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Guerin, Valerie, and Katsura Aoyama. "Mavea." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39, no. 2 (July 10, 2009): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100309003958.
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Mavea is spoken on the eponymous island, Mavea, a satellite island off the east coast of Espiritu Santo Island, northern Vanuatu. The language is highly endangered. There are about 34 fluent speakers on Mavea Island (aged 30 and older), out of a total island population of around 210. There are at least another 30 Mavea speakers who have left the island permanently. These speakers now live throughout Vanuatu, mainly on Espiritu Santo Island (in the villages of Deproma and Matevulu), Aore Island, and in Port Vila, the capital city of Vanuatu. All Mavea speakers are bilingual in Bislama, one of the official languages of Vanuatu.
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Lucas, David. "Population of Vanuatu: Analysis of the 1979 Census." Population Studies 45, no. 3 (November 1, 1991): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145716.
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Bowen, Jennifer. "Notes on the Vanuatu Megapode Megapodius layardi on Ambrym, Vanuatu." Bird Conservation International 6, no. 4 (December 1996): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001842.
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SummaryThe Vanuatu Megapode Megapodius layardi is endemic to Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides). On the volcanic island of Ambrym it exhibited three different incubation strategies. It incubated its eggs (1) in burrows between decaying roots of trees; (2) in burrows at large communal nesting grounds in volcanically heated soils; and (3) in burrows on sun-exposed beaches. No mounds were found. In a study by the Vanuatu Protected Areas Initiative (VPAI) nesting grounds were mapped to monitor the population. Three communal nesting grounds were surveyed. Two were on promontories and one on a beach. The burrows were classified into three categories: active, probably active and old. The density of active burrows per hectare of the three sites was 82.4 for Promontory A, 43.5 for Promontory B and 10.5 for Buwoma Beach. Additional information of this poorly known species was collected from villagers in the north-west and west of the island. They have noticed a decrease in the numbers of birds and have expressed concern about the future of the species.Le Mègapode de Vanuatu, Mègapodius layardi, est uniquement originaire de Vanuatu, (dit 'Nouvelles Hebrides' autrefois). Sur l'île volcanique d'Ambrym, il fait preuve de trois stratégies d'incubation différentes. II couve ses oeufs premièrement dans des terriers situés entre les racines pourries des arbres, duexièmement dans des terriers situés dans des grands terrains communaux de nids, et troisièmement dans des terriers situés sur des plages exposées au soleil. Aucan monticule n'est évident. Lors d'une étude par l'lnitiative des Terrains Protégés de Vanuatu (Vanuatu Protected Areas Initiative, VPAI), les terrains de nids furent plannifiés afin d'étudier la population. Trois terrains communaux de nids furent enquêtés. Les terriers furent classifiés en trois catégories; actifs, probablement actifs, et anciens. La densité des terriers actifs par hectare des trois terrains étaient de 82.4 pour le Cap A, 43.5 pour le Cap B, et de 10.5 pour la plage de Buwoma. Des données additionelles pur cet espèce peu connu furent rassemblées des villageois dand le nord ouest et l'ouest de Iîle. Ils ont constaté une diminuation des nombres d'oiseaux et ils ont exprimé leurs soucis vis-à-vis le future de l'espèce.Wan pijin, nem blong hem Namalau, Megapodius layardi, i stap long Vanuatu nomo (bifo, New Hebrides i nem blong Vanuatu). Long Ambrym, wan aelan wetem volkeno, Namalau i yusum trifala defren fasin long makem nes blong hem so heg blong hem i stap gud nomo; 1) ol i putum heg blong hem nekis rus bio tri wea ol rus i rotin 2) ol i putum heg blong hem wetem plenti narafala Namalau heg long graon wea volkeno i mekem groan i hot, 3) ol i putum heg blong hem insead sanbij wea san i makem i hot. Long Ambrym ol man i no fanem ples wea Namalau putum heg blong hem insaed wanples wea i gat plenti lif mo tri antap graon. Vanuatu Protected Areas Initiative (VPAI) i mekem wan stadi long ples wea ol Namalau i putum heg mo ol i mekem wan map. VPAI i lukum long trifala ples wea Namalau i putum heg. Tufala ples i stap long graon wea i go aot long solwota mo namba tri ples i stap long wan sanbij. I gat trifala defren grup blong ples wea ol i putum heg; niufala, klosap niufala mo olfala. Namba blong nuifala ples wea Namalau i putum heg insaed long wan hectare i 82.4 long pies A, 43.5 long ples B mo 10.5 long Buwoma sanbij. I no gat plenti save blong Namalau mo VPAI toktok plenti wetem ol man blong vilej long notwes mo wes Ambrym. Ol man is e namba blong Namalau i go daon bigwan mo ol i wari long fiuja long Namalau.
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Sparks, Emalie, Katherine Paterson, Joseph Santos, Kathy Trieu, Nerida Hinge, Len Tarivonda, Wendy Snowdon, Claire Johnson, and Jacqui Webster. "Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors on Efate Island, Vanuatu." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061027.
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In Vanuatu, mean salt intake exceeds the recommended maximum daily intake, and contributes to the high proportion of deaths attributable to cardiovascular diseases. Understanding salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the Vanuatu population can inform appropriate interventions. This cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the 2016–2017 Vanuatu Salt Survey. In total, 753 participants aged between 18 and 69 years from rural and urban communities on the Island of Efate were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected and a salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors survey was administered. Knowledge relating to the need to reduce salt consumption was high, but reported behaviors did not reflect this knowledge. A total of 83% of participants agreed that too much salt could cause health problems, and 86% reported that it was “very important” to lower the amount of salt in the diet. However, more than two-thirds of the population reported always/often adding salt to food during cooking/meal preparation and at the table, and always/often consuming processed foods high in salt. Strategic, targeted, and sustained behavior change programs in parallel with interventions to change the food environment to facilitate healthier choices should be key components of a salt reduction program. Actions should implemented as part of a comprehensive strategy to prevent and control non-communicable diseases in Vanuatu.
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Saretzki, Charlotte E. B., Gerhard Dobler, Elisabeth Iro, Yin May, Douglas Tou, Eteta Lockington, Michael Ala, Nicole Heussen, Bruno S. J. Phiri, and Thomas Küpper. "Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) seroprevalence in the South Pacific populations of the Cook Islands and Vanuatu with associated environmental and social factors." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 11 (November 28, 2022): e0010626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010626.
