Relevant bibliographies by topics / Valve timing control

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Valve timing control'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Valve timing control"

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NAGAYA, Kosuke, Takaaki SUZUKI, Katuhito IMAI, and Yasuhiro IMAI. "Engine valve timing control system." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2000.1 (2000): 903–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.1.0_903.

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Nagaya, Kosuke, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, and Kazuya Koike. "Valve timing and valve lift control mechanism for engines." Mechatronics 16, no. 2 (March 2006): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2005.09.007.

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Li, Huan, Ying Huang, Guoming Zhu, and Zheng Lou. "Adaptive LQT Valve Timing Control for an Electro-Hydraulic Variable Valve Actuator." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 27, no. 5 (September 2019): 2182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2018.2861865.

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MURATA, Yutaka, Daisuke KAWANO, Jin KUSAKA, Yasuhiro DAISHO, Hisakazu SUZUKI, Hajime ISHII, Yuichi GOTO, and Matsuo ODAKA. "3108 Control of Ignition Timing of Premixed Diesel Combustion with Variable Valve Timing." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2005.3 (2005): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2005.3.0_55.

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TAKAGI, Masahide, and Yoshio TAKASUGI. "Study of Internal EGR Control Using Variable Valve Timing." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 39, no. 10 (2004): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.39.706.

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Pan, Yaodong, and Ümit Özgüner. "Extremum Seeking Control of a Variable Valve timing Engine." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 22 (April 2004): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)30340-3.

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ASTAWA, KETUT. "PENCAPAIAN PERFORMA PADA KATUP VARIABEL TIMING FIXED TIMING UNTUK MESIN YANG OPTIMAL." Jurnal Teknik Industri 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2012): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol11.no1.68-74.

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Problems will be discussed in this research is how differences in exhaust emissions generatedby engine with variable valve timing and valve timing on a fixed volume of motor vehiclecylinder 1300 cc. Variable valve timing technology, which is set when opening and closingthe intake valve (intake valve) electronic fuel according to engine conditions. This will makemixing air and fuel that enters into an efficient machine that will produce great power, fueleconomy and low emissions. Research emissions (CO, CO2, HC, O2) was performedwith dynamictesting, where the vehicle in a state of the load lifted and given transmission. Unlikethe testing generally performed with a static test, in which the vehicle is at rest and without aload. This test is performed to determine how the condition of exhaust gases when the vehicledynamic (analogous to the vehicle running). In general, machines with variable valve timingto produce better emissions than engines with fixed valve timing. The higher the spin machineand load transmission system will result in CO and HC emissions are decreased and O2 andCO2 increased. Engine with variable valve timing control the suction valve opening times toachieve optimum engine performance at various driving conditions. And set out the engineoutput as needed.
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Nagaya, Kosuke, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Takaaki Suzuki, Kazuya Koike, Noriaki Takahashi, and Xujing Zhang. "Magnetic driven valve system and valve timing control mechanism for internal combustion engines." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 19, no. 1-4 (April 24, 2004): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-2004-541.

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Lee, Donghoon, Li Jiang, Hakan Yilmaz, and Anna G. Stefanopoulou. "Preliminary Results on Optimal Variable Valve Timing and Spark Timing Control via Extremum Seeking." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 18 (2010): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100913-3-us-2015.00038.

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Hall, Carrie M., Gregory M. Shaver, Jonathan Chauvin, and Nicolas Petit. "Control-oriented modelling of combustion phasing for a fuel-flexible spark-ignited engine with variable valve timing." International Journal of Engine Research 13, no. 5 (April 10, 2012): 448–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087412439019.

