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1

Zhang, Feifei, Songpeng Huang, Xun Wang, Chuankun Jia, Yonghua Du, and Qing Wang. "Redox-targeted catalysis for vanadium redox-flow batteries." Nano Energy 52 (October 2018): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.07.058.

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2

Wu, Xiongwei, Jun Liu, Xiaojuan Xiang, Jie Zhang, Junping Hu, and Yuping Wu. "Electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 5 (2014): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-1213.

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AbstractVanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) are one of the most practical candidates for large-scale energy storage. Its electrolyte as one key component can intensively influence its electrochemical performance. Recently, much significant research has been carried out to improve the properties of the electrolytes. In this review, we present the optimization on vanadium electrolytes with sulfuric acid as a supporting electrolyte and their effects on the electrochemical performance of VRBs. In addition, other kinds of supporting electrolytes for VRBs are also discussed. Prospective for future
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3

Clemente, Alejandro, and Ramon Costa-Castelló. "Redox Flow Batteries: A Literature Review Oriented to Automatic Control." Energies 13, no. 17 (2020): 4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174514.

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This paper presents a literature review about the concept of redox flow batteries and its automation and monitoring. Specifically, it is focused on the presentation of all-vanadium redox flow batteries which have several benefits, compared with other existing technologies and methods for energy stored purposes. The main aspects that are reviewed in this work correspond to the characterization, modeling, supervision and control of the vanadium redox flow batteries. A research is presented where redox flow batteries are contextualized in the current energy situation, compared with other types of
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4

Carretero-González, Javier, Elizabeth Castillo-Martínez, and Michel Armand. "Highly water-soluble three-redox state organic dyes as bifunctional analytes." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 11 (2016): 3521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ee01883a.

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5

Han, Pengxian, Xiaogang Wang, Lixue Zhang, et al. "RuSe/reduced graphene oxide: an efficient electrocatalyst for VO2+/VO2+ redox couples in vanadium redox flow batteries." RSC Adv. 4, no. 39 (2014): 20379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra01979b.

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Selenium modified ruthenium/reduced graphene oxide (RuSe/rGO) exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance towards VO<sup>2+</sup>/VO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> redox couples in vanadium redox flow batteries.
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6

Choi, So-Won, Sang-Ho Cha, and Tae-Ho Kim. "Nanostructured Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Nanoscience &Nanotechnology-Asia 5, no. 2 (2015): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681205666150903213628.

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7

Cunha, Álvaro, Jorge Martins, Nuno Rodrigues, and F. P. Brito. "Vanadium redox flow batteries: a technology review." International Journal of Energy Research 39, no. 7 (2014): 889–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3260.

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8

Schwenzer, Birgit, Jianlu Zhang, Soowhan Kim, Liyu Li, Jun Liu, and Zhenguo Yang. "Membrane Development for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." ChemSusChem 4, no. 10 (2011): 1388–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100068.

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9

Noack, Jens N., Lorenz Vorhauser, Karsten Pinkwart, and Jens Tuebke. "Aging Studies of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Transactions 33, no. 39 (2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3589916.

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10

Lourenssen, Kyle, James Williams, Faraz Ahmadpour, Ryan Clemmer, and Syeda Tasnim. "Vanadium redox flow batteries: A comprehensive review." Journal of Energy Storage 25 (October 2019): 100844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100844.

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11

Tempelman, C. H. L., J. F. Jacobs, R. M. Balzer, and V. Degirmenci. "Membranes for all vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Energy Storage 32 (December 2020): 101754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101754.

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12

Choi, Chanyong, Soohyun Kim, Riyul Kim, et al. "A review of vanadium electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (March 2017): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.188.

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13

Lutz, Christian, and Ursula Elisabeth Adriane Fittschen. "Laboratory XANES to study vanadium species in vanadium redox flow batteries." Powder Diffraction 35, S1 (2020): S24—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715620000226.

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The speciation of vanadium in the electrolyte of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is important to determine the state of charge of the battery. To obtain a better understanding of the transport of the different vanadium species through the separator polymer electrolyte membranes, it is necessary to be able to determine concentration and species of the vanadium ions inside the nanoscopic water body of the membranes. The speciation of V in the electrolyte of VRFBs has been performed by others at the synchrotron by X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis (XANES). However, the concentra
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14

Doan, The Nam Long, Tuan K. A. Hoang, and P. Chen. "Recent development of polymer membranes as separators for all-vanadium redox flow batteries." RSC Advances 5, no. 89 (2015): 72805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05914c.

