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Journal articles on the topic 'Vanadium microalloyed steels'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Li, Zhongyi, Delu Liu, Jianping Zhang, and Wenhuai Tian. "Precipitates in Nb and Nb–V Microalloyed X80 Pipeline Steel." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S5 (August 2013): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613012348.

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AbstractPrecipitates in two X80 pipeline steels were studied by transmission electron microscopy equipped with an energy filtering system. The steels are microalloyed with niobium and niobium–vanadium (Nb–V), respectively, and produced by continuous hot rolling. Besides the precipitates TiN and (Ti, Nb) (C, N), which were 10–100 nm in size, a large number of precipitates smaller than 10 nm distributed in the two steels have been observed. In the Nb–V microalloyed steel, only a few titanium nitrides covered by vanadium compounds on the surface have been observed. It is inferred that the vanadium exists mainly in the matrix as a solid solution element. The fact has been accepted that there was no contribution to the precipitation strengthening of the X80 steel by adding 0.04–0.06% vanadium under the present production process. By contrast, the toughness of the Nb–V steel is deteriorated. Therefore, a better toughness property of the Nb microalloyed X80 results from the optimum microalloying composition design and the suitable accelerating cooling after hot rolling.

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2

Hernandez, D., Beatriz López, and J. M. Rodriguez-Ibabe. "Ferrite Grain Size Refinement in Vanadium Microalloyed Structural Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.411.

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The addition of small quantities of vanadium in structural steels produces a significant refinement in the final ferrite microstructure. There are two different mechanisms contributing to refinement: enhancement of grain boundary ferrite nucleation and intragranular nucleation. The contribution of each mechanism depends on the vanadium content and heat treatment of the steel. In this study the contribution of both refining mechanisms has been evaluated for two V-microalloyed steels subjected to different heat treatments. The results confirm that this refinement is based on the enhancement of ferrite nucleation through particle-stimulated nucleation mechanisms, while other aspects, as the influence of vanadium slowing down the austenite-ferrite transformation kinetics, seem to exert a minor effect.

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3

Mohar Ali Bepari, Md, Md Nizamul Haque, and Kazi Md Shorowordi. "The Structure and Properties of Carburized and Hardened Vanadium Microalloyed Steels." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 1270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.1270.

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Three 0.15% carbon steel samples containing small additions of vanadium and nitrogen singly or in combination have been carburized in a natural Titas gas atmosphere at a temperature of 9500C and a pressure of about 15 psia for time periods ranging from 1 to 5 hours and quenched in 10% brine from the carburizing temperature of 9500C after pre-cooling to 8600C in the furnace followed by tempering at a low temperature of 1600C. The structure and properties of the carburized and heat treated specimens were studied systematically by optical microscopy, surface hardness and microhardness measurements, X-ray diffractometry and impact tests. It was found that vanadium without nitrogen does not have any effect in the formation of retained austenite while vanadium with nitrogen is effective in promoting the formation of retained austenite in the case of carburized and hardened steels. It was also found that vanadium alone and vanadium with nitrogen refine the martensite platelets (needles) in the case of carburized and hardened steels, vanadium with nitrogen being more effective. Microhardness measurements have shown that vanadium improves the case hardness and the core hardness values; vanadium with nitrogen is more effective than vanadium alone in increasing the case hardness and the core hardness. The hardenability is found to increase with the increase of austenite grain size and with the extent of carbon penetration of the case of carburized steels. Vanadium as vanadium carbide, VC are detrimental to toughness and vanadium as vanadium carbonitride, V(C, N) are beneficial to toughness of the core of low carbon steels in carburized and hardened condition.

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4

Raj, A., B. Goswami, S. B. Kumar, and A. K. Ray. "Forge and Heat-treatments in Microalloyed Steels – A Review." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0178.