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In an effort to reduce dependence on petroleum-based fuels and increase engine efficiency, fuel-flexible engines with advanced technologies, including variable valve timing, are being developed. Fuel-flexible spark-ignition engines permit the increased use of ethanol–gasoline blends. Ethanol, an alternative to petroleum-based gasoline, is a renewable fuel, which has the added advantage of improving performance in operating regions that are typically knock limited due to the higher octane rating of ethanol. Furthermore, many modern engines are also being equipped with variable valve timing, a technology that can increase engine efficiency by reducing pumping losses. Through control of valve timings, particularly the amount of positive valve overlap, the quantity of burned gas in the engine cylinder can be altered, eliminating the need for intake throttling at many operating points. However, the presence of elevated levels of in-cylinder burned gas and ethanol fuel can have a significant impact on the combustion timing, such that capturing these effects is essential if the combustion phasing is to be properly controlled. This paper outlines a physically based model capable of capturing the impact of the ethanol blend ratio, burned gas fraction, spark timing and operating conditions on combustion timing. Since efficiency is typically tied to an optimal CA50 (crank angle when 50% of fuel is burned), this model is designed to provide accurate estimates of CA50 that can be used for real-time control efforts – allowing the CA50 to be adjusted to its optimal value despite changes in ethanol blend and burned gas fraction, as well as the variations in engine thermodynamic conditions that may occur during transients. The proposed control-oriented model was extensively validated at over 500 points across the engine operating range for four blends of gasoline and ethanol. Furthermore, the model was utilized to determine the impact of ethanol blend and burned gas fraction on the CA50, as well as their impact on the optimal spark timing. This study indicated that the burned gas fraction could change the optimal spark timing by over 20° at some operating conditions and that ethanol content could further affect the optimal spark timing by up to 6°. Leveraging the model in this manner provides direct evidence that accounting for the impact of these two inputs is critical for proper spark-ignition timing control.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Valve timing control"

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Matthews, Jeffrey A. 1970. "Closed-loop, variable-valve-timing control of a controlled-auto-ignition engine." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30324.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.
"September 2004."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-124).
The objective of this study was to develop a closed-loop controller for use on a Controlled-Auto- Ignition (CAI) / Spark-Ignition (SI) mixed mode engine equipped with a variable-valve-timing (VVT) mechanism. The controller in this study was designed only for use in the CAI regime. Operation in the SI regime and control of transitions between the CAI and SI modes were considered to be outside the scope of this study. The first part of the study involved creating an open-loop feedforward controller. This controller transformed desired engine output into required input based on a mapping of the steady-state output-to-input transfer function at constant engine speed and intake manifold temperature. Since the mapping domain was limited, the open-loop controller did not compensate for changes in operating conditions. This controller was used to study the transient response of the engine. Using the transient data, a mathematical representation of the engine output; i.e. mean effective pressure (MEP) and fuel-air equivalence ratio (), its in-cylinder state; i.e. mass of fuel, mass of air, percent mass exhaust gas residual and pressure, and input to the engine; i.e. mass of fuel, intake valve closing and exhaust valve closing, was developed. This representation showed that the CAI engine is effectively a quasi-static system in that the output of any given cycle depends almost entirely on the in-cylinder state at the start of that cycle, and that the latter depends almost entirely on prior cycle input. The quasi-static nature of the CAI engine effectively defined the architecture of the closed-loop controller; namely, a feedforward and feedback sub-controllers. A numerical model of the CAI engine and a closed-loop control system were developed.
(cont.) A comparison of output from the model and engine showed excellent correlation. The model was then used to determine the gains of the closed-loop controller. Validation of the closed-loop controller consisted of comparing output from the CAI engine subject to closed-loop control to both the desired output and output from the engine subject to open-loop control. Visual cycle- by-cycle and statistical comparisons showed that the performance of the CAI engine improved significantly when subject to closed-loop control. This was especially true when the environmental and operating parameters not included in the original feedforward mapping; i.e. engine speed and intake manifold temperature, were allowed to vary.
by Jeffrey A. Matthews.
Sc.D.
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Alger, Lawrence Charles. "The advantages and control of variable valve timing under part-load operating conditions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417421.

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Mann, Gustav, and Jakob Luedtke. "Implementation of a Model Predictive Controller in a Spark-Ignition Engine." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176534.

