Relevant bibliographies by topics / Valve seats

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Valve seats'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Valve seats"

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TAKAISHI, Takeo, Masato ZAMA, and Shizuo KAWANAMI. "Blow-by through Exhaust Valve Seats in Diesel Engines. (2nd Report. Temperature Rise in Exhaust Valve Seats.)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 58, no. 549 (1992): 1566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.58.1566.

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Smith, Bruce A. W., and Brian V. Luloff. "The Effect of Seat Geometry on Gate Valve Noise." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 4 (March 7, 2000): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286031.

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Gate valves often act as a source of tonal noise in piping systems. Occasionally, this can lead to excessive environmental noise levels. This paper presents the results of a model testing program that was conducted to determine the most cost-effective way to eliminate the noise source in one such valve. Over 300 tests were conducted on 25 different valve configurations. Testing of the original valve configuration indicated that the noise was caused by vortex shedding over the valve seat cavity coupled with an acoustic resonance across the throat of the valve. Numerous modifications to the valve seats, seat cavity, and disk were tested to determine how the vortex shedding could best be controlled. The effect of these modifications on the unsteady pressures in the valve and adjacent piping are presented and discussed. For the valve under consideration, it was concluded that the noise could best be eliminated by chamfering the upstream and downstream valve seats. Recommendations for avoiding noise problems in other valve installations are presented. [S0094-9930(00)00503-5]
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Zheng, Xun, Jin Gen Deng, Hai Yan Zhu, Shu Jie Liu, Wen Long Zhao, and Mi Hua Zhang. "Failure Analysis of Kelly Cock Valve Used in Drilling Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2610.

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Though statistically analyzing ten typical wells of kelly cock valve failure in certain oilfields, the main failure modes of the kelly cock valve were determined. Aiming at these modes and combining with mechanical analysis of knob, upper seat and main body of the kelly cock valve, its finite element calculation had been implemented and the weakness of all parts was found. By numerical modeling of the flow field of a kelly cock valve it was found that the velocity of fluid rapidly increased at upper and lower valve seats and this could easily prick out ball valves and valve seats, there was a annular low-velocity zone of minimum speed between the ball valve and the inner wall of the main body and this caused solid aggregation at this area. The research in this paper made the modes and causes of kelly failure to be recognized systematically. The results provided theoretical foundations of further improving the design and reasonable using of a kelly cock valve.
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TAKAISHI, Takeo, Masato ZAMA, Shizuo KAWANAMI, and Shigeru YAMAMOTO. "Blow-by through Exhaust Valve Seats in Diesel Engines. 1st Report. Hot Corrosion on Surface of Exhaust Valve Seats." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 58, no. 548 (1992): 1343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.58.1343.

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Romański, Andrzej, and Elżbieta Cygan-Bączek. "High Performance Valve Seat Materials for CNG Powered Combustion Engines." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 4860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174860.

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The conventional copper infiltrated high speed steel (HSS) valve seats used in gasoline engines are not suitable for CNG combustion because the exhaust gas temperature is at least 80 °C higher, which drastically shortens the service life of the engine valves. Therefore, a proprietary high-alloy HSS-base material was designed to combat hot corrosion and mechanical wear of valve seat faces in CNG fuelled engines. A batch of −100 mesh water atomized HSS powder was commissioned. The powder was vacuum annealed in order to reduce oxygen content and increase its compressibility. To improve the final part machinability, 1.2% MnS was admixed to the HSS powder prior to compaction. The green compacts were sintered at 1135 °C in nitrogen to around 83% TD and subsequently infiltrated with a copper alloy. After installing the valve seat components on a cylinder head, the engine was tested for 100 h according to the automotive industry valve seat wear test procedures. Both the periodic 8-h checks as well as the final examination of the valve seats showed very slow wear, indicating their suitability for CNG powered engines.
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Kawana, A., H. Ichimura, Y. Iwata, and S. Ono. "Development of PVD ceramic coatings for valve seats." Surface and Coatings Technology 86-87 (December 1996): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(96)02983-0.

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Kabir, Ehsanul, Hossein Emadi, Fathi Elldakli, and Matt Young. "Investigating effects of ball size on the performance of gas lift valve for both modified and optimized seats." Oil & Gas Sciences and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018002.