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AbstractImproved designs, mostly for lightweight component manufacturer, have been made for improvement of forging and heat-treatment techniques. Low temperature precipitation strengthening and resistance to austenite grain size coarsening at reheat temperature for forging have been property improvement technique in these microalloyed steels. Studies of peak strain and flow stress at 1123–1423 K have shown increase in peak strain, peak stress and increment in mean flow stress in austenite phases in presence of vanadium. Partial vanadium alloying (1 part V substitute for 2 parts Mo) by substituting molybdenum has improved hardenability properties of conventional steels. Ultrafine grained steels have shown strain hardening effects from severe deformation by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by annealing. The strain induced precipitation of nano-metric sizes have pinned dislocations for strain hardening. Estimation of remaining life for reactor components have been done by simulated experiments under similar conditions as the service exposure. Vanadium in ferritic stainless steel has shown competitive performance, e.g. chloride environment. This has shown equivalent effects like nickel. In welding of microalloyed steel inter-critical grain coarsened heat affected zone (IC GC HAZ) has martensite austenite (M-A) blisters to yield poorest toughness.

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5

Siwecki, Tadeusz, Johan Eliasson, Rune Lagneborg, and Bevis Hutchinson. "Vanadium Microalloyed Bainitic Hot Strip Steels." ISIJ International 50, no. 5 (2010): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.50.760.

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6

Rezende, A. B., F. M. Fernandes, S. T. Fonseca, P. F. S. Farina, H. Goldenstein, and Paulo Roberto Mei. "Effect of Alloy Elements in Time Temperature Transformation Diagrams of Railway Wheels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 400 (March 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.400.11.

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The Heavy-Haul railroad wheels started to use higher wear resistance steels microalloyed with niobium, vanadium, and molybdenum [1]. During continuous cooling, these elements depress the temperature of the pearlite formation, producing smaller interlamellar spacing that increases the hardness of the steel, besides to favor the precipitation hardening through the formation of carbides [2, 3]. Also, they delay the formation of difusional components like pearlite and bainite during isothermal transformation. The effects of these alloy elements on microstructure during isothermal transformation were studied in this work using a Bähr 805A/D dilatometer. Three different compositions of class C railway wheels steels (two microalloyed and one, non microalloyed) were analyzed in temperatures between 200 and 700 °C. The microstructure and hardness for each isothermal treatment were obtained after the experiments. Comparing with non microalloyed steel (7C), the vanadium addition (7V steel) did not affect the beginning of diffusion-controlled reactions (pearlite and bainite), but delayed the end of these reactions, and showed separated bays for pearlite and bainite. The Nb + Mo addition delayed the beginning and the ending of pearlite and bainite formation and also showed distinct bays for them. The delays in diffusion-controlled reactions were more intense in the 7NbMo steel than in 7V steel. The V or Nb + Mo additions decreased the start temperature for martensite formation and increased the start temperature for austenite formation.

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7

Smirnov, L. A., A. V. Kushnarev, A. B. Dobuzhskaya, A. A. Kirichkov, and E. V. Belokurova. "Transport Steels Microalloyed with Vanadium and Nitrogen." Steel in Translation 50, no. 6 (June 2020): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091220060078.

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8

Speer, J. G., J. R. Michael, and S. S. Hansen. "Carbonitride precipitation in niobium/vanadium microalloyed steels." Metallurgical Transactions A 18, no. 2 (February 1987): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02825702.

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9

Speer, J. G., J. R. Michael, and S. S. Hansen. "Carbonitride precipitation in niobium/vanadium microalloyed steels." Metallurgical Transactions A 18, no. 3 (February 1987): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02646155.

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10

Hu, Fang Zhong, Wei Jun Hui, and Qi Long Yong. "High-Cycle Fatigue Fracture Behavior of Microalloyed Bainitic Steels for Hot Forging." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1746.

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High-cycle fatigue fracture behavior of microalloyed bainitic steels with three different carbon and vanadium contents were studied using rotating-bending fatigue test and compared with the ferrite-pearlite type microalloyed steel F38MnVS. The results indicated that the fatigue properties of the microaIloyed bainitic steels had a significant relation to the microstructures in forging condition. Compared with the ferrite-pearlite type microalloyed steel F38MnVS, the bainitic steels possessed higher fatigue strength and lower fatigue limit ratio σ-1/Rm. It was found that the bainitic transformation temperature was decreased and the hardness of the bainitic ferrite was enhanced, at the same time, the fatigue strength was increased, however, the fatigue limit ratio was lower. Furthermore, according to the SEM images of the fracture surface of fatigue specimens, it was revealed that the fatigue cracks mainly initiated along the bainitic ferrite laths in the specimen surface and preferred to propagate along the length direction of laths.

