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1
1949-, Brown Gary C., and Sharma Sanjay M. D, eds. Evidence-based to value-based medicine. [Chicago]: AMA Press, 2005.
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2
Tax reform and consumption-based tax systems: Hearing before the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, July 26, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
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Cevelev, Aleksandr. The economy and material management on a railway transport. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1085329.
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In the textbook in an accessible form presented and discussed the development of the economy and the inventory management of railway transport in the new economic environment. For the first time in Russian literature, made a theoretical attempt at a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of, and satisfaction of needs in material resources structural divisions, subsidiaries and affiliates of JSC "RZD". According to the results of theoretical research, innovative and production potential of the supply system of railway transport the main directions and methods of transformation of the restructuring process under the corporate changes of JSC "RZD", positioned value system of logistics of rail transport, a comprehensive approach to the development of systems of balanced indicators of supply and prompt handling of material resources. Recommendations for the implementation of the developed algorithms and models are long term in nature and are based on the concept of logistics management improve business processes, system logistics.
For students and teachers, workers of enterprises of railway transport, and others interested in questions of transport Economics.
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Cevelev, Aleksandr. Material management of railway transport. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064961.
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In the monograph reviewed the development of the inventory management of railway transport in the new economic environment of market economy.
According to the results of theoretical research, innovative and production potential of the supply system of railway transport the main directions and methods of transformation of the restructuring process under the corporate changes of JSC "RZD", positioned value system of the logistics of railway transportation, and developed a classification model used logistical resources.
Evaluation of activity of structural divisions of Russian Railways supply is proposed to be viewed through an integrated and comprehensive approach to the development of systems of balanced indicators of supply and prompt handling of material resources, the implementation of which allows to distribute the strategic objectives of the company "Russian Railways" activities in the system of logistics of the Railways and also to involve in economic circulation of excessive and unused inventories of material and technical resources and efficiently reallocate them among enterprises at the site of the railway.
Recommendations for the implementation of the developed algorithms and models are long term in nature and are based on the concept of logistics management and improve the business processes of the logistics system.
Will be useful for managers and specialists of directorates of logistics of Russian Railways supply, undergraduates and graduate students interested in the economy of railway transport.
5
Performance-Based Earned Value (Practitioners). Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Pr, 2006.
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6
Renkema, Theo J. W. IT Value Quest: How to Capture the Business Value of IT-Based Infrastructure. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2000.
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Brown, Gary C., Sanjay Sharma, and Melissa M. Brown. Evidence-Based To Value-based Medicine. American Medical Association Press, 2005.
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The IT Value Quest: How to Capture the Business Value of IT-Based Infrastructure. Wiley, 2000.
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Bernard, Zeigler P., Traore, Grégory Zacharewicz, and Raphaël Duboz. Value-based Learning Healthcare Systems: Integrative Modeling and Simulation. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pbhe015e.
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Mijat, Damjanovic, and Voich Dan, eds. The Impact of culture-based value systems on management policies and practices. New York: Praeger, 1985.
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Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (Organization). Human Resource Development Working Group., ed. Project on developing key performance indicators and productivity/performance benchmarks for performance based remuneration systems, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [Singapore]: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 2007.
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Guthrie, James P. Remuneration: Pay Effects at Work. Edited by Peter Boxall, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0017.
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This article reviews effects associated with two dimensions of pay structure. The first dimension, the extent to which a firm's pay structure is relatively hierarchical or flat (also referred to as ‘pay dispersion’), is specifically mentioned by Jim Sinegal, CEO of Costco. He states that a pay structure in which top executives make ‘100 or 200 or 300 times more than the average person working on the floor is wrong’ and intimates that Costco's egalitarian pay structure promotes organizational effectiveness. Another aspect of pay structure is the basis of pay. Along with research on pay dispersion effects, the article also reviews a limited number of studies examining the use of person-based, as opposed to job-based, pay systems. It begins with pay form, then review pay structure, followed by a discussion of pay level effects.
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Jackson, Sue. Indigenous Peoples and Water Justice in a Globalizing World. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.5.