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Background Arthropod-borne diseases pose a significant and increasing risk to global health. Given its rapid dissemination, causing large-scale outbreaks with severe human infections and economic loss, the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is one of the most important arboviruses worldwide. Despite its significance, the real global impact of CHIKV remains underestimated as outbreak data are often incomplete and based solely on syndromic surveillance. During 2011–2016, the South Pacific Region was severely affected by several CHIKV-epidemics, yet the area is still underrepresented in arboviral research. Methods 465 outpatient serum samples collected between 08/2016 and 04/2017 on three islands of the island states Vanuatu (Espiritu Santo) and the Cook Islands (Rarotonga, Aitutaki) were tested for anti-CHIKV specific antibodies using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assays. Results A total of 30% (Cook Islands) and 8% (Vanuatu) of specimens were found positive for anti-CHIKV specific antibodies with major variations in national and intranational immunity levels. Seroprevalence throughout all age groups was relatively constant. Four potential outbreak-protective factors were identified by comparing the different study settings: presence of Ae. albopictus (in absence of ECSA E1-A226V-mutation CHIKV), as well as low levels of human population densities, residents’ travel activity and tourism. Conclusion This is the first seroprevalence study focussing on an arboviral disease in the Cook Islands and Vanuatu. It highlights the impact of the 2014/2015 CHIKV epidemic on the Cook Islands population and shows that a notable part of the Vanuatu test population was exposed to CHIKV although no outbreaks were reported. Our findings supplement the knowledge concerning CHIKV epidemics in the South Pacific Region and contribute to a better understanding of virus dissemination, including outbreak modifying factors. This study may support preventive and rapid response measures in affected areas, travel-related risk assessment and infection identification in returning travellers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Aachen: 051/16_09/05/2016 Cook Islands Ref.: #16-16 Vanuatu Ref.: MOH/DG 10/1/1-GKT/lr.
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Widmer, Alexandra. "The Effects of Elusive Knowledge." Journal of Legal Anthropology 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2008): 92–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2008.010105.
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In this article, I discuss two roles of documents in the creation and enforcement of public health laws in early colonial Vanuatu and their implication in colonial attempts to transform ni-Vanuatu societies and subjectivities. Colonial officials of the British-French Condominium based their projects on their admittedly partial knowledge in reports generated by experts studying depopulation. This knowledge, I argue, produced a ‘population’ by categorizing people according to their relationship with a reified notion of culture. The Condominium enforced health laws by sending letters to people categorized as Christian who would, the Condominium hoped, adhere to the regulations as self governing subjects. Officials would engage in persuasive conversations when they enforced the regulations in ‘bush’ villages. I conclude by reflecting on ni- Vanuatu knowledge of well-being and illness that could not be represented or documented and its centrality for subjectivities that might elude, if not subvert, the modern subject presumed by colonial strategies of governance.
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Keppel, Gunnar. "Low genetic variation in a Pacific cycad: conservation concerns for Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae)." Oryx 36, no. 1 (January 2002): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000078.
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The conservation status of Cycas seemannii, native to Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga, is assessed based on isozyme analysis, abundance estimates and factors affecting the survival of the species. Genetic variation in the species is low and genetic differentiation between populations is high, as compared to plants in general and to other cycads. Lower genetic variation was detected in a fragmented population as compared to less disturbed populations. Low gene flow was also detected, implying little contact between the various populations. A conservative estimate of 17,000 individuals remaining in the wild was obtained, with more than half of these located on the islands of Vanuatu. Accounts of past abundance suggest declining population sizes, most likely the result of repeated burning. Other factors that may be contributing to the decline are decreasing importance to and protection by humans, habitat alteration for agricultural and developmental purposes, and poor dispersal and recolonisation potential. An assessment based on the present estimated abundance and what is known of recent declines in numbers, indicates that the species should be categorised as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. On some of the densely populated islands, such as Viti Levu in Fiji and Nukualofa in Tonga, the species is locally Endangered or Critically Endangered. Possible conservation measures are suggested, and it is emphasised that populations on different islands must be considered separately because of their genetic differentiation.
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Fufa, Tilahun Wondimu, Wosene Gebreselassie Abtew, Charles Okechukwu Amadi, and Happiness Ogba Oselebe. "DArTSeq SNP-based genetic diversity and population structure studies among taro [(Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] accessions sourced from Nigeria and Vanuatu." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): e0269302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269302.
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Taro is a valuable staple food crop among resource-poor rural people in countries such as Nigeria and Ghana, among others. Characterization of genetic diversity is a prerequisite for proper management of breeding programs and conservation of genetic resources. Two hundred seventy one taro accessions obtained from Nigeria and Vanuatu were genotyped using DArTseq-based SNP markers with the objectives of investigating the genetic diversity and population structure. In the analysis, 10,391 SNP markers were filtered from the sequence and used. The analysis revealed higher transition than transversion types of SNPs in the ratio of 1.43:1. The polymorphism ranged from 0.26 to 0.29 for the markers, indicating moderate genetic diversity. A model-based Bayesian clustering analysis of taro accessions yielded five subgroups and revealed the admixture situation in 19.19% of all accessions in the study. Vanuatu taro accessions exhibited more genetic diversity than Nigerian taro accessions. The population diversity estimate (PhiPt) was relatively higher (0.52) for accessions originating from Vanuatu than for Nigerian accessions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most variation existed among individuals within a population at 52%. Nei’s genetic distance showed that relatedness is based on geographical proximity. Collection of taro genetic resources should give more emphasis to within regions to utilize diversity in taro breeding program. This study also demonstrated the efficiency of DArTseq-based SNP genotyping for large-scale genome analysis in taro. The genotypic markers provided in this study are useful for association mapping studies.
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Foster, Tim, Juliet Willetts, and Krishna Kumar Kotra. "Faecal contamination of groundwater in rural Vanuatu: prevalence and predictors." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 5 (July 3, 2019): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.016.
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Abstract Groundwater is an important source of water for coastal communities in Pacific Island Countries. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of faecal contamination in groundwater sources across 11 islands in Vanuatu. Escherichia coli was detected in 49% of sources and E. coli concentration exceeded 10 MPN (most probable number)/100 mL for 23% of sources. When adjusting for other variables, the detection of E. coli was significantly associated with severe pump stand corrosion, suggestive of contaminated run-off directly entering boreholes. E. coli concentration >10 MPN/100 mL was also significantly associated with: (i) hand-dug wells (as compared to drilled boreholes); (ii) severe pump stand corrosion; (iii) water points underlain by volcanic rocks (as compared to coral limestone); and (iv) rainfall in the previous 24 h. Encasing pump stands in concrete – as some communities had done – was found to have a significant protective effect. While baseline statistics for Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1 suggest that 87% of Vanuatu's rural population have access to at least a basic (improved) water source, the results from this study point to extensive microbial water quality concerns linked to degraded water supply infrastructure in need of rehabilitation.
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Haberkorn, Gerald. "Temporary versus Permanent Population Mobility in Melanesia: A Case Study from Vanuatu." International Migration Review 26, no. 3 (1992): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546966.
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Haberkorn, Gerald. "Temporary versus Permanent Population Mobility in Melanesia: A Case Study from Vanuatu." International Migration Review 26, no. 3 (September 1992): 806–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600304.
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Melanesia's urban population tripled from a mere 7 percent of the region's total population in 1955 to 20 percent by 1985. The recency and magnitude of this development and the absence of any established forms of urban living in the region's precolonial history virtually rules out natural population growth as the principal cause behind this process of rapid urbanization and suggests massive internal population mobility as the most likely cause. The overall picture conveyed by the Melanesian mobility literature, however, emphasizes rural-based circular mobility as the predominant form of population mobility in the region. Seeking to reconcile this contrast, this article argues that much of the alleged continued predominance of circular mobility owes more to its underlying operationalizations, ways of measurement, and theoretical conceptualizations than reflects contemporary reality. This argument is substantiated by an analysis of recent developments in Vanuatu mobility set in the local and historical conditions of migration from the island of Paama. It is demonstrated how specific structural transformations on the island and in urban areas throughout this century were not only conducive to a change from temporary to long-term or permanent rural absences, but how they also have emerged as the direct result of mobility, thus highlighting the latter's dialectical nature. Evidence for this mobility change is derived from a comparative analysis of lifetime mobility histories of urban and rural Paamese men and women.
