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1
McParland, Clare, Alastair Adair, and Stanley McGreal. "Valuation standards." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 20, no. 2 (April 2002): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780210420025.
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Czaplińska, Mirosława, Małgorzata Rymarzak, and Dariusz Trojanowski. "Fuel Station Valuation under Polish and RICS Standards." Real Estate Management and Valuation 25, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0010.
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Abstract In the last few years, there has been a visible change in the structure of the fuel station market in both Poland and the United Kingdom. The changes taking place both in the fuel station market structure and the management forms of fuel stations, along with the increasing significance of convenience goods sales, result in the necessity of verifying the existing Polish valuation standards of the income approach. Moreover, there is an urgent need to develop specific fuel station valuation guidelines. Fuel station valuation requires both the specific approach and profits method adjustment to be able to account for the specificity of the valuation. The universal character of property valuation in Poland cannot result in ignoring the specificity of fuel station valuation and the market where it operates. Property valuers undertaking valuations of this type of facilities must be familiar with the rules operating on the fuel station market. This paper focuses on the comparison analysis of the fuel station market structure in Poland and the United Kingdom along with the specificity of the way fuel stations operate. Its emphasis is on the comparison analysis of fuel station valuation methods under Polish and RICS standards in order to show their similarities and differences. The aim of the paper is to present the methods of fuel station valuation in Poland and the United Kingdom, though mainly to show the areas of changes in the Polish valuation standards with regards to the profits method under the income approach that would take into account the specificity of fuel stations and their market.
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Wise, Richard M. "Canada's Business Valuation Standards." Business Valuation Review 21, no. 4 (December 2002): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5791/0882-2875-21.4.194.
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French, Nick, and Laura Gabrielli. "Pricing to market." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 36, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-05-2018-0033.
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Purpose Since the global financial economic crisis hit the world markets in 2007/2008, the role of property valuation has been under greater and greater scrutiny. The process of valuation and its quality assurance has been addressed by the higher prominence of the International Valuation Standards Council (IVSC). This is a significant initiative worldwide. However, there has been little written on the appropriate use of valuation approaches and methods in market valuations. There is now a hierarchy of valuation definitions. In order, there are valuation approaches, valuation methods and, as a subset of the methods, techniques or models. The purpose of this paper is to look at the importance of identifying the appropriate approach to be adopted in market valuations and the methods, techniques and models that should be applied to determine market value. Design/methodology/approach This practice briefing is an overview of the valuation approaches, methods and models available to the valuer and comments on the appropriateness of valuation each in assessing market value. Findings This paper reviews the IVSC-recognised approaches and prompts the valuer to be careful with the semantics involved so that they are better placed to provide an unambiguous service to their clients. Practical implications The role of the valuer in practice is to identify the appropriate approach for the valuation of the subject property, choose the right method and then apply the correct mathematical model for the valuation task in hand. Originality/value This provides guidance on how valuations can be presented to the client in accordance with the International Valuation Standards.
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Szymański, Piotr. "Standards of value in business valuation." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse, Rynki Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia 2015, no. 74/1 (September 30, 2015): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2015.74/1-26.
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Komar, Irina. "Features of determining the market value of retail real estate and individual trade related properties during pre-trial evaluation and forensic examination." Real estate: economics, management, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2073-8412-2021-1-20-24.
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The present article deals with the specifics of valuation of retail property and individual trade related properties on the basis of the international experience and as recommended by International Valuation Standards and RICS (The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (Great Britain)) valuation standards (Red Book). The present article is justified as currently Russia lacks a standard, uniform for the valuers or legal experts, to be used for the purposes of valuation of similar subjects. At the same time, methodical literature is insufficient while there are numerous property disputes that call for pre-court valuations and expert evidence of valuation of such subjects, including numerous litigations arising out of bankruptcy or establishing cadaster value to the amount of market value. The author reviews the existing approaches to valuation of real estate in accordance with both the international and national standards and awards professional recommendations pertaining to the use of the income approach to value retail real properties and individual trade related properties. The definitions and metrics of the above real properties’ groups are described separately. Also, the author provides guidelines for inquiry of the documents and information necessary for the acquisition of the data to be used in the course of valuation and expert evidence. All pricing factors are described in detail in the present article against the examples of retail real properties and individual trade related properties (say, hotel) and explanation of their effect on the market value in case the income approach is applied is provided.
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Shapoval, T. V. "Legal nature of the ivsc international standards." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.30.
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The article is focused on legal nature of International Valuation Standards Committee (renamed to International Valuation Standards Council in 2008) and implementation of its valuation standards by states and international organizations. The paper concentrates on legal gaps regarding the application aspects of property value calculations in international law. Treaties do not provide substantial determinacy, include no instruction or the appropriate methodology on numerous calculation issues and typically set forth only basic standard of valuation such as standard of fair market value of property for the calculation of compensation. It shows that lack of standards for determining awards of compensation creates a source of uncertainty for protection in international public law. The issue discusses a framework where international valuation standards of international non-governmental organizations are given legal weight and serve as guidelines for the calculation of awards. After establishing the legal basis for an award, tribunals use their impression of valuation best practices as well as discretion to conduct the analysis. The result depends on the assumptions and philosophy of the adjudicating tribunal. It is emphasized that international arbitration practice in measures of compensation should be based on principles of fairness and reasonableness.
Part of the issue is based on Directive of European Union with provisions that valuation standards of states should take into account internationally recognised valuation standards, in particular those developed by the International Valuation Standards Committee, the European Group of Valuers’ Associations or the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Member states of European Union admitted valuation standards of international non-governmental organizations as reliable standards for the credit purposes after the financial crisis, which has shown that irresponsible behaviour by market participants can undermine the foundations of the financial system leading to potentially severe social and economic consequences.