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Indigenous peoples confront challenges that constrain their ability to bargain for secure and remunerative livelihoods based on water and to participate in decisions that govern water allocation, use, and management. Water governance systems at all scales have failed to provide sufficient recognition, respect, and autonomy for indigenous laws, values, aspirations, and water-use practices and continue to discriminate against indigenous norms. Describing the water injustices experienced by indigenous communities, this essay charts the means by which indigenous peoples assert their water rights and interests in water governance. It provides a globalized account of water justice by analyzing the character of justice claims articulated by the emergent indigenous water-justice movement using Nancy Fraser’s multidimensional formulation of justice. Indigenous articulations of justice and demands for redistribution, recognition, and representation call for equal weight to be given to the socioeconomic, cultural, and political causes of water injustice and strategies for change.
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(Editor), Mijat Damjanovic, and Dan Voich (Editor), eds. The Impact of Culture-Based Value Systems on Management Policies and Practices: Yugoslav and United States Issues and Viewpoints. Praeger Publishers, 1985.
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Mijat, Damjanovic, and Voich Dan, eds. The Impact of culture-based value systems on management policies and practices: Yugoslav and United States issues and viewpoints. New York: Praeger, 1985.
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16
Opie, Brenda, Lory Jackson, and Douglas McAvinn. Addition, Subtraction, Place Value, and Other Numeration Systems: Reproducible Skill Builders and Higher Order Thinking Activities Based on Nctm Standards (Masterminds). Incentive Publications, 1995.
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Tucci, Christopher L., Allan Afuah, and Gianluigi Viscusi, eds. Creating and Capturing Value through Crowdsourcing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.001.0001.
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Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would enable the UK to become the dominant maritime force of its time. Today, Wikipedia uses crowds to provide entries for the world’s largest and free encyclopedia. Partly fueled by the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing, interest in researching the phenomenon has been remarkable. For example, the Best Paper Awards in 2012 for a record-setting three journals—the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Academy of Management Perspectives—were about crowdsourcing. In spite of the interest in crowdsourcing—or perhaps because of it—research on the phenomenon has been conducted in different research silos within the fields of management (from strategy to finance to operations to information systems), biology, communications, computer science, economics, political science, among others. In these silos, crowdsourcing takes names such as broadcast search, innovation tournaments, crowdfunding, community innovation, distributed innovation, collective intelligence, open source, crowdpower, and even open innovation. The book aims to assemble papers from as many of these silos as possible since the ultimate potential of crowdsourcing research is likely to be attained only by bridging them. The papers provide a systematic overview of the research on crowdsourcing from different fields based on a more encompassing definition of the concept, its difference for innovation, and its value for both the private and public sectors.
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1935-, Lasker G. E., Day Brian A, International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics., and International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics (13th : 2001 : Baden-Baden, Germany), eds. Advances in education: Online education, Internet based education, cognitive development in young children, compensating negative influence of computers on the young generations, constructivist teaching in primary schools, teaching tolerance and mutual respect for others' ideas, value formation and value expression in children, non-conscious meaning in human communication, communication and art, environmental education, environmental problem solving, environmental strategic communication, application to systems thinking approach to earth systems education. Windsor, Ont: International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 2001.
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Unpaid Health Care Work: A Gender Equality Perspective. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122310.
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A debate on public goods is urgently needed in health care. Care must be recognized as a social function, as an occupation and, at the same time, as a human right—which imposes binding obligations to comply with precise standards of quality, quantity, suitability, adaptability, and accessibility, among others. It is a complex and invisible task, that may be done as part of a medical treatment, post-surgical recovery process, or permanent support in cases of chronic illness, disability, or mental health conditions. And it tends to be provided mainly in the home, by women, without remuneration. In Latin America, care has not been included in a coordinated and specific public health policy agenda but has been advanced through isolated actions—in many cases highly fragmented and heterogeneous—without a clear awareness of the public nature of care and the associated responsibility of the State. Accordingly, this document takes a gender and rights-based approach. It starts with an analysis of the main definitions of unpaid work in the health sector, and then focuses on initiatives in three Latin American countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, and Uruguay) with regard to measurement, valuation, integration, and recognition in national health systems or policies, in care models, and in time-use surveys. The conclusions propose recommendations aimed at addressing unpaid care as an essential element of social policies in general, and health policies in particular, from a gender and rights-based perspective.