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Martin R Fowler. "ASPECTS OF COPRA PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN VANUATU." CORD 3, no. 02 (June 1, 1987): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v3i02.203.
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Coconuts occupy the largest area under any crop in Vanuatu and provide employment and incomes for the majority of the rural population; copra exports have provided far and away the most important source of foreign exchange earnings during most of the past one hundred years, and their position remains paramount. Copra exports also provide an important source of Government revenue; and. finally, coconuts are an important component of the national diet.
Given the fundamental importance of the coconut subsector to the economic life of the country, a deeper understanding of its recent and projected evolution is essential for macro‑economic policy formulation.
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Hill-Lewenilovo, Renee, Roko Vuiyasawa, and Susanna Piovano. "First record of a dugong (Dugong dugon Müller, 1776) in Fiji." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 3 (2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18059.
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We report the first record of a dugong (Dugong dugon Müller, 1776) in Fiji. The dugong, probably a vagrant, was found dead on 20 May 2018 at more than 600 km from the nearest known dugong population, which is in Vanuatu. The dugong, a 2-m-long female, was 13 years old.
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Paterson, Katherine, Nerida Hinge, Emalie Sparks, Kathy Trieu, Joseph Alvin Santos, Len Tarivonda, Wendy Snowdon, Jacqui Webster, and Claire Johnson. "Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Vanuatu: A Population Survey of 755 Participants on Efate Island." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040916.
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Non-communicable diseases are responsible for 63% of global deaths, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular-disease-related deaths worldwide, and approximately 1.7 million deaths are directly attributable to excess salt intake annually. There has been little research conducted on the level of salt consumption amongst the population of Vanuatu. Based on data from other Pacific Island countries and knowledge of changing regional diets, it was predicted that salt intake would exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended maximum of 5 g per day. The current study aimed to provide Vanuatu with a preliminary baseline assessment of population salt intake on Efate Island. A cross-sectional survey collected demographic, clinical, and urine data from participants aged 18 to 69 years in rural and urban communities on Efate Island in October 2016 and February 2017. Mean salt intake was determined to be 7.2 (SD 2.3) g/day from spot urine samples, and 5.9 (SD 3.6) g/day from 24-h urine samples, both of which exceed the WHO recommended maximum. Based on the spot urine samples, males had significantly higher salt intake than females (7.8 g compared to 6.5 g; p < 0.001) and almost 85% of the population consumed more than the WHO recommended maximum daily amount. A coordinated government strategy is recommended to reduce salt consumption, including fiscal policies, engagement with the food industry, and education and awareness-raising to promote behavior change.
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Gaudreau, Christine, Bernard LaRue, Valérie Charbonneau, Guy Charpentier, and Douglas A. Craig. "Recent origins and genetic fragmentation of Simulium (Hebridosimulium) laciniatum (Diptera), the endemic Fijian simuliid." Invertebrate Systematics 22, no. 5 (2008): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is08024.
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Simulium laciniatum Edwards, 1924 is endemic to Fiji and is also the only known black fly species in the Fiji archipelago, a most unusual situation since neighbouring Vanuatu harbours fourteen precinctive species from the same subgenus, Hebridosimulium Grenier & Rageau, 1961. Morphology indicates that S. (H.) laciniatum is monospecific throughout the Fiji archipelago, so the species was further scrutinised from a molecular standpoint. Samples taken from five islands of Fiji show a major lack of heterogeneity in the mitochondrial COII gene and a probable date around 105 years has been inferred for the S. (H.) laciniatum ancestor, a likely migrant from Vanuatu. COII homogeneity may also reflect the dispersal abilities of blood-seeking females of this species, abetted possibly by shortened distances between islands during ice ages concurrent with depressed sea levels. However, the ITS1 spacer between the 18S and 5.8S rDNA genes exhibits six haplotypes, with the two predominant ones clearly arrayed in a north–south distribution. This suggests sufficient distance between suites of islands in recent times to allow precinctive population development.
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Mitchell, Jean, Joan Niras, and Lesbeth Niefeu. "Cultivating Well-being: Young People and Food Gardens in Tanna, Vanuatu." Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning 6, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15402/esj.v6i1.70665.
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Gardens in Vanuatu, an archipelago in the SW Pacific, materialize the multiple relationships between land, humans, and the more-than-human world that facilitate self-reliance, and wellbeing. This paper analyzes a collaborative project (2016-18) undertaken on the Island of Tanna in Vanuatu. A project for and with youth and their communities, it aimed to train young people to do basic research on customary food gardens and to document Indigenous customary knowledge, practices, and customary stories about food and gardens. The project started after a catastrophic cyclone destroyed gardens and infrastructure, rendering the self-sufficient islanders dependent on food aid at a time of rising rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). There is also concern about the declining interest in traditional knowledge among youth. With about 60% of the population under 30 years of age, this paper argues that youth are critical actors in ensuring the continuity of customary knowledge and practices that are essential for food sovereignty, the maintenance of social relations and wellbeing, all of which are embedded in relational ecologies of care.
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Read, Tyffen C., Nancy N. FitzSimmons, Laurent Wantiez, Michael P. Jensen, Florent Keller, Olivier Chateau, Richard Farman, et al. "Mixed stock analysis of a resident green turtle, Chelonia mydas, population in New Caledonia links rookeries in the South Pacific." Wildlife Research 42, no. 6 (2015): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15064.
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Context Migratory species are known to pose a challenge for conservation because it is essential to understand their complex life history in order to implement efficient conservation actions. Aims In New Caledonia, large seagrass habitats in the Grand Lagon Sud (GLS) are home to resident green turtles (Chelonia mydas) of unknown origins. To assess the stock composition in the GLS, 164 foraging turtles were sampled for genetic analysis of ~770 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Methods Foraging turtles ranging in size from 48.0 to 108.4 cm curved carapace length were captured at five different sites within the GLS between September 2012 and December 2013. To provide baseline data for mixed stock analysis, published data from rookeries were used in addition to 105 samples collected at rookeries in the d’Entrecasteaux Islands and Chesterfield Islands in New Caledonia and at Malekula Island in Vanuatu. Exact tests of population differentiation and pairwise FST estimates were used to test for differences in mtDNA haplotype frequencies. Key results These analyses indicated that rookeries in the d’Entrecasteaux Islands and Vanuatu form unique management units and that the Chesterfield Islands rookeries are linked to the Coral Sea management unit. Mixed stock analysis indicated the highest proportion (mean = 0.63) of foraging turtles originate from the d’Entrecasteaux stock. Conclusions The larger contribution is estimated to be from a large rookery from New Caledonia, but smaller contributions are suggested from other rookeries in the South Pacific. Implications Marine conservation policies in New Caledonia need to consider the links between the foraging and nesting populations of C. mydas in New Caledonia and other rookeries and foraging grounds in the Coral Sea.