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The seat and the ball are the only two components of a Gas Lift Valve (GLV) that can be switched out to meet changing gas throughput requirements. For this reason, individual pairings of balls and seats must be designed to meet the particular requirements of specific situations. While conventional GLV seats have sharp edges, a modified seat design with partially beveled edges has been shown to improve gas throughput. This design was then tested using benchmark valve and was optimized by beveling the entire port of the seat. These experiments were conducted using a ball diameter that was 0.0016 m larger than the diameter of the port top, although the effects of even larger ball sizes have also been studied using benchmark valves with conventional seats. Researchers have yet to explore the effects of ball diameters smaller than the Port Top Diameter (PTD) and larger than the Port Bottom Diameter (PBD) for modified and optimized seat designs. In this paper, the effects of smaller ball size on the GLV gas throughput have been analyzed using both modified and optimized seat designs and actual GLV. The ball was 0.0016 m smaller than the PTD of the seats. Geometric models have been deduced to calculate the generated upstream area (frustum area) open to flow. This frustum area is a function of stem travel, and the dimensions of the seat and ball. Theoretical calculations have been compared with results obtained through robust experimental methods. The entire experimental program was divided into four individual experiments. The static testing was used to fix the dome pressure and the opening pressure. The hysteresis effect associated with the bellows assembly was minimized using the aging procedure. Probe tester was used to measure the stem travel. Finally, the gas throughput of the GLV was measured using dynamic testing. The smaller ball sizes were found to significantly improve the gas throughput of actual GLV. This improvement was as high as 179% for large PBD seats. However, the frustum area practically decreased for these cases. This result suggests that the flow coefficient has more effect on GLV gas throughput compared to frustum area.
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T. Londhe, Rohit. "Experimental Analysis of Valve and Valve Seats Wear in Gases (CNG) Fuelled Engine." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 4 (2014): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11415662.

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Lal, Charanjit Charlie. "Induction Hardening of Cast Iron Cylinder Head Valve Seats." Materials Science Forum 102-104 (January 1992): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.102-104.365.

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Honda, Tadashi, Katumi Hirano, Hiroyuki Suematu, and Kazuhiro Takemoto. "The Research and Development of the Valve Seats Material." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 48, no. 1 (1999): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.48.27.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Valve seats"

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Smith, Ryan Thomas. "Development of a Nitrogen-Modified Stainless-Steel Hardfacing Alloy." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440156184.

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Durango, Deisson Alexander Zuleta. "Influência da temperatura, velocidade e força no desgaste e no coeficiente de atrito de materiais para válvulas e sedes de válvulas de motores flex-fuel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3151/tde-18012017-141613/.

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Na maioria dos equipamentos mecânicos há movimento relativo entre componentes, e como resultado desse deslizamento relativo, as forças de atrito na superfície geram deformação plástica e/ou remoção de massa (ou volume) do material. Nos motores de combustão interna a geração da potência é realizada pela transformação da energia química em calor por meio da combustão do combustível com o ar, gerando o movimento alternativo de mecanismos (pistões, biela, virabrequim). Já no caso dos motores flex-fuel, o etanol como combustível aumenta a potência, levando a maiores carregamentos termomecânicos e, consequentemente, tribológicos nos seus componentes. Um dos sistemas do motor mais afetado pela mudança no combustível é o par válvula-sede, motivo pelo qual é necessário investigar os mecanismos de desgaste, os efeitos dos parâmetros de operação no comportamento frente ao atrito, e escolher apropriadamente pares deslizantes de materiais que apresentem baixas perdas de massa (taxas de desgaste) e coeficientes de atrito. Ensaios do tipo reciprocating tinham sido empregados para realizar estudos tribológicos de materiais de válvulas e com tratamentos superficiais. As condições de ensaio mais representativas são de operação do motor. Portanto, a seleção de parâmetros como carga, velocidade e temperatura não é fácil: para alguns equipamentos de teste, as variáveis não são independentes. Além disso, devido à complexidade do sistema tribológico, a interação entre as variáveis afeta os resultados. O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa foi dividido em duas frentes. A primeira, analisar isoladamente o efeito da temperatura, força normal e velocidade no coeficiente de atrito e no desgaste. O tribômetro SRV-4 do tipo reciprocating foi usado com uma esfera de aço AISI 52100 e distintos materiais de disco (aços e ligas intermetálicas sinterizadas de Nb). A segunda parte consistiu na caracterização dos mecanismos de desgaste de válvulas e sedes de motores distintos, após diferentes tipos de ensaios (dinamômetro e campo em veiculo). O coeficiente de atrito (?) e a perda de massa foram medidos para determinar o desempenho tribológico dos sistemas estudados. Além disso, as superfícies das marcas de desgaste tanto no disco quanto na esfera, assim como das válvulas e sedes foram analisadas por microscopia óptica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDS) e espectroscopia Raman. Para as distintas ligas intermetálicas de Nb ensaiadas com esfera de aço AISI 52100, encontrou-se que os mecanismos de desgaste nas superfícies após uma análise de MEV-EDS foram particularmente abrasão, adesão e oxidação. Já no caso dos motores que foram avaliados, muitos dos danos observados estavam presentes em ambas as válvulas e sedes de admissão e escape; no entanto, a oxidação ocorreu apenas nas válvulas de escape, provavelmente produzido pela alta temperatura durante a operação do motor.
In most of the mechanical assemblies there is relative motion between components, and as a result of this relative sliding action, frictional forces on the sliding surface result in removal or displacement of mass (or volume) of the material. The power generation of internal combustion engines comes from chemical energy transformation into heat through air fuel combustion with further expansion of gases generating the reciprocating movement of power cell (pistons, rod and crankshaft). For flex fuel engines, the ethanol increases power, leading to higher thermo-mechanical forces and consequently higher friction between its components. The valve/valve seat pair is one of the most affected system due to this change, leading to the need of more accurate analysis of its wear mechanisms, its operating parameters effects and his behavior regarding the friction so making possible to choose properly materials with lower mass loss (wear rate) and coefficient of friction. Reciprocating tests had been used to tribological studies of valve materials with surface treatment purpose. The most important test boundary conditions are the engine operating conditions. Therefore, the load, speed and temperature parameters definition is not easy since for some test equipment those variables are not independent. Besides due to tribological system complexity the variable interaction affects its results. The present research goal was divided in two groups. The first one analyzes the normal force, frequency and temperature effect on friction coefficient and wear, independently of each other. It was used a SRV-4 reciprocating tribometer with a sphere (AISI 52100 steel) against several disc materials (steel and sintered intermetallic alloys of Nb). The second one consisted in the characterization of wear mechanisms of valve/valve seat from different engines that were submitted to different test (engine dynamometer test bench and vehicle). The coefficient of friction (?) and mass loss were measured in order to define the studied systems tribological performance. Besides the both disc and sphere wear scars such as valve/valve seat were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy of X-ray (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. For the tested intermetallic alloys of Nb with AISI 52100 sphere it was found the following wear mechanisms after SEM-EDS analyses: abrasion, adhesion and oxidation. In the case of the evaluated engines, several damages were observed in both intake and exhaust valves/valve seats; however, the oxidation occurred only on exhaust valves, probably due to high operating temperature.
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Foral, Martin. "Optimalizace sacího potrubí zážehového motoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228432.