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Purves, Dale, William T. Wojtach, and R. Beau Lotto. Why the Concept of “Visual Illusions” Is Misleading. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0009.
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A common misconception is that we see the world in accord with physical reality but are sometimes fooled in special circumstances that give rise to discrepancies between reality and what we perceive (visual illusions). Evidence accumulated over the past decade, however, indicates that all visual perceptions are at odds with the physical parameters of the world. Since biological visual systems cannot measure the world but must nonetheless afford the ability to behave in it, animals create biologically determined visual stimuli based on their value to reproductive success. In light of this evidence, the phrase “visual illusions” is misleading and should be abandoned.
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Mehta-Bhatt, Purvi, and Pier Paolo Ficarelli. Livestock in the Food Debate. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.024.
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Livestock is an integral part of agriculture and a prominent source of food. It contributes 40% of the global value of agricultural output and supports the livelihoods and food security of almost a billion people, especially in developing countries. There is nothing new in amalgamation of farm animals in agriculture system, but the debate questioning its existence and relevance is a rather new drift. The politics, the climate debate, the nutrition debate around livestock sector, especially levitating from industrial countries, needs to be sympathetic toward the millions of people, especially in developing countries, that continue to remain dependent on livestock as an important, or often the only, source of livelihood. This chapter looks at the diverse livestock agriculture systems in industrial and less developed countries and it’s policy implications. It re-examines the prevailing debates such as, the heat and meat debate, the zoonotic disease discussions, the debate on ethics around animal-source food and the debate of over- and undernutrition. The authors take a balanced view on the pros and cons of livestock sector, considering the global debates, but at the same time, looking at livestock sector’s socioeconomic and nutrition value for the poor. Take a global view, debate, campaign but don’t forget to also look at the sector from livelihood and food-security angle. The underline message of the chapter is to call for a bounteous outlook, evidence-based debate and equable policies.
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Doner, Richard F., Gregory W. Noble, and John Ravenhill. The Political Economy of Automotive Industrialization in East Asia. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197520253.001.0001.
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This book offers a political economy explanation for the striking cross-national differences in strategies and performance among East Asia’s automotive industries. Some countries—China, South Korea, and Taiwan—have successfully pursued “intensive” growth strategies by increasing local value added based on domestic inputs and technological competencies. Malaysia has attempted but failed to pursue this path. In contrast, Thailand has become a champion of “extensive” growth, relying on foreign assemblers and their suppliers to achieve an impressive expansion of production, assembly, and exports. Latecomer Indonesia has followed Thailand with some success, whereas the Philippines has remained an automotive backwater. Through cross-case and within-case analyses of the seven countries, the book argues that variation is a function of the institutional and political contexts in which firms operate. Different strategies require different institutions and institutional capacities. Intensive development is especially institutionally demanding. Effective institutions emerge when political leaders face severe claims on resources (security threats and domestic pressures for welfare improvement) in the absence of easily accessible revenues to satisfy such needs. Brief comparisons with Brazil, Mexico, and other developing countries confirm the utility of the analytic framework. This explanation is superior to neoclassical accounts. It is consistent with but provides more insight than other prominent approaches to development: national innovation systems, global value chains, and developmental states. New challenges facing auto assemblers and suppliers, such as the transition to electric and autonomous vehicles, will call heavily upon the institutional capacities highlighted in this book.
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Fiorino, Daniel J. Inequality and Green Growth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605803.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the role of economic inequality in influencing a society’s capacity for ecological protection and green growth. Its premise is that for two similar political systems differing only in their degree of inequality, the less unequal one will have advantages. Although there still is limited research on the role of income and wealth inequality in influencing ecological performance, evidence suggests that more economically equitable societies hold an advantage. This is partly due to economic factors, such as the tendency in more unequal societies to promote consumption based on status competition and positional goods, but there is evidence of political and social factors as well. High economic inequality increases social mistrust and distance, which undermines the ability to collectively value public goods. Any green growth strategy should account for the sources of and effects of inequality.
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Manson, Leigh, and Shona Muir. Advance care planning in New Zealand: our Voice—tō tātou reo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0021.