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Salih, S., H. Tedd, and M. Gillmer. "Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in an indigenous Melanesian population on the islands of Vanuatu." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 29, no. 2 (January 2009): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443610802665033.
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Campbell, John R. "Disasters and Development in Historical Context: Tropical Cyclone Response in the Banks Islands, Northern Vanuatu." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 8, no. 3 (November 1990): 401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709000800310.
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The Banks Islands in northern Vanuatu are prone to tropical cyclones. While a thriving population appears to have coped with these events prior to European contact, since then a smaller population has struggled to maintain its food security following tropical cyclone events. A number of social, economic, political and resource management changes have led to a set of disaster pre-conditions which result in dependence on external food relief following tropical cyclones. Most of these changes have taken place in the intervening years between disasters and have occurred independent of the tropical cyclone hazard. However, one set of changes, the provision of food relief itself, has provided the catalyst for the other changes to occur.
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Williams, Rachel C., Stephen J. Newman, and William Sinclair. "DNA barcoding in Nautilus pompilius (Mollusca : Cephalopoda): evolutionary divergence of an ancient species in modern times." Invertebrate Systematics 26, no. 6 (2012): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is12023.
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DNA barcoding studies to elucidate the evolutionary and dispersal history of the current populations of Nautilus pompilius allow us to develop a greater understanding of their biology, their movement and the systematic relationships between different groups. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on Australian N. pompilius, and COI sequences were generated for 98 discrete accessions. Sequences from samples collected across the distribution were sourced from GenBank and included in the analyses. Maximum likelihood revealed three distinct clades for N. pompilius: (1) populations sourced from west Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines; (2) populations collected from east Australia and Papua New Guinea; (3) western Pacific accessions from Vanuatu, American Samoa and Fiji, supporting previous findings on the evolutionary divergence of N. pompilius. A minimum spanning tree revealed 49 discrete haplotypes for the 128 accessions, from a total of 16 discrete sampling locations. Population similarity reflects oceanic topographic features, with divergence between populations across the N. pompilius range mirroring geographical separation. This illustrates the success of DNA barcoding as a tool to identify geographic origin, and looks to the future role of such technology in population genetics and evolutionary biology.
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Clegg, Sonya M., and Albert B. Phillimore. "The influence of gene flow and drift on genetic and phenotypic divergence in two species of Zosterops in Vanuatu." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1543 (April 12, 2010): 1077–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0281.
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Colonization of an archipelago sets the stage for adaptive radiation. However, some archipelagos are home to spectacular radiations, while others have much lower levels of diversification. The amount of gene flow among allopatric populations is one factor proposed to contribute to this variation. In island colonizing birds, selection for reduced dispersal ability is predicted to produce changing patterns of regional population genetic structure as gene flow-dominated systems give way to drift-mediated divergence. If this transition is important in facilitating phenotypic divergence, levels of genetic and phenotypic divergence should be associated. We consider population genetic structure and phenotypic divergence among two co-distributed, congeneric (Genus: Zosterops ) bird species inhabiting the Vanuatu archipelago. The more recent colonist, Z. lateralis , exhibits genetic patterns consistent with a strong influence of distance-mediated gene flow. However, complex patterns of asymmetrical gene flow indicate variation in dispersal ability or inclination among populations. The endemic species, Z. flavifrons , shows only a partial transition towards a drift-mediated system, despite a long evolutionary history on the archipelago. We find no strong evidence that gene flow constrains phenotypic divergence in either species, suggesting that levels of inter-island gene flow do not explain the absence of a radiation across this archipelago.
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Wilbur, Jane, Relvie Poilapa, and Chloe Morrison. "Menstrual Health Experiences of People with Intellectual Disabilities and Their Caregivers during Vanuatu’s Humanitarian Responses: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 14540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114540.
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Attention to menstrual health in humanitarian responses is increasing, but evidence related to people with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers is absent. This study begins to address that. We applied purposive sampling to select 17 women and girls (aged 15–31) with intellectual disabilities, their 17 caregivers in SANMA province, Vanuatu, and seven key informants. We used in-depth interviews, PhotoVoice and ranking, and observation and analysed data thematically using Nvivo 12. We found that caregivers wished to maintain the person’s safety and privacy, especially when menstruating, which reduced evacuation options. People with intellectual disabilities support requirements sometimes increased after emergencies. This meant caregivers were less able to work and recover from disasters. Caregivers requested the distribution of more reusable menstrual materials and a greater choice, including adult-sized diapers for menstruation and incontinence. Key informants noted that menstrual health interventions must always be delivered to people with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers so that menstrual health knowledge and practices exist before emergencies. We found that men and women supported people with intellectual disabilities’ menstrual health, thus challenging gendered assumptions about caregiving. Efforts to achieve menstrual health for this population within disaster preparedness plans must be included. If not, families will fall further into poverty every time a disaster hits Vanuatu.
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Yang, Qiong, Jessica Chung, Katie L. Robinson, Thomas L. Schmidt, Perran A. Ross, Jiaxin Liang, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Sex-specific distribution and classification of Wolbachia infections and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Aedes albopictus from the Indo-Pacific." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): e0010139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010139.
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The arbovirus vector Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) is common throughout the Indo-Pacific region, where most global dengue transmission occurs. We analysed population genomic data and tested for cryptic species in 160 Ae. albopictus sampled from 16 locations across this region. We found no evidence of cryptic Ae. albopictus but found multiple intraspecific COI haplotypes partitioned into groups representing three Asian lineages: East Asia, Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Papua New Guinea (PNG), Vanuatu and Christmas Island shared recent coancestry, and Indonesia and Timor-Leste were likely invaded from East Asia. We used a machine learning trained on morphologically sexed samples to classify sexes using multiple genetic features and then characterized the wAlbA and wAlbB Wolbachia infections in 664 other samples. The wAlbA and wAlbB infections as detected by qPCR showed markedly different patterns in the sexes. For females, most populations had a very high double infection incidence, with 67% being the lowest value (from Timor-Leste). For males, the incidence of double infections ranged from 100% (PNG) to 0% (Vanuatu). Only 6 females were infected solely by the wAlbA infection, while rare uninfected mosquitoes were found in both sexes. The wAlbA and wAlbB densities varied significantly among populations. For mosquitoes from Torres Strait and Vietnam, the wAlbB density was similar in single-infected and superinfected (wAlbA and wAlbB) mosquitoes. There was a positive association between wAlbA and wAlbB infection densities in superinfected Ae. albopictus. Our findings provide no evidence of cryptic species of Ae. albopictus in the region and suggest site-specific factors influencing the incidence of Wolbachia infections and their densities. We also demonstrate the usefulness of ddRAD tag depths as sex-specific mosquito markers. The results provide baseline data for the exploitation of Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in dengue control.
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Barker, Gary M., Gilianne Brodie, Lia Bogitini, and Helen Pippard. "Diversity and current conservation status of Melanesian–New Zealand placostyline land snails (Gastropoda : Bothriembryontidae), with discussion of conservation imperatives, priorities and methodology issues." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 3 (2016): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14929.
