Academic literature on the topic 'Valuation of trees and forest land and forest stands'
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Journal articles on the topic "Valuation of trees and forest land and forest stands"
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Kovyazin, V. F., K. P. Vinogradov, A. A. Kitcenko, and Е. А. Vasilyeva. "Airborne Laser Scanning for Clarification of the Valuation Indicators of Forest Stands." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-6-42-54.
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Nowadays the latest non-contact methods and technologies for studying the forest fund are being developed for forest monitoring improvement, forest lands assessment and their cadastral registration. It is the use of airborne laser scanning (ALS) in forest inventory that is designed to solve the challenges forest management facing. Laser scanning is the only method of collecting data on the real surface covered with forest vegetation, which allows to obtain data on the shape, location and reflectivity of the studied forest objects. The result of ALS is a 3D array of laser reflections with a density of up to several dozens of points per 1 m2 and accuracy of determining their coordinates of less than 10 cm in plan and height. Various imported scanning systems are used for surveying. The ALS of the Earth’s vegetation cover is superior to all existing technologies for assessing the quantitative and qualitative parameters of forest stands in a set of characteristics. This method of assessment and inventory of forests has no competitors in the field of monitoring and valuation of forest stands. It also has sufficient accuracy in mapping woody vegetation, up to the tree survey of forested lands. The article proposes a method for determining valuation indicators: species composition, density, stock, height and diameter of forest stands according to the results of ALS in the forest area of the Vsevolozhsk district (Leningrad region). The species composition and density were determined by horizontal projections of tree crowns. The heights of the trees were determined using the Global Mapper software, and their average diameter was found using the diameter and height relationship equations known in forest valuation. The planting stock was calculated using the equations of Dementiev, Dentsin and G. Cuvier. It was found that the results of determining the valuation indicators by means of ALS can be used in forest monitoring along with the data of visual valuation, since the obtained information on the forest stand stays within the limits of permissible errors specified in the forest management instruction.
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Amidi, Juliette, Jean Mikhael Stephan, and Elias Maatouk. "Reforestation for environmental services as valued by local communities: a case study from Lebanon." Forestry Economics Review 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fer-07-2019-0017.
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PurposeLebanon has been subject to important reforestation activities which resulted in the establishment of several cedars, pine and other mixed forest stands on communal lands. These stands are not designated for timber production but rather for nonwood forest products (NWFPs), landscape restoration and for environmental services. The study aims at valuating old reforested sites from the perspective of rural communities neighboring those reforested stands.Design/methodology/approachTo assess the non-timber goods and services provided by these forest ecosystems, 13 reforested sites located in different regions in Lebanon were selected. The socioeconomic assessment was done using questionnaires distributed to locals that have close interactions with the neighboring forests; it included, among others, a double-bonded dichotomous contingent valuation (CV) related to their willingness to pay (WTP) for reforestation and forest management activities.FindingsResults of the goods and services assessment revealed that the forests have multifunctional uses with ecotourism as a major activity in all forest types. The CV showed that 75% of respondents did express a WTP. Most of the respondents did so, thus giving a great importance to intrinsic values of the forests. Lower income did not negatively affect the WTP of respondents but rather age and the educational level did. Other factors such as forest type, forest surface and the biodiversity status of the sites did not have an impact on WTP.Practical implicationsThese results are very informative for governmental policies seeking funds to perform reforestation programs for environmental objectives, involving local communities in co-funding these programs would help insure the sustainable conservation of reforestation sites.Social implicationsDespite their relative low income, poor communities are willing to pay to sustain forests and their ecosystem services.Originality/valueIt is the first time that a CV is used for ecosystem services regenerated from 50–60 years old reforested sites in a semiarid region, where trees are not planted for timber production. It is one of the few examples were lower income did not affect the WTP for forests providing environmental services on communal lands.
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Turusov, Victor, Alexey Chekanyshkin, and Alexandr Lepekhin. "Growth and State of Mixed Stands of Forest Plantations of the Kamennaya Steppe." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 4 (July 21, 2021): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-4-97-106.