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Advance care planning (ACP) in New Zealand has grown as a people’s movement resourced by passionate individuals across the country. This people’s movement is a whole of systems approach led by the national ACP Cooperative. The approach has provided a permissive platform for the national evolution of ACP and has allowed ACP to quickly gain momentum. It has facilitated the collaboration of multiple interest groups with consumers at the centre and has provided an environment for innovation. The ACP Cooperative used a deployment model to drive the work. The model insured that the movement focused on engaging healthcare leadership and the community, educating clinicians, and the public, whilst keeping the patient and their family/whānau values at the centre of the process. The Cooperative is acutely aware that providing patient value-based care for people as they approach the end of their lives sets the precedent for how all healthcare could be delivered.
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. Complexity and Public Health Informatics in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0007.
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This chapter enriches the Expanded PHI perspective through the lens of complexity. Current technical health systems and institutional developments, including the increasing inter-connections between them, and the uncertainities associated with both context and goals are enhancing complexity exponentially. Simple linear approaches to design and develop systems can no longer work, as they imply trying to bring order into processes which by definition defy them. Cloud computing and big data are offered as examples to depict this rising complexity, providing rich opportunities to materialize them. Many organizations are adopting outsourcing models as a means to manage this complexity. However, outsourcing comes in multiple hues and shades, from a simple use of third party hardware to the externalization of the whole value chain of activities, including the analysis and use of data. Public health informatics in LMICs, which are population-based and taking place in largely resource-constrained and unstructured settings, are by definition problematic to outsource and should be approached with caution. An incremental approach where a ‘cultivation strategy’ addresses uncertainities, and ‘attractors’ draw in user-participants are more likely to succeed.
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Cannon Harris, Susan. Introduction. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424462.003.0001.
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The introduction identifies the “other revolutions”—the sexual revolution, the socialist revolution, and the ‘free theater’ revolution—that came together in London in the 1890s as the first wave of modern Irish playwrights sought to prove themselves on the London stage. The introduction also explains and justifies the book’s theoretical paradigm and methodologies, arguing for the importance of reading social politics and sexual politics together. It identifies some of the limitations of the “global turn” and its dependence on evolutionary and market-theory based conceptions of “world literature,” arguing that these paradigms obscure the existence of the intentionally anticapitalist systems of exchange that sustained left theater during the period under investigation. It makes the case for reading the intersection of Irish drama and utopian socialism through queer theory, based on their shared ambivalence about what Lee Edelman calls “reproductive futurism,” and draws on the work of Jose Munoz, J. J. Halberstam, and Natalie Melas to elaborate a comparative paradigm which is not defined by developmental logic or capitalist conceptions of value. It argues for the necessity of treating socialism as an embodied praxis, especially in the Irish context. It concludes with summaries of the five chapters and the epilogue.
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Bion, Julian, and Anna Dennis. ICU admission and discharge criteria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0020.
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The decision to admit patients to intensive care or discharge them, is a daily task for intensivists, a life-changing event for patients and families, and a major strategic issue for health care systems worldwide. Decisions must often be made rapidly, in conditions of uncertainty, involving substituted judgements about relative risks and benefits, framed by sociocultural factors that are not well characterized. The outcomes are strongly influenced by available resources, staffing, and skills throughout the patient pathway. The decision to admit should be based on the severity of illness, chronic health and physiological reserve, and therapeutic susceptibility, informed by the patient’s wishes. Discharge decisions are equally complex and involve balancing the needs of individual patients against those of society. Scoring systems and guidelines can aid decision making. The process involves collaboration between intensivist, referring team, patient, and family. The provision of futile care is usually driven by family expectations and lack of agreement among the treating team. Discussions involve value judgements. Effective admission and discharge processes will minimize avoidable morbidity, mortality, and readmissions, and maximize family and patient satisfaction, and cost-efficacy. However, reaching the most effective level of practice involves balances and compromises. Experienced clinical judgement remains a key element in defining suitability of individual patients for ICU admission and discharge.
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MacCormack, Patricia, ed. Ahuman Abolition. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0002.