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Szczepankiewicz, Elżbieta Izabela. "Global unification of Business Valuation Standards." Management 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2013-0062.
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Abstract Global unification of Business Valuation Standards The paper analyzes the most important standards in the word that can be helpful in building a uniform Polish Business Valuation Standards. The article presents also structure and scope of Standards. The paper also analyzes Polish regulations related to business valuation, and assesses the degree of their convergence with leading standards in the word. The paper also analyzes Polish regulations related to business valuation, and assesses the degree of their convergence with leading global standards. Research method adopted in the study is to analyze the most important standards in the word and inference.
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Senechal, T. J. "Valuation for Arbitration: Compensation Standards, Valuation Methods and Expert Evidence." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 1, no. 3 (October 24, 2008): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwn015.
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Ogilvy, Sue, and Michael Vail. "Standards-compliant accounting valuations of ecosystems." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 9, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-07-2017-0073.
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Purpose There is a great deal of interest in ecosystem or natural capital accounting and in methods to estimate monetary valuations of ecosystems. This paper aims to explore methods that may assist agricultural (livestock grazing) enterprises to estimate the monetary value of the productive capacity of the ecosystems they use. Such estimations are expected to provide a more complete set of information about the performance of pastoral operations and may assist them to assure ecological and economic sustainability. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies five different methods for valuation of the productive ecosystems used in extensive agricultural (grazing) systems. The methods apply different approaches to valuation described in the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) and Australian Accounting Standards (AASs). To do this, the paper uses financial information drawn from the long-term performance of an economically and environmentally sustainable pastoral enterprise. Findings SEEA- and AAS-compliant methods to measure the value in use of provisioning ecosystems are practical and useful. The estimations contribute to a reasonable range of fair values required by AASs and improve the availability of information that would be useful in improving the performance of the operation and compare it to reasonable alternate management strategies. Research limitations/implications The SEEA is an international standard and AASs are closely aligned to the International Accounting Standards, so the methods described in this paper are likely to be generalisable to enterprises grazing low-rainfall rangelands in other countries. However, their ability to appropriately accommodate the extensive modifications to ecosystems caused by cultivation and fertilisation needs to be tested before they are applied to grazing operations in high-rainfall areas or other forms of agriculture such as cropping or horticulture. Practical implications The availability of standards-compliant methods for ecosystem valuation means that companies who wish to include ecosystems on a voluntary and informal basis as sub-classes of land in their general purpose financial reports may be able to do so. If these methods are SEEA-compliant, they could be combined with information about the ecosystem type, extent and condition to produce a set of national ecosystem accounts so that the contribution of ecosystems to the economy can be estimated. Social implications Many of the enterprises that rely on extensive agricultural ecosystems are unable to generate sufficient financial returns to cover their obligations to owners and creditors. The ability to determine the monetary value of the annual inputs provided by the ecosystems may assist landowners and citizens to detect and avoid depletion of their economic and ecological resources. Originality/value This paper applies an explicit interpretation of AAS and draws from valuation methods recommended in the SEEA to demonstrate that current accounting standards (national and corporate) provide a strong foundation for the valuation of the ecosystems used as economically significant factors of production.
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French, Nick. "The RICS valuation and appraisal standards." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 21, no. 6 (December 2003): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780310508649.
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Schläpfer, Felix. "Inadequate Standards in the Valuation of Public Goods and Ecosystem Services: Why Economists, Environmental Scientists and Policymakers Should Care." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010393.
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Surveys of stated willingness to pay (WTP) are increasingly used to assess the value of public goods and ecosystem services. However, the currently dominant survey protocols and practices are inadequate. This is most evident from robust findings that the valuations are heavily influenced by the response options or response scales used in the valuation questions. The widely accepted survey guidelines do not require the validity tests and reporting standards that would be needed to make the uncertainty of the results transparent. The increasing use of inadequate survey results by policymakers threatens to undermine trust in environmental valuation, environmental policies, and political institutions. The objective of this paper is to explain the relevant issues and the available alternatives in survey-based valuation to a wider audience of non-specialized economists, environmental scientists, and policymakers.
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Yakubovsky, V. "EUROPEAN VALUATION STANDARDS EVS–2016 AND THEIR INTERRELATION WITH EU LEGISLATION." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 134 (2018): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2018.134.0.77-89.
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The article is devoted to analysis of new edition of European Valuation Standards EVS–2016 and the interrelation with European Legislative and Normative basis. Reviewed are structure and content of so called “Blue Book” of EVS–2016 standards issued by The European Group of Valuer’s Associations (TEGoVA) which are enforced from 01 June 2016. Underlined is the fact that these standards are highly structured and include not only five basic valuation standards but also some sets of supporting documents such as Guidance Notes and Technical Documents. Close interrelation of TEGoVA’s standards with European legislation is demonstrated and analyzed as one of the important and specific their peculiarity in comparison with other international valuation standards. This is specially marked by the fact that standards itself are already included into several European Directives and Regulation of mandatory character. This remarkably increase role and significance of EVS–2016 standards both for international and domestic valuation practice and should be closely considered during process of actualization of national property valuation standards.
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Krabec, Tomáš. "Asset Valuation Standards: A Functional-Institutional Approach." Prague Economic Papers 23, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.511.
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Eriksson, Clare, Alastair Adair, Stanley McGreal, and James Webb. "Harmonization of Investment Valuation Standards in Europe." Journal of Real Estate Literature 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2005.12090149.
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Effiong, James Bassey. "A Comparative Study of Valuation Variance and Accuracy between Nigeria and UK." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 57 (August 2015): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.57.94.