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We review the diversity and conservation status of Placostylinae, land snails endemic to the western Pacific. Their narrow-range endemism, large size and associated vulnerability, consumptive exploitation by people, and habitat loss and degradation (inclusive of invasive predators) threaten their survival. There has been considerable attention from conservation biologists in New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and New Zealand aimed at species recovery. Nonetheless, only on uninhabited, pest-free islands do these native snails persist in high numbers, and these remaining ‘sanctuaries’ are dependent on biosecurity vigilance. For other populations in New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and New Zealand, the benefits of control of invasive mesopredators have been demonstrated, but it remains unclear if long-term persistence of Placostylinae can be achieved in degraded landscapes that continue to be subject to anthropogenic pressures. For species in Fiji, Vanuatu, and the Solomon Islands – the centre of Placostylinae diversity – their conservation status is not known with any certainty due to lack of basic data on range and population trends. Recent IUCN Red List assessments indicate a high level of extinction risk among Fijian species due to narrow geographic range coupled with decline in habitat extent and quality. Further inventory and ecological work is urgently needed in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to enable assessment of extinction risk and identify threatening processes. We identify four priority areas for advancing the conservation of Placostylinae, especially in Melanesia, and discuss the most pressing methodological issues. Molecular phylogenetic analyses are needed to provide an evolutionary framework for taxonomic revision and to underpin development of both conservation policy and species recovery plans.
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Cuthbertson, Joseph, Carol Stewart, Alison Lyon, Penelope Burns, and Thompson Telepo. "Health Impacts of Volcanic Activity in Oceania." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35, no. 5 (July 16, 2020): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2000093x.
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AbstractVolcanoes cause a wide range of hazardous phenomena. Close to volcanic vents, hazards can be highly dangerous and destructive and include pyroclastic flows and surges, ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars, thick ashfalls, and gas and aerosol emissions. Direct health impacts include trauma, burns, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. Far-reaching volcanic hazards include volcanic ashfalls, gas and aerosol dispersion, and lahars. Within Oceania, the island arc countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tonga, and New Zealand are the most at-risk from volcanic activity. Since 1500ad, approximately 10,000 lives have been lost due to volcanic activity across Oceania, with 39 lives lost since 2000. While volcano monitoring and surveillance save lives, residual risks remain from small, sudden, unheralded eruptions, such as the December 9, 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand which has a death toll of 21 at the time of writing. Widespread volcanic ashfalls can affect the habitability of downwind communities by contaminating water supplies, damaging crops and buildings, and degrading indoor and outdoor air quality, as well as disrupting transport and communication networks and access to health services. While the fatality rate due to volcanic eruptions may be low, far greater numbers of people may be affected by volcanic activity with approximately 100,000 people in PNG and Vanuatu displaced since 2000. It is challenging to manage health impacts for displaced people, particularly in low-income countries where events such as eruptions occur against a background of low, variable vaccination rates, high prevalence of infectious diseases, poor sanitation infrastructure, and poor nutritional status. As a case study, the 2017-2018 eruption of Ambae volcano, Vanuatu caused no casualties but triggered two separate mandatory off-island evacuations of the entire population of approximately 11,700 people. On the neighboring island of Santo, a health disaster response was coordinated by local government and provided acute care when evacuees arrived. Involving primary care clinicians in this setting enhanced local capacity for health care provision and allowed for an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on evacuee communities.
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Webb, Elizabeth, Carol Stewart, Erie Sami, Samuel Kelsey, Peggy Fairbairn Dunlop, and Elaine Dennison. "Variability of naturally occurring fluoride in diverse community drinking-water sources, Tanna Island, Vanuatu." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.270.
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Abstract Large variations in fluoride concentrations exist in natural waters, many of which are the source of community drinking-water supplies. Determining fluoride concentrations in community drinking waters can be challenging in developing Pacific countries such as Vanuatu that have limited laboratory capacity. Knowledge of naturally elevated fluoride concentrations that cause irreversible, adverse health outcomes may allow communities the opportunity to treat and manage their drinking-water supplies. Community drinking-water samples (n = 69), sourced from groundwaters, roof catchment rainwaters, surface waters and springs, were sampled on Tanna Island, Vanuatu between 2017 and 2020. In an 18 km2 area of Western Tanna, a set of 30 groundwater-based drinking-water samples had a median fluoride concentration of 3.3 mg/L, with 20 samples >1.5 mg/L and seven samples >4.0 mg/L. These concentrations increase the risk of dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. Repeat resampling at five sites showed little variation over the sampling period. Rainwater-fed drinking-water supplies were lower overall and highly variable in fluoride concentrations (<0.05–4.0 mg/L, median of 0.53 mg/L), with variable inputs from volcanic emissions from Yasur volcano. We recommend a comprehensive oral health and bone health study for the whole island to determine adverse health effects of excess fluoride in this vulnerable population.
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Arlaud, Jean, Pascal Dibie, Christine Louveau de la Guigneraye, and Luiz Eduardo Robinson Achutti. "Conversation sur les préoccupations scientifiques et les perspectives de recherche au sein du Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Visuelle et Sonore du Monde Contemporain." Horizontes Antropológicos 6, no. 13 (June 2000): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832000000100012.
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La présent conversation a été pensée comme l'opportunité de présenter le "Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Visuelle et Sonore du Monde Contemporain", de l'Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot. Il a été crée en 1992 par monsieur le professeur Dr. Jean Arlaud, anthropologue et cinéaste, directeur auteur et réalisateur de plus de vingt filmes sur des sociétés de tous les continents, dans le même esprit que Jean Rouch, son directeur de doctorat. Ce laboratoire, qui regroupe actuellement 35 chercheurs statutaires et associés, développe des programmes de recherche en Asie Centrale (population Kalash, culture populaire et identité), Asie du Sud-Est ( danses masquées, musique, silat), Îles du Pacifique (Vanuatu), Etats Unis (population Cajun), Afrique (population nilotiques Nyangatom, populations Dogon et Bambara) et Europe (anthropologie urbaine, anthropologie rurale, identité, migrations/changements). Ce dialogue, fruit de l'initiative du doctorant brésilien Luiz Eduardo Robinson Achutti, chercheur associé au laboratoire, présent la démarche scientifique et méthodologique du laboratoire. A travers les paroles du Dr. Jean Arlaud, du Dr.Pascal Dibie, de la Dra.Christine Louveau de la Guigneraye et Achutti, sont abordés les sujets et les préoccupations actuels de ces chercheurs, questions sur l'anthropologie de proximité, l'approche poétique, la pratique du travail avec les images et les sons, la ville comme lieu de recherche et les connections entre anthropologie et multimédia.
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Groom, Scott V. C., Mark I. Stevens, and Michael P. Schwarz. "Parallel responses of bees to Pleistocene climate change in three isolated archipelagos of the southwestern Pacific." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1785 (June 22, 2014): 20133293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3293.
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The impacts of glacial cycles on the geographical distribution and size of populations have been explored for numerous terrestrial and marine taxa. However, most studies have focused on high latitudes, with only a few focused on the response of biota to the last glacial maximum (LGM) in equatorial regions. Here, we examine how population sizes of key bee fauna in the southwest Pacific archipelagos of Fiji, Vanuatu and Samoa have fluctuated over the Quaternary. We show that all three island faunas suffered massive population declines, roughly corresponding in time to the LGM, followed by rapid expansion post-LGM. Our data therefore suggest that Pleistocene climate change has had major impacts across a very broad tropical region. While other studies indicate widespread Holarctic effects of the LGM, our data suggest a much wider range of latitudes, extending to the tropics, where these climate change repercussions were important. As key pollinators, the inferred changes in these bee faunas may have been critical in the development of the diverse Pacific island flora. The magnitude of these responses indicates future climate change scenarios may have alarming consequences for Pacific island systems involving pollinator-dependent plant communities and agricultural crops.