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‘The animal’ as a question, concept and catalyst toward a redress of human subjectivity enflames contemporary philosophy. Varyingly, Deleuze’s work, with and without Guattari, has been both celebrated and maligned. Donna Haraway’s scathing misreading of becoming-animal and Deleuze and Guattari’s potential fetishisation of nonhuman alterity is counterbalanced with their being utilised via their unique abstraction of ordering-concepts which call into question the function of species itself as a majoritarian practice. Thinking the nonhuman – be it nonhuman animals or our own ahumanity – is a project not for science or moral theory based on scientific operations, but philosophy, in that it is an ethical project. Through Deleuze on Spinoza, on dying well, and Deleuze and Guattari’s call to animal-abstraction and inhuman affects, this chapter argues the value of Deleuze for what is known as the extreme of animal rights – abolitionism. Beyond equivalence and any interpretation of the nonhuman perceived via human signifying systems, this chapter uses Deleuze with abolitionist ideas to argue for an absolute abolitionist stance, both philosophically and materially, in reference to contemporary tactics for ethical relations with both nonhumans and ultimately an end to humanism and humanity as the only option for creative becomings for nonhuman lives.
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Cornago, Noé. Diplomacy and Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.155.
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The relationship between diplomacy and revolution is often intertwined with the broader issue of the international dimensions of revolution. Diplomacy can offer important insights into both the historical evolution of world order and its evolving functional and normative needs. In other words, the most important dimension of diplomacy, beyond its concrete symbolic and pragmatic operational value, is its very existence as raison de système. A number of scholarly works that explore the link between revolution and the international arena have given rise to a minority subfield of scholarly research and debate which is particularly vibrant and plural. Three basic lines of research can be identified: case studies undertaken by historians and area studies scholars that focus on the international dimensions surrounding particular revolutions; comparative political studies that address the international implications of revolutions by departing from a more comprehensive theoretical framework but still based in comprehensive case studies; and more theoretically comprehensive literature which, in addition to careful case studies, aims to provide a general and far-reaching explanatory theoretical framework on the relationship between revolution and long-term historical change from different perspectives: English school international theory, neorealism, world systems analysis, postmarxism, or constructivism. In a context of growing inequality and global exploitation, the international dimension of revolutions is receiving renewed attention from scholars using innovative critical theoretical approaches.
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Karoly, Paul, and Geert Crombez, eds. Motivational Perspectives on Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.001.0001.
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This edited volume is the first to present a cohesive account of adaptation to chronic pain from a motivational perspective. Across the 15 chapters, scholars from diverse domains of psychology explore the multileveled and bidirectional nature of pain and motivation, drawing from a broad array of constructs, including self-regulation, goal systems, cognitive control, attention, conflict, interpersonal processes, coping, conditioning, and stress reactivity. Also addressed is the relation between pain and psychopathology, the nature of pain-affect dynamics, and the neural mechanisms underlying the pain experience. Applied considerations are presented in chapters on Motivational Interviewing, ACT, Internet-based methods, and related clinical topics. Our volume provides an up-to-date compendium of cutting-edge research and interventions that collectively illustrate the utility of viewing chronic pain as neither a “disease” nor an imposed lifestyle, but as the emergent and potentially flexible product of a complex transactional system that is bounded by sociocultural factors, on the one hand, and by biogenetic and neural moderating forces on the other. The chapters capture the vibrancy of current theory, research, and practice while pointing toward unexplored new directions. Students and seasoned pain researchers will find within the motivation-centered framework a host of intriguing ideas to complement extant formulations. And those engaged in treating/training persons with chronic pain will discover the unique, integrative value of motivational models.
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Zelinsky, Edward A. Taxing the Church. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190853952.001.0001.