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The study compared the level of valuation variance and inaccuracy between Nigeria and UK. In order to achieve the aim for the study, a survey method was employed using questionnaire administered on respondent estate surveyors and valuers in Calabar and Uyo metropolises. The study surveyed valuers opinions on the existence of valuation variance and inaccuracy, the possible causes and the margin of valuation error and data collected through questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics to find the mean score, standard deviation and percentages. The findings from the study show that valuation variance and inaccuracy is high in Nigeria as compared to UK. The possible causes include lack of standards, lack of market data/comparables, lack of regulatory framework, methods/bases of valuation adopted, client’s influence, inadequate training of valuers, imperfect knowledge of the property market, wrong assumptions on cost per square metre, lack of professional experience as well as failure to discipline valuers on cases of negligence with lack of standards ranked first with the highest frequency and mean score. The study concluded by recommending the creation of a central property database, adopting/enforcement of international valuation standards, enforcement of disciplinary measures for erring members on negligence and a defined acceptable margin of valuation error.
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Beryoza, A. O. "Valuation of Biological Assets at Fair Value." World of new economy 13, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-3-59-70.
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Today the globalisation of the world market leads to the necessity of constructive interaction in the international market and forming common standards of accounting. Transnational corporations as a phenomenon of worldwide integration are businesses with units in different countries of the world. Special issues of information support of management in agricultural organisations have become very important in the conditions of the market economy. Clear and transparent accounting in such enterprises requires the existence of common international standards. Such standards could become International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). They are designed to provide an understanding of financial processes in different countries for the interaction between investors and potential investment projects located in different national accounting systems. The standard “Agriculture” has great importance for the Russian Federation. Agriculture is one of the leading sectors of our country, supplying products for both domestic and foreign market. Accordingly, the adoption of this standard and the implementation of its provisions is an important and urgent issue of today’s economic reality. Introduction of this standard leads to the formation of fundamentally new methodological bases of the accounting of agricultural activities based on the market value of assets because paragraphs 12–13 of this Standard states that during the initial and subsequent valuation of biological assets will be measured at their fair value fewer costs to selling. Thus, the need to allocate biological assets in the separate account-economic category, their reflection in the accounting at fair value by the provisions of IAS 41 has determined the relevance of the topic, goal, objectives and logic of the article.
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Crosby, Neil, John Murdoch, and Anthony Lavers. "Expert valuation witnesses in the UK – problems and solutions." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 20, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 316–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780210435038.
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This paper addresses the performance, training and organisation of expert valuation witnesses in the UK. Previous research, based on analysis of professional negligence cases in the UK courts, had found that expert valuation witnesses do not always perform rationally, for example informing courts that valuations can be undertaken within acceptable tolerances of valuation accuracy, while giving expert evidence that differed by more than these tolerances. There was evidence that, while well aware of their overriding duty to the court or tribunal, expert witnesses were frequently producing client‐biased valuations. Such findings provoked questions as to whether standards would be improved by two recently proposed alterations to current practice: either the introduction of a system of compulsory training and accreditation for such witnesses, or a change from the process by which expert valuation evidence is normally presented (one expert witness for each party to a dispute) to the use of a single expert, appointed either by the parties jointly or by the court. A case analysis is performed and conclusions discussed.
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Sedláček, J. "The methods of valuation in agricultural accounting." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 2 (February 25, 2010): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1487-agricecon.
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This paper deals with the valuation of the biological assets and agricultural production. There are analyzed two approaches: Czech and international. The International Accounting Standards are emulative of more authentic presentment of economic processes in agricultural activities than Czech accounting legislation. From the comparison the both approaches accrued some differences, which can influent the financial statements of enterprises. The causation of main difference appears an application of fair value, which is prescribed for biological assets and agricultural production in international accounting standards. In international accounting standards is preferred principle of fair and true view, while in Czech accounting is preferred prudence principle.
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Heiden, Bowman. "Valuing Standard Essential Patents in the Knowledge Economy." International Journal of Standardization Research 13, no. 1 (January 2015): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.2015010102.
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This paper comparatively examined the valuation methodologies put forward and accepted in four recent FRAND cases adjudicated in the US in 2013-14 and found a link to the business models (i.e. value logics) employed by the actors and the type of standards involved. This indicates that the value of standard essential patents (SEPs) may be dependent on the market structure under which standards are developed. Additionally, valuation models based on prior license agreements seem to currently produce higher valuations of SEPs, everything else equal. However, a lack of agreement by the different courts regarding similar valuation methods indicates the value of SEPs still lacks consensus on both legal and economic grounds, especially in relation to new knowledge-based business models and norms. This suggests that policy makers (both within SSOs and government) should take pause in further defining IPR policies and adopting new patent regulations without a deeper understanding of the potential impact to both dynamic and static economic efficiency in respect to an emerging new division of innovation labor and knowledge-based business models. This is particularly relevant as the studied cases confirm that lack of empirical evidence that perceived problems such as patent holdup and royalty stacking are more than a merely contractual/transactional phenomenon that can't well be addressed on a case-by-case basis by the courts.
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Svoboda, P. "Valuation of tangible fixed assets pursuant to the Czech accounting law and international accounting standards." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 10 (January 7, 2008): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/927-agricecon.