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By now, a vast amount of experimental material has been accumulated in the field of protective afforestation of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia, which allows estimating the stability and longevity of various trees and shrubs in different environmental conditions. Good growth and high vitality of woody vegetation largely depend on growing conditions and are determined primarily by the relationship between species (individuals within a species) when they are placed in the forest area and the type of terrain. The researchdifferent combinations in tree and shrub mixing schemes and unequal location by types of terrain. The study was carried out in mature (115–118-year-old) forest strips laid out by the staff of the Kamennaya Steppe experimental forestry G.F. Morozov and N.A. Mikhailov on the territory of the Kamennaya Steppe (Voronezh region, Talovsky district) using archival materials, scientific works of the authors of this article and the employees of the Department of Agroforestry. A comparative analysis of the materials of forest survey work carried out in protective forest plantations created according to the tree-shrub type of mixing on different types of terrain revealed an excess of biometric indicators of tree species growing on the upland type of terrain over those on the slope. It is shown that the initial percentage of participation of English oak is a significant, but not always decisive factor in the creation of oak plantations. They can also be grown with a smaller proportion of this species in the culture, but in this case, timely thinning will be of paramount importance. Over time, there have been significant changes in the composition of plantations, the number of trees and their valuation indicators. There are no viable ash and elm specimens left in the upper tier of the stands. They are severely damaged by stem pests. Certain tree species are damaged by the following pests: common ash by large ash bark beetle (Hylesinus crenatus) and ash bark beetle (Hylesinus fraxini); elm species by cambium-feeding beetles (large elm bark beetle (Scolytus scolytus), European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus), and pygmy elm bark beetle (Scolytus pygmaeus); English oak by gold pit oak splendour beetle (Chrysobothris affinis), oak borer (Agrilus angustulus), longhorn beetle (Plagionotus detritus), and European oak bark beetle (Scolytus intricatus). The predominant number of trees of all tree species belongs to the categories of limited viable and inviable.
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Gribacheva, O. V., and A. I. Chernodubov. "Distribution of English Oak (Quercus robur L.) and Norway Maple (Acer platanoides L.) with Height in a Shelterbelt." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-6-111-119.
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The organizing framework of adaptive landscape agriculture is protective afforestation. The study of the shelterbelt state is necessary for detection of their protective height due to the dramatically changing climatic conditions. The research purpose is to carry out the distribution of trees of English oak (Quercus robur L.) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) with height for the stand structure evaluation, as well as to propose the measures for the condition improvement of English oak. The shelterbelt, the spatial structure of which was studied, is located in the vicinity of the village of Zolotarevka (65 km from the city of Lugansk). Archival data on the creation time and age of the studied forest shelterbelt were not revealed. Shelterbelts in the Lugansk region were created in accordance with the “Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature”, which was designed for 1949–1965. Sampling areas were laid out in accordance with the industrial standard OST 56-69–83. The composition of the shelterbelt, the diameter and average height of the trees were determined based on the results of enumerative valuation. The coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of stands of the studied species were calculated by the standard methods of biometrics. The distribution of Norway maple and English oak trees with height was checked with the normal distribution of trees in the plantation according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. The authors revealed that arithmetic and valuation mean heights of the stands of English oak and Norway maple on two permanent sampling areas differ slightly. It was found that the stand of Norway maple on the first and second sampling areas is characterized by positive right-side symmetry and positive kurtosis. Analyzing the stand condition, it is arguable that the coefficient of skewness of the English Oak stand on both areas is not the same in sign and numerical value: on the first sampling area – leftside negative (As = –2.026) and on the second – right-side positive (As = 0.973). The authors pay particular attention to the fact that the value of the coefficient of kurtosis of the English Oak stands is the highest on the first sampling area – 3.044. On the basis of the Shapiro-Wilk test it is shown that the curve of distribution of the Norway maple stands with height on the first and second sampling areas does not correspond to the normal distribution curve for the plantations. While the curve of distribution of the English Oak stands with height on the second sampling area is close to the indicator of the Shapiro-Wilk test for normal stands and is 0.823 (for p = 0.05, W = 0.842, n = 10).
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Chang, Sun Joseph. "Forest valuation under the generalized Faustmann formula." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 1 (January 2014): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0298.