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11

Zhang, Yi, Guang Xu, Ming Xing Zhou, Hai Lin Yang, and Min Wang. "The Effect of Reheating Temperature on Precipitation of a High Strength Microalloyed Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 508 (January 2014): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.508.8.

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High-strength steels are usually microalloyed with niobium (Nb), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V), individually or in combination. The reheating temperature during austenization has a significant influence on the precipitation of microalloyed steels. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of reheating temperature on precipitates of microalloying elements. The research results show that reheating temperature should be high enough to ensure the dissolution of carbide and nitride precipitates in order to improve the precipitation strengthening of microalloying elements during rolling and cooling. The results provide the theoretical reference for the determination of reheating technology of microalloyed steels.

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12

Wallace, Andrew, Allan Brownrigg, Peter D. Hodgson, Leo Frawley, and Warwick Heath. "Optimisation of V/N Ratios and Stelmor Cooling for Electric Arc Furnace Steels Used in Galvanised High Tensile Strength Wire Applications." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.745.

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The high level of residual nitrogen in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steels is one of the major factors influencing the performance of the finished product. For high tensile strength galvanised wire applications, nitrogen in interstitial solid solution can severely limit drawability and formability. This problem can be controlled simply and effectively by adding nitride-forming elements to the molten steel so that the nitrogen is removed from solution. Vanadium additions are especially beneficial in high strength steels because the removal of nitrogen as vanadium-nitride can cause extensive precipitation strengthening. This investigation concerns commercial grade steels microalloyed with vanadium and rolled to 5.5mm rod, under controlled Stelmor cooling conditions. This rod is used to produce 2.5mm high tensile strength galvanised wire. The aim of the research was to determine the optimum vanadium/nitrogen (V/N) ratio and Stelmor cooling profile for the vanadium steel rod. This was achieved by extensive production and laboratory trials followed by mechanical and microstructural analyses of the product.

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13

Whitley, B. M., John G. Speer, R. L. Cryderman, R. C. Goldstein, K. O. Findley, and David K. Matlock. "Effects of Microalloy Additions and Thermomechanical Processing on Austenite Grain Size Control in Induction-Hardenable Medium Carbon Steel Bar Rolling." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 2094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2094.

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Three AISI 1045 steels: a base steel, one modified with vanadium (V), and one modified with V and niobium (Nb) were studied to evaluate microstructural conditioning prior to induction hardening. Simulated bar rolling histories were evaluated using fixed-end hot torsion tests with a Gleeble® 3500. The effects of chemical composition and thermomechanical treatment on final microstructures were examined through analysis of laboratory simulations of steel bar rolling and induction hardening processes in order to provide additional insights into the morphological evolution of austenite of microalloyed steels. Analysis of prior austenite grain size (PAGS) is complemented with analysis of austenite recrystallization and pancaking during rolling. The potential for utilizing TMP, in conjunction with microalloy additions, to enhance bar steel microstructures and subsequent performance is assessed by evaluating the induction hardening response of each steel systematically processed with different preconditioning treatments.

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14

Weng, Yu Qing, Xin Jun Sun, and Han Dong. "Deformation Induced Ferrite Transformation in Microalloyed Steels: Theory and Application." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 2491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.2491.

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Deformation Induced Ferrite Transformation (DIFT), i.e. transformation occurs during deformation applied in the temperatures above Ar3, has received wider attention since it has been proved to be a very effective way to produce ultrafine grained ferrite in low carbon steels. Although numerous works have been done on this topic in the past decade, the systematic works on DIFT in microalloyed steel, especially on the role of microalloying elements are still lacking compared with those in plain carbon steel. In this paper, the common features of DIFT will reviewed firstly, then an attempt will be made to elucidate the role of microalloying elements (niobium and vanadium) in DIFT, and the application of DIFT technology in microalloyed steels will be presented finally.