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This book explores the legal and tax policy issues that arise when churches and other religious institutions are taxed or exempted. Churches and other religious institutions are treated diversely by the federal and state tax systems. Sectarian institutions pay more tax than many believe. In important respects, the states differ among themselves in their respective approaches to the taxation of sectarian entities. Either taxing or exempting churches and other sectarian entities entangles church and state. The taxes to which churches are more frequently subject—federal Social Security and Medicare taxes, sales taxes, real estate conveyance taxes—fall on the less entangling end of the spectrum. The taxes from which religious institutions are exempt—general income taxes, value-based property taxes, unemployment taxes—are typically taxes with the greatest potential for church-state enforcement entanglement. It is unpersuasive to reflexively denounce the tax exemption of religious actors and institutions as a subsidy. Tax exemption can implement the secular, nonsubsidizing goal of minimizing church-state enforcement entanglement and thus be regarded as part of a normative tax base. Taxing the church or exempting the church involves often difficult trade-offs among competing and legitimate values. On balance, our federal system of decentralized legislation makes these legal and tax policy trade-offs reasonably, though there is room for improvement in particular settings.
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Lindenmayer, David, Emma Burns, Nicole Thurgate, and Andrew Lowe, eds. Biodiversity and Environmental Change. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643108578.
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This data-rich book demonstrates the value of existing national long-term ecological research in Australia for monitoring environmental change and biodiversity.
Long-term ecological data are critical for informing trends in biodiversity and environmental change. The Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) is a major initiative of the Australian Government and one of its key areas of investment is to provide funding for a network of long-term ecological research plots around Australia (LTERN).
LTERN researchers and other authors in this book have maintained monitoring sites, often for one or more decades, in an array of different ecosystems across the Australian continent – ranging from tropical rainforests, wet eucalypt forests and alpine regions through to rangelands and deserts. This book highlights some of the temporal changes in the environment that have occurred in the various systems in which dedicated field-based ecologists have worked. Many important trends and changes are documented and they often provide new insights that were previously poorly understood or unknown. These data are precisely the kinds of data so desperately needed to better quantify the temporal trajectories in the environment in Australia.
By presenting trend patterns (and often also the associated data) the authors aim to catalyse governments and other organisations to better recognise the importance of long-term data collection and monitoring as a fundamental part of ecologically-effective and cost-effective management of the environment and biodiversity.
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Khan, B. Zorina. Inventing Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936075.001.0001.
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Abstract: How do knowledge and ideas influence the competitiveness of firms and nations? Current debates about grand innovation prizes, patent trolls, technological disruption, human capital, and the role of an entrepreneurial state reflect and replicate earlier controversies that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. This book shows how and why the ideas of creative individuals promote progress. The insights are based on original archival research regarding over 100,000 inventors, patented inventions, and innovation prizes in Europe and the United States during industrialization. This systematic empirical analysis across time and place and institutions provides a comprehensive microfoundation for understanding technological change and long-run macroeconomic growth. British and French policies favored “administered innovation systems,” in which elites, administrators, or panels made key economic decisions about inducement prizes, rewards, and the allocation of resources. European institutions generated returns that were misaligned with economic value and productivity and perpetuated socioeconomic inequality. Europe fell behind when the negative consequences of such top-down administered systems accumulated and reduced comparative advantage. The modern knowledge economy emerged when, for the first time in world history, an intellectual property clause was included in a national Constitution, in the United States. This strong endorsement for open-access property rights and unfettered markets in ideas reflected a revolution in thinking about the sources of creativity and technical progress. U.S. global industrial ascendancy was a direct outcome of its decentralized market-oriented institutions, which fostered diversity in ideas and innovations, the diffusion of information and disruptive technologies, and sustained endogenous growth.
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Woodhouse, Barbara Bennett. The Ecology of Childhood. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814794845.001.0001.
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This book uses the ecological model of child development together with ethnographic and comparative studies of two small villages, in Italy and the US, as its framework for examining the well-being of children in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Global forces, far from being distant and abstract, are revealed as wreaking havoc in children’s environments even in economically advanced countries of the OECD. Falling birth rates, deteriorating labor conditions, fraying safety nets, rising rates of child poverty and a surge in racism and populism are explored in the dish of the village as well as data-based studies. Globalism’s discontents—unrestrained capitalism and technological change, rising inequality, mass migration, and the juggernaut of climate change--are rapidly destabilizing and degrading the social and physical environments necessary to our collective survival and well-being. This crisis demands a radical restructuring of our macrosystemic value systems. Rejecting metrics such as GDP, Efficiency and Bigness, this book proposes instead an ecogenerist theory that asks whether our policies and politics foster environments in which children and families can flourish. It proposes, as a benchmark, the family supportive human rights principles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The author uses stories from actual children’s lives, in both small and urban settings, to explore the ecology of childhood and illustrate children’s rights principles in action. The book closes by highlighting ways individuals can work at the local and regional levels to create more just and sustainable worlds that are truly fit for children.