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This paper attempts to address the question of how the value of the forest, the land, and the standing timber should be determined under the generalized Faustmann formula when the beginning and ending value of the land may be different. First, the formulas to determine the value of the forest and the land under such a situation were derived. These formulas were then used to separate the value of the trees from that of the forest. A comparison of the correctly determined valuations of the land against those obtained through a frequently used approximation method showed that at interest rates commonly used, the approximation method overestimates the land value and underestimates the value of the standing timber. Sensitivity analyses showed that higher future land value tends to affect the value of the land less at the beginning of the rotation and more at the end. Its impact on the value of the standing timber may or may not be affected, depending on whether the optimal harvest age is affected or not. Higher final harvest value and higher interest rate affect both the value of the land and the value of the standing timber throughout the entire rotation. Lastly, higher regeneration at the beginning of the rotation simply re-allocates the forest value between that of the land and that of the standing timber, reducing the former while increasing the latter.
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Michalčík, M. "A contribution to creating groups of trees for forest valuation." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 4 (January 10, 2012): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4557-jfs.
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During the construction of model logging costs for valuation of forest stands, by accident I found out differences between some species included in the groups of tree species. Differences within the groups of species may cause errors in logging costs of some species, for example with hornbeam, all species of linden, all species of rowans and horse chestnut. With the help of simple calculations it was proved that the differences could be very large, that they were more than forty per cent, it means they were significant. On the basis of my further research it is envisaged to increase the number of groups of trees from 13 to 16. The purpose is to give the most accurate background to make up a model of logging costs. In the second step it is expected that the model can provide the results for more or fewer groups of trees more easily if statistical methods are used. But this problem is not a part of this paper.
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Czernyszewicz, Eugenia, Małgorzata Szymańska, Beata Żuraw, and Katarzyna Leziak. "The Effect of Location on the Value of Ornamental Trees Using the Example of a Green Space in Lublin." Real Estate Management and Valuation 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0035.
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Abstract This paper examines and identifies, using a specific example, how the location of trees influences their value. For the valuation of trees outside a forest area, appraisers often employ methods recommended for estimating forest stands, which significantly reduces the value of trees and valued properties. The tree-valuation method developed by SZCZEPANOWSKA et al. (2010) was used in our study. First, we compiled an inventory of trees located on plots intended for expropriation. The study covered all specimens with trunk circumferences of over 25 centimetres, which amounted to a total of 76 trees. We considered the value of the trees in the conditions of the actual location, which means that our calculations included house gardens in the city and the values of the same trees in hypothetical growth conditions: tree stands in rural and urban areas, green spaces in urban and rural areas, housing estates, roads and streets (both urban and rural), and historic areas, health resorts and health-resort protection zones. Our study has shown that the tree valuation method based on differentiating coefficients is a very useful tool for establishing the value of trees in outlying areas.
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Adamowicz, Krzysztof, Magdalena Gwiazdowicz, and Piotr Szczypa. "Applicability of book value to estimate property of Polish forest management units." Folia Forestalia Polonica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2017-0024.
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AbstractAt present, various solutions are proposed for the appraisal of forest land and stands. Recently an important problem concerning business information is connected with the valuation of assets of individual forest districts. In practice, numerous methods are used to estimate the property of enterprises. However, there are no universal methods to estimate the value of an enterprise. One of these practically applicable methods is the book value method (BVM). In view of the above, it was decided to analyse the applicability of this method to valuate the property of forest districts. Based on the conducted case study and the discussion of results, it was found that the original BV method may not be used to appraise the property of forest districts. The primary justification for rejection of this method in the valuation of forest district property results was from the lack of financial balance information on the value of forest land and stands. As a result, the value of a forest district calculated using the BVM is underestimated. A lesser but significant effect on the estimated value of forest districts is also observed for cash flows related with the Forest Fund. In the case of net contributors, the estimated value of forest districts is overestimated and that of net beneficiaries is underestimated.
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Susaeta, Andres, and Chris Demers. "The Optimal Forest Management of an Even-Aged Stand: The Biological Rotation versus the Land Expectation Value." EDIS 2019, no. 6 (December 2, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr424-2019.
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This 4-page fact sheet written by Andres Susaeta and Chris Demers and published by the UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation provides a guide for forest landowners, managers, and stakeholders in conducting a valuation of timber investments. It reviews and provides examples of two different approaches for determining the optimal rotation age of even-aged forest stands. These methods can help forest landowners and managers in making forestry investment decisions. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr424
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Frelich, Lee. "Forest dynamics." F1000Research 5 (February 17, 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7412.1.