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15

Jandová, Dagmar, and Josef Kasl. "Effect of Heat Treatment and Microalloying on Toughness of Cast Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.489.

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The possibility of mechanical properties improvement in cast low carbon manganese steels for thin-walled castings via appropriate microalloying and heat treatment was studied. The steels (0.15 C and 1.2 Mn) microalloyed by vanadium, titanium and niobium were undergone the solution heat treatment. Mechanical testing and detailed microstructural analyses were performed using light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Precipitation processes in individual steels were discussed and the steel with the most promising composition was selected for following experiments.

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16

Baker, T. N. "Processes, microstructure and properties of vanadium microalloyed steels." Materials Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (September 2009): 1083–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328409x453253.

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17

Yang, L., and A. Fatemi. "Impact Resistance and Fracture Toughness of Vanadium-Based Microalloyed Forging Steel in the As-Forged and Q&T Conditions." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2805936.

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Microalloyed (MA) steels are a family of steels which are becoming an increasingly important economic alternative to the traditional quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels. Impact resistance and fracture toughness of vanadium-based MA forging steel, which is the most commonly produced MA steel, are investigated in this study. To compare the behavior with the Q&T steel, both the as-forged and the Q&T conditions are evaluated. Experimental results from Charpy V-notch impact and fracture toughness (KR-curve and JIC) tests are presented and discussed. Correlations between fracture resistance properties based on several proposed equations in the literature are also examined.

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18

Oja, Olli, Ari Saastamoinen, Madan Patnamsetty, Mari Honkanen, Pasi Peura, and Martti Järvenpää. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb and V Microalloyed TRIP-Assisted Steels." Metals 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080887.

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The intercritical annealing and isothermal bainitic processing response was studied for three Nb and V microalloyed Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP)-assisted 980 MPa grade steels. Their mechanical and microstructural properties were compared to industrially produced TRIP 800 steel. Depending on the isothermal holding temperature and microalloying, the experimental steels reached properties comparable to the reference steel. The retained austenite content did not show direct correlation to elongation properties. Niobium was found to be more effective microalloying element than vanadium in increasing the elongation properties, which were investigated by measuring true fracture strain from tensile test specimens.

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19

Li, Yu, and T. N. Baker. "Vanadium Microalloyed Steel for Thin Slab Casting and Direct Rolling." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.237.

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Vanadium microalloyed steels with high yield strength (»600MPa), good toughness and ductility have been successfully produced in commercial thin slab casting plants employing direct rolling after casting. Because of the high solubility of VN and VC, most of the vanadium is likely to remain in solution during casting, equalisation and rolling. While some vanadium is precipitated in austenite as cuboids and pins the grain boundaries, a major fraction is available for dispersion strengthening of ferrite. Despite a coarse as-cast grain size, significant grain refinement can be achieved by repeated recrystallisation during hot rolling. Consequently, a fine and uniform ferrite grain structure is produced in the final strip. Increasing the V and N levels increases dispersion strengthening which occurs together with a finer ferrite grain size. The addition of titanium to a vanadium containing steel, decreases the yield strength due to the formation of V-Ti(N) particles in austenite during both casting and equalisation. These large particles reduced the amount of V and N available for subsequent precipitation of fine (~5nm) V rich dispersion strengthening particles in ferrite.

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20

Korchynsky, Michael. "Advanced Metallic Structural Materials and a New Role for Microalloyed Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.471.

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The recent worldwide surge of steel consumption, mainly of low-strength carbon grades, has created raw-materials shortages and price increases. These supply-demand strains could be relaxed by satisfying engineering needs with less steel. However, materials used for such a substitution must combine high weight reducing potential with low cost. Microalloyed (MA) steels are cost- effective substitutes, since their high strength is the result of grain refinement and precipitation hardening. The optimum alloy design of MA steels combines superior properties with lowest processing cost. The growing use of EAF and thin slab casting technology improve the economics of MA steels, especially when alloyed with vanadium. The monetary value of weight reduction is sufficient to increase the profitability of steel makers and to lower the material cost to steel users. This “win-win” situation is financed by the elimination of efforts spent in producing inefficient steel, yielding an increase in wealth formation. To gain acceptance of substitution by the consumer, a long-term strategic plan is needed to be implemented by the beneficiaries – steel producers and steel users. The successful substitution is of importance to the national economy, resources and energy conservation, and the environment. Since microalloyed steels, used as a replacement for carbon steels, offer low-cost weight savings, they deserve to be classified as advanced structural materials.