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The propulsion of the spark-ignition engine has been investigated and developed during the past century to improve driveability, minimize fuel consumption and emissions, resulting in highly engineered and computerized powertrains. Well balanced engine maps containing coordinated set-points and model-based information sharing have solved the cross-coupling between different control loops. During transitions between the operating conditions a disadvantageous transient behavior that affects the engine performance may occur. By implementing an MPC as a superior controller a nearly optimal control solution was accomplished. A digital twin of the SI engine was designed through collected measurements and system modeling. The twin made it possible to investigate and elaborate different cost functions in a simulation environment before applying the controller in real-time. By utilizing MPC together with the engine maps a strong relationship between the throttle and iVVT actuator was achieved, which removed the cross-coupling between the actuator control loops and reduced the unfavorable transient behavior.
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Agrell, Fredrik. "Control of HCCI by aid of Variable Valve Timings with Specialization in Usage of a Non-Linear Quasi-Static Compensation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Machine Design, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4070.

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Pournazeri, Mohammad. "Development of a New Fully Flexible Hydraulic Variable Valve Actuation System." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6779.

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The automotive industry has been in a marathon of advancement over the past decades. This is partly due to global environmental concerns about increasing amount of air pollutants such as NOx (oxides of nitrogen), CO (carbon monoxide) and particulate matters (PM) and decreasing fossil fuel resources. Recently due to stringent emission regulations such as US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and CARB (California Air Resource Board), improvement in fuel economy and reduction in the exhaust gas emissions have become the two major challenges for engine manufacturers. To fulfill the requirements of these regulations, the IC engines including gasoline and diesel engines have experienced significant modifications during the past decades. Incorporating the fully flexible valvetrains in production IC engines is one of the several ways to improve the performance of these engines. The ultimate goal of this PhD thesis is to conduct feasibility study on development of a reliable fully flexible hydraulic valvetrain for automotive engines. Camless valvetrains such as electro-hydraulic, electro-mechanical and electro-pneumatic valve actuators have been developed and extensively studied by several engine component manufacturers and researchers. Unlike conventional camshaft driven systems and cam-based variable valve timing (VVT) techniques, these systems offer valve timings and lift control that are fully independent of crankshaft position and engine speed. These systems are key technical enablers for HCCI, 2/4 stroke-switching gasoline and air hybrid technologies, each of which is a high fuel efficiency technology. Although the flexibility of the camless valvetrains is limitless, they are generally more complex and expensive than cam-based systems and require more study on areas of reliability, fail safety, durability, repeatability and robustness. On the contrary, the cam-based variable valve timing systems are more reliable, durable, repeatable and robust but much less flexible and much more complex in design. In this research work, a new hydraulic variable valve actuation system (VVA) is proposed, designed, prototyped and tested. The proposed system consists of a two rotary spool valves each of which actuated either by a combination of engine crankshaft and a phase shifter or by a variable speed servo-motor. The proposed actuation system offers the same level of flexibility as camless valvetrains while its reliability, repeatability and robustness are comparable with cam driven systems. In this system, the engine valve opening and closing events can be advanced or retarded without any constraint as well as the final valve lift. Transition from regenerative braking or air motor mode to conventional mode in air hybrid engines can be easily realized using the proposed valvetrain. The proposed VVA system, as a stand-alone unit, is modeled, designed, prototyped and successfully tested. The mathematical model of the system is verified by the experimental data and used as a numerical test bench for evaluating the performance of the designed control systems. The system test setup is equipped with valve timing and lift controllers and it is tested to measure repeatability, flexibility and control precision of the valve actuation system. For fast and accurate engine valve lift control, a simplified dynamic model of the system (average model) is derived based on the energy and mass conservation principles. A discrete time sliding mode controller is designed based on the system average model and it is implemented and tested on the experimental setup. To improve the energy efficiency and robustness of the proposed valve actuator, the system design parameters are subjected to an optimization using the genetic algorithm method. Finally, an energy recovery system is proposed, designed and tested to reduce the hydraulic valvetrain power consumption. The presented study is only a small portion of the growing research in this area, and it is hoped that the results obtained here will lead to the realization of a more reliable, repeatable, and flexible engine valve system.
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Lin, Kuan-Hung, and 林冠宏. "A Study on the Modeling and Performance Enhancement of a Variable Valve Timing Control System." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02365240471009178230.