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The work deals with design solutions to the intake manifold modern contemporary internal combustion engines. Then describes the types of flow and structural design of ports, including the intake of their basic properties. The thesis also compare the results of the analysis and design optimization based on simulation of flow inlet port and measure the actual inlet port.
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Lewis, Roger. "Wear of diesel engine inlet valves and seats." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10238/.

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Valve wear has been a serious problem to engine designers and manufacturers for many years. Although new valve materials and production techniques are constantly being developed, these advances have been outpaced by demands for increased engine performance. The drive for reduced oil consumption and exhaust emissions, the phasing out of leaded petrol, reductions in the sulphur content of diesel fuel and the introduction of alternative fuels such as gas all have implications for valve and seat insert wear. The aim of the project has been, through the use of a representative bench test and engine testing, to diagnose the predominant wear mechanisms in diesel engine inlet valves and seats. This information was then to be used with other test data to develop a model for predicting valve recession and other tools to assist in solving valve failure problems. Test apparatus has been developed that is capable of providing a simulation of the wear of both inlet valves and seats used in automotive diesel engines. Investigations carried out using the apparatus have shown that the valve and seat wear problem involves two distinct mechanisms; impact of the valve on the seat insert on valve closure and sliding of the valve on the seat under the action of the combustion pressure. Wear has been shown to increase with valve closing velocity, combustion load and misalignment of the valve relative to the seat. Lubrication of the valve/seat interface leads to a significant reduction in valve recession. Valve rotation ensures even wear and promotes debris removal from the valve/seat interface. During testing it was established that resistance to impact was the key seat material property determining the amount of recession that occurred. A semi-empirical wear model for predicting valve recession has been developed based on the fundamental mechanisms of wear determined during test work. Model predictions were compared with engine tests and tests run on the bench test-rig. The model can be used to give a quantitative prediction of the valve recession to be expected with a particular material pair or a qualitative assessment of how parameters need to be altered in order to reduce recession. Flow charts have also been developed, based on the review of literature, failure analysis and modelling carried out, to assist in diagnosing and rectifying valve/seat failures and to help in reducing valve recession by design. The test apparatus, valve recession model and design tools can be integrated into an industrial environment in order to help reduce costs and timescales involved in solving valve/seat wear problems using the current trial and error methods.
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Abdel-Fattah, Yahia. "The mechanics of valve cooling in internal-combustion engines : investigation into the effect of VSI on the heat flow from valves towards the cooling jacket." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4333.

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Controlling the temperature of the exhaust valves is paramount for proper functioning of engines and for the long lifespan of valve train components. The majority of the heat outflow from the valve takes place along the valve-seat-cylinder head-coolant thermal path which is significantly influenced by the thermal contact resistance (TCR) present at the valve/seat and seat/head interfaces. A test rig facility and experimental procedure were successfully developed to assess the effect of the valve/seat and seat/head interfaces on heat outflow from the valve, in particular the effects of the valve/seat interface geometry, seat insert assembly method, i.e. press or shrink fit, and seat insert metallic coating on the operating temperature of the valve. The results of tests have shown that the degree of the valve-seat geometric conformity is more significant than the thermal conductivity of the insert: for low conforming assemblies, the mean valve head temperature recorded during tests on copper-infiltrated insert seats was higher than that recorded during tests on noninfiltrated seats of higher conformance. The effect of the insert-cylinder head assembly method, i.e. shrink-fitted versus press-fitted inserts, has proved negligible: results have shown insignificant valve head temperature variations, for both tin-coated and uncoated inserts. On the other hand, coating the seat inserts with a layer of tin (20-22μm) reduced the mean valve head temperature by approximately 15°C as measured during tests on uncoated seats. The analysis of the valve/seat and seat/head interfaces has indicated that the surface asperities of the softer metal in contact would undergo plastic deformation. Suitable thermal contact conductance (TCC) models, available in the public domain, were used to evaluate the conductance for the valve/seat and seat/cylinder head interfaces. Finally, a FE thermal model of the test rig has been developed with a view to assess the quality of the calculated TCC values for the valve/seat and seat/head interfaces. The results of the thermal analysis have shown that predicted temperatures at chosen control points agree with those measured during tests on thermometric seats with an acceptable level of accuracy, proving the effectiveness of the used TCC models.
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Naicker, Kovilen Manikum. "Unlocking the economic value of empty seats in South African stadia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75270.