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Forsyth, Miranda. "Lifting the Lid on “The Community”: Who Has the Right to Control Access to Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture?" International Journal of Cultural Property 19, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739112000021.
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AbstractThis article explores some key considerations around determining who should have the right to control access to, and benefit from, traditional knowledge and intangible cultural heritage. It highlights the complexities involved in these considerations by examining in detail the different claims to control by different segments of the population in regard to two case studies: Samoan tattooing and the Vanuatu land dive. It uses insights from this analysis to problematize the assumptions about the use of concepts such as “community” in legislation designed to protection traditional knowledge and expressions of culture, and it also reflects on what effect such legislative developments may have on the cultural industries initiative and the implementation of the Convention on Intangible Cultural Heritage.
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Tynan, Katherine M., Malcolm I. Parslow, and David I. Hoar. "Genetic stability of the D1Z2 region: implications for DNA genotyping and paternity testing." Genome 34, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-113.
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The aim of the present study was to examine a single locus variable number tandem repeat for the purpose of DNA genotyping ("fingerprinting"). DNAs of 175 individuals from five ethnic groups (Black, Chinese, Japanese, Caucasian, and Melanesian) were analyzed. Restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis of random individuals revealed individual specific DNA patterns in all but one group. Among 20 Melanesian inhabitants of the Vanuatu islands in the southwest Pacific, three individuals were found to share a common pattern. This island population represents a "genetic isolate" and illustrates the importance of carrying out population studies on individual ethnic groups of interest. The complexity and the genetic stability of the D1Z2 region as revealed by the probe hMF1 make it an excellent candidate for DNA genotyping in paternity testing as 101 Caucasian individuals each had unique patterns for PstI and SinI digests.Key words: DNA fingerprinting, variable number tandem repeat, paternity testing, DNA genotyping.
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Tusso, Sergio, Kerstin Morcinek, Catherine Vogler, Peter J. Schupp, Ciemon F. Caballes, Sergio Vargas, and Gert Wörheide. "Genetic structure of the crown-of-thorns seastar in the Pacific Ocean, with focus on Guam." PeerJ 4 (May 5, 2016): e1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1970.
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Population outbreaks of the corallivorous crown-of-thorns seastar (COTS),Acanthaster ‘planci’ L., are among the most important biological disturbances of tropical coral reefs. Over the past 50 years, several devastating outbreaks have been documented around Guam, an island in the western Pacific Ocean. Previous analyses have shown that in the Pacific Ocean, COTS larval dispersal may be geographically restricted to certain regions. Here, we assess the genetic structure of Pacific COTS populations and compared samples from around Guam with a number of distant localities in the Pacific Ocean, and focused on determining the degree of genetic structure among populations previously considered to be isolated. Using microsatellites, we document substantial genetic structure between 14 localities from different geographical regions in the Pacific Ocean. Populations from the 14 locations sampled were found to be structured in three significantly differentiated groups: (1) all locations immediately around Guam, as well as Kingman Reef and Swains Island; (2) Japan, Philippines, GBR and Vanuatu; and (3) Johnston Atoll, which was significantly different from all other localities. The lack of genetic differentiation between Guam and extremely distant populations from Kingman Reef and Swains Island suggests potential long-distance dispersal of COTS in the Pacific.
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Siméoni, Patricia, and Vincent Lebot. "Spatial Representation of Land Use and Population Density: Integrated Layers of Data Contribute to Environmental Planning in Vanuatu." Human Ecology 40, no. 4 (May 13, 2012): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9487-2.
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DUMAS, P., H. JIMENEZ, M. LÉOPOLD, G. PETRO, and R. JIMMY. "Effectiveness of village-based marine reserves on reef invertebrates in Emau, Vanuatu." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (July 27, 2010): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000536.
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SUMMARYDespite the current expansion of community-based marine conservation initiatives in the Pacific, few studies have specifically addressed their ecological efficiency to restore or enhance reef invertebrate resources. This paper investigated the effects of two very small (< 0.05 km2) recent village-based marine reserves (tabu areas) located along the shallow fringing reef of Emau island, Vanuatu. Surveys focused on heavily harvested species (namely trochus, giant clams and green snails) and involved both experienced scientists and local villagers. Abundance, density and individual size data were collected by snorkelling along random transect belts located inside and outside the tabu areas, using simple PVC measuring tools specifically developed for participative monitoring. Habitat was assessed using a photographic method to quantitatively describe varied reef substrata. Resource recovery varied between the areas as a result of species-specific responses to contrasted reserve characteristics and local management practices. Fast-growing mobile Trochus niloticus exhibited strong positive abundance and size responses only within the older larger tabu area through the combined effects of protection from harvesting and translocation actions by local fishers. Similar trends were observed to a lesser extent for sessile slow-growing giant clams (Tridacna spp.), but these were not significant after four years of closure. Despite historical evidence of their presence in the area, surveys emphasized the severe population collapse of the heavily targeted green snail (Turbo marmoratus). Under certain conditions, very small-scale reserves, such as those implemented by village-based conservation initiatives, can rapidly and efficiently enhance local reef invertebrate resources. It is still unclear whether the changes are sufficient to restore critical levels of spawning biomass at larger scale and reverse the severe depletion of invertebrate resources occurring in Vanuatu.
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Lyon, Alison. "A Primary Care Role in Building Local Capacity Following Volcanic Activity in Vanuatu." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001201.
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Introduction:Vanuatu is situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire. In July 2018, there was increased volcanic activity on Ambae, an island with a population of 11,000 people. Due to the destruction of food sources, contamination of water supply, and respiratory issues caused by ash fall, an immediate compulsory evacuation was ordered by the government.Aim:To describe the role of the primary care team response to urgent and ongoing healthcare needs of evacuees following volcanic activity.Methods:A non-governmental organization (NGO) primary care team of a general practitioner, nurse practitioner, and two healthcare assistants undertook the initial assessment of a group of newly arrived evacuees. This allowed the identification and management of urgent care needs. Over the subsequent weeks, the primary care clinic provided care to the evacuees. A prospective database of anonymized case files was undertaken to monitor evolving primary healthcare needs of the evacuees.Results:Twenty-five patients were assessed initially. Two patients required urgent transfer to a hospital for acute management. Six diabetic patients required medication supplies. There were eight hypertensive patients. Two patients required urgent BP reduction and four required medication supplies. Over the following two weeks, 104 patients were reviewed at the clinic. During this time, 45 patients were treated for respiratory tract infections. Medication supplies were replenished for antihypertensives and diabetic medications for seven patients. Opportunistic cardiovascular and diabetes risk reviews were performed and follow up arranged for nine patients.Discussion:The primary care team role was part of a local services collaborative approach initiated by the government. Involving local primary care clinicians in disaster management builds local capacity. Patients are able to receive continuity of care for acute and ongoing medical problems. Clinicians are able to evaluate evolving care needs and gain an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on the community.
