Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vancouver (B.C.) – History'

A new set of urban design requirements is proposed to replace the current urban design guidelines for the B. C. Place site in Vancouver, B. C. The site is 90.6 hectares of open area, contiguous to the downtown, it is the subject of extensive planning activities. The site has been chosen because it is free of most of the typical impediments that constrain urban planning in more congested areas of the city. Accordingly, a new way of expressing urban space is appropriate. To be valid urban design requirements must be conceived with a purpose in mind. The purpose, here, is the essential element of urban design, a shared vision of urban space. It must define, within a broad public consensus, a set of urban design requirements communicating, over an extended time period, a consistent vision of urban space. Six urban design requirements are set out to implement a shared vision of urban space. They have been reduced to a minimum to provide as much freedom of expression to the design professions as possible. They are under six headings: Interim Land Use, Site Development, Physical Form and Design, Environment, Occupancy, and Movement. Pivotal in the composition of the urban design requirements is an instrument called the Orthodox Surface Modulator, augmented by a Check List of architectural design elements. Together they become a metaphoric framework of reference, a part of the creative process within the development control system. The Orthodox Surface Modulator, as it is applied, describes the volumetric forms of building envelopes and the public urban spaces between buildings. It describes buildings and spaces to enhance public amenity. It may, under specific environmental circumstances, mitigate undesirable site conditions by describing building envelopes as buffer buildings, shielding passive urban space from noise and distractions. Urban Space is discussed. A Shared Vision of Urban Space, how it is evolved by public discourse, and a proposed Theory of Urban Space is explained. A critique of current urban development on Burrard Street, Vancouver, between Georgia Street and the waterfront explains why the present urban design guidelines, transfer of development rights and bonusing, have failed to produce the intended urban spatial amenity. Urban design requirements are not a new phenomenon. Only since the early 1970s have they taken on their present complex form in the City of Vancouver. A brief historic outline traces the antecedents of the proposed urban design requirements, placing them in context from early Greek attempts to rationalize optical distortion to the present day. The proposed application of the six urban design requirements and the Surface Modulator would be mandatory. The manner in which the elements of the Check List are integrated into the matrix of the Surface Modulator is proposed to be discretionary. The complete set of urban design requirements are intended to be used in a negotiating procedure common in planning practice.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

Almost all of British Columbia, 95%, is public land, managed by the B.C. government. This "95/5 split" is unique in the industrialized world. Public land, in its use for forestry, oil and gas, mining, tourism, and agriculture, remains the foundation of the B.C. economy. It has also come to define how the people of British Columbia see themselves as a society. But when did land become so much a part of British Columbia's identity? How is it that so much of British Columbia remains public? What does the high proportion of public land tell us about the role of the government? Why does land continue to have such an important role in this modern society? And what role does law play in the relationship among society, the economy, land, and government? With these questions as its starting point, this thesis offers a history of British Columbia through the lens of legislation for the allocation of land. The period covered, 1858-1978, enables the study of the two major periods of transition in land law, and of the continuity between them. Those periods are the establishment of colonial land legislation, from 1858- 1871, and the upheaval of those laws, from 1965-1978, ending just before the era of provincial land-use planning. A close study of these two periods, and of the themes apparent in the changes to the legal regime between 1871-1965, allows the thesis to ask questions about the role of law itself: Is law merely a tool of economic and political actors, or does it play an instrumental role of its own in structuring society? This thesis argues that, in the context of B.C. land legislation, law does play such a role, and considers the implications of this conclusion for those, such as environmentalists, seeking to change society.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

This study examines the manifestations of French humanism in sixteenth-century intellectual culture, through an analysis, for the first time, of the entirety of the works of Pierre Boaistuau. An eminent French humanist writer, on whose life little information exists, Boaistuau emerges far more prolific than any previous study has hitherto recognised. Thus, on a first level, his case offers the opportunity for an exploration of the developments of French print culture at the time. In addition, careful examination of the contents of his widely circulated works sheds new light on the ways humanist themes and values were incorporated into contemporary literary production, and were used for different purposes which surpassed the mere celebration of ancient learning. Boaistuau employed seven genres in order to compile seven books of different natures, all of them however grafted onto a humanist framework. Associated with narrative fiction, Renaissance philosophy, political theory, the study of history, and natural philosophy, his works demonstrate how the classical past and the humanist values of virtue, erudition, and self-discipline were used in a variety of ways in mid sixteenth-century France: for promotion of a moralising message, praise of the French monarchy, bolstering the Catholic faith, and enhancing the understanding of the natural world.