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The valuation of assets is a relatively challenging activity as well as a scientific discipline having an impact on the amount of the reported assets and economic result process. The report deals with the issue of valuation of the tangible fixed assets in the accounting entities compiling the financial statements pursuant to the Czech national legislation and in conformity with the requirements of the International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP. The substantial differences in the definitions and valuation of the tangible fixed assets in these systems have been determined, indicating the impact on the economy of the accounting entity, both at the primary acquisition and as at the day of the closing of books. Attention has also been paid to the possibilities of recording the value decreases and to subsequent expenses. The analysis of legal regulations was completed with the analysis of the financial statements from selected economic entities. As per the international standards, the main difference consists in the possibility of component depreciation of tangible assets or, on the other hand, the possibility of group depreciation, in the differences in valuation in the event of acquisition paid for and of acquisition by one’s own production and in the possibility to consider the costs of disposal of assets. The subsequent expenses are also construed in a different manner: as per the Czech regulation, they are construed as repairs and maintenance. The substantial difference in comparison with the Czech regulation consists in the possibility of re-valuation of assets upwards as well as the method of actual value determination.
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Ryska, J., and A. Valder. "Fair value in financial accounting." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 11 (March 2, 2012): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5442-agricecon.
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By progression of the expanding use of the International Accounting Standards, fair value is being pushed ahead instead of standard historical costs. The extension of the International Accounting Standards for financial instruments and long-term assets leads to the publishing of real net income of the enterprise. The necessity to express the fair values of assets for accountancy places specialists of this profession in a new position of professionals having a common language with investors. This trend started deepening when the International Valuation Standards Committee began to co-operate with the International Accounting Standards Committee more closely. This caused the harmonization of basic terms used for valuation of property.
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Augustyniak, Hanna, Jacek Laszek, Krzysztof Olszewski, and Joanna Waszczuk. "Property valuation for mortgage purposes in Poland." Property Management 36, no. 2 (April 16, 2018): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-09-2016-0049.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the property valuation methods that are applied in Poland. It shows that they base on international standards and are a reliable source of information for international investors and banks. Design/methodology/approach The valuation methods are described and critically assessed, potential problems are pointed out. The analysis of lending risk is analysed on data about non-performing loans (NPL). Findings Polish valuation methods are in line with international methods, but there are some risks, like small number of transactions, subjective behaviour of valuers. The low NPL ratios indicate that the valuation works correctly. Practical implications The Polish valuation methods are trustworthy, non-performing mortgage ratios are low, however, banks and investors should ask whether there is a local zoning plan. Moreover, they should look critically at the comparables that were used during the valuation process, if in their opinion the valuation is overly low or high. Originality/value This paper focusses on valuation from a financial stability perspective. It uses Polish literature and data on NPLs to give an insight on valuation of property and mortgage risk in Poland. Besides the review of the methods it points out the problems related to valuation uncertainty, such as the risk of subjective behaviour of valuers and the low number of transactions in some regions, which are used for valuations.
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Vulpiani, Marco. "Purchase Price Allocation and Choice of the Valuation Methods." Business Valuation Review 27, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5791/0882-2875-27.2.79.
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Abstract As known, the purchase price allocation (PPA) process implies the valuation of tangible and intangible assets to allocate the price paid to the assets acquired. The rationale that drove the standards setters (FASB and IASB) in the formulation of the relevant standards (SFAS 141 and IFRS3) was to give a full explanation of the purchase price (PP) paid to the stakeholders of the acquiring company. During the PPA process, this simple, underlying rationale of the accounting standard is sometimes set aside. One of the most critical phases of the valuation process, represented by the choice of the valuation method, is done on the basis of the critical issue of the assets under valuation, instead of considering the valuation criteria followed during the formulation of the price. In other words, the analysis is performed as if it were a single, autonomous process completely separate from the PP formulation process. In this paper it is shown that to respect the underlying principle of the standard setters, the methods chosen for the valuation of the assets should be consistent with the method used during the formulation of the price, even for tangible assets. Otherwise the PPA implementation determines inconsistencies that can give distorted information about the acquisition to stakeholders, against the genuine underlying principles of the standard setters.
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Heller, J., and Daria Zlachevskaia. "Is it possible to improve methods of intellectual property valuation?" Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 45, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9568.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify ways to improve or simplify the quality and accuracy of IP valuations via accounting regulation improvements. Methodology/approach: This research relies on qualitative research methods such as case law analysis and comparative research of accounting standards and approaches. Findings: Evidence from this study points towards the conclusion that financial statements currently only reflect a historic financial record of the particular business, profoundly biased by a conservative tangible assets perspective. The central thesis of this study is that it makes sense to adopt a comprehensive intellectual property valuation strategy to ascertain the specific value of the intangible assets since the comprehensive application of valuation models is likely to yield superior results to using them separately. Research limitations/implications: Although the proposed approach seeks to bring more clarity to the valuation process while simplifying the appraisal of intellectual property assets, its efficacy is subject to increased transparency, a maturing intellectual property market, and credible data availability. Originality/value: This study makes a valuable contribution to research on methods that facilitate accurate intellectual property valuation while offering an alternative valuation model which combines the strengths of individual valuation models.
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Speidell, Lawrence S., and Vinod B. Bavishi. "GAAP Arbitrage: Valuation Opportunities in International Accounting Standards." Financial Analysts Journal 48, no. 6 (November 1, 1992): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v48.n6.58.