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碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
電機工程研究所碩士在職專班
105
The issue of energy crisis and environmental pollution about the automobile engine was very concerned in recent years, and this made the energy-saving and efficiency of the engine must to be improved. With the difference of the engine speed and off-loading a variable valve timing control system was commonly equipped to make a proper valve timing angle in high performance car. Consequently most of automobile manufacturers developed various variable valve timing control systems to fit the needs. This research arming to study the performance of a variable valve timing control system of BMW VANOS with MATLAB Simulink. The dynamic model of the VANOS was built including engine controller、VANOS solenoid、hydraulic system and mechanism system. The features of stability and frequency response of the system were analyzed by Bode diagram. Based on those analyses, VANOS was tuned to make the setting of the valve timing angle more accurate and quick, which mean the efficiency of the engine could be improved.
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Books on the topic "Valve timing control"

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Gratier, Maya, Rebecca Evans, and Ksenija Stevanovic. Negotiations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199355914.003.0014.

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This chapter looks at real-life embodied social dynamics between the members of a jazz quartet as they work to record an album in a professional studio. The study is based on audio and video recordings of one of the songs on the album, using data both from the recording booths and from the control room during listening and feedback sessions. In addition, the bass and drum tracks for four takes of the song are analyzed to explore the timing of the rhythmic interactions between drummer and bass player. The first part of the chapter focuses on the verbal negotiations between the bass player and the drummer, highlighting a fundamental disagreement about the value of different takes of the same piece. The second part seeks to disentangle the disagreement on the basis of a more objective analysis of the sound traces left by the musicians.
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Book chapters on the topic "Valve timing control"

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Suleman, M., Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, and Sundus Tariq. "Combustion Timing Control of a Recompression HCCI Engine Using Negative Valve Overlap through Reverse Engineering." In Functional Reverse Engineering of Strategic and Non-Strategic Machine Tools, 191–225. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367808235-14.

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Gross, Ronald L. "Elevated IOP and Intentional Tube Occlusion." In Complications of Glaucoma Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382365.003.0056.

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Intrinsic to glaucoma surgery using a tube shunt is the management of early postoperative hypotony. This consideration is unavoidable in all cases when using a tube shunt without an intrinsic valve and must still be considered in tube shunts that contain a valve, as the valve may not function as anticipated. Unfortunately, in the attempt to avoid hypotony and its associated complications, we are faced with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and its associated difficulties. However, the attempt to control IOP is not the only consideration when anticipating intentional tube occlusion. Additional factors such as technical complexity of the procedure, predictability of IOP in the early postoperative period, potential to reverse occlusion either partially or completely, and the impact on the long-term function of the tube shunt must be considered. The desired endpoint when occluding a tube intentionally is the complete prevention of flow to the tube shunt reservoir. The standard ways to occlude the tube are an external encircling ligature or an internal occluding suture, otherwise known as an “obturator” or a “ripcord,” or some combination thereof. With the external suture technique, prior to placing the reservoir, a 7–0 or 8–0 polyglactin 910 (Vicryl™ , Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, New Jersey) suture is tightly tied around the tube approximately 4–6 mm from the reservoir (Figure 35.1). It is anticipated that this suture will dissolve in about one month, opening the tube. However, the timing of opening may be highly variable between individuals, and that variability may be problematic. Alternatively, a 9–0 polypropylene suture can be placed around the tip of an anterior chamber tube with release performed by laser lysis. To prevent the polypropylene suture from floating freely in the anterior chamber after release, a pass should be made through the wall of the tube during placement. Alternatively, with the “ripcord” technique, the end of a 3–0 polypropylene suture without the needle is threaded into the distal opening of the tube at the reservoir for a distance of 4–6 mm.
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Zhao, Li, Tao Sun, Jianyao Zheng, Zhixiu Huang, and Guobang Chen. "On-off Timing Computer Control System for Valved Refrigerator." In Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Cryogenic Engineering Conference/International Cryogenic Materials Conference, 275–78. Elsevier, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008042688-4/50064-8.

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Xiao, Yingyuan. "A Novel Crash Recovery Scheme for Distributed Real-Time Databases." In Handbook of Research on Innovations in Database Technologies and Applications, 769–87. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-242-8.ch082.