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21

Yang, Yu, and Li. "Hydrogen Trapping Behavior in Vanadium Microalloyed TRIP-Assisted Annealed Martensitic Steel." Metals 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070741.

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Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted annealed martensitic (TAM) steel combines higher tensile strength and elogangtion, and has been increasingly used but appears to bemore prone to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). In this paper, the hydrogen trapping behavior and HE of TRIP-assisted annealed martensitic steels with different vanadium additions had been investigated by means of hydrogen charging and slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT), microstructral observartion, and thermal desorption mass spectroscope (TDS). Hydrogen charging test results indicates that apparent hydrogen diffusive index Da is 1.94 × 10−7/cm2·s−1 for 0.21wt.% vanadium steel, while the value is 8.05×10−7/cm2·s−1 for V-free steel. SSRT results show that the hydrogen induced ductility loss ID is 76.2% for 0.21wt.%V steel, compared with 86.5% for V-free steel. The trapping mechanism of the steel containing different V contents is analyzed by means of TDS and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations. It is found out that the steel containing 0.21wt.%V can create much more traps for hydrogen trapping compared with lower V steel, which is due to vanadium carbide (VC) precipitates acting as traps capturing hydrogen atoms.The relationship between hydrogen diffusion and hydrogentrapping mechanism is discussed in details.

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22

El-Fawakhry, Kamel A., Mohamed F. Mekkawy, Michael L. Mishreky, and Mamdouh M. Eissa. "Characterization of Precipitates in Vanadium and Titanium Microalloyed Steels." ISIJ International 31, no. 9 (1991): 1020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.31.1020.

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23

Najafi, Hamidreza, Jafar Rassizadehghani, and Siroos Asgari. "As-cast mechanical properties of vanadium/niobium microalloyed steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 486, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.057.

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24

Garcı́a-Mateo, C., B. López, and J. M. Rodriguez-Ibabe. "Static recrystallization kinetics in warm worked vanadium microalloyed steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 303, no. 1-2 (May 2001): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01940-7.

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25

Eissa, Mamdouh, Kamal EI-Fawakhry, Mohamed Mekkawy, Abdul Hamid Hussein, and Ahmed Tawfik. "Low carbon manganese steels microalloyed with vanadium and nitrogen." Steel Research 69, no. 8 (August 1998): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199805561.

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26

Glisic, Dragomir, Abdunnaser Fadel, Nenad Radovic, Djordje Drobnjak, and Milorad Zrilic. "Deformation behavior of two continuously cooled vanadium microalloyed steels at liquid nitrogen temperature." Chemical Industry 67, no. 6 (2013): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind121214015g.

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The aim of this work was to establish deformation behaviour of two vanadium microalloyed medium carbon steels with different contents of carbon and titanium by tensile testing at 77 K. Samples were reheated at 1250?C/30 min and continuously cooled at still air. Beside acicular ferrite as dominant morphology in both microstructures, the steel with lower content of carbon and negligible amount of titanium contains considerable fraction of grain boundary ferrite and pearlite. It was found that Ti-free steel exhibits higher strain hardening rate and significantly lower elongation at 77 K than the fully acicular ferrite steel. The difference in tensile behavior at 77 K of the two steels has been associated with the influence of the pearlite, together with higher dislocation density of acicular ferrite.

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27

Worabut, Audtaporn, Nirawat Thammajak, Hans Henning Dickert, and Piyada Suwanpinij. "Quantification of Vanadium Precipitates after Reheating Slab Steel by Synchrotron X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)." Key Engineering Materials 728 (January 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.728.20.