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Bellman, Lina, and Hans Lind. "Valuation standards and methods: are Sweden’s (still) different?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 12, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-04-2018-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the methods and standards of valuation used by Swedish professional property valuers when appraising commercial properties and factors affecting those standards. The study builds on a 2002 comparative study of valuers in four European countries by McParland et al. (2002), but focuses specifically on property valuers in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach In 2010-2011, a questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews with about half of the authorised property valuers in Sweden. Another questionnaire was emailed to all authorised property valuers in Sweden 2015 and again about half participated. Findings Analysis of the results shows some new trends in used and preferred standards and methods. Although Swedish valuers still rely mainly on local guidelines, they now increasingly use international standards and company guidelines, which may indicate a growing, if indirect, form of internationalisation. Swedish valuers still use discounted cash flow as their primary method, but their use of comparative methods has increased. Originality/value The data in this comparative study of valuation standards and methods over time used were collected from a specific group of property valuers authorised through the professional Swedish organisation Samhällsbyggarna (Swedish Professionals for the Built Environment), which contributes to an insight in the presiding of the harmonisation of valuation methods and standards.
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Michaletz, Vladimir, and Andrey I. Artemenkov. "The transactional asset pricing approach." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 37, no. 3 (April 10, 2019): 255–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-10-2018-0078.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology based on the transactional asset pricing approach (TAPA) and to illustrate the application of TAPA within the context of professional property valuation. Design/methodology/approach The TAPA is a novel analytical valuation methodology recasting the traditional derivations of the income approach techniques, including DCF, from a transactional perspective based on the principle of inter-temporal transactional equity, instead of the conventional investor-specific view originating from I. Fisher (1907, 1930). Findings The authors present DCF analysis as a specific case of a more general TAPA approach to valuation under the income method. This also leads to novel analytical derivations of the Direct income capitalization, Gordon, Inwood, Hoskold and Ring models. Based on the TAPA framework, the authors also research the value-enhancing effects of benchmark market volatility on the subject property value and conclude that such effects can be statistically significant depending on the DCF analysis period. Research limitations/implications The research has a direct bearing on time-variable discount rate forecasting capabilities, as it uses a time-variant structure for the discount rates. Practical implications Using the US Case-Shiller and BLS rental indices as a valuation benchmark, the paper contains an example of applying the general TAPA framework to value a notional property under a TAPA’s DCF version. Such property valuations can be easily replicated in practice – especially in the context of equitable/fair value determination under the International Valuation Standards Council valuation standards. Social implications TAPA is a deductive principles-based theory of asset valuation especially fit for the transactional and illiquid asset valuation contexts – thus enabling a more efficient pricing for such assets in a sense of reflecting the transactional interests of the parties more closely than achievable under the conventional valuation methods. Originality/value TAPA is an original filiation of research with roots going as far back as Aristotelian Catallactics. It contains analytical formalizations of certain transactional equity principles.
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Kucharska-Stasiak, Ewa. "15 Myths about Market Value." Real Estate Management and Valuation 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2018-0030.
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Abstract Market value is one of the most difficult notions in economics. It is also one of the most puzzling in the valuation industry, although its definitions can be found in the International Valuation Standards, European Valuation Standards, RICS standards and national standards. This value tends to be given different interpretations and misconceptions surrounding it are shared by many members of the property valuer community. The many ways in which property market value is understood leads to misvaluations and significant variations between valuation results, which are damaging to the prestige of the property valuation profession. This article explores areas giving rise to the misinterpretations of property market value to provide a critical review of the existing views, and to put forward arguments explaining why they should be revised. To this end, a critical literature review and observations made by the author during discussions with valuation professionals taking skill-improvement courses, scientific conferences on valuation methodology and practice, and entry exams for the profession of property valuers are used. Three main areas conducive to the emergence of myths have been identified: the interpretation of property market value (four myths), the process of arriving at property market value (ten myths) and the interpretation of valuation results (one myth). The myths are challenged on the grounds of the market value concept and its interpretation as used in economics.
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YASYSHENA, Valentyna. "STRUCTURE AND VALUATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF STANDARDIZATION." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(58) (2019): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2019.01.145.
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Introduction. Today, due to the large number of types of intangible assets that are presented in the valuation and accounting standards of different levels, it is difficult to determine their objective assessments. Purpose. The article is devoted to the research and systematization of IA objects, presented in the international, European and national standards of expert assessment and accounting, with the aim to find the ways of domestic standards improvement, as well as management of IA at the enterprise. Results. The structure of the IA objects, which are described in the International Standard for Assessments 210 “Intangible Assets”, the European Standards for Evaluation of the TEGoVA, the Professional Standards for the Evaluation of RICS, the National Standard No. 4 “Appraisal of Intellectual Property Rights”, the International Accounting Standard 38, Intangible Assets, and the Standards of Accounting 8 “Intangible Assets”, is analyzed. It is established that the objects of IA are shown in the international and national accounting standards, which are reflected in the accounting and financial statements of the entity, but they do not fully cover the market value of the enterprise. The list of objects of IA, which is not given in P (C) BO 8, is marked out and described, and accordingly they are not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise. The article proposes a list of IA, which was formed on the basis of study of the nternational, European and national standards of expert assessment and can be taken into account by the enterprise for the estimation of business value and needs of IAmanagement. Conclusions. It is noted that the assessment of IA is not a sufficiently developed direction of professional property valuation; therefore, there is a need to mprove the National Standard 4 “Appraisal of Intellectual Property Rights” from its approximation to international practice. It has been determined that a standard for the assessment of IA, which will regulate not only the evaluation of intellectual property objects, but also other IA objects, which will be used in international practice, taking into account contemporary economic development, will be developed. The results of this article outlined the directions of further research in the area of improving the methodology of IA assessment.
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Kulil, Vladimír. "Intangible Assets and Goodwill Valuation in the European Union." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5, no. 3 (2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.53.2003.