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Recently, the demand for real-time data services has been increasing (Aslinger & Son, 2005). Many applications such as online stock trading, agile manufacturing, traffic control, target tracking, network management, and so forth, require the support of a distributed real-time database system (DRTDBS). Typically, these applications need predictable response time, and they often have to process various kinds of queries in a timely fashion. A DRTDBS is defined as a distributed database system within which transactions and data have timing characteristics or explicit timing constraints and system correctness that depend not only on the logic results but also on the time at which the logic results are produced. Similar to conventional real-time systems, transactions in DRTDBSs are usually associated with timing constraints. On the other hand, a DRTDBS must maintain databases for useful information, support the manipulation of the databases, and process transactions. Timing constraints of transactions in a DRTDBS are typically specified in the form of deadlines that require a transaction to be completed by a specified time. For soft realtime transactions, failure to meet a deadline can cause the results to lose their value, and for firm or hard real-time transactions, a result produced too late may be useless or harmful. DRTDBSs often process both temporal data that lose validity after their period of validity and persistent data that remain valid regardless of time. In order to meet the timing constraints of transactions and data, DRTDBSs usually adopt main memory database (MMDB) as their ground support. In an MMDB, “working copy” of a database is placed in the main memory, and a “secondary copy” of the database on disks serves as backup. Data I/O can be eliminated during a transaction execution by adopting an MMDB so that a substantial performance improvement can be achieved. We define a DRTDBS integrating MMDB as a distributed real-time main memory database system (DRTMMDBS).
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Möhler, Hanns. "Differential roles of GABA Receptors in Anxiety." In Neurobiology of Mental Illness, edited by Kerry J. Ressler, 567–79. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0042.

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By controlling spike timing and sculpting neuronal rhythms, GABAergic interneurons play a key role in regulating neuronal circuits and behavior. The extensive diversity of interneurons is paralleled by a pronounced heterogeneity of corresponding GABAA receptors. Through their distinct regional and domain-specific location, the GABAA receptor subtypes are markers for diverse neuronal circuits and give rise to a correspondingly diverse pharmacology. α‎1 GABAA receptor subtypes mediate sedation and are the target for sedative-hypnotics such as zolpidem. α‎2 and α‎3 receptor subtypes mediate anxiolytic activity (including value arbitration) devoid of sedation. α‎5 receptor subtypes control memory performance and give rise to memory enhancing drugs. Microcircuits, identified in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala provide insights into the functional readout of GABAA receptor subtypes, particularly in the regulation of anxiety and fear and of memory performance.
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Conference papers on the topic "Valve timing control"

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Lino, Paolo, Guido Maione, Fabrizio Saponaro, Jing Deng, and Kang Li. "Identification of solenoid valve dynamics in a variable valve timing system." In 2016 UKACC 11th International Conference on Control (CONTROL). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/control.2016.7737570.

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Ebrahimi, Khashayar, and Charles Robert Koch. "HCCI combustion timing control with Variable Valve Timing." In 2013 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2013.6580522.

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Järvi, Iikka. "Variable Valve Timing Mechanism with Control Ramp." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980768.

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Maekawa, Keiichi, Namieki Ohsawa, and Akio Akasaka. "Development of a Valve Timing Control System." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/890680.

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Ebrahimi, Khashayar, Charles Koch, and Alex Schramm. "A Control Oriented Model with Variable Valve Timing for HCCI Combustion Timing Control." In SAE 2013 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0588.

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Padovani, Damiano, and Eric J. Barth. "Exploiting Valve Timing for Pneumatic Energy Savings." In BATH/ASME 2018 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2018-8871.

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This research paper aims at addressing solutions that reduce air consumption in generic pneumatic systems used for pick-and-place operations. The investigation considers different system architectures both with a single control valve and two control valves arranged according to an independent metering configuration. Suitable control strategies are then proposed exploiting multiple timings to shut off the non-proportional switching valve(s). The resulting scenarios are experimentally evaluated on a dedicated test-bed. The main conclusion is that reduction of air consumption up to 73% is possible in comparison to the state-of-the-art layout for the reference application. Numerical simulations obtained by means of specific dynamic models suggest these air savings are consistent for actuators with different strokes.
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Tian, Hao, and James D. Van de Ven. "Experimental Study of the Influence of Valve Timing on Hydraulic Motor Efficiency." In ASME/BATH 2015 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2015-9532.