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Valentin, Frédérique, Florent Détroit, Matthew J. T. Spriggs, and Stuart Bedford. "Early Lapita skeletons from Vanuatu show Polynesian craniofacial shape: Implications for Remote Oceanic settlement and Lapita origins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516186113.
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With a cultural and linguistic origin in Island Southeast Asia the Lapita expansion is thought to have led ultimately to the Polynesian settlement of the east Polynesian region after a time of mixing/integration in north Melanesia and a nearly 2,000-y pause in West Polynesia. One of the major achievements of recent Lapita research in Vanuatu has been the discovery of the oldest cemetery found so far in the Pacific at Teouma on the south coast of Efate Island, opening up new prospects for the biological definition of the early settlers of the archipelago and of Remote Oceania in general. Using craniometric evidence from the skeletons in conjunction with archaeological data, we discuss here four debated issues: the Lapita–Asian connection, the degree of admixture, the Lapita–Polynesian connection, and the question of secondary population movement into Remote Oceania.
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Kaneko, Akira, Luis F. Chaves, George Taleo, Morris Kalkoa, Rie Isozumi, Renu Wickremasinghe, Hedvig Perlmann, et al. "Characteristic Age Distribution of Plasmodium vivax Infections after Malaria Elimination on Aneityum Island, Vanuatu." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 1 (October 28, 2013): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00931-13.
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ABSTRACTResurgence is a major concern after malaria elimination. After the initiation of the elimination program on Aneityum Island in 1991, microscopy showed thatPlasmodium falciparumdisappeared immediately, whereasP. vivaxdisappeared from 1996 onward, untilP. vivaxcases were reported in January 2002. By conducting malariometric surveys of the entire population of Aneityum, we investigated the age distribution of individuals with parasites during this epidemic in the context of antimalarial antibody levels and parasite antigen diversity. In July 2002,P. vivaxinfections were detected by microscopy in 22/759 individuals: 20/298 born after the beginning of the elimination program in 1991, 2/126 born between 1982 and 1991, and none of 335 born before 1982. PCR increased the number of infections detected to 77, distributed among all age groups. Prevalences were 12.1%, 16.7%, and 6.0%, respectively (P< 0.001). In November, a similar age pattern was found, but with fewer infections: 6/746 and 39/741 individuals were found to be infected by microscopy and PCR, respectively. The frequencies of antibody responses toP. vivaxwere significantly higher in individuals born before 1991 than in younger age groups and were similar to those on Malakula Island, an area of endemicity. Remarkably low antigen diversity (h, 0.15) ofP. vivaxinfections was observed on Aneityum compared with the other islands (h, 0.89 to 1.0). AP. vivaxresurgence was observed among children and teenagers on Aneityum, an age distribution similar to those before elimination and on islands whereP. vivaxis endemic, suggesting that in the absence of significant exposure, immunity may persist, limiting infection levels in adults. The limited parasite gene pool on islands may contribute to this protection.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 163, no. 2-3 (2008): 376–453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003690.
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Chris Ballard, Paula Brown, R. Michael Bourke, Tracy Harwood (eds); The sweet potato in Oceania; A reappraisal (Peter Boomgaard) Caroline Hughes; The political economy of Cambodia’s transition, 1991-2001 (Han Ten Brummelhuis) Richard Robison, Vedi Hadiz; Reorganising power in Indonesia; The politics of oligarchy in an age of markets (Marleen Dieleman) Michael W. Charney; Southeast Asian warfare, 1300-1900 (Hans Hägerdal) Daniel Perret, Amara Srisuchat, Sombun Thanasuk (eds); Études sur l´histoire du sultanat de Patani (Mary Somers Heidhues) Joel Robbins; Becoming sinners; Christianity and moral torment in a Papua New Guinea society (Menno Hekker) Mujiburrahman; Feeling threatened; Muslim-Christian relations in Indonesia’s New Order (Gerry van Klinken) Marie-Odette Scalliet; De Collectie-Galestin in de Leidse Universiteitsbibliotheek (Dick van der Meij) James Neil Sneddon; Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian (Don van Minde) James Leach; Creative land; Place and procreation on the Rai coast of Papua New Guinea (Dianne van Oosterhout) Stanley J. Ulijaszek (ed.); Population, reproduction and fertility in Melanesia (Dianne van Oosterhout) Angela Hobart; Healing performances of Bali; Between darkness and light (Nathan Porath) Leo Suryadinata (ed.); Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia (Roderich Ptak) Ruth Barnes; Ostindonesien im 20. Jahrhundert; Auf den Spuren der Sammlung Ernst Vatter (Reimar Schefold) Marie-Antoinette Willemsen; Een missionarisleven in brieven; Willem van Bekkum, Indië 1936-1998 (Karel Steenbrink) Marie-Antoinette Willemsen; Een pionier op Flores; Jilis Verheijen (1908-1997), missionaris en onderzoeker (Karel Steenbrink) Akitoshi Shimizu, Jan van Bremen (eds); Wartime Japanese anthropology in Asia and the Pacific (Fridus Steijlen) Lilie Roosman; Phonetic experiments on the word and sentence prosody of Betawi Malay and Toba Batak (Uri Tadmor) Jamie D. Saul; The Naga of Burma; Their festivals, customs, and way of life (Nicholas Tapp) K.S. Nathan, Mohammad Hashim Kamali (eds); Islam in Southeast Asia; Political, social and strategic challenges for the 21st century (Bryan S. Turner) Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Jack Golson, Robin Hide (eds); Papuan pasts; Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples (Lourens de Vries) Leo Howe, The changing world of Bali; Religion, society and tourism (Carol Warren) Sarah Weiss; Listening to an earlier Java; Aesthetics, gender, and the music of wayang in Central Java (Andrew N. Weintraub) REVIEW ESSAY Terry Crowley: Four grammars of Malakula languages Crowley, Terry (ed. by John Lynch); The Avava language of Central Malakula (Vanuatu) Crowley, Terry (ed. by John Lynch); Tape: a declining language of Malakula (Vanuatu Crowley, Terry (ed. by John Lynch); Naman: a vanishing language of Malakula (Vanuatu) Crowley, Terry (ed. by John Lynch); Nese: a diminishing speech variety of Northwest Malakula (Vanuatu) (Alexandre Francois) REVIEW ESSAY -- ‘The folly our descendants are least likely to forgive us’: the end of nature in Southeast Asia? Michael R. Dove, Percy E. Sajise, Amity A. Doolittle (eds); Conserving nature in culture; Case studies from Southeast Asia Jeyamalar Kathirithamby-Wells; Nature and nation; Forests and development in peninsular Malaysia Celia Lowe; Wild profusion; Biodiversity conservation in an Indonesian archipelago John F. McCarthy; The fourth circle; A political ecology of Sumatra’s rainforest frontier Budy P. Resosudarmo (ed.); The politics and economics of Indonesia’s natural resources Jeffrey R. Vincent, Rozali Mohamed Ali; Managing natural wealth; Environment and development in Malaysia (David Henley) In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 163 (2007), no: 2/3, Leiden
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Reiff, D. M., A. Kaneko, G. Taleo, M. Amos, and J. K. Lum. "Population Structure and Gene Flow ofAnopheles farautis.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) Among Ten Sites on Five Islands of Vanuatu: Implications for Malaria Control." Journal of Medical Entomology 44, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/44.4.601.