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In a country known for its love of major sports such as cricket, football (soccer) and rugby, it seems counterintuitive that attendance at live sport events is declining. With high-performing international teams, star personalities, and beautiful sport venues, emptier sports stadia need investigation. This decline negatively affects sports revenues and has a depressive effect on microeconomies in and around sporting venues as well. This research sought to understand the South African sport consumers’ behaviour. It draws on insights from literature on sport consumer behaviour and related psychological fields. An understanding of the antecedent psychological drivers for behavioural intentions to attend live sport events was assessed, grounded by the theory of planned behaviour. A deductive research design employed a distributed survey that gathered 171 observations for analysis and used a multiple regression methodology, with weighted least squares transformations. The findings illustrate that sport consumers’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control all positively influence their behavioural intentions to attend live sport events. The influence of digital media in creating a more competitive sport consumption category – a key insight for stakeholders looking to future-proof their sports marketing and event offerings was highlighted. This research contributes to literature in the fields of behavioural psychology, social science, sport management and sport marketing, among others. Further actionable recommendations to sports industry stakeholders are offered to derive broad-based business value.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Rai, Sweta. "Identification of factors influencing the valve seat pressing process." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215974.

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Van, der Westhuizen Anriette. "The verification of seat effective amplitude transmissibility (SEAT) value as a reliable metric to evaluate dynamic seat comfort." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16453.

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Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A rough road vibration stimulus was reconstructed on a shaker platform to assess the dynamic comfort of seven seats by six human subjects. The virtual seat method was combined with a paired comparison procedure to assess subjective dynamic seat comfort. The psychometric method of constants, 1-up-1-down Levitt procedure and a 2-up-1-down Levitt procedure were compared experimentally to find the most accurate and efficient paired comparison scheme. A two-track interleaved, 2-up-1-down Levitt procedure was used for the subjective dynamic seat comfort assessment. SEAT value is an objective metric and has been widely used to determine seat vibration isolation efficiency. There was an excellent correlation (R2 = 0.97) between the subjective ratings and estimated SEAT values on the seat top when the values are averaged over the six subjects. This study suggests that the SEAT values, estimated from averaged seat top transmissibility of six carefully selected subjects, could be used to select the best seat for a specific road vibration input.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ses persone het deelgeneem aan ‘n eksperiment, om die dinamiese ritgemak van sewe stoele te karakteriseer. ‘n Rowwe padvibrasie is vir die doel op ‘n skudplatform geherkonstrueer. Subjektiewe ritgemak is bepaal deur die virtuelestoel metode met ‘n gepaarde, vergelykingstoets te kombineer. Die psigometriese metode van konstantes, die 1-op-1-af Levitt procedure en die 2-op- 1-af Levitt procedure is vergelyk om die mees effektiewe en akkurate vergelykingstoets te vind. ‘n Tweebaan, vervlegde , 2-op-1-af Levitt prosedure het die beste resultate gelewer en is gekies vir die subjektiewe evaluasie van dinamiese ritgemak. SEAT-waarde is ‘n objektiewe maatstaf, wat gebruik word om te bepaal hoe effektief ‘n stoel die insittende van voertuigvibrasie isoleer. Daar was ‘n uitstekende korrelasie (R2 = 0.97) tussen subjektiewe dinamiese ritgemakevaluesies en SEAT-waardes in die vertikale rigting op die stoelkussing as die gemiddelde oor die ses persone bereken word. Uit die resultate van hierdie studie blyk dit dat SEAT-waardes, wat bereken is vanaf die gemiddelde sitplektransmissie van die ses persone, wat verteenwoordigend van die teikenbevolking is, gebruik kan word om die beste stoel vir ‘n spesifieke vibrasieinset te kies.
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Ritchie, Greg. "Minimizing pressure relief valve seat leakage through optimization of design parameters." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31013.

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Lind, Sofia. "Wear reduction between disc edge and seat in a butterfly valve." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-62586.