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A key component for all-vanadium redox flow batteries is the membrane separator, which separates the positive and negative half-cells and prevents the cross-mixing of vanadium ions, while providing required ionic conductivity.
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15

Peng, Hao, Zuohua Liu, and Changyuan Tao. "Electrochemical oscillation of vanadium ions in anolyte." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 7, no. 3 (2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.406.

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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Periodic electrochemical oscillation of the anolyte was reported for the first time in a simulated charging process of the vanadium redox flow batteries. The electrochemical oscillation could be explained in terms of the competition between the growth and the chemical dissolution of V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; film. Also, the oscillation phenomenon was possible to regular extra power consumption. The results of this paper might enable new methods to improve the charge efficiency and energy saving for vanadium redox flow batteries.&lt;/sp
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16

Choi, Chanyong, Hyungjun Noh, Soohyun Kim, et al. "Understanding the redox reaction mechanism of vanadium electrolytes in all-vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Energy Storage 21 (February 2019): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.11.002.

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17

Maurya, Sandip, Sung-Hee Shin, Ju-Young Lee, Yekyung Kim, and Seung-Hyeon Moon. "Amphoteric nanoporous polybenzimidazole membrane with extremely low crossover for a vanadium redox flow battery." RSC Advances 6, no. 7 (2016): 5198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26244e.

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18

Li, Yang, Lianbo Ma, Zhibin Yi, et al. "Metal–organic framework-derived carbon as a positive electrode for high-performance vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 9 (2021): 5648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta10580e.

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19

Son, Tae Yang, Kwang Seop Im, Ha Neul Jung, and Sang Yong Nam. "Blended Anion Exchange Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Polymers 13, no. 16 (2021): 2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162827.

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In this study, blended anion exchange membranes were prepared using polyphenylene oxide containing quaternary ammonium groups and polyvinylidene fluoride. A polyvinylidene fluoride with high hydrophobicity was blended in to lower the vanadium ion permeability, which increased when the hydrophilicity increased. At the same time, the dimensional stability also improved due to the excellent physical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride. Subsequently, permeation of the vanadium ions was prevented due to the positive charge of the anion exchange membrane, and thus the permeability was relatively l
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20

Schnucklake, Maike, Lysann Kaßner, Michael Mehring, and Christina Roth. "Porous carbon–carbon composite electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries synthesized by twin polymerization." RSC Advances 10, no. 68 (2020): 41926–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07741k.

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21

Jiang, H. R., W. Shyy, L. Zeng, R. H. Zhang, and T. S. Zhao. "Highly efficient and ultra-stable boron-doped graphite felt electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 27 (2018): 13244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03388a.

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22

Zhang, Xiangyang, Qixing Wu, Yunhui Lv, Yongliang Li, and Xuelong Zhou. "Binder-free carbon nano-network wrapped carbon felt with optimized heteroatom doping for vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 43 (2019): 25132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08859h.

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23

Yang, Yang, Wenji Ma, Tong Zhang, Dingding Ye, Rong Chen, and Xun Zhu. "Pore engineering of graphene aerogels for vanadium redox flow batteries." Chemical Communications 56, no. 95 (2020): 14984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc06027e.

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The microscopic morphologies of cross-coupled porous graphene aerogels are successfully regulated via the NaNO<sub>3</sub>-template pore engineering strategy to deliver a high specific capacity in vanadium redox flow batteries.
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24

Reynard, Danick, Heron Vrubel, Christopher R. Dennison, Alberto Battistel, and Hubert H. Girault. "Purification of Copper-Contaminated Vanadium Electrolytes Using Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 3 (2020): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-013481mtgabs.

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25

Murcia-López, Sebastián, Monalisa Chakraborty, Nina M. Carretero, Cristina Flox, Joan Ramón Morante, and Teresa Andreu. "Adaptation of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 photovoltaics for full unbiased photocharge of integrated solar vanadium redox flow batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 3 (2020): 1135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00949c.

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26

Sodiq, Ahmed, Lagnamayee Mohapatra, Fathima Fasmin, et al. "Black pearl carbon as a catalyst for all-vanadium redox flow batteries." Chemical Communications 55, no. 69 (2019): 10249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc03640g.

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27

Kim, Jae-Hun, Seungbo Ryu, Sandip Maurya, et al. "Fabrication of a composite anion exchange membrane with aligned ion channels for a high-performance non-aqueous vanadium redox flow battery." RSC Advances 10, no. 9 (2020): 5010–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08616a.

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28

Mehboob, Sheeraz, Asad Mehmood, Ju-Young Lee, et al. "Excellent electrocatalytic effects of tin through in situ electrodeposition on the performance of all-vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 33 (2017): 17388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta05657e.