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High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steels or microalloyed steels are developed in order toimprove the strength and toughness compared with conventional carbon steels. During the reheatingprocess at 1250-1300 °C for a few hours, the furnace consumes large amount of energy, and the slabsuffers from thick oxide scale. This results in significant mass loss. The long reheating time ensuresmaximum dissolution of the microalloying elements, which must be kept to precipitate duringcooling at the end of the hot rolling process. To minimise the reheating time and save the energyconsumption, this research studied the dissolution kinetics of vanadium in HSLA steel. Vanadium isa main microalloying element added to provide higher strength mainly by precipitation hardening. Itis supposed to be dissolved readily according to the solubility limit. The samples were reheated to1200 °C and 1250 °C for 0, 10, 30, and 60 s. After that the fraction of vanadium dissolved in the solidsolution and the remaining undissolved phases of VC, CN, and V(C,N) were measured bysynchrotron XAS. As soon as the sample reaches as low temperature as 1200 °C, a large atomicfraction of 0.878 of vanadium can be dissolved in the solid solution.

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28

Ahmad, E., T. Manzoor, and M. Sarwar. "Ultra-Fine Ferrite Grain Refinement by Static Re-Crystallization of Hot Rolled Vanadium Micro-Alloyed Steels." Key Engineering Materials 442 (June 2010): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.442.227.

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The phenomenon of ultrafine-grain refinement of ferrite during transformational grain refinement (TGR) followed by static re-crystallization of vanadium micro-alloyed steels was studied. A substantial grain refinement (2.8m) was attained during TGR process by rolling at 900°C. Cold rolling with 70% of reduction introduced strain, utilized for re-crystallization during annealing at different temperatures. Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) technique was employed to quantify the low angle grain boundaries (LAGB) and high angle grain boundaries (HAGB) spacings and results were correlated with hardness drops during annealing process. At higher annealing times and temperatures the vanadium precipitates restricted the process of grain growth probably due to effective dispersion strengthenening. The abnormal grain growth during annealing, predicted previously for niobium steels, found absent in the present vanadium microalloyed steels.

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29

Dogan, B., and T. J. Davies. "Thermomechanical processing of microalloyed powder forged steels and a cast vanadium steel." Metallurgical Transactions A 16, no. 9 (September 1985): 1599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02663015.

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30

Thompson, S. W., and G. Krauss. "Precipitation and fine structure in medium-carbon vanadium and vanadium/niobium microalloyed steels." Metallurgical Transactions A 20, no. 11 (November 1989): 2279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02666663.

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31

Elwazri, A. M., and Steve Yue. "Effect of Pearlite Structure on the Mechanical Properties of Microalloyed Hypereutectoid Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.737.

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The relationship between mechanical properties and pearlite microstructure was investigated using various heat treatments on a hypereutectoid steels containing 1% carbon with different levels of vanadium and silicon. Specimens were heat treated at various temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200°C and transferred to salt bath conditions at 550, 580 and 620°C to examine the structural evolution of pearlite. The results show that the thickness of the cementite network increases with increasing reheat temperature. This is likely due to the larger austenite grain size reducing the grain boundary area available for proeutectoid cementite nucleation. It was found that the vanadium and silicon additions increased the strength of hypereutectoid steels through refinement of the microstructure and precipitation strengthening.

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32

Zajac, S., T. Siwecki, W. B. Hutchinson, and R. Lagneborg. "Strengthening Mechanisms in Vanadium Microalloyed Steels Intended for Long Products." ISIJ International 38, no. 10 (1998): 1130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.38.1130.

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33

Dewi, Handika Sandra, Joerg Volpp, and Alexander F. H. Kaplan. "Short thermal cycle treatment with laser of vanadium microalloyed steels." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 57 (September 2020): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.06.036.

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34

Panfilova, L. M., and L. A. Smirnov. "Unique properties of new steels microalloyed with vanadium and nitrogen." Steel in Translation 40, no. 5 (May 2010): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210050190.

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35

Panfilova, L. M., and L. A. Smirnov. "Structural Features of Structural Steels Microalloyed with Nitrogen and Vanadium." Metallurgist 58, no. 9-10 (January 2015): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-015-0017-5.