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This thesis was written on behalf of SOMAS instruments AB. SOMAS develops, manufactures and markets valves. The mission was to reduce the wear between the disc edge and the seat in a butterfly valve that are used at high temperatures. This study investigated the possibility of using a surface treatment or coating that can reduce wear or if a new base material is better to use than the current steel 316 material. Possible materials, surface treatments and coatings were investigated and compared in a material study. In discussion with the company, four test pairs were chosen; • Steel 316 - Steel 316 • Steel 316 - Nitronic 60 • Nitronic 60 - Nitronic 60 • Steel 316 - Steel 316 with a surface coating of Tribaloy T-400 The wear behavior of the selected materials was investigated using a test rig at Karlstad University based on the method of block-on-ring. The machine spins a cylinder that corresponds to the seat against a block which in this case corresponds to the disc edge. The tests were carried out at room temperature, 250 ˚C and 500 ˚C. The cylinder was spinning at a speed of 100 rpm while the block pressed against with a load of 50 N. A profilometer, micro-hardness tester and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to investigate the wear. A comparison was made based on the volume of material removed from the blocks, the maximum wear depth of the blocks and the maximum wear depth of the cylinder. Wear mechanisms, chemical composition and hardness profiles were used to explain differences in results. The results were compared with the steel 316 to steel 316 solution. The Tribaloy T-400 showed good properties to reduce the wear at room temperature. Block made of Tribaloy T-400 showed no wear, instead steel from the cylinder had been adhered to the blocks. At higher temperatures, the amount of adhered material on the tribaloy T-400 increased, resulting in more wear at the surface of the cylinder than at room temperature. The wear on the cylinder was comparable to the wear of a steel cylinder that slid against a steel block. Nitronic 60 against nitronic 60 exhibited a significant reduction in wear compared with steel to steel at room temperature. At higher temperatures, nitronic 60 against nitronic 60 was the test pair that exhibited least wear. Nitronic 60 is recommended for further examination as a material in both the disc edge and the seat in a butterfly valve to be used at both room temperature and elevated temperatures.
Detta examensarbete skrevs på uppdrag från SOMAS instruments AB. SOMAS utvecklar, tillverkar och marknadsför ventiler. Uppdraget gick ut på att minska nötningen mellan spjällkanten och sätet i en vridspjällsventil som ska användas i höga temperaturer. Denna studie undersökte möjligheten det att använda en ytbehandling eller ytbeläggning som kan minska nötningen eller om ett nytt basmaterial är bättre att använda än det nuvarande materialet stål 316. Möjliga material, ytbehandlingar och ytbeläggningar undersöktes och jämfördes i en materialstudie. I diskussion tillsammans med företaget så valdes fyra stycken testpar; • stål 316 - stål 316 • stål 316 - nitronic 60 • nitronic 60 - nitronic 60 • stål 316 - stål 316 med en ytbeläggning av tribaloy T-400 Nötningsbeteendet hos de valda materialen undersöktes med hjälp av en testrigg på Karlstad universitet som bygger på metoden ”block-on-ring”. Maskinen snurrar en cylinder som motsvarar sätet mot ett block som i detta fall motsvarar spjällkanten. Testerna utfördes i rumstemperatur, 250 ˚C och 500 ˚C. Cylindern snurrade med en hastighet av 100 rpm medan blocket tryckte mot med en last på 50 N. En profilometer, mikrohårdhetstestare och svepelektronmikroskåp användes för att undersöka nötningen. En jämförelse gjordes baserad på volymen av det bortnötta materialet från blocken, maximala nötningsdjupet på blocken och maximala nötningsdjupet på cylindern. Slitagemekanismer, kemisk sammansättning och hårdhetsprofiler användes för att kunna förklara skillnader i resultaten. Resultaten jämfördes mot stål 316 mot stål 316. Tribaloy T-400 visade upp bra egenskaper för att kunna minska nötningen i rumstemperatur. Block gjorda av Tribaloy T-400 uppvisade ingen nötning, istället hade material från stål cylindern adderats på blocken. Vid högre temperaturer så ökade mängden adderat material på tribaloy T-400 vilket resulterade i att ytan på cylindern uppvisade mer nötning än i rumstemperatur. Nötningen på cylindern kunde jämföras med nötningen hos en stålcylinder som glidit mot ett stål block. Nitronic mot nitronic uppvisade vid rumstemperatur en stor minskning av nötning jämfört med stål mot stål. Vid högre temperatur var nitronic 60 mot nitronic 60 det test par som uppvisade minst nötning. Nitronic 60 rekommenderas för vidare undersökning som material i både spjällkanten och sätet i en vridspjällsventil som ska användas i både rumstemperatur och i höga temperaturer.
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Books on the topic "Valve seats"

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SZENDE, AGOTA, MARK OPPE, and NANCY DEVLIN, eds. EQ-5D Value Sets. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5511-0.

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Ocaranza, Juan Guillermo Prado. Los iluminados del valle de Elqui. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Covadonga, 1990.

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American Petroleum Institute. Refining Dept. Seat tightness of pressure relief valves. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C. (1220 L St., NW, Washington 20005): American Petroleum Institute, 1991.

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Ghambari, Mohammad. Powder metallurgy alloys for internal combustion engine valve seat inserts. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1989.

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Shopping for God: A sceptic's search for value in Britain's spiritual marketplace. London: HarperCollins, 2001.

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Lech, Górniewicz, and Ouahab Abdelghani, eds. Solution sets for differential equations and inclusions. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013.

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Brewing, Institute of. A technical review of double seat block and bleed valves: Project no.62. [London]: [Institute of Brewing], 1988.