Most recent studies of religion and society have focussed on the period from c. 1880 to 1914, basing their investigations upon late-Victorian newspaper censuses of churchgoing. This thesis aims to study the development of religion in its economic and social context in a large northern industrial parish over a longer period of time from c. 1740 to 1914. In religious terms this period extends from the mid-eighteenth century Evangelical Revival to the decline of organised religion in the early twentieth century. In economic and social terms the period is characterised by the transformation of the parish from a semi-rural, proto-industrial society dominated by a relatively small but expanding market town, into a predominantly urban advanced industrial society dominated by a medium-sized textile manufacturing town and several smaller urban centres of textile production; supporting a wide diversity of associated industries and trades, but still containing within its boundaries sharply contrasting urban and semi-rural environments. The thesis aims to assess how religious expression within the parish of Halifax was affected by the changing economic and social environment, in particular the urban-industrial experience, and how religion helped shape the new urbanindustrial society during the period from the middle of the eighteenth century to the outbreak of the First World War. It argues that whilst the pessimistic view of a moribund Georgian Church of England can no longer be sustained by the Halifax evidence, the Established Church nevertheless lacked the logistical resources to respond effectively to the new urbanindustrial society as it emerged within the parish in the lateeighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, providing an opportunity for the growth of Evangelical Nonconformity, especially Methodism. It maintains that Evangelical Nonconformity and an Anglican Church renewed by Evangelical incumbencies during the period 1790-1827 and reformed as a consequence of national legislation in the 1840s played a vital role within the expanding urban-industrial society, surviving the experience of industrialisation and urbanisation and displaying a remarkable vibrancy, despite underlying downward trends in churchgoing in the late-Victorian era. It suggests that the causes of the decline of organised religion during this period were complex, but related more to the onset of industrial-urban stagnation and decline than to the experience of industrial-urban expansion.

Twentieth Century Americans witnessed the construction of numerous massive dams that controlled the flow of rivers across the country. Many of these dams were built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to improve navigation and to provide inexpensive electricity and flood control. This paper will seek to shed light on Georgia’s current water crisis by analyzing the initial purposes behind the building of Buford Dam in North Georgia, investigating how water supply issues were addressed in the first half of the twentieth century, and exploring how expectations of the Chattahoochee River changed over time due in part to metropolitan Atlanta’s population growth. This paper will show that Atlanta area leaders secured appropriations for Buford Dam primarily to obtain a reliable water supply and additional electricity for their burgeoning community.

Sir George Grey (1812-1898) served as Governor of South Australia, of New Zealand twice, and of the Cape Colony. This thesis explains his policy for the first time for a history of the political ideas of colonization. Grey introduced the policy of racial amalgamation to settler colonies after the 1837 Report of the Select Committee into Aboriginal Affairs, that had advised the policy of segregation as had been North American policy under Sir William Johnson. This thesis demonstrates that Grey was a Liberal Anglican who had adopted neo-Harringtonian thought, and who introduced Jeffersonian native policy into British native policy. He practised the strategic theory of Antoine-Henri Jomini, applying it to native policy. Grey captured the monarchical constitution of the empire for what had been a settler policy of dissent to the segregation of indigenes that dated back to Tudor Ireland and early Viginia. Grey's distinctive intellectual practices were ethnograpical research and speculation, for which he enjoyed an international reputation, and the constitutional design of settler colonies, an activity he came to totally identify with. The thesis concentrates on his first New Zealand governorship (1845-53) and upon the resumption of his second New Zealand governorship (1861-68) because it was in that colony he first fully practised his native policy and participated in constitutional design, and into which he brought about a crisis of indigenous amalgamation on the eve of the Waikato War in 1863, having introduced full responsible government.

Orientador: Pedro Paulo Abreu Funari
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gralha_JulioCesarMendonca_D.pdf: 3776014 bytes, checksum: 0a5aa716bf21efe840c6f6928825b132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: O presente trabalho visa compreender os processos que levaram a dinastia ptolomaica a estabelecer sua legitimidade no Egito por quase três séculos a partir de um projeto político-religioso que enfatizava a adoção de práticas mágico-religiosas egípcias e da adoção da monarquia divina egípcia tendo como expressão da materialidade o uso da arquitetura e da iconografia na titulatura em decretos e de forma diversa, e, sobretudo por um programa de construções de templos no Alto Egito, principalmente após a Rebelião Tebana de modo a estabelecer relações de poder, de cooperação e cooptação dos segmentos sociais afim de consolida a legitimidade dinástica. Outrossim, o presente trabalho visa desenvolver metodologias e grades de análises de modo a demonstrar o sentido da pesquisa. As fontes de caráter iconográfico e arquitetônico utilizadas em boa parte fazem parte do acervo fotográfico do autor.
Abstract: The intention of his thesis is to understand the Ptolemaic dynasty processes which allowed to establish his legitimacy almost three centuries based on politic-religious project that the main focus is the adoption of Egyptian magic-religious practices and the adoption of Egyptian divine monarch that the materiality expression is the architecture and iconography used in titles, decrees and other forms and especially developed by building program of temples in Upper Egypt, mainly after the end of Theban Rebellion, with an intention to establish power relation, cooperation and cooptation of social segments consolidating dynastic legitimacy. On the other hand this paper intend to developer methodologies and analyses grade to confirm this research. The architectural and iconographic resources were being used belong to author particular acquis.
Doutorado
Historia Cultural
Doutor em História