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29

Schnucklake, Maike, Sophie Kuecken, Abdulmonem Fetyan, Johannes Schmidt, Arne Thomas, and Christina Roth. "Salt-templated porous carbon–carbon composite electrodes for application in vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 48 (2017): 25193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta07759a.

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30

Wu, Yuping, and Rudolf Holze. "Electrocatalysis at Electrodes for VanadiumRedox Flow Batteries." Batteries 4, no. 3 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4030047.

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Flow batteries (also: redox batteries or redox flow batteries RFB) are briefly introduced as systems for conversion and storage of electrical energy into chemical energy and back. Their place in the wide range of systems and processes for energy conversion and storage is outlined. Acceleration of electrochemical charge transfer for vanadium-based redox systems desired for improved performance efficiency of these systems is reviewed in detail; relevant data pertaining to other redox systems are added when possibly meriting attention. An attempt is made to separate effects simply caused by enlar
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31

Maruyama, Jun, Shohei Maruyama, Tomoko Fukuhara, Toru Nagaoka, and Kei Hanafusa. "Concurrent nanoscale surface etching and SnO2 loading of carbon fibers for vanadium ion redox enhancement." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (April 30, 2019): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.99.

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Facile and efficient methods to prepare active electrodes for redox reactions of electrolyte ions are required to produce efficient and low-cost redox flow batteries (RFBs). Carbon-fiber electrodes are widely used in various types of RFBs and surface oxidation is commonly performed to enhance the redox reactions, although it is not necessarily efficient. Quite recently, a technique for nanoscale and uniform surface etching of the carbon fiber surface was developed and a significant enhancement of the negative electrode reaction of vanadium redox flow batteries was attained, although the enhanc
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32

Lee, Chi-Yuan, Chin-Lung Hsieh, Chia-Hung Chen, Yen-Pu Huang, Chong-An Jiang, and Pei-Chi Wu. "A Flexible 5-In-1 Microsensor for Internal Microscopic Diagnosis of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Charging Process." Sensors 19, no. 5 (2019): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051030.

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Multiple important physical parameters in the vanadium redox flow battery are difficult to measure accurately, and the multiple important physical parameters (e.g., temperature, flow, voltage, current, pressure, and electrolyte concentration) are correlated with each other; all of them have a critical influence on the performance and life of vanadium redox flow battery. In terms of the feed of fuel to vanadium redox flow battery, the pump conveys electrolytes from the outside to inside for reaction. As the performance of vanadium redox flow battery can be tested only by an external machine—aft
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33

Saccà, A., A. Carbone, R. Pedicini, I. Gatto, and E. Passalacqua. "Composite sPEEK Membranes for Vanadium Redox Batteries Application." Procedia Engineering 44 (2012): 1041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.669.

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34

Chen, D., M. A. Hickner, E. Agar, and E. C. Kumbur. "Anion Exchange Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Transactions 53, no. 7 (2013): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05307.0083ecst.

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35

Chen, Dongyang, Michael A. Hickner, Ertan Agar, and E. Caglan Kumbur. "Optimizing membrane thickness for vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Membrane Science 437 (June 2013): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.02.007.

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36

Ulaganathan, Mani, Vanchiappan Aravindan, Qingyu Yan, Srinivasan Madhavi, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, and Tuti Mariana Lim. "Recent Advancements in All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Advanced Materials Interfaces 3, no. 1 (2015): 1500309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201500309.

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37

Park, Minjoon, Jaechan Ryu, and Jaephil Cho. "Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 10, no. 10 (2015): 2096–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201500238.

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38

Wu, Xiongwei, Junping Hu, Jun Liu, et al. "Ion exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 5 (2014): 633–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0101.

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Abstract In recent years, much attention has been paid to vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) because of their excellent performance as a new and efficient energy storage system, especially for large-scale energy storage. As one core component of a VRB, ion exchange membrane prevents cross-over of positive and negative electrolytes, while it enables the transportation of charge-balancing ions such as H+, $${\text{SO}}_4^{2 - },$$ and $${\text{HSO}}_4^ - $$ to complete the current circuit. To a large extent, its structure and property affect the performance of VRBs. This review focuses on the
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39

Bayanov, I. M., and R. Vanhaelst. "The numerical simulation of vanadium RedOx flow batteries." Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 49, no. 9 (2011): 2013–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10910-011-9872-x.

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40

Thiam, Baye Gueye, and Sébastien Vaudreuil. "Review—Recent Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 7 (2021): 070553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac163c.