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David, Guy. Singular integrals and rectifiable sets in Rn: Au-delà graphes lipschitziens. [Paris]: Société mathématique de France, 1991.

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CAVALCANTE, CARMEN LUISA CHAVES CAVALCANTE. Xamanismo no vale do amanhecer : o caso tia Neiva. Sao Paulo: Annablume, Fortaleza, Secretaria de Cultura e Desporto do Estado do Ceara, 2000.

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Singular sets of minimizers for the Mumford-Shah functional. Basel: Birkhäuser-Verlag, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Valve seats"

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Wong, Wilson Kia Onn. "The global automotive seats industry." In Automotive Global Value Chain, 87–129. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge advances in management and business studies ; 71: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315300993-4.

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Jesus Filho, E. S., Edilson Rosa Barbarosa Jesus, Lucio Salgado, S. L. Jesus, M. A. Colosio, J. C. Santos, S. Yoshida, C. H. Sartori, and J. L. Rossi. "Sintered Valve Seat Inserts – Microstructural Characterisation." In Materials Science Forum, 65–70. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-423-5.65.

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Świeboda, Wojciech, and Nguyen Sinh Hoa. "Reduct Calculation and Discretization of Numeric Attributes in Entity Attribute Value Model." In Rough Sets, 464–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99368-3_36.

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Ackermann, Jürgen. "Robustness Analysis by Value Sets." In Robust Control, 334–61. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0207-6_8.

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Yoshida, Yuji. "A Dynamic Average Value-at-Risk Portfolio Model with Fuzzy Random Variables." In Fuzzy Sets, Rough Sets, Multisets and Clustering, 291–306. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47557-8_17.

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Yang, Chung-Chun, and Hong-Xun Yi. "Three-value sets of meromorphic functions." In Uniqueness Theory of Meromorphic Functions, 338–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3626-8_6.

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Inbarani, H. Hannah, S. Senthil Kumar, Ahmad Taher Azar, and Aboul Ella Hassanien. "Soft Rough Sets for Heart Valve Disease Diagnosis." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 347–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13461-1_33.

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Li, Mei-Zheng, Guoyin Wang, and Jin Wang. "A Formal Concept Analysis Based Approach to Minimal Value Reduction." In Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, 109–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41299-8_11.

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Wu, Shengjian. "Borel Removable Sets in Value Distribution Theory." In Proceedings of the Second ISAAC Congress, 523–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0269-8_61.

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Gallestey, E., D. Hinrichsen, and A. J. Pritchard. "Spectral value sets of infinite-dimensional systems." In Open Problems in Mathematical Systems and Control Theory, 109–13. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0807-8_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Valve seats"

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Kiyotoki, Yoshihisa, and Mutuo Chigasaki. "HHC (Hitachi Hyper Valve): Corrosion Resistant, Withstands Erosion and Low CO Release." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3059.

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In order to prevent valve performance deterioration by corrosion and wear against the seat (following, the valve-seat) of the valve-disc and the valve-body at fossil and nuclear power plants, a Co-base alloy is hard-faced onto the valve-seat. However, valve-seats deteriorate, for example, by corrosion, cracking and erosion. Moreover, the drift of the set point of the safety valves also occurs, by the phenomenon of Corrosion-Bonding. A valve-seat with excellent corrosion resistance, erosion toughness and mechanical toughness is sought. And, if possible, a low Co release rate material is preferred in nuclear power plants. Therefore, to improve valve performance, we manufactured a new valve named HHV with a valve seat, whose metal microstructure is different from that of conventional valve seats, within the range of chemical compositions of RCoCr-A (AWS). We also, evaluated the performance of the HHV Valve. We verified that HHV has improved valve performance. Moreover, we applied HHV under actual operating power plant conditions. The results show that HHV is superior to conventional valves in corrosion resistance, etc.
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Tazawa, Toshiyuki, Masahiro Saito, and Nobuo Kojima. "Development of Co-Reduced Valve Seat for Nuclear Power Plants." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16714.

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The overlaying of Co-based alloy (e.g. “Stellite”) has been applied to valve seats in power plants to improve wear and abrasion resistance. However, using of the Co-based alloy should be avoided to valves which involve with reactor water in nuclear power plant because of activating to Co-60, and increment of radiation dose. Therefore, the alternative material to Co-based alloy has been required for these valves. Hardfacing is usually applied to improve abrasion resistance. Several high hardness materials without Co element were investigated, and it was found a Fe-based alloy as an alternative to Co-based alloy for the overlaying of valve seats. Mechanical tests of this Fe-based alloy formed by Plasma Transfer Arc (PTA) welding were carried out. Obtained values of tensile strength, Vickers hardness and Charpy impact value of the Fe-based alloy were almost equivalent to Co-based alloy. In addition, mock-up valve specimen was prepared, and sliding test was performed in simulated BWR plants environment. As a result, the amount of leakage was little enough when the Fe-based alloy is overlaid on one side seat part, and the radiation exposure from the valve seat can be reduced by 78 percent compared with the case of using the Co-based alloy for both side of overlaying. Note: Product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies.
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Powałka, Bartosz, and Reuven Katz. "The Influence of Valve Seats Machining Process on Roundness Error." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59060.