The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is an administrative and ecclesiastical quorum. The Church, first organized in 1830, did not organize the Quorum of Twelve Apostles until 1835. When it was organized, Joseph Smith outlined the quorum's responsibilities through revelation. The Twelve were assigned two unique and specific responsibilities: to take the gospel to the nations of the earth and to form a traveling high council for the regulating of the Church outside of its stakes. The first opportunity for the Twelve to fulfill their responsibilities was in May 1835 when they were assigned to travel to the eastern United States and southern Canada. There they both preached the gospel and regulated the branches of the Church. This mission represents not only the first time the Apostles fulfilled their assigned responsibilities but the only time that they filled their responsibilities as an entire quorum. It is surprising that more secondary literature on this mission is not available. This thesis seeks to commence an academic conversation regarding this mission and its impact both on the quorum's development and on the Church in its outlying areas. Chapter 1 details the preparation of the individual members of the Twelve to fulfill this mission. It discusses the preparation of the Twelve prior to their call to the apostleship. It also discusses the training that took place between their call and the commencement of this mission. As an administrative body for the membership of the Church, the Twelve spent the majority of their time on this mission with the members of the Church. Chapter 2 identifies the unique purpose of the Twelve on this mission and how that purpose was fulfilled. Joseph Smith originally laid out the geographic framework for this mission, which sent the Twelve into Canada and throughout much of the northeastern United States. Chapter 3 identifies the locations of the Twelve based on available records and seeks to provide an answer to how the Twelve decided which areas to preach in. Many individuals were baptized during this five-month mission. Chapter 4 identifies what the Twelve taught and the sources that they used. It also discusses the reaction of the people they taught. The concluding chapter summarizes the thesis and identifies areas for further research.

Thesis (DPhil (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLSIH ABSTRACT: This study is a political biography of D.F. Malan (1874–1959), the first of the apartheid-era Prime Ministers, and covers the years 1874 to 1954, when Malan retired from politics. It endeavours to provide a warts-and-all account of D.F. Malan which challenges prevalent myths and stereotypes surrounding his public persona and his political orientation. While the overwhelming focus is on Malan’s political career, special attention is paid to his personal life in order to paint a multi-faceted picture of his character. The biography is written in the form of a seamless narrative and employs a literary style of writing. It is based on archival research which utilised Malan’s private collection, as well as the private collections of his Nationalist contemporaries. Malan takes the centre stage at all times, as the biography focuses on his perceptions and experiences. Malan’s views regarding Afrikaner nationalism, which was his foremost political priority, are described, and are related to his views of British imperialism as well as other ideologies such as communism and totalitarianism. This study demonstrates that there is a notable link between Malan’s perceptions of race relations and his concerns about the poor white problem. It reveals that Malan’s racial policy was, to some extent, fluid, as were his views on South Africa’s constitutional position. Debates about South Africa’s links to Britain and the nature of the envisioned republic preoccupied Afrikaner nationalists throughout the first half of the twentieth century – and served as an outlet for regional and generational tensions within the movement. Malan’s clashes with nationalists such as Tielman Roos, J.B.M. Hertzog and J.G. Strijdom are highlighted as an indication of the internecine power struggles within the National Party (NP). By emphasising these complexities, this study seeks to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the South African past.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is politieke biografie van D.F. Malan (1874–1959), die eerste van die apartheid-era Eerste Ministers, en dek die jare 1874 tot 1954, toe Malan uit die politiek getree het. Dit poog om onversuikerde beeld van Malan te skets wat heersende mites en stereotipes aangaande sy openbare beeld en sy benadering tot die politiek uitdaag. Die fokus is hoofsaaklik op Malan se politieke loopbaan, maar besondere aandag word aan sy private lewe geskenk om sodoende veelsydige portret van sy karakter te skilder. Die biografie is in die vorm van naatlose narratief geskryf en maak van literêre skryfstyl gebruik. Dit is gebaseer op argivale navorsing, waartydens daar van D.F. Malan se privaat versameling gebruik gemaak is, sowel as die privaat versamelings van sy tydgenote. Malan is ten alle tye die sentrale figuur en die biografie fokus op sy persepsies en ervarings. Malan se denke oor Afrikaner nasionalisme, wat sy vernaamste prioriteit was, word beskryf en in verband gebring met sy opinie van Britse imperialisme, sowel as ander ideologieë soos kommunisme en totalitarisme. Die studie wys op die verband tussen Malan se denke oor rasseverhoudinge en sy besorgdheid oor die armblanke vraagstuk. Dit dui daarop dat Malan se rassebeleid tot sekere mate vloeibaar was. Dit was ook die geval met sy benadering tot Suid-Afrika se konstitusionele posisie. Afrikaner nasionaliste het tydens die eerste helfte van die twintigste eeu baie aandag geskenk aan debatte oor Suid-Afrika se verhouding tot Brittanje en die aard van die voorgenome republiek. Dit was tot mate weerligafleier vir reeds bestaande spanning tussen die onderskeie streke en generasies. Malan se botsings met nasionaliste soos Tielman Roos, J.B.M. Hertzog en J.G. Strijdom word belig as aanduiding van die diepgewortelde magstryd binne die Nasionale Party (NP). Deur op hierdie kompleksiteite klem te lê, poog die studie om bydrae te lewer tot meer genuanseerde begrip van die Suid-Afrikaanse verlede.