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European valuation standards TEGoVA have conception for valuation of intangible assets and they formed to conform to International valuation standards (IVS) also to reach worldwide consensus in best practices in valuation process. The process of valuation of intangible influences was also surveyed in China, Hong Kong, USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, UK, Poland, Russia and overall in the Europe. Situation in mentioned locations is similar, valuation of intangible influences has not been determined by a concrete list of items and there has not been established concrete clear process. The subject matter of this paper is a proposal for a method of valuation of intangible effects that will impact assets prices. It deals with proposed procedures for valuation of intangible assets. Special effects are in particular name, historical value, design, quality of layout, security aspects, accessibility, and conflict groups of inhabitants in or near the property, location, provenience and other.
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Byrka-Kita, Katarzyna. "Standards of value versus valuation of control and minority interests." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse, Rynki Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia 2015, no. 74/1 (September 30, 2015): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2015.74/1-21.
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Źróbek, Sabina, Jerzy Adamiczka, and Richard Grover. "VALUATION FOR LOAN SECURITY PURPOSES IN THE CONTEXT OF A PROPERTY MARKET CRISIS - THE CASE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AND POLAND." Real Estate Management and Valuation 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2013-0035.
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Abstract Valuation for loan security purposes has been a key issue related to property valuation, financial markets and the economy in general. This paper attempts to demonstrate the main reasons for interest in this field by referring to the situation in Poland and the United Kingdom. Moreover, the conditions of valuation for loan security purposes in Europe have been outlined, as well as the new challenges that property valuers have to face. Questions regarding unified and harmonious valuation standards have been presented in relation to international, European and domestic professional standards and legal regulations. The conclusion addresses further challenges of property valuation that must be tackled urgently, because valuation results are strictly connected with the profitability and safety of investments in the property market. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes that uncertainty in the valuation process also needs to be taken into account, as the appraised properties secure loans given by institutions funding their development.
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Hrdý, Milan, and Eva Ducháčková. "Valuation Standards for Insurance Companies in the Financial Theory." Prague Economic Papers 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.606.
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KUMAKURA, Takaji. "The recent amendment of valuation standards for real estate." Japanese Journal of Real Estate Sciences 21, no. 1 (2007): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.21.62.
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Otegbulu, Austin Chike. "Methodological lapses in plant and equipment valuation amongst Lagos valuers." Property Management 37, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-09-2018-0053.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the level of discrepancy in the valuation process adopted by valuers in the study area with a view to provide solution. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on both structured questionnaire and content analysis of valuation reports. In total, 185 (41 percent) structured questionnaires were randomly distributed to practicing estate surveying firms; out of 450 firms in Lagos, 173 were retrieved and used for analysis. However, the content analysis was based on 54 valuation reports on plants and equipment to investigate the extent of compliance to valuation process, standard and best practices among practitioners. Findings The findings from the study show that most of the practitioners lack the expertise to carry out plant and machinery (P&M) valuation, and there is evidence of poor application of methodology and lack of adherence to standards. Practical implications The findings from this study will reinforce the need for specialization and enforcement of standard in plant and equipment valuation practice, which will enthrone consistency, uniformity and reliability. Originality/value This study is the first to deal with methodology lapses in plant and equipment valuation in the study area. Ashaolu (2016) worked on the inter-disciplinary nature of plant and equipment valuation, whereas Otegbulu and Babawale (2011) worked on valuer’s perception or potential sources of inaccuracy in P&M valuation in Nigeria.
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Hairs, C. J., D. J. Belsham, N. M. Bryson, C. M. George, D. J. P. Hare, D. A. Smith, and S. Thompson. "Fair Valuation of Liabilities." British Actuarial Journal 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 203–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135732170000372x.
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ABSTRACTA project to develop an Accounting Standard for Insurance, with the aim of enhancing understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability of general purpose financial reporting for insurance worldwide, is being progressed by the International Accounting Standards Board. The basis of the proposals is that assets and liabilities be shown at fair values (market values for quoted instruments). This paper, prepared by a Working Party established by the Life Board of the United Kingdom actuarial profession, summarises and comments upon a number of the principal features of the proposals, as they have emerged up to September 2001. The paper goes on to consider how a system of reporting for prudential regulatory purposes might be built upon a fair value general reporting base, summarising the thinking of a number of other bodies, proposing certain principles and suggesting lines of development. The appendices to the paper discuss a number of issues in further depth and present some illustrative results of some investigations into applying fair value methods in practice. The emphasis of the paper is on reporting for life assurance business, although many of the principles apply equally to general insurance.
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Ashbaugh, Hollis, and Per Olsson. "An Exploratory Study of the Valuation Properties of Cross-Listed Firms' IAS and U.S. GAAP Earnings and Book Values." Accounting Review 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.1.107.
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Despite the increasing integration of global capital markets, there is little evidence on the valuation properties of cross-listed, non-U.S. firms' accounting variables. We use the relative performance of the earnings capitalization, the book value, and the residual income valuation models to explore the valuation properties of International Accounting Standards and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles earnings and book values reported by non-U.S., cross-listed firms trading in a common equity market. Using non-U.S./non-U.K. firms whose shares trade on the International Stock Exchange Automated Quotation system in London, we find that the earnings capitalization model is the dominant accounting-based valuation model when crosslisted firms report under International Accounting Standards. In contrast, we find that when cross-listed firms report under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, the residual income model is the dominant accountingbased valuation model. Our exploratory study provides insights into the valuation implications of allowing a dual reporting system for foreign registrants trading in a common equity market.
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Arbidane, Iluta, and Anita Puzule. "PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR LEASE VALUATION AND ACCOUNTING IN LATVIA." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 33, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3301.