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Gutiérrez Rico, Evelyn Marie, Aoi Kikuchi, Takahiro Saito, Masaki Kumondai, Eiji Hishinuma, Akira Kaneko, Chim Wai Chan, et al. "CYP2D6 genotyping analysis and functional characterization of novel allelic variants in a Ni-Vanuatu and Kenyan population by assessing dextromethorphan O-demethylation activity." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 35, no. 1 (February 2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.07.003.
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Reeve, Erica, Amerita Ravuvu, Anna Farmery, Senoveva Mauli, Dorah Wilson, Ellen Johnson, and Anne-Marie Thow. "Strengthening Food Systems Governance to Achieve Multiple Objectives: A Comparative Instrumentation Analysis of Food Systems Policies in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 6139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106139.
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Political leaders from around the world are demonstrating interest in adopting food policies that account for the economic, health, social and environmental dimensions of food. In the Pacific Islands, decades of experience in implementing multisectoral NCD and climate policy has indicated that operationalising food systems policies will be challenging. We aimed to identify opportunities for food systems sectors to more strongly promote nutrition and environmental sustainability in addition to economic objectives. We conducted a comparative documentary analysis of 37 food systems sector policies in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. We applied theories of agenda- setting to examine how the frames employed by different sectors, and evident in policy content, shaped policy priorities and activities. We identified a predominately economic framing of issues affecting food systems sectors. Though there were clear policy aims to produce enough food to meet population dietary requirements and to promote an environmentally resilient food supply, aims operationalised more predominately through policy content were those that increase the contribution of productive sectors to food exports and import substitution. Food systems sectors in the Pacific Islands have clear aims to promote nutritious and environmentally resilient food systems, but policy instruments could more strongly reflect these aims.
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Foxlee, Nicola D., Amsaline Lui, Agnes Mathias, Nicola Townell, and Colleen L. Lau. "Antibiotic Consumption in Vanuatu before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2018 to 2021: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010023.
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The study objectives were to examine antibiotic consumption at Vila Central Hospital (VCH), Vanuatu between January 2018 and December 2021 and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic consumption during this period. Data on antibiotic usage were obtained from the Pharmacy database. We used the WHO’s Anatomical Therapeutic Classification/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) index, VCH’s inpatient bed numbers and the hospital’s catchment population to calculate monthly antibiotic consumption. The results were expressed as DDDs per 100 bed days for inpatients (DBDs) and DDDs per 1000 inhabitants per day for outpatients (DIDs). Interrupted time series (ITS) was used to assess the influence of COVID-19 by comparing data before (January 2018 to January 2020) and during (February 2020 to December 2021) the pandemic. Ten antibiotics were examined. In total, 226 DBDs and 266 DBDs were consumed before and during COVID-19 by inpatients, respectively with mean monthly consumption being significantly greater during COVID-19 than before the pandemic (2.66 (p = 0.009, 95% CI 0.71; 4.61)). Whilst outpatients consumed 102 DIDs and 92 DIDs before and during the pandemic, respectively, the difference was not statistically significant. Findings also indicated that outpatients consumed a significantly lower quantity of Watch antibiotics during COVID-19 than before the pandemic (0.066 (p = 0.002, 95% CI 0.03; 0.11)). The immediate impact of COVID-19 caused a reduction in both inpatient and outpatient mean monthly consumption by approximately 5% and 16%, respectively, and this was followed by an approximate 1% monthly increase until the end of the study. By mid-2021, consumption had returned to pre-pandemic levels.
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Reiff, D. M., A. Kaneko, G. Taleo, M. Amos, and J. K. Lum. "Population Structure and Gene Flow of Anopheles farauti s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) Among Ten Sites on Five Islands of Vanuatu: Implications for Malaria Control." Journal of Medical Entomology 44, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[601:psagfo]2.0.co;2.
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Mactaggart, Islay, Ammar Hasan Bek, Lena Morgon Banks, Tess Bright, Carlos Dionicio, Shaffa Hameed, Shailes Neupane, et al. "Interrogating and Reflecting on Disability Prevalence Data Collected Using the Washington Group Tools: Results from Population-Based Surveys in Cameroon, Guatemala, India, Maldives, Nepal, Turkey and Vanuatu." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 9213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179213.
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The Washington Group (WG) tools capture self-reported functional limitations, ranging from 6 domains in the Short Set (SS) to 11 in the Extended Set (ESF). Prevalence estimates can vary considerably on account of differences between modules and the different applications of them. We compare prevalence estimates by WG module, threshold, application and domain to explore these nuances and consider whether alternative combinations of questions may be valuable in reduced sets. We conducted secondary analyses of seven population-based surveys (analyses restricted to adults 18+) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries that used the WG tools. The prevalence estimates using the SS standard threshold (a lot of difficulty or higher in one or more domain) varied between 3.2% (95% Confidence Interval 2.9–3.6) in Vanuatu to 14.1% (12.2–16.2) in Turkey. The prevalence was higher using the ESF than the SS, and much higher (5 to 10-fold) using a wider threshold of “some” or greater difficulty. Two of the SS domains (communication, self-care) identified few additional individuals with functional limitations. An alternative SS replacing these domains with the psychosocial domains of anxiety and depression would identify more participants with functional limitations for the same number of items. The WG tools are valuable for collecting harmonised population data on disability. It is important that the impact on prevalence of use of different modules, thresholds and applications is recognised. An alternative SS may capture a greater proportion of people with functional domains without increasing the number of items.
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Jones, P., J. Devonshire, A. Dabek, and C. Howells. "First Report of Hibiscus Chlorotic Ringspot Carmovirus in Tuvalu." Plant Disease 82, no. 5 (May 1998): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.5.591c.
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In September 1997, plants of Hibiscus manihot (locally called nambele) were observed on Vaitupu Island, Tuvalu, exhibiting an angular leaf mosaic and chlorosis that was not always clearly discernible. Electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from affected leaves revealed the presence of numerous isometric virus particles 28 nm in diameter. Poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified virus gave a single protein band of Mr 38,000 similar to that of the carmoviruses. Immunosorbent electron microscopy tests with antisera kindly provided by N. Spence showed the virus to be hibiscus chlorotic ringspot carmovirus (HCRSV) (1). This virus is also reported from El Salvador, the U.S., Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. It is not known how the virus reached Tuvalu but we suspect it was via infected cuttings, which were imported for the production of food supplements to combat acute deficiencies of vitamins A and C in the population. The virus is most likely to have been disseminated throughout the islands and atolls of Tuvalu through infected cuttings. Local spread within fields could occur through contaminated hands and cutting implements because of the ease with which the virus is mechanically transmitted. Reference: (1) H. E.Waterworth et al. Phytopathology 66:570, 1976.
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Delaš Aždajić, Marija, Iva Bešlić, Ana Gašić, Nikola Ferara, Lovre Pedić, and Liborija Lugović-Mihić. "Increased Scabies Incidence at the Beginning of the 21st Century: What Do Reports from Europe and the World Show?" Life 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101598.
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Reports from various countries have described increasing numbers of scabies cases