The 1941 Binning House in West Vancouver has long been hailed as a pioneer of Modernism in domestic Canadian architecture, and an inspiration for much of the West Coast Architecture that followed. Although it is usually described as product of Corbusian rationalism and a paradigm of low-cost dwelling, in fact it is neither. Rather, it is a composite of several competing strains of Modernism and aesthetic values prevalent in London during the year (1938-39) in which Binning resided there to study fine art. The Binning House is often misread as an austerely functionalist plan with an orthogonal layout, but a closer observation and actual measurement of wall and window angles reveals that Binning actually inflected the orthogonal, generating a splayed geometric layout with obtuse and acute angles in several corners, trapezoidal forms in the built-in furniture and studio clerestory window, and a dynamic sense of visual expansion and contraction. Binning's study with Henry Moore was evidently tremendously influential in this regard, as Moore avoided the machine-like aesthetic of the orthogonal and instead imbued his art with oblique, irregular and rounded lines. The oblique motif also manifests in Binning's own drawings of this time. Also empathetic to this approach was Berthold Lubetkin, whose Whipsnade Bungalow near London defied the doctrines of orthogonal functionalism. Binning viewed plans and photos of Whipsnade and other emblems of early European modernism at a seminal 1939 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. This exhibition synthesized many of the ideas and forms that Binning had been exposed to in London and seems to have served as a catalyst for the house plan he was about to compose. In converging these various strains of early Modernism, Binning has transcended the dogma of architectural discourse and rendered it meaningful for a local, individual context.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of
Graduate