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Breslauer, George W. The Rise and Demise of World Communism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197579671.001.0001.
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Sixteen states came to be ruled by communist parties during the twentieth century. Only five of them remain in power today. This book explores the nature of communist regimes—what they share in common, how they differ from each other, and how they differentially evolved over time. The book finds that these regimes all came to power in the context of warfare or its aftermath, followed by the consolidation of power by a revolutionary elite that came to value “revolutionary violence” as the preferred means to an end, based upon Marx’s vision of apocalyptic revolution and Lenin’s conception of party organization. All these regimes went on to “build socialism” according to a Stalinist template, and were initially dedicated to “anti-imperialist struggle” as members of a “world communist movement.” But their common features gave way to diversity, difference, and defiance after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. For many reasons, and in many ways, those differences soon blew apart the world communist movement. They eventually led to the collapse of European communism. The remains of communism in China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea, and Cuba were made possible by the first three transforming their economic systems, opening to the capitalist international order, and abandoning “anti-imperialist struggle.” North Korea and Cuba have hung on due to the elites avoiding splits visible to the public. Analytically, the book explores, throughout, the interaction among the internal features of communist regimes (ideology and organization), the interactions among them within the world communist movement, and the interaction of communist states with the broader international order of capitalist powers.
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Gao, Yanhong, and Deliang Chen. Modeling of Regional Climate over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.591.
Full textAbstract:
The modeling of climate over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) started with the introduction of Global Climate Models (GCMs) in the 1950s. Since then, GCMs have been developed to simulate atmospheric dynamics and eventually the climate system. As the highest and widest international plateau, the strong orographic forcing caused by the TP and its impact on general circulation rather than regional climate was initially the focus. Later, with growing awareness of the incapability of GCMs to depict regional or local-scale atmospheric processes over the heterogeneous ground, coupled with the importance of this information for local decision-making, regional climate models (RCMs) were established in the 1970s. Dynamic and thermodynamic influences of the TP on the East and South Asia summer monsoon have since been widely investigated by model. Besides the heterogeneity in topography, impacts of land cover heterogeneity and change on regional climate were widely modeled through sensitivity experiments.In recent decades, the TP has experienced a greater warming than the global average and those for similar latitudes. GCMs project a global pattern where the wet gets wetter and the dry gets drier. The climate regime over the TP covers the extreme arid regions from the northwest to the semi-humid region in the southeast. The increased warming over the TP compared to the global average raises a number of questions. What are the regional dryness/wetness changes over the TP? What is the mechanism of the responses of regional changes to global warming? To answer these questions, several dynamical downscaling models (DDMs) using RCMs focusing on the TP have recently been conducted and high-resolution data sets generated. All DDM studies demonstrated that this process-based approach, despite its limitations, can improve understandings of the processes that lead to precipitation on the TP. Observation and global land data assimilation systems both present more wetting in the northwestern arid/semi-arid regions than the southeastern humid/semi-humid regions. The DDM was found to better capture the observed elevation dependent warming over the TP. In addition, the long-term high-resolution climate simulation was found to better capture the spatial pattern of precipitation and P-E (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) changes than the best available global reanalysis. This facilitates new and substantial findings regarding the role of dynamical, thermodynamics, and transient eddies in P-E changes reflected in observed changes in major river basins fed by runoff from the TP. The DDM was found to add value regarding snowfall retrieval, precipitation frequency, and orographic precipitation.Although these advantages in the DDM over the TP are evidenced, there are unavoidable facts to be aware of. Firstly, there are still many discrepancies that exist in the up-to-date models. Any uncertainty in the model’s physics or in the land information from remote sensing and the forcing could result in uncertainties in simulation results. Secondly, the question remains of what is the appropriate resolution for resolving the TP’s heterogeneity. Thirdly, it is a challenge to include human activities in the climate models, although this is deemed necessary for future earth science. All-embracing further efforts are expected to improve regional climate models over the TP.