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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Valve seats

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Academic literature on the topic 'Valve seats'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Valve seats"

1

TAKAISHI, Takeo, Masato ZAMA, and Shizuo KAWANAMI. "Blow-by through Exhaust Valve Seats in Diesel Engines. (2nd Report. Temperature Rise in Exhaust Valve Seats.)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 58, no. 549 (1992): 1566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.58.1566.

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Smith, Bruce A. W., and Brian V. Luloff. "The Effect of Seat Geometry on Gate Valve Noise." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 4 (2000): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286031.

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Gate valves often act as a source of tonal noise in piping systems. Occasionally, this can lead to excessive environmental noise levels. This paper presents the results of a model testing program that was conducted to determine the most cost-effective way to eliminate the noise source in one such valve. Over 300 tests were conducted on 25 different valve configurations. Testing of the original valve configuration indicated that the noise was caused by vortex shedding over the valve seat cavity coupled with an acoustic resonance across the throat of the valve. Numerous modifications to the valv

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3

Zheng, Xun, Jin Gen Deng, Hai Yan Zhu, Shu Jie Liu, Wen Long Zhao, and Mi Hua Zhang. "Failure Analysis of Kelly Cock Valve Used in Drilling Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2610.

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Though statistically analyzing ten typical wells of kelly cock valve failure in certain oilfields, the main failure modes of the kelly cock valve were determined. Aiming at these modes and combining with mechanical analysis of knob, upper seat and main body of the kelly cock valve, its finite element calculation had been implemented and the weakness of all parts was found. By numerical modeling of the flow field of a kelly cock valve it was found that the velocity of fluid rapidly increased at upper and lower valve seats and this could easily prick out ball valves and valve seats, there was a

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TAKAISHI, Takeo, Masato ZAMA, Shizuo KAWANAMI, and Shigeru YAMAMOTO. "Blow-by through Exhaust Valve Seats in Diesel Engines. 1st Report. Hot Corrosion on Surface of Exhaust Valve Seats." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 58, no. 548 (1992): 1343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.58.1343.

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Romański, Andrzej, and Elżbieta Cygan-Bączek. "High Performance Valve Seat Materials for CNG Powered Combustion Engines." Materials 14, no. 17 (2021): 4860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174860.

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The conventional copper infiltrated high speed steel (HSS) valve seats used in gasoline engines are not suitable for CNG combustion because the exhaust gas temperature is at least 80 °C higher, which drastically shortens the service life of the engine valves. Therefore, a proprietary high-alloy HSS-base material was designed to combat hot corrosion and mechanical wear of valve seat faces in CNG fuelled engines. A batch of −100 mesh water atomized HSS powder was commissioned. The powder was vacuum annealed in order to reduce oxygen content and increase its compressibility. To improve the final

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6

Kawana, A., H. Ichimura, Y. Iwata, and S. Ono. "Development of PVD ceramic coatings for valve seats." Surface and Coatings Technology 86-87 (December 1996): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(96)02983-0.

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Kabir, Ehsanul, Hossein Emadi, Fathi Elldakli, and Matt Young. "Investigating effects of ball size on the performance of gas lift valve for both modified and optimized seats." Oil & Gas Sciences and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018002.

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The seat and the ball are the only two components of a Gas Lift Valve (GLV) that can be switched out to meet changing gas throughput requirements. For this reason, individual pairings of balls and seats must be designed to meet the particular requirements of specific situations. While conventional GLV seats have sharp edges, a modified seat design with partially beveled edges has been shown to improve gas throughput. This design was then tested using benchmark valve and was optimized by beveling the entire port of the seat. These experiments were conducted using a ball diameter that was 0.0016

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T. Londhe, Rohit. "Experimental Analysis of Valve and Valve Seats Wear in Gases (CNG) Fuelled Engine." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 4 (2014): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11415662.

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Lal, Charanjit Charlie. "Induction Hardening of Cast Iron Cylinder Head Valve Seats." Materials Science Forum 102-104 (January 1992): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.102-104.365.