Em 2019, a Organização Mundial de Saúde estimou 354 milhões de pessoas com hepatite B e C crónica a nível mundial. Em Portugal, o mais recente inquérito transversal a nível nacional parece revelar uma diminuição das prevalências de VHB e VHC anteriormente estimadas. A informação sobre a evolução da diversidade viral continua limitada, desconhecendo-se se a epidemiologia molecular das infeções por VHB e VHC tem vindo a ser alterada em Portugal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a história evolutiva de ambos os vírus e a sua filogeografia em Portugal. Os ácidos nucleicos virais foram extraídos do plasma de doentes portugueses com VHB e VHC, os genes pol do VHB e NS5A e NS5B do VHC foram amplificados e sequenciados. A reconstrução de árvores filogenéticas de máxima verossimilhança no software IQtree v1.6.11 foi usada para genotipar as estirpes virais. A história epidémica dos subtipos do VHC em Portugal foi reconstruída através de métodos Bayesianos, conforme implementados no software BEAST v1.10.4, tal como a investigação da origem e das rotas de dispersão de ambos os vírus. As resistências aos antivirais nos dois clades do subtipo 1a do VHC foram analisadas online no Geno2Pheno [HCV] 0.92. Os nossos dados revelaram que o subgenótipo D4 do VHB foi o primeiro a ser introduzido em Portugal cerca de 1857, seguido pelo D3 e A2 algumas décadas mais tarde. Os genótipos E e A1 do VHB foram introduzidos posteriormente, quase em simultâneo. Os nossos resultados revelaram um papel muito importante de Portugal na exportação de D4 e A2 para o Brasil e Cabo Verde, respetivamente, no início do século XX. Em Portugal foram identificados subtipos distintos de VHC que entraram no país ao longo do tempo: subtipo 1b (1930-1960), subtipos 3a (1960s) e 1a (1980s), possivelmente associados a transfusões de sangue contaminado, ao início do uso de drogas intravenosas e ao seu uso generalizado, respetivamente. Os subtipos 4a e 4d, emergiram mais recentemente, possivelmente com o ressurgimento do uso de opiáceos. O subtipo 1a é claramente o mais frequente em Portugal apresentando dois clades diferentes (I e II) a circular na população, que possivelmente possuem vias de transmissão diferentes. Os primeiros países a introduzir os clades I e II em Portugal foram os Estados Unidos da América (1965) e Espanha (1955), respetivamente. Dois subclades, classificados como X e Y, foram identificados entre as estirpes do clade I. As RAS basais no gene NS5A foram encontradas principalmente nas estirpes do clade I/subclade Y, sendo a mutação mais frequente a L31M, que se revelou ausente nas estirpes do clade I/subclade X e do clade II. Este trabalho permitiu conhecer a história epidemiológica do VHB e VHC em Portugal, mostrando que Portugal teve um papel importante na dispersão global do VHB e fornecendo novos conhecimentos sobre a epidemiologia molecular, origem e dinâmica de dispersão do VHC em Portugal. Também indicou algumas estirpes virais de VHC como mais propensas a adquirir RAS e que a resistência aos antivirais deve ser investigada no contexto dos clades/subclades do subtipo 1a.
In 2019, the World Health Organization estimated 354 million people with chronic hepatitis B and C worldwide. In Portugal, the most recent national cross-sectional survey indicates a decrease in previously estimated HBV and HCV prevalence. Information on the evolution of viral diversity remains limited, and it is not known whether the molecular epidemiological profile of HBV and HCV infections has been changing in Portugal. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary history of both viruses and their phylogeography in Portugal. Viral nucleic acids were extracted from the plasma of Portuguese patients infected with HBV and HCV, the pol gene of HBV and NS5A and NS5B genes of HCV were amplified and sequenced. The reconstruction of maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees in the IQtree v1.6.11 software was used for genotyping purposes. The epidemic history of HCV subtypes in Portugal was reconstructed using Bayesian methods, as implemented in the BEAST v1.10.4 software, as in the investigation of the origin and routes of spread of both viruses. Antiviral drug resistance in the two HCV subtype 1a clades were analyzed online in Geno2Pheno [HCV] 0.92. Our data indicated that the D4 subgenotype of HBV was the first to be introduced in Portugal around 1857, followed by D3 and A2 a few decades later. HBV genotypes E and A1 were introduced later, almost simultaneously. Our results revealed a very important role of Portugal in the exportation of D4 and A2 to Brazil and Cape Verde, respectively, in the beginning of the 20th century. Distinct HCV subtypes that entered Portugal over time were identified: subtype 1b (1930- 1960), subtypes 3a (1960s) and 1a (1980s), possibly associated with transfusions of contaminated blood, with the beginning of intravenous drug use and its widespread use, respectively. Subtypes 4a and 4d have emerged more recently, possibly with the resurgence of opiate use. Subtype 1a is clearly the most frequent in Portugal with two different clades (I and II) circulating in the population, which possibly have different transmission routes. The first countries to introduce clades I and II in Portugal were the United States of America Spain (1965) and Spain (1955), respectively. Two subclades, classified as X and Y, were identified among the clade I strains. The basal RAS in the NS5A gene were found mainly in the clade I/subclade Y strains, the most frequent mutation being L31M, which was absent in the strains of clade I/subclade X and clade II. This work allowed us to understand the epidemiological history of HBV and HCV in Portugal, showing that Portugal played an important role in the global spread of HBV and providing new knowledge about the molecular epidemiology, origin and dispersion dynamics of HCV in Portugal. It also highlighted that some viral strains of HCV may be more likely to acquire RAS and that antiviral resistance should be further investigated in the context of subtype 1a clades/subclades.