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36

Panfilova, L. M., and L. A. Smirnov. "“Bainitic Refinement” of Machine Steels Microalloyed with Vanadium and Nitrogen." Metallurgist 59, no. 11-12 (March 2016): 1062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-016-0215-9.

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37

Golosienko, S. A., N. A. Minyakin, V. V. Ryabov, T. G. Semicheva, and E. I. Khlusova. "The effect of microalloying on mechanical properties of low-carbon chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(97) (August 10, 2019): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2019-97-1-07-14.

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The work covers the effect of niobium, as well as niobium and vanadium together, on mechanical properties of high-strength chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel after thermal improvement (heat treatment). The mechanical properties of steels are determined after applying various tempering temperatures (from 580 to 660°C), durations of tempering (from 1 to 16 hours), and also after quenching from rolling heat and furnace heat with subsequent tempering. It is shown that after quenching and tempering in the temperature range 580– 660°C, simultaneous microalloying by niobium and vanadium, compared to microalloying by niobium alone, increases the yield strength but in significantly decreases toughness and ductility. Quenching from rolling heat increases strength while maintaining high toughness and the increase in strength is most noticeable for steel microalloyed only by niobium.

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38

Rusanescu, Carmen Otilia, and Marin Rusanescu. "Process Design in the Manufacturing of Pipes for Chemical and Petrochemical Industry." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 9 (October 15, 2018): 2357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.9.6533.

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In the present study the influence of vanadium microalloy on kinetics of transformation in medium carbon steel is studied. In order to choose the thermal treatment temperatures at optimal values, the steel transformation points were determined by dilatometric analysis. The bainitic transformation point was obtained under fast cooling conditions. The industrial experiments on the hardening and tempered of steel were performed in five variants of the oil hardening and reversing treatment, with austenitizing temperatures for hardening and the tempered temperature. The steel quality was determined, the influence of the temperature on the microalloyed steel structure with vanadium was highlighted. The mechanical characteristics of the pipes after the thermal hardening and tempering were analyzed after the traction test and the shock break. Electron microscopy analysis on extraction replicas revealed aspects of precipitation, globular constituent after return is finely and uniformly distributed, austenitization at lower temperature, resulted in a finer austenitic grain [20]. The finer structure obtained after hardening resulted in heat treatment to return to precipitation of fine and uniformly distributed carbides. It has been found that the influence on bainitic transformation depends on temperature; the steel structure after the quenching and tempering treatment was analyzed by optical and electronic microscopy. The development of welding consumables is permanently challenged with matching the increasing strength and toughness of thermomechanically treated or hardening and tempered steels.

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39

Acevedo Reyes, Daniel, Michel Perez, Stéphane Pecoraro, Alain Vincent, Thierry Epicier, and Pierre Dierickx. "Vanadium Carbide Dissolution during Austenitisation of a Model Microalloyed FeCV Steel." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.695.

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High performance commercial micro alloyed steels contain elements such as vanadium, which leads to a fine dispersion of vanadium carbide precipitates. The precipitation state, in terms of volume fraction and size distribution, plays a significant role in final mechanical properties of the material. Different austenitisation heat treatments were performed on a model ternary alloy FeCV. Precipitation states were characterised combining different experimental techniques. TEM was used to identify the chemical composition of observed precipitates. ICP mass spectroscopy was performed to measure the volume fraction of precipitates. The size distribution was studied by SEM. Results are characteristic of a coarsening regime.

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40

Gómez, Manuel, S. F. Medina, and J. I. Chaves. "Static Recrystallization of Austenite in a Medium-Carbon Vanadium Microalloyed Steel and Inhibition by Strain-Induced Precipitates." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.417.

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The austenite static recrystallization kinetics at several temperatures and the recrystallization-precipitation-time- temperature (RPTT) diagrams of a medium-carbon vanadium microalloyed steel have been determined for a strain ε = 0.35. Unlike many other studies carried out previously on V microalloyed steels, the recrystallized fraction against time curves showed the formation of a double plateau that indicates two stages of inhibition of recrystallization due to the formation of different types of strain induced precipitates. This work makes use of transmission electron microscopy to study the nature and size distribution of these precipitates capable of inhibiting recrystallization. The values of driving and pinning forces for static recrystallization are calculated and an analysis of the relationship between the net balance of these forces, the precipitation state and the progress or inhibition of the recrystallization is accomplished. A value of driving force that decreases as recrystallized fraction grows during isothermal holding time is estimated and helps to interpret the behavior of austenite after deformation.