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Forest dynamics encompass changes in stand structure, species composition, and species interactions with disturbance and environment over a range of spatial and temporal scales. For convenience, spatial scale is defined as individual tree, neighborhood, stand, and landscape. Whether a given canopy-leveling disturbance will initiate a sequence of development in structure with little change in composition or initiate an episode of succession depends on a match or mismatch, respectively, with traits of the dominant tree species that allow the species to survive disturbance. When these match, certain species-disturbance type combinations lock in a pattern of stand and landscape dynamics that can persist for several generations of trees; thus, dominant tree species regulate, as well as respond to, disturbance. A complex interaction among tree species, neighborhood effects, disturbance type and severity, landform, and soils determines how stands of differing composition form and the mosaic of stands that compose the landscape. Neighborhood effects (e.g., serotinous seed rain, sprouting, shading, leaf-litter chemistry, and leaf-litter physical properties) operate at small spatial extents of the individual tree and its neighbors but play a central role in forest dynamics by contributing to patch formation at stand scales and dynamics of the entire landscape. Dominance by tree species with neutral to negative neighborhood effects leads to unstable landscape dynamics in disturbance-prone regions, wherein most stands are undergoing succession; stability can only occur under very low-severity disturbance regimes. Dominance by species with positive effects leads to stable landscape dynamics wherein only a small proportion of stands undergo succession at any one time. Positive neighborhood effects are common in temperate and boreal zones, whereas negative effects are more common in tropical climates. Landscapes with positive dynamics have alternate categories of dynamics stabilized by high-severity and low-severity disturbance regimes. Contrary to prevailing ecological theory, systems with positive neighborhood effects can have similar levels of compositional stability across tree, stand, and landscape scales. Neighborhood effect theory can help explain responses of landscapes to large-scale land clearing and novel effects brought on by factors such as invasive species and deer overabundance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Valuation of trees and forest land and forest stands"
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Rumanová, Jana. "Oceňování lesa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-367506.
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The aim of the thesis was to explore current approaches used for valuation according to the valuation regulation. The next aim was to choose appropriate method for finding usual price and compare it with the price assessed determined by administrative methods according to Valuation Decree. Comperative method was the chosen method. There are six forest properties from The Czech Republic evaluated in the practical part of the study. The conclusion of the thesis summarizes detected information from the area of valuation of forest.
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Pavlák, Jakub. "Přehled a vyhodnocení dostupných databází při oceňování trvalých porostů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232516.
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The subject of this master´s thesis is evaluation availability databases sources used in forensic engineering of forest management. Theoretical part describes basic terms about forests, forest management and available databases sources. Practical part deals with describing of this databases and make methods, how can we get useful information.
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Introvičová, Sabina. "Standardizace využití dálkového průzkumu Země pro potřeby Forenzní ekotechniky: les a dřeviny." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234414.
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The thesis presents the main points of standardization of remote sensing (RS) usage for Forensic Ecotechnique: forest and trees (FEft). Based on the study FEft expertise database, the types of expertise, which remote sensing data have already been used and the types where the use of remote sensing increases the exactness of solutions were analyzed. RS data are essential in a problematic situation when an examined object does not exist or has been changed at the time of the assignment. This situation may be solved by obtaining information about the investigated object via retrospective image data, as described in the model example. There are chosen categories of image data relevant to the needs of experts in this thesis. These categories of RS data and their products are described with an indication of their possible use in the expertise processing, including freely available or paid resources and archives of image data.
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Maas, Bea. "Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E77-5.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Valuation of trees and forest land and forest stands"
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Zhu, Ninghua, Hai Shang, Liling Liu, Xiaowei Yang, Fei Liu, and Shuangshuang Chen. "Afforestation in Karst Area." In Silviculture. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95294.