碩士
臺灣大學
流行病學研究所
95
Background and Aims: Taiwan is an endemic area of hepatitis B. Dual infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is not unusual. However, the natural history of dual infection in the population remained unknown. We sought to determine the liver-related morbidity and mortality and the long-term viremia profiles of HBV for dual infection in a population-based longitudinal cohort study. Materials and Methods: The cohort consisted of 5189 men (2643 HBsAg (+) alone, 176 anti-HCV (+) alone, 161 HBsAg (+) and anti-HCV (+), and 2209 HBsAg (−) and anti-HCV (−)) aged 30 years or older who were enrolled between 1989 and 1992, and followed through December 31, 2005. HBV genotype and DNA levels were measured using polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Plasma HBV DNA levels were assessed for multiple samples consecutively collected from each man with dual infection of HBV and HCV. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related mortality (per 100000 persons) were 296.8 and 202.9, 202.0 and 39.9, 221.9 and 176.4, and 12.6 and 9.5, respectively, in those who were positive for HBsAg alone, those who were positive for anti-HCV alone, those who were positive for HBsAg and anti-HCV, and those who were negative for both markers. During follow-up, 35 men with dual infection developed chronic liver disease (i.e., hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, or longitudinal alanine aminotransferase [ALT] elevation defined as abnormality detected in >=50% of the visits), and 6 had hepatic flare (ALT>5×upper limit of the normal levels). Initial viral load was positively associated with the persistence of high viral load (>=10^4.45 copies/mL). High tracking for viral load, as evidenced by the high predictability of initial viral load, was observed within 6 years. Longitudinal high HBV viral load detected in >=50% of the visits (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.15~6.36) and anti-HCV optical density (adjusted OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.01~1.55) were significantly associated with the development of chronic liver disease. An extremely high viral load (defined as >=10^5.81 copies/mL) (OR=13.36, 95% CI=1.49~120.0) was the only predictor for hepatic flare. Conclusions: The incidence of HCC and liver-related mortality among men with dual infection were similar to those among men with HBV monoinfection. HBV viral load was fairly stable, as evidenced by long-term persistence of high viral load. Persistently high viral load and anti-HCV optical density were associated with the development of chronic liver disease.