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Pindor, L., V. Matějka, P. Kozelský, K. Michalek, and G. Gigacher. "Investigation into secondary phases in steels microalloyed with vanadium and nitrogen." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 35, no. 2 (February 2008): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192307x233494.

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42

Garcı́a-Mateo, C., B. López, and J. M. Rodrı́guez-Ibabe. "Influence of vanadium on static recrystallization in warm worked microalloyed steels." Scripta Materialia 42, no. 2 (December 1999): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00333-4.

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43

Rios, P. R., and R. R. de Avillez. "Thermodynamics of carbonitride nucleation in microalloyed steels containing niobium and vanadium." Materials Science and Engineering: A 160, no. 1 (January 1993): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(93)90502-6.

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44

Yang, L., and A. Fatemi. "Cumulative fatigue damage assessment and life predictions of as-forged vs QT V-based MA steels using two-step loading experiments." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 217, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146442070321700206.

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This study examines the fatigue damage accumulation process associated with a commonly produced forged vanadium-based microalloyed (MA) steel and its comparison with its quenched and tempered (Q&T) counterpart at the same hardness level. The advantage of MA steels compared to the traditional Q&T steels is the elimination of the costly quenching and tempering processes. Completely reversed strain-controlled two-level block loading tests were conducted on smooth axial specimens at room temperature. Under multi-level block cycling, the two steels displayed different characteristics, though they showed similar behaviour in constant amplitude fatigue. Therefore, a key to successful assessment of fatigue damage accumulation under variable amplitude service loading is selection of an appropriate cumulative fatigue life prediction model which reflects the material's damage characteristics. The effectiveness of several cumulative fatigue damage models and their life prediction capabilities are evaluated using the experimental data.

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45

Daitoh, Yoshihiro, Shiro Torizuka, and Toshihiro Hanamura. "Mechanism of Strengthening by Vanadium Carbide Precipitation in Pearlite in Microalloyed Steels." Tetsu-to-Hagane 97, no. 9 (2011): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.97.480.

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46

Wei, Hai-lian, Guo-quan Liu, Hai-tao Zhao, and Ming-he Zhang. "Effect of carbon content on hot deformation behaviors of vanadium microalloyed steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 596 (February 2014): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.12.063.

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47

Medina, S. F., J. E. Mancilla, and C. A. Hernandez. "Influence of vanadium on the static recrystallization of austenite in microalloyed steels." Journal of Materials Science 28, no. 19 (October 1993): 5317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00570083.

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48

Knyazyuk, T. V., N. S. Novoskoltsev, A. A. Zisman, and E. I. Khlusova. "Influence of niobium microalloying on the kinetics of static and dynamic recrystallization during hot rolling of medium-carbon high-strength steels." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(101) (May 3, 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2020-101-1-05-15.

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The temperature-strain conditions of dynamic and static recrystallization during hot deformation were determined at a rate of 1 sec–1 for medium-carbon steel microalloyed with titanium, boron, and vanadium containing different amounts of niobium. It was found that under hot rolling conditions niobium prevents the completion of dynamic recrystallization, and at temperatures below 970°C it drastically slows down static recrystallization in the pauses between successive reductions.

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49

Chun, X., Q. Sun, and X. Chen. "Research on transformation mechanism and microstructure evolution rule of vanadium–nitrogen microalloyed steels." Materials & Design 28, no. 9 (January 2007): 2523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2006.09.005.

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Rastegari, H., A. Kermanpur, A. Najafizadeh, M. C. Somani, D. A. Porter, E. Ghassemali, and A. E. W. Jarfors. "Determination of processing maps for the warm working of vanadium microalloyed eutectoid steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 658 (March 2016): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.088.

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