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In the legislation of the Republic of Latvia, leasing transaction accounting complies with the provisions no. 17 of the International Accounting Standard "Leasing", which expired on January 1, 2019. The problem for the lessee in the accounting of leasing transactions is also the introduction of a new standard for companies that prepare annual financial reports in accordance with the requirements of international accounting standards. The aim of the study is to examine accounting problems and assess leasing transactions in Latvia and offer solutions. The study examined the justification for the assessment and accounting of leasing transactions in line with international accounting standards and identified issues of assessment and reporting in Latvia, possible solutions to improve the quality of leasing transactions have been worked out, offering necessary changes in legislation and revision of methodological documents.
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Crook, J. R. "Mark Kantor, Valuation for Arbitration: Compensation Standards, Valuation Methods and Expert Evidence (Kluwer Law International 2008)." ICSID Review 23, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/23.2.427.
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Pavliková, Ľudmila, and Andrea Kralik. "Valuation of Business Assets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 708 (December 2014): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.708.228.
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Valuation of business assets is a complex process that requires professional and the most objective approach. This article will describe the legislative amendment of tangible fixed assets valuation in Slovakia, also different methods of calculating the values of individual types of assets, as well as demonstration of the practical use of valuation on the example of selected company. It is important to point out that expert activities have been gradually transferred into international standards of valuation, which eliminate subjective approach of assessing and also eliminate inaccuracies and misunderstandings. It is a necessity in terms of linking the global economy.
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Renigier-Biłozor, Małgorzata, and Maurizio d’Amato. "The Valuation of Hope Value for Real Estate Development." Real Estate Management and Valuation 25, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0016.
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Abstract In the valuation of a property subject to development, the valuer may consider the potential aspect of the value of both land to be improved and a building to be refurbished. These kinds of valuations are complex, especially when a prudent assessment of value is required. In general terms, all properties may have potential development which, in some cases, can be termed “hope”. In particular, uncertainty regarding the change in the legal framework may create expectations as to the uncertain variation of property value in the future. In these cases, it may be necessary to deal with hope value or future value, trying to reach the value of a property subjected to uncertain changes. Hope value is the difference between the existing use value and the price that the market might pay for future transformation. The main aim of the paper is the elaboration of a methodology to determine the hope value. In this work, a real option model for the valuation of hope value in the real estate market will be applied to a small sample of residential properties located in Olsztyn that are subject to possible transformation. The possibility of a transformation may create expectations and may influence the value of the property. Although the applications of these methods to real estate valuation are fairly recent, the International Valuation Standards have included real option theory in the income approach as a valuation method since 2011.
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Mol, A. P. J., and J. B. Opschoor. "Developments in Economic Valuation of Environmental Resources in Centrally Planned Economies." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 9 (September 1989): 1205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a211205.
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Environmental policy in centrally planned economies is nowadays based mainly on administrative measures, such as licences and standards. The realisation of environmental targets by physical planning, management, and regulation alone, however, is falling short of expectations. For that reason, economists in centrally planned economies have recently put forward various proposals for using economic mechanisms in environmental policy based on the economic valuation of natural resources and environmental degradation. Within these economic valuations three leading methodologies can be distinguished, based on Marx's labour theory of value, the notion of differential rent, and the notion of reproduction costs, respectively. Up till now, these proposals are only considered for use in perspective planning and they therefore bypass day-to-day economic practice. Besides that, the emphasis of most proposals is mainly on optimising economic behaviour rather than maintaining a certain level of environmental quality. If compared with the Western World's neoclassical methods of valuation some formal analogies in both approaches can be observed.
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Sheldon, T. J., and A. D. Smith. "Market Consistent Valuation of Life Assurance Business." British Actuarial Journal 10, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 543–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700002695.
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ABSTRACTIn recent years there has been a trend towards market consistent valuation in those institutions for which actuaries have responsibilities. The larger United Kingdom with-profits insurance companies are now preparing realistic balance sheets, both for internal purposes and also at the request of the Financial Services Authority. International accounting standards have been moving to a fair value approach. Pension fund accounting under FRS 17 has also moved in this direction.In this paper we examine the reasons for the adoption of market consistent valuation and discuss some of the commercial implications and corporate valuation. We consider the methods and assumptions which can be used to develop market consistent valuations of cash flows typically encountered in the liabilities of financial institutions, together with some of the problems inherent in the calibration of models used for the valuation of these cash flows. The volatility assumption is crucial to the valuation of options and guarantees, and we discuss the relationship between historical and implied volatility.While most insurance companies initially adopted formulae to value their with-profits guarantees, several offices are now using a Monte Carlo simulation approach for their realistic balance sheets. The Monte Carlo approach enables allowance to be made for management discretion in bonus and investment policy, as well as policyholder actions. However, in many cases it is possible to develop analytical formulae for cash flows approximating those payable under insurance contracts.The valuation formulae have implications for the hedging of embedded guarantees. The authors discuss the construction of hedges for financial risks in with-profits funds, the separate perspectives of policyholders and shareholders, possible funds in which to hold hedging instruments, limitations of capital market hedging tools and the effect of taxation on hedge effectiveness.
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Russell, David. "Corporate sustainability: accounting standards vs tax by design." Social Responsibility Journal 10, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-10-2012-0122.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the contradiction between sustainability and accounting practices, underpinned by reporting standards and question whether financial statements prepared in this way represent a true and fair view? The paper highlights the disregard for externalities as a fundamental obstacle to sustainable reporting and proposes taxation designs to recognise the costs associated with externalities as the basis for equitable reporting, pricing and sustainable business practices. Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken uses Smith’s (1776) tenets of a good tax, to consider characteristics of taxation that may be harnessed for financial reporting, valuation, economic substance and legal form. Findings – The findings reveal a case for further examination of the efficacy of taxation, alongside a full-cost accounting approach, to benefit sustainable reporting. Research limitations/implications – The implications of the research are a possible whole reappraisal of costs and prices to recognise the sustainability dimension and place it at the heart of the corporate agenda. The limitations arise from contestable valuation of sustainable matters, arising from a lack of an agreed theoretical framework. Originality/value – The paper proposes a realignment of costs and prices to correct market imperfection through the innovative application of taxation, but without a fundamental reappraisal of the economic status quo upon which Western-style capitalism is underpinned.