La mia attività si è focalizzata su due principali argomenti di ricerca nell’ambito delle epatiti virali croniche: 1. Infezione cronica da virus dell’epatite B: studio della storia naturale dell’epatite cronica B e fattori prognostici; 2. Infezione cronica da virus dell’epatite C: studio del ruolo dell’insulino-resistenza, tra gli altri fattori, come predittore di risposta virologica sostenuta nel pazienti con epatite cronica da HCV. PROGRESSIONE A CIRROSI, CARCINOMA EPATOCELLULARE E MORTALITA’ LEGATA A MALATTIA EPATICA IN PAZIENTI ITALIANI CON EPATITE CRONICA DA VIRUS B Background: La storia naturale dell’epatite cronica da virus B (HBV) è variabile; noi abbiamo valutato alcuni fattori di rischio per cirrosi, carcinoma epatocellulare e mortalità legata alla malattia epatica in pazienti italiani con epatite cronica da HBV. Metodi: Una coorte di 105 pazienti mai trattai con epatite cronica da HBV senza cirrosi alla diagnosi è stata seguita in modo prospettico per un periodo medio di 23 anni; sono stati analizzati i controlli clinici, istologici ed ecografici, gli esami biochimici e virologici e le cause di morte. Risultati: 42 pazienti (40%) sono diventati portatori inattivi e 63 (60%) hanno mostrato un rialzo persistente dell’alanina aminotransferasi (ALT): 13 (13%) associato con persistenza di HBeAg, 35 (33%) con HBV-DNA rilevabile ma HBeAg negativo, 11 (10%) con confezioni e 4 (4%) con non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). L’incidenza di cirrosi era di 1.56/100 persone all’anno. L’età avanzata e la replicazione virale elevata erano fattori predittivi di cirrosi indipendentemente. L’incidenza di carcinoma epatocellulare era di 2.1/100 persone all’anno tra i pazienti che avevano sviluppato cirrosi e di 0.06 in quelli senza cirrosi. La cirrosi si associava ad un rischio aumentato di epatocarcinoma (Hazard ratio 20.4, 95% intervallo di confidenza 2.54-167.5) e di morte correlata a malattia epatica (16.5, 2.0-138.8). Conclusioni: Nei pazienti italiani con epatite cronica da HBV, la cirrosi è un fattore predittivo per lo sviluppo di carcinoma epatocellulare e morte correlata a malattia epatica, indicando quindi che il trattamento antivirale dovrebbe essere iniziato prima dello sviluppo di cirrosi. L’INSULINO-RESISTENZA POST-PRANDIALE NON PREDICE LA RISPOSTA VIROLOGICA AL TRATTAMENTO IN PAZIENTI CON EPATITE CRONICA DA VIRUS C SENZA SINDROME METABOLICA Background: Il ruolo dell’insulino-resistenza (IR) nel predire la risposta virologica alla terapia dell’epatite cronica da virus C (HCV) è dibattuto. Noi abbiamo valutato l’associazione di IR basale (definita come Homeostasis Model Assessment [HOMA-IR] >2) e IR post-prandiale (definita come Oral Glucose Insulin Sensitivity [OGIS] Index <9.8 mg/Kg/min) con risposta virologica rapida e sostenuta alla terapia nell’epatite cronica da HCV. Metodi: E’ stato condotto uno studio prospettico osservazionale su 124 pazienti naïve per terapia con epatite cronica da HCV senza sindrome metabolica, aderenti ad un trattamento standard con Peg-Interferone alfa e ribavirina. Risultati: IR è stata riscontrata nel 50% (attraverso l’HOMA-Index) e nel 29% (attraverso l’OGIS-Index) dei pazienti. Predittori indipendenti di risposta virologica rapida erano il genotipo 2 (OR 5.66; 95% CI 1.88-17.01), il genotipo 3 (OR 5.23; 95% CI 1.84-14.84) e bassi livelli di ferritina basale (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.993-0.998). Predittori indipendenti di risposta virologica sostenuta erano il genotipo 2 (OR 19.54; 95% CI 2.29-166.41) e il genotipo 3 (OR 3.24; 95% CI 1.10-9.58). La stessa risposta virologica rapida è un fattore predittivo di risposta virologica sostenuta (OR 40.90; 95% CI 5.37-311.53). Conclusioni: L’IR, misurata con metodo sia statico che dinamico, non predice la risposta virologica rapida né sostenuta in pazienti con epatite cronica da HCV senza sindrome metabolica.
My activity was focused on two main research lines on chronic viral hepatitis: 1. Chronic Hepatitis B Virus infection: Study of the clinical course and prognostic factors of chronic hepatitis B; 2. Chronic Hepatitis C Virus infection: Study of the role of insulin resistance, among other factors, as a predictor of SVR in CHC patients. PROGRESSION TO CIRRHOSIS, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND LIVER RELATED MORTALITY IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS IN ITALY Background: The natural history of chronic hepatitis B is variable. We evaluated some risk factors for cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related mortality in Italian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods: A cohort of 105 untreated patients with chronic hepatitis B without cirrhosis at diagnosis was followed prospectively for a mean period of 23 years. Clinical, histological and ultrasound examinations, biochemical and virologic tests, and causes of death were analyzed. Results: Forty two (40%) patients became inactive carriers and 63 (60%) showed persistent alanine aminotransferase elevation: 13 (13%) associated with HBeAg persistence, 35 (33%) with detectable serum HBV-DNA but HBeAg-negative, 11 (10%) with concurrent virus infection and 4 (4%) with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cirrhosis incidence was 1.56/100 person-years. Older age and sustained HBV replication predicted cirrhosis occurrence independently. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence was 2.1/100 person-years in patients who developed cirrhosis and 0.06 in those who did not. Cirrhosis occurrence was associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (Hazard ratio 20.4, 95% confidence interval 2.54-167.5) and liver-related death (16.5, 2.0-138.8). Conclusions: In Italian patients with chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis strongly predicts hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and disease-related mortality, thus indicating that early antiviral treatment should be instituted before cirrhosis occurrence. POST-LOAD INSULIN RESISTANCE DOES NOT PREDICT VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PATIENTS WITHOUT THE METABOLIC SYNDROME Background and aim: The role of insulin resistance (IR) in predicting virological response to therapy of chronic hepatitis C is debated. We assessed the association between basal (defined as Homeostasis Model Assessment [HOMA-IR] >2) and post-load IR (as oral glucose insulin sensitivity [OGIS] index < 9.8 mg/kg/min) with the rapid and sustained virological responses in chronic hepatitis C. Methods: Observational prospective study of 124 treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C not fulfilling the metabolic syndrome criteria, adherent to a standard treatment with pegylated interferon alpha plus ribavirin. Results: IR was detected in 50% (by HOMA-IR) and 29% (by OGIS) of patients. Independent predictors of rapid virologic response were HCV genotype 2 (OR 5.66; 95% CI 1.88-17.01), HCV genotype 3 (OR 5.23; 95% CI 1.84-14.84) and lower basal ferritin levels (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.993-0.998). Independent predictors of sustained virologic response were HCV genotype 2 (OR 19.54; 95% CI 2.29-166.41) and HCV genotype 3 (OR 3.24; 95% CI 1.10-9.58). Rapid virologic response was by itself predictive of sustained virologic response (OR 40.90; 95% CI 5.37-311.53). Conclusions: IR, by both static and dynamic methods, does not predict rapid or sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C patients without the metabolic syndrome.