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This paper presents a methodology of valve seat machining force model development. A cutting force model coefficients are calibrated without the need of performing separate cutting tests for the blades of the valve seat tool. The developed cutting force model is validated using results of valve seat machining when the misalignement of the tool and workpiece axes was introduced. Also the model for the prediction of the roundess error that employs machine tool dynamics represented by frequency response function and cutting force model is proposed. Prediction quality of the roundness error model is compared to the CMM profile measurements.
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Tumu, Praveen Kumar, KungHao Wang, Juhchin Yang, Selvakumar Palani, and Balaji Srinivasan. "Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Valve Seats and Valve Guides Assembly in Engine Cylinder Head." In WCX™ 17: SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1090.

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Mutama, Kuda R. "Some Aspects of Steam Turbine Valves: Materials, Operations and Maintenance." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98289.

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Steam turbine valves are the most essential components of modern steam turbines from an operation, performance, reliability and safety aspects of a modern power plant. Current designs are pushing the operational envelope and it is not uncommon for large ultracritical plants to run on pressures exceeding 4500 psi and 1200 °F. These conditions are not only challenging for materials of construction for turbines and boilers but also for main steam turbine valves. The tendency of materials to oxidize at these temperatures is all too common causing problems for valve heads, stems, discs, bushings and seats. OEMs around the world are pushing to develop valve components with 9–12% Cr martensitic steels and nickel based alloys which offer better creep strength at elevated temperatures. For existing power plants at temperatures of a 1000 to 1050 °F range there is a push to retrofit valve components with Incolloy 901 type, Inconel 718 and Stellite alloys. Scale build up in traditional alloys happens too quickly for the usual two year maintenance cycle. The application of better alloys for steam turbine valves makes it possible to increase the maintenance cycle from two to four or even six years, while increasing the operational reliability of the valve. Elimination of main steam valve failures removes risks of turbine overspeed events and increases plant availability. Solid particle erosion is not forgiving on valve parts such as stems, discs and valve seats and over a period of time, excessive wear causes the valve to be rendered unsafe to continued service. Nitrided materials and chrome-carbide-coated materials are much harder than the stem base material; and to slow down wear, a nitriding process is used to develop a thin, hard, wear-resistant surface. Some of the material often used for Stellite liners are Nitralloy 135M, 410 SS, 422 SS Nitrided, Incolloy 901 Nitrided, 347 SS, 13Cr-13Ni-10Co-3Nb-2.5W-2Mo. Different OEMs use a variety of alloys for valve seats, discs and stems. Antigalling characteristics are particularly favorable. Valve casings are cast materials and usually specifications include the ASTM A217 and ASTM A356. The ASTM A217 cast steels are typically, 1.25Cr-0.5Mo Grade WC6 and the 2.25Cr-1Mo Grade WC9 materials. Some of the problems experienced with steam turbine valves, are sticking to the valve seat requiring excessive pull-out force, wear of the seat surface, valves not closing properly due to oxidation build up, Stellite weld cracking, cutting or gouging due to solid particle erosion. The material presented in this paper is of interest to fossil power plant personnel experiencing challenges on valve performance and maintenance. The paper looks at all aspects of steam turbine valves as far as current trends in valve material, operation and maintenance and lastly, looks at recent occurrences of valve failures leading to steam turbine overspeed catastrophic failures around the world.
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Lee, Sang Wook, Hyeun Joong Yoon, and Sang Sik Yang. "Fabrication of a Two-Way Pressure Regulation Micro Valve With the Anti-Siphon Effect." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39466.

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This paper presents the fabrication and the test of an implantable two-way pressure regulation micro valve with the anti-siphon effect for the hydrocephalus patients. This micro valve consists of a silicone rubber membrane and a valve seat to enable the opening pressure control as well as the anti-siphon behavior. The two-way pressure regulation and the anti-siphon effect of the micro valve are shown experimentally for various sizes of membranes and valve seats.
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Popoola, Oludele O., Larry V. Reatherford, and Robert C. McCune. "Process and Materials Development for Adherently Sprayed Valve Seats on Aluminum Engine Heads." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980329.

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Srivatsan, Vijay, Bartosz Powałka, Reuven Katz, and John Agapiou. "In-Line Inspection of Engine Valve Seats Using a Non-Contact Range Sensor." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59006.

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This paper presents a methodology for the inspection of geometric features on an internal combustion engine valve seat. Inspection of valve seat geometry using a high-precision non-contact range sensor is investigated. A method that can extract the cone angle, the valve seat length and the roundness of the cone surface has been presented. In-line implementation requires a methodology to analyze data from a minimum number of parallel cross sectional profiles of the valve seat. An in-line valve seat inspection prototype machine with two axes of motion that utilizes the method presented in this paper is presented. Validation of the method on several valve seat samples shows a high degree of repeatability, and the results are comparable to coordinate measurement machine measurements of the same samples.
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Li, Kebin, Keith Morton, Matthew Shiu, Karine Turcotte, Luke Lukic, Gaetan Veilleux, Lucas Poncelet, and Teodor Veres. "Normally Closed Microfluidic Valves with Microstructured Valve Seats: A Strategy for Industrial Manufacturing of Thermoplastic Microfluidics with Microvalves." In 2020 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mems46641.2020.9056136.

