas e empresariais, fez emergir uma nova dinâmica económica em que os ativos intangíveis surgem com um papel preponderante para a competitividade e valor de mercado das empresas. Sendo que estes novos ativos decorrem na sua maioria de investimentos avultados e encerram em si próprios a possibilidade de futuros benefícios económicos, urge a necessidade da sua proteção por direitos de propriedade industrial, a fim de evitar a sua utilização e usufruto por parte de terceiros. Ao nível empresarial, todos os ativos, tangíveis e intangíveis, são geridos dentro de uma estratégia de crescimento económico da empresa, neste sentido e como referia Peter Drucker “If you can’t measure it, you can´t manage it” sendo assim, torna-se crucial a avaliação de ativos intangíveis. Os ativos intangíveis têm um valor social, tecnológico e estratégico intrínseco, contudo o seu valor económico está profundamente dependente de fatores externos de mercado pelo que parte da sua difícil mensuração advém do elevado risco associado ao seu potencial benefício. A metodologia Royalty Relief combina (i) informação de mercado, através da análise de acordos de licenciamento realizados com ativos considerados semelhantes dos quais é retirado o valor da taxa de royalty a aplicar, e (ii) a realidade empresarial da empresa que detém o ativo em avaliação, através das projeções dos resultados operacionais decorrentes da utilização do ativo. De acordo com esta metodologia, aos resultados operacionais é aplica a taxa de royalty determinada anteriormente, encontrando-se assim os royalties anuais poupados e que, depois de atualizados a uma taxa de desconto também ela reflexo dos dados financeiros da empresa, refletem o valor económico do ativo intangível. O conhecimento sobre esta metodologia não é muito abundante em estudos académicos pois dependente do acesso a bases de dados privadas cujo uso mais comum é para fins profissionais. Nesta dissertação implementa-se esta abordagem para o caso da marca MOBI.E, uma iniciativa de mobilidade sustentável.
Contemporary economic modes of development increasingly stress intangible assets as a factor of competitiveness and key variable for estimating companies’ economic value. The appropriation of economic benefits is contingent on the strength of protection and the existence of intellectual property rights. Valuation is therefore essential or, as Peter Drucker put it, “If you can’t measure it, you can´t manage it”. Intangible assets have a variety of values, such as social, technological, strategic and economic value, which make quantification hard. The Royalty Relief methodology combines (i) market information, using licencing agreements on similar assets, and (ii) the forward projection of revenue stemming from the operations based on the asset. According to this approach the value of the asset is set to the total amount of costs that are not paid by the company that actually owns the asset. This methodology is still not well known in academic circles since it depends upon proprietary databases, which are more available for professional purposes. This dissertation implements the approach for a Portuguese innovative venture on sustainable mobility, the MOBI.E case.