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Volchek, R. "DISCUSSION ASPECTS OF PROPERTY VALUATION FOR TAX PURPOSES." Аграрний вісник Причорномор'я, no. 94 (December 25, 2019): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37000/abbsl.2019.94.11.
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The author's vision on the process of estimating the value of real estate objects for the purposes of taxation is given. It is established, that the current norms of valuation of property for taxation purposes, established by the main regulator of valuation activity in Ukraine − the State Property Fund of Ukraine, deprive transparency the process of valuation of property in our state, and offset personal accounting judgments when assessing real estate. Opacity and distortion of the current norms of normative legal acts regulating the process of valuation of property and property rights in Ukraine, as well as the norms of the International Financial Reporting Standards (further − IFRS) 13 «Fair Value Measurement» during the valuation of real estate objects, consists, according our opinion, representatives of the State Property Fund of Ukraine during the approval of property valuation reports for tax purposes are based on the estimated value of the objects, which should be determined solely on the basis of the prices of real estate offers and solely by means of a comparative approach. But, IFRS 13 «Fair Value Measurement» and National Standard 1 «General Principles of Valuation of Property and Property Rights» demand to determine the value of objects of evaluation in three methods: costly, cost-effective and comparative. Recommendations are introduced, implementation of which will allow to observe the transparency and correctness of determining the value of property for tax purposes.
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Nwuba, Chukwuma C., Uche S. Egwuatu, and Babatunde M. Salawu. "Clients’ means of influence on mortgage valuation in Nigeria." Property Management 33, no. 4 (August 17, 2015): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-03-2014-0016.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate client influence on mortgage valuation in Nigeria to establish and rank the means of influence clients employ, and the impact of firm characteristics on client influence. Design/methodology/approach – A combination of cross-sectional survey and focus groups research designs was adopted. Questionnaire structured on five-point Likert format was used to collect data from a sample of valuation firms in five Nigerian cities. Descriptive statistics, χ2, and moderated hierarchical linear model were used for data analysis. Findings – Clients’ means of influence on valuation are more of subtle approach than threat or coercion. The most prevalent means are respectively, plea for assistance, promise of continued retainership on banks’ valuer panels, and disclosing the loan amount. Client influence differs across cities; firm characteristics have no influence on client pressure. Practical implications – The research provides basis for valuation bodies to review practice rules and standards and seek for legislation for valuer independence. It can serve as material for teaching and training in professional ethics. Social implications – Biased valuations jeopardises credit risk mitigation process with potential for destabilising banks, finance sector, and consequences for the economy. Originality/value – The study provides empirical evidence of the nature of client influence across several major Nigerian cities. In contrast to existing Nigerian studies that focus on single cities, the study covers several cities. It therefore provides a broad basis for problem-solving and decision-making.
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Cugova, Aneta, and Juraj Cug. "International Financial Reporting Standards as a tool for Earnings management." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219202012.
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Research background: The idea of harmonizing accounting at the international level gradually began to spread from the second half of the 20th century as a result of globalization and the growth of international trade. Due to the expansion of this business, users of financial statements have a need for comparability and transparency. National accounting legislation was so different that a reliable assessment of companies from different national backgrounds was not possible. The intention was to create uniform, globally applicable accounting standards. Purpose of the article: This paper clarifies the theoretical background of selected accounting standards that can significantly expand the scope for earnings management. Methods: Basic scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and abstraction were used to meet the stated goal. Findings & Value added: The correct application of IFRS can increases the scope for discretionary accounting practices. The change in reporting and valuation according to domestic legislation to reporting and valuation according to international standards may, to varying degrees, affect the picture of the financial position as well as the achieved profit of the company.
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Grzesik, Chris, and Sabina Źróbek. "SHIFTING POSITIONS ON HOPE VALUE." Real Estate Management and Valuation 25, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0019.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to shed some light on the difficulty, and at the same time, the unavoidable change towards the embracing by valuers in Poland, of one of the most fundamental principles of property valuation, being “highest and best use” and “hope value”. Both are inherently linked to the interpretation of “market value”. The article offers a detailed analysis of international practice and the most important developments concerning professional standards for property valuers in Poland. The considerations presented herein focus mostly on issues arising out of the interpretation of “market value”. While the legal wording of its Polish definition could be considered similar to the one presented in internationally recognised valuation standards, Polish practice concerning assumptions about the use of a property at the date of valuation is very different.
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Rodionov, Dmitrii, Olesya Perepechko, and Olga Nadezhina. "Determining Economic Security of a Business Based on Valuation of Intangible Assets according to the International Valuation Standards (IVS)." Risks 8, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks8040110.
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This work considered the economic security of an enterprise with regard to the valuation of intangible assets according to the International Valuation Standards (IVS). This study is essential due to a growing number of companies with intangible assets (trademarks, patents, know-how, etc.) as their main value. This study included analysis of the impact created by the value of intangible assets and intellectual property on company capitalization and economic security plus a regression model. An algorithm was developed to determine the economic security of a business based on the valuation of intangible assets according to the IVS. The suggested algorithm can allow a company to manage its intangible assets effectively using the IVS, which, in turn, will provide the required level of economic security for further development and achievement of strategic goals by the business entity.