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Gervasio, Daniel Teixeira, Erlon Castro Rodrigues, and Carlos Eduardo Celia de Lima. "Cylinder head valve seats insertion simulation using finite elements non linear dynamic explicit method." In SAE Brasil 2010 Congress and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-36-0095.

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Reports on the topic "Valve seats"

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Lacey, P. I., S. M. Hsu, R. S. Gates, S. Lee, L. Ives, C. Ku, P. Pei, Y. Wang, E. P. Whitenton, and R. G. Munro. Wear mechanisms of valves and valve seat inserts in a gas-fired reciprocating engine. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.90-4264.

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Freed, N., and K. Moore. MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations. RFC Editor, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2184.

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Freed, N., and K. Moore. MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations. RFC Editor, November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2231.

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Gaustad, Krista, David Turner, and Sally McFarlane. MWRRET Value-Added Product: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Data Sets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1808577.

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Remi Aiyede, Emmanuel. Agricultural Commercialisation and the Political Economy of Cocoa and Rice Value Chains in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.005.

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Nigeria has sought to diversify its economy away from dependence on oil as a major source of government revenue through agricultural commercialisation. Agriculture has been a priority sector because it has very high growth potential and the greatest potential for employment and export revenue. The cocoa and rice value chains are central to the government’s engagement with agriculture to achieve these objectives. This paper sets out to investigate the underlying political economy dynamics of the commercialisation of the cocoa and rice value chains in Nigeria in terms of smallholder farm households’ shift from semi-subsistence agriculture to production primarily for market, and predominantly commercial medium- and large-scale farm enterprises complementing or replacing smallholder farm households.
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Gaustad, KL, DD Turner, and SA McFarlane. MWRRET Value-Added Product: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Data Sets (Revision 2). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1019284.

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Zhang, Damao, Laura Riihimaki, Krista Gaustad, and David Turner. MWRRETV2 Value-Added Product Report: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer – 3-Channel (MWR3C) Data Sets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1808584.

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Ward, Colin, and Wolfgang Heidug. Enhanced Oil Recovery and CO2 Storage Potential Outside North America: An Economic Assessment. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2018-dp27.

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Storing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in oil reservoirs as part of CO2 -based enhanced oil recovery (CO2 -EOR) can be a cost-effective solution to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. In this paper, we analyze the economics of this option in order to estimate the amount of CO2 that could be profitably stored in different regions of the world. We consider situations in which the CO2 -EOR operator either purchases the CO2 supplied or is paid for its storage. Building upon extensive data sets concerning the characteristics and location of oil reservoirs and emission sources, the paper focuses on opportunities outside North America. Using net present value (NPV) as an indicator for profitability, we conduct a break-even analysis to relate CO2 supply prices (positive or negative) to economically viable storage potential.
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Spano, Christian, Paolo Natali, Charles Cannon, Suzanne Greene, Osvaldo Urzúa, Carlos Sucre, and Adriana Unzueta. Latin America and the Caribbean 2050: Becoming a Global Low-Carbon Metals and Solutions Hub. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003412.

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This report evaluates scope 3 emissions along the copper and iron ore value chains and the opportunities that Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has to become a low carbon metals and solutions hub. The report presents four carbon emission scenarios that represent different sets of decisions for policy-makers and investors. Two scenarios fall short of aligning with Paris targets: (1) the business as usual (BaU) scenario with no further abatement action; and (2) a BaU scenario with the current level of emission reduction potential from players in the value chain (BaU Possible). The other two scenarios deliver the required carbon reductions to be compliant with the Paris Agreement by 2060, but through different strategies: (3) the BaU Paris scenario. where alignment with Paris targets is achieved by keeping BaU volumes and reducing carbon intensity per tonne of metal; and (4) the Decoupled scenario, where carbon intensity reductions are relaxed and compensated by a reduction in primary supply to align the value chain emissions to a Paris trajectory. All scenarios require LACs leaders to consider investments in low-carbon technology in different degrees. The report argues that, given its competitive position in the cost curve for copper and iron ore and an abundance of enabling factors for low carbon strategies, the region could become a key source of low carbon metals and solutions as long as it is proactive in adopting all the necessary measures from public sector and industry perspectives. Finally, the report concludes that myriad opportunities exist for LAC, including new business models, technologies and products, and that these could yield a greater economic and social contribution to the region than the BaU trajectories.
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Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/fls210322-3.

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This publication presents the latest key statistics on development issues for the economies of Asia and the Pacific. It sets out the region’s current status in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals, and provides economic, financial, social, and environmental indicators for the 49 regional members of the Asian Development Bank. It covers global value chains and also highlights initiatives of national statistics offices to provide timely data for planning and policymaking. A special supplement, Capturing the Digital Economy, sets out a framework for measuring the importance of the digital economy in national and global production processes.
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