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In order to study the afforestation technology in rocky desertification area and provide guidance for the cultivation and management of artificial forest in the later stage, an experimental study was carried out on the artificial forest in National long term scientific research base for comprehensive control of rocky desertification in Wuling Mountain, Western Hunan Province. The experiences of afforestation, land preparation and forest management in this area were summarized. The result show that: 1. Through appropriate afforestation land preparation and forest management measures, the forest in rocky desertification area can be successfully restored. 2. Vegetation restoration in rocky desertification area has formed relatively healthy and stable multi tree species and multi-level forest communities. 3. The biological yield of each afforestation tree species was significantly different with different tree species. 4. The diversity index and evenness index of undergrowth plants in different stands were significantly different. 5. Young trees of dominant species dominated the undergrowth vegetation of different stands, and the natural regeneration of each stand has been stabilized. 6. There are some differences in soil chemical properties under different stands. There were significant differences in SOM, TN, NO3-N, NH4-N and AP contents in the soil of the eight stands.
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Hart, Richard H. "Land-Use History on the Shortgrass Steppe." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0008.
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As described in chapter 1 of this volume, the grasslands of central North America began to expand at the end of the Wisconsin period (about 10,000 years BP), and continued their expansion through the warming trend that persisted until about 3000 years BP, occupying their maximum territory at that time (Dix, 1964). Currently, the region still supports trees on escarpments, along streams, and at other sites protected from fire, but centuries ago, fires caused by lightning or kindled by Native Americans may have eliminated relict stands of forest and savanna on the open plains. Large browsers and grazers also may have played a part in eliminating trees as well as grasses sensitive to grazing pressure (Axelrod, 1985). Throughout millennia, bison in particular were likely to have shaped the plant communities of the shortgrass steppe, and thus were an essential component of the system (Larson, 1940). Bison appeared as early as 300,000 years BP; bison, mammoths, mastodons, camels, horses, and other grazers were numerous by 20,000 years BP. Humans arrived in North America perhaps as early as 60,000 years BP, but certainly by 15,000 years ago. Fires and bison may have achieved maximum impact as recently as the past 500 years (Axelrod, 1985; Looman, 1977). The roles of climate, fire, and grazing in the development of North American grasslands have been examined by Ellison (1960), Coupland (1979), Dyer et al. (1982), Anderson (1982), and Tetlyanova et al. (1990). The earliest known human sites on the shortgrass steppe date to about 13,000 years BP (Wedel, 1 979) and a re f ound i n the vicinity o f fossil g lacial l akes. The population of these mammoth hunters was apparently sparse and scattered. Soon after 11,000 years BP, many of the large mammalian species such as the mammoth, native horse, camel, and ground sloth vanished, and the hunters turned to bison. Bone beds representing mass kills of bison have been found below buffalo jumps (Fig. 4.1) and even in the remains of wood or stone corrals, but single kills must have been much more common.
Conference papers on the topic "Valuation of trees and forest land and forest stands"
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Petelko, A. I. "Selection of the assortment of trees for protective forest plantations." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-40.
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Reclamation of land on community land funds and the hydrographic network contributes to the most effective means of protecting the soil from water erosion. However, the condition, growth, and productivity of the protective forest stands themselves depend on the species composition. Many years of studies have clearly shown that not all tree species and shrubs can successfully grow on washed soils. Extensive scientific material provides a description of the growth and current status of the studied species, a detailed taxation description of the forest plantations. Of particular value are those species that can grow on eroded lands and protect the soil from erosion.
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Popova, Elena, and A. Koukhta. "THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF PINE FOREST DEGRADATION UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF MOISTURE AND THE NATURE OF PRECIPITATION IN KERZHENSKY RESERVE." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1703.978-5-317-06490-7/175-180.
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The relationship between the degree of moisture content of the territory and the nature of precipitation with linear growth of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was investigated on the area of the Kerzhensky Reserve located in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The main positive effect on the linear growth of Scots pine was exerted by heavy convective showers in the spring and early summer period, when the most intensive growth of trees was observed, with the exception of swampy biotopes, where the plants experienced water stress. The same negative impact on the linear growth of Scots pine was exerted by stratiform precipitation in all studied biotopes. Thus, an increase in the moisture content of the territory caused by the observed climatic changes will be positive only for pine stands of dry biotopes and can lead to degradation of moist and fresh pine forest ecosystems, especially with an increase in the amount of stratiform atmospheric precipitation.
Reports on the topic "Valuation of trees and forest land and forest stands"
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.
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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.