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41

Jiang, Zhen, Konstantin Klyukin, and Vitaly Alexandrov. "First-principles study of adsorption–desorption kinetics of aqueous V2+/V3+ redox species on graphite in a vanadium redox flow battery." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 23 (2017): 14897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02350b.

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Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) represent a promising solution to grid-scale energy storage, and understanding the reactivity of electrode materials is crucial for improving the power density of VRFBs.
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42

Boivin, Edouard, Jean-Noël Chotard, Christian Masquelier, and Laurence Croguennec. "Towards Reversible High-Voltage Multi-Electron Reactions in Alkali-Ion Batteries Using Vanadium Phosphate Positive Electrode Materials." Molecules 26, no. 5 (2021): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051428.

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Vanadium phosphate positive electrode materials attract great interest in the field of Alkali-ion (Li, Na and K-ion) batteries due to their ability to store several electrons per transition metal. These multi-electron reactions (from V2+ to V5+) combined with the high voltage of corresponding redox couples (e.g., 4.0 V vs. for V3+/V4+ in Na3V2(PO4)2F3) could allow the achievement the 1 kWh/kg milestone at the positive electrode level in Alkali-ion batteries. However, a massive divergence in the voltage reported for the V3+/V4+ and V4+/V5+ redox couples as a function of crystal structure is not
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43

Xiang, Yan, and Walid A. Daoud. "Binary NiCoO2-modified graphite felt as an advanced positive electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 10 (2019): 5589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09650c.

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44

Wen, Yue Hua, Yan Xu, Jie Cheng, Han Min Liu, and Gao Ping Cao. "Investigation on the Stability of Electrolyte in Vanadium Flow Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1034.

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The effects of impurity, temperature, concentration of vanadium and sulphuric acid on the stability of electrolyte in vanadium redox flow batteries are studied. It is found that the sediment at positive electrodes is V2O5﹒1.6H2O , and the sediment at negative electrodes is V2(SO4)3﹒10H2O. Although impurities influence the stability of vanadium electrolyte to some extent, the matching relationship between the vanadium and H2SO4 concentration is more important . To avoid the sensitivity of vanadium electrolyte to impurities, the concentration of H2SO4 should be raised to a certain extent to conf
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45

Martin, Jan, Katharina Schafner, and Thomas Turek. "Preparation of Electrolyte for Vanadium Redox‐Flow Batteries Based on Vanadium Pentoxide." Energy Technology 8, no. 9 (2020): 2000522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522.

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46

Lawton, Jamie S., Wyndom Chace, and Thomas M. Arruda. "State of Charge Effects on Vanadium Crossover in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 52 (2020): 2895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01522895mtgabs.

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47

Won, Seongyeon, Kyeongmin Oh, and Hyunchul Ju. "Numerical analysis of vanadium crossover effects in all-vanadium redox flow batteries." Electrochimica Acta 177 (September 2015): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.166.

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48

Kim, Ki Jae, Min-Sik Park, Young-Jun Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Shi Xue Dou, and M. Skyllas-Kazacos. "A technology review of electrodes and reaction mechanisms in vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 33 (2015): 16913–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02613j.

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The vanadium redox flow battery, which was first suggested by Skyllas-Kazacos and co-workers in 1985, is an electrochemical storage system which allows energy to be stored in two solutions containing different redox couples.
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49

Cho, Hyeongrae, Vladimir Atanasov, Henning M. Krieg, and Jochen A. Kerres. "Novel Anion Exchange Membrane Based on Poly(Pentafluorostyrene) Substituted with Mercaptotetrazole Pendant Groups and Its Blend with Polybenzimidazole for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications." Polymers 12, no. 4 (2020): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040915.

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In order to evaluate the performance of the anion exchange membranes in a vanadium redox flow battery, a novel anion exchange polymer was synthesized via a three step process. Firstly, 1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-5-mercaptotetrazole was grafted onto poly(pentafluorostyrene) by nucleophilic F/S exchange. Secondly, the tertiary amino groups were quaternized by using iodomethane to provide anion exchange sites. Finally, the synthesized polymer was blended with polybenzimidazole to be applied in vanadium redox flow battery. The blend membranes exhibited better single cell battery performance in terms
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50

Cha, Sang-Ho. "Recent Development of Nanocomposite Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/207525.

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The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) has received considerable attention due to its long cycle life, flexible design, fast response time, deep-discharge capability, and low pollution emissions in large-scale energy storage. The key component of VRB is an ion exchange membrane that prevents cross mixing of the positive and negative electrolytes by separating two electrolyte solutions, while allowing the conduction of ions. This review summarizes efforts in developing nanocomposite membranes with reduced vanadium ion permeability and improved proton conductivity in order to achieve high perform
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