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The timing of the valves of a hydraulic motor plays an important role in determining the throttling energy. To reduce this dominating energy loss, the timing of the valves must allow the fluid in the chamber to be precompressed and decompressed such that there is minimal pressure differential across the transitioning valve. The optimal valve timing to achieve precompression and decompression is a function of the motor displacement, angular velocity, pressure, and air content of the fluid, thus to achieve high efficiency at all conditions, active valve timing is required. The valves in most hydraulic motor architectures are mechanically timed to the piston displacement, rendering it impossible to change the valve timing as a function of operating conditions. This paper presents one novel valve architecture that allows for such processes: a rotary valve that is controlled independently of the piston displacement, enabling active timing control. To validate the concept and test the motor valve at fixed timing and fixed displacement conditions, a prototype valve was installed on a single cylinder 3.5 cc/rev slider-crank piston motor. The nominal timing of the valve was optimized for operation for a pressure of 7 MPa, 2% entrained air by volume, and an angular velocity between 10 and 30 Hz. A model, including the pressure dynamics, leakage, compressibility, check valve dynamics, and geometry dependent parameters is developed, simulated, and compared to the experiment. The experimental system includes instrumentation for measuring the inlet and outlet flow rates, piston position, and pressure in the inlet, outlet, and cylinder. A comparison between the model and experimental data shows good agreement and demonstrate the large impact of valve timing on efficiency.
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Hosoya, Hajime, Hidekazu Yoshizawa, Satoru Watanabe, Naoki Tomisawa, and Kenichi Abe. "Development of New Concept Control System for Valve Timing Control." In SAE 2000 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1226.

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Boyce-Erickson, Grey C., Thomas R. Chase, and James D. Van de Ven. "Valve Timing and Area Profile Selection for Hydraulic Pumps and Motors." In BATH/ASME 2020 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2020-2779.

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Abstract A significant amount of research has been conducted to select valve timing and area profiles that create efficient and quiet hydraulic pumps and motors. Numerous active valve architectures have been modeled and optimized, but the rationale for the final solution is often unclear. The solution is usually highly dependent on the modeled valve geometry constraints and the duty cycle of the pump or motor for which the valve was optimized. In contrast, this paper proposes a methodology for designing efficient valving that is not constrained to any specific valve geometry, operating point, parameterization, or physical system limitation. An idealized valve area profile is formulated using a piston-cylinder model with variable valve openings. A working fluid that has a pressure dependent bulk modulus is utilized in the model. The valve timing is idealized by constraining it to produce a specified constant pressure drop across the valve. The idealized area profile is synthesized by modeling the piston-cylinder as a pump with passive (check) valves. A representation of the idealized timing is demonstrated for positive pressure differential and positive rotation direction, also known as the first quadrant. The effect of varying pressure on valve timing is shown for the first quadrant, but the trend can be extrapolated for all quadrants of operation. The idealized valve area profile is implemented as fixed valve timing in a pump-motor, meaning the valve area is only a function of the timing angle of the rotating group. Fixed valve timing is preferred to variable valve timing as it can often be implemented mechanically, increasing reliability. The pump-motor is simulated in one rotation direction through a pressure range. Performance is high in pumping operation, but when the pressure differential is reversed, cylinder pressure spikes ensue. Two strategies to modify an idealized valve area profile are presented: timing grooves and a pressure shifted valve timing. Timing grooves reduce pressure spikes and cavitation in the cylinder but generally increase throttling losses. A pressure shifted valve timing has lower throttling energy losses, making it the favored solution.
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Pourkhesalian, Ali Mohammad, Amir Hossein Shamekhi, and Farhad Salimi. "NOx Control Using Variable Exhaust Valve Timing and Duration." In SAE 2010 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1204.

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