Before 1891, it was commonly accepted that the most important source for the rule of the Four Hundred in Athens in 411 BCE was Thucydides' description. The situation changed thanks to the publication of the Aristotelian treatise On the Athenian Constitution, whose version of events differed markedly from Thucydides' one. There followed many attempts at determining which of the two versions was most reliable, or at combining the two versions. These controversies are the focal point of this thesis, but its ambitions are not limited to them: its ambition is also to reconstruct the chronology of the rule of the Four Hundred as precisely as is possible in context of the Peloponnesian war; and to formulate the limitations that are imposed on us by the character of sources at our disposal. Continuity of the coup with earlier developments and its impact on subsequent events are dealt with more briefly.

A relação entre as exportações de um país e a taxa de câmbio da sua moeda foram desde sempre alvo de estudo económico, dada a tendência generalizada pela implementação de medidas de depreciação da moeda para aumentar as exportações. Esta tem sido desde sempre a principal arma utilizada por países com baixos níveis de desenvolvimento humano e industrial para forçarem o aumento do seu produto, contudo nem sempre os estudos comprovam que este comportamento é verdadeiro. Este trabalho tem como objectivo examinar a hipótese de a taxa de câmbio Yuan/ser um determinante das exportações de Portugal para a China. Isto será realizado através de um estudo econométrico, efectuando-se uma análise de estacionariedade e cointegração assim como a estimação de um modelo de vectores de correcção de erros. A conclusão a que se chega com este estudo é que as exportações de Portugal para a China são um fenómeno difícil de explicar usando a taxa de câmbio e que só são mesmo justificadas por acontecimentos comerciais pontuais.
Since a long time ago, the relationship between the gross exports of a specific country and his exchange rate have been a target of study, taking into account the monetary measures of depreciation of the currency to create an increase in the global exports amount. This behavior has been used by under-developed countries as a monetary weapon to try to force the increase of their GDP, but the studies not always prove that this behavior can be generalized. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the hypothesis of the Exchange rate between Yuan/Euro be consider as a key factor to the global export amount of Portugal to China. For that we have used several econometric techniques, as stationarity and cointegration analysis as well as an estimation of vector error-correction model. The main conclusion of this study is that the global exports from Portugal to China are a difficult event to analyze when we use the exchange rate between Yuan/Euro as a key factor, and that can only be explained when we look through specific commercial events.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a divulgação da informação financeira nas concentrações de negócios e o desempenho das empresas cotadas na Bolsa de Valores Bovespa que aplicam as IFRS ("International Financial Reporting Standards") tendo em conta, os seguintes fatores de desempenho das empresas: Endividamento, Rentabilidade, ROA (Retorno sobre Ativos), Dimensão da empresa, Tipo de auditor externo, "Major Shareholders" e Indústria. No que diz respeito à amostra deste trabalho, é de referir que foram recolhidos os relatórios anuais do ano de 2018 referentes a 60 empresas cotadas na Bolsa supracitada. Os principais resultados do estudo, evidenciam que o endividamento, a dimensão da empresa e tipo de indústria estão associadas com o nível de conformidade dos requisitos de divulgação da IFRS3; os restantes fatores, a rentabilidade, o retorno sobre ativos, a qualidade do auditor e "Major Shareholders" não estão associados com o nível de conformidade dos requisitos de divulgação da IFRS3. Os principais contributos deste estudo, fornecem várias recomendações e sugestões futuras para a política de divulgação de informação financeira das empresas.
This study aims to analyse the disclosure of financial information in business concentrations and the performance of companies listed on the Bovespa Stock Exchange that apply IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) taking into account the following performance factors of companies: Indebtedness, Profitability, ROA (Return on Assets), Company size, Type of external auditor, Major Shareholders and Industry. With regard to the sample of this work, it should be noted that the annual reports for 2018 were collected for 60 companies listed on the aforementioned Stock Exchange. The main results of the study show that the indebtedness, the size of the company and the type of industry are associated with the level of compliance with the disclosure requirements of IFRS3; the remaining factors, profitability, return on assets, auditor quality and Major Shareholders are not associated with the level of compliance with IFRS3's disclosure requirements. The main contributions of this study provide several recommendations and future suggestions for the policy of disclosure of financial information of companies.