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Honda, Tadashi, Katumi Hirano, Hiroyuki Suematu, and Kazuhiro Takemoto. "The Research and Development of the Valve Seats Material." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 48, no. 1 (1999): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.48.27.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Valve seats"

1

Smith, Ryan Thomas. "Development of a Nitrogen-Modified Stainless-Steel Hardfacing Alloy." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440156184.

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Durango, Deisson Alexander Zuleta. "Influência da temperatura, velocidade e força no desgaste e no coeficiente de atrito de materiais para válvulas e sedes de válvulas de motores flex-fuel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3151/tde-18012017-141613/.

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Na maioria dos equipamentos mecânicos há movimento relativo entre componentes, e como resultado desse deslizamento relativo, as forças de atrito na superfície geram deformação plástica e/ou remoção de massa (ou volume) do material. Nos motores de combustão interna a geração da potência é realizada pela transformação da energia química em calor por meio da combustão do combustível com o ar, gerando o movimento alternativo de mecanismos (pistões, biela, virabrequim). Já no caso dos motores flex-fuel, o etanol como combustível aumenta a potência, levando a maiores carregamentos termomecânicos e,

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Foral, Martin. "Optimalizace sacího potrubí zážehového motoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228432.

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The work deals with design solutions to the intake manifold modern contemporary internal combustion engines. Then describes the types of flow and structural design of ports, including the intake of their basic properties. The thesis also compare the results of the analysis and design optimization based on simulation of flow inlet port and measure the actual inlet port.

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Lewis, Roger. "Wear of diesel engine inlet valves and seats." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10238/.

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Valve wear has been a serious problem to engine designers and manufacturers for many years. Although new valve materials and production techniques are constantly being developed, these advances have been outpaced by demands for increased engine performance. The drive for reduced oil consumption and exhaust emissions, the phasing out of leaded petrol, reductions in the sulphur content of diesel fuel and the introduction of alternative fuels such as gas all have implications for valve and seat insert wear. The aim of the project has been, through the use of a representative bench test and engine

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Abdel-Fattah, Yahia. "The mechanics of valve cooling in internal-combustion engines : investigation into the effect of VSI on the heat flow from valves towards the cooling jacket." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4333.

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Controlling the temperature of the exhaust valves is paramount for proper functioning of engines and for the long lifespan of valve train components. The majority of the heat outflow from the valve takes place along the valve-seat-cylinder head-coolant thermal path which is significantly influenced by the thermal contact resistance (TCR) present at the valve/seat and seat/head interfaces. A test rig facility and experimental procedure were successfully developed to assess the effect of the valve/seat and seat/head interfaces on heat outflow from the valve, in particular the effects of the valv

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Naicker, Kovilen Manikum. "Unlocking the economic value of empty seats in South African stadia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75270.

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In a country known for its love of major sports such as cricket, football (soccer) and rugby, it seems counterintuitive that attendance at live sport events is declining. With high-performing international teams, star personalities, and beautiful sport venues, emptier sports stadia need investigation. This decline negatively affects sports revenues and has a depressive effect on microeconomies in and around sporting venues as well. This research sought to understand the South African sport consumers’ behaviour. It draws on insights from literature on sport consumer behaviour and related psycho

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Rai, Sweta. "Identification of factors influencing the valve seat pressing process." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215974.

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Van, der Westhuizen Anriette. "The verification of seat effective amplitude transmissibility (SEAT) value as a reliable metric to evaluate dynamic seat comfort." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16453.

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Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A rough road vibration stimulus was reconstructed on a shaker platform to assess the dynamic comfort of seven seats by six human subjects. The virtual seat method was combined with a paired comparison procedure to assess subjective dynamic seat comfort. The psychometric method of constants, 1-up-1-down Levitt procedure and a 2-up-1-down Levitt procedure were compared experimentally to find the most accurate and efficient paired comparison scheme. A two-track interleaved, 2-up-1-down Levitt procedure was used for the

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Ritchie, Greg. "Minimizing pressure relief valve seat leakage through optimization of design parameters." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31013.

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Lind, Sofia. "Wear reduction between disc edge and seat in a butterfly valve." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-62586.

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This thesis was written on behalf of SOMAS instruments AB. SOMAS develops, manufactures and markets valves. The mission was to reduce the wear between the disc edge and the seat in a butterfly valve that are used at high temperatures. This study investigated the possibility of using a surface treatment or coating that can reduce wear or if a new base material is better to use than the current steel 316 material. Possible materials, surface treatments and coatings were investigated and compared in a material study. In discussion with the company, four test pairs were chosen; • Steel 316 - Steel

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Books on the topic "Valve seats"

1

SZENDE, AGOTA, MARK OPPE, and NANCY DEVLIN, eds. EQ-5D Value Sets. Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5511-0.

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Ocaranza, Juan Guillermo Prado. Los iluminados del valle de Elqui. Editorial Covadonga, 1990.

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3

American Petroleum Institute. Refining Dept. Seat tightness of pressure relief valves. 3rd ed. American Petroleum Institute, 1991.

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4

Ghambari, Mohammad. Powder metallurgy alloys for internal combustion engine valve seat inserts. University of Birmingham, 1989.

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5

Shopping for God: A sceptic's search for value in Britain's spiritual marketplace. HarperCollins, 2001.

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6

Lech, Górniewicz, and Ouahab Abdelghani, eds. Solution sets for differential equations and inclusions. De Gruyter, 2013.

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7

Brewing, Institute of. A technical review of double seat block and bleed valves: Project no.62. [Institute of Brewing], 1988.

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8

David, Guy. Singular integrals and rectifiable sets in Rn: Au-delà graphes lipschitziens. Société mathématique de France, 1991.

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9

CAVALCANTE, CARMEN LUISA CHAVES CAVALCANTE. Xamanismo no vale do amanhecer : o caso tia Neiva. Annablume, Fortaleza, Secretaria de Cultura e Desporto do Estado do Ceara, 2000.

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10

Singular sets of minimizers for the Mumford-Shah functional. Birkhäuser-Verlag, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Valve seats"

1

Wong, Wilson Kia Onn. "The global automotive seats industry." In Automotive Global Value Chain. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315300993-4.

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2

Jesus Filho, E. S., Edilson Rosa Barbarosa Jesus, Lucio Salgado, et al. "Sintered Valve Seat Inserts – Microstructural Characterisation." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-423-5.65.

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3

Świeboda, Wojciech, and Nguyen Sinh Hoa. "Reduct Calculation and Discretization of Numeric Attributes in Entity Attribute Value Model." In Rough Sets. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99368-3_36.

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Ackermann, Jürgen. "Robustness Analysis by Value Sets." In Robust Control. Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0207-6_8.

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Yoshida, Yuji. "A Dynamic Average Value-at-Risk Portfolio Model with Fuzzy Random Variables." In Fuzzy Sets, Rough Sets, Multisets and Clustering. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47557-8_17.

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Yang, Chung-Chun, and Hong-Xun Yi. "Three-value sets of meromorphic functions." In Uniqueness Theory of Meromorphic Functions. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3626-8_6.

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Inbarani, H. Hannah, S. Senthil Kumar, Ahmad Taher Azar, and Aboul Ella Hassanien. "Soft Rough Sets for Heart Valve Disease Diagnosis." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13461-1_33.

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Li, Mei-Zheng, Guoyin Wang, and Jin Wang. "A Formal Concept Analysis Based Approach to Minimal Value Reduction." In Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41299-8_11.

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Wu, Shengjian. "Borel Removable Sets in Value Distribution Theory." In Proceedings of the Second ISAAC Congress. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0269-8_61.

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Gallestey, E., D. Hinrichsen, and A. J. Pritchard. "Spectral value sets of infinite-dimensional systems." In Open Problems in Mathematical Systems and Control Theory. Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0807-8_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Valve seats"

1

Kiyotoki, Yoshihisa, and Mutuo Chigasaki. "HHC (Hitachi Hyper Valve): Corrosion Resistant, Withstands Erosion and Low CO Release." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3059.

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In order to prevent valve performance deterioration by corrosion and wear against the seat (following, the valve-seat) of the valve-disc and the valve-body at fossil and nuclear power plants, a Co-base alloy is hard-faced onto the valve-seat. However, valve-seats deteriorate, for example, by corrosion, cracking and erosion. Moreover, the drift of the set point of the safety valves also occurs, by the phenomenon of Corrosion-Bonding. A valve-seat with excellent corrosion resistance, erosion toughness and mechanical toughness is sought. And, if possible, a low Co release rate material is preferr

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Tazawa, Toshiyuki, Masahiro Saito, and Nobuo Kojima. "Development of Co-Reduced Valve Seat for Nuclear Power Plants." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16714.

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The overlaying of Co-based alloy (e.g. “Stellite”) has been applied to valve seats in power plants to improve wear and abrasion resistance. However, using of the Co-based alloy should be avoided to valves which involve with reactor water in nuclear power plant because of activating to Co-60, and increment of radiation dose. Therefore, the alternative material to Co-based alloy has been required for these valves. Hardfacing is usually applied to improve abrasion resistance. Several high hardness materials without Co element were investigated, and it was found a Fe-based alloy as an alternative

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Powałka, Bartosz, and Reuven Katz. "The Influence of Valve Seats Machining Process on Roundness Error." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59060.

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This paper presents a methodology of valve seat machining force model development. A cutting force model coefficients are calibrated without the need of performing separate cutting tests for the blades of the valve seat tool. The developed cutting force model is validated using results of valve seat machining when the misalignement of the tool and workpiece axes was introduced. Also the model for the prediction of the roundess error that employs machine tool dynamics represented by frequency response function and cutting force model is proposed. Prediction quality of the roundness error model

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Tumu, Praveen Kumar, KungHao Wang, Juhchin Yang, Selvakumar Palani, and Balaji Srinivasan. "Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Valve Seats and Valve Guides Assembly in Engine Cylinder Head." In WCX™ 17: SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1090.

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Mutama, Kuda R. "Some Aspects of Steam Turbine Valves: Materials, Operations and Maintenance." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98289.

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Steam turbine valves are the most essential components of modern steam turbines from an operation, performance, reliability and safety aspects of a modern power plant. Current designs are pushing the operational envelope and it is not uncommon for large ultracritical plants to run on pressures exceeding 4500 psi and 1200 °F. These conditions are not only challenging for materials of construction for turbines and boilers but also for main steam turbine valves. The tendency of materials to oxidize at these temperatures is all too common causing problems for valve heads, stems, discs, bushings an

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Lee, Sang Wook, Hyeun Joong Yoon, and Sang Sik Yang. "Fabrication of a Two-Way Pressure Regulation Micro Valve With the Anti-Siphon Effect." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39466.

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This paper presents the fabrication and the test of an implantable two-way pressure regulation micro valve with the anti-siphon effect for the hydrocephalus patients. This micro valve consists of a silicone rubber membrane and a valve seat to enable the opening pressure control as well as the anti-siphon behavior. The two-way pressure regulation and the anti-siphon effect of the micro valve are shown experimentally for various sizes of membranes and valve seats.

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Popoola, Oludele O., Larry V. Reatherford, and Robert C. McCune. "Process and Materials Development for Adherently Sprayed Valve Seats on Aluminum Engine Heads." In International Congress & Exposition. SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980329.

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Srivatsan, Vijay, Bartosz Powałka, Reuven Katz, and John Agapiou. "In-Line Inspection of Engine Valve Seats Using a Non-Contact Range Sensor." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59006.

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This paper presents a methodology for the inspection of geometric features on an internal combustion engine valve seat. Inspection of valve seat geometry using a high-precision non-contact range sensor is investigated. A method that can extract the cone angle, the valve seat length and the roundness of the cone surface has been presented. In-line implementation requires a methodology to analyze data from a minimum number of parallel cross sectional profiles of the valve seat. An in-line valve seat inspection prototype machine with two axes of motion that utilizes the method presented in this p

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Li, Kebin, Keith Morton, Matthew Shiu, et al. "Normally Closed Microfluidic Valves with Microstructured Valve Seats: A Strategy for Industrial Manufacturing of Thermoplastic Microfluidics with Microvalves." In 2020 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mems46641.2020.9056136.

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Gervasio, Daniel Teixeira, Erlon Castro Rodrigues, and Carlos Eduardo Celia de Lima. "Cylinder head valve seats insertion simulation using finite elements non linear dynamic explicit method." In SAE Brasil 2010 Congress and Exhibit. SAE International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-36-0095.

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Reports on the topic "Valve seats"

1

Lacey, P. I., S. M. Hsu, R. S. Gates, et al. Wear mechanisms of valves and valve seat inserts in a gas-fired reciprocating engine. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.90-4264.

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Freed, N., and K. Moore. MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations. RFC Editor, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2184.

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Freed, N., and K. Moore. MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations. RFC Editor, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2231.

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4

Gaustad, Krista, David Turner, and Sally McFarlane. MWRRET Value-Added Product: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Data Sets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1808577.

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Remi Aiyede, Emmanuel. Agricultural Commercialisation and the Political Economy of Cocoa and Rice Value Chains in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.005.

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Nigeria has sought to diversify its economy away from dependence on oil as a major source of government revenue through agricultural commercialisation. Agriculture has been a priority sector because it has very high growth potential and the greatest potential for employment and export revenue. The cocoa and rice value chains are central to the government’s engagement with agriculture to achieve these objectives. This paper sets out to investigate the underlying political economy dynamics of the commercialisation of the cocoa and rice value chains in Nigeria in terms of smallholder farm househo

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Gaustad, KL, DD Turner, and SA McFarlane. MWRRET Value-Added Product: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Data Sets (Revision 2). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1019284.

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Zhang, Damao, Laura Riihimaki, Krista Gaustad, and David Turner. MWRRETV2 Value-Added Product Report: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer – 3-Channel (MWR3C) Data Sets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1808584.

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Ward, Colin, and Wolfgang Heidug. Enhanced Oil Recovery and CO2 Storage Potential Outside North America: An Economic Assessment. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2018-dp27.

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Storing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in oil reservoirs as part of CO2 -based enhanced oil recovery (CO2 -EOR) can be a cost-effective solution to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. In this paper, we analyze the economics of this option in order to estimate the amount of CO2 that could be profitably stored in different regions of the world. We consider situations in which the CO2 -EOR operator either purchases the CO2 supplied or is paid for its storage. Building upon extensive data sets concerning the characteristics and location of oil reservoirs and emission sources, the paper focuses on opportu

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Spano, Christian, Paolo Natali, Charles Cannon, et al. Latin America and the Caribbean 2050: Becoming a Global Low-Carbon Metals and Solutions Hub. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003412.

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This report evaluates scope 3 emissions along the copper and iron ore value chains and the opportunities that Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has to become a low carbon metals and solutions hub. The report presents four carbon emission scenarios that represent different sets of decisions for policy-makers and investors. Two scenarios fall short of aligning with Paris targets: (1) the business as usual (BaU) scenario with no further abatement action; and (2) a BaU scenario with the current level of emission reduction potential from players in the value chain (BaU Possible). The other two

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Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021. Asian Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/fls210322-3.

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This publication presents the latest key statistics on development issues for the economies of Asia and the Pacific. It sets out the region’s current status in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals, and provides economic, financial, social, and environmental indicators for the 49 regional members of the Asian Development Bank. It covers global value chains and also highlights initiatives of national statistics offices to provide timely data for planning and policymaking. A special supplement, Capturing the Digital Economy, sets out a framework for measuring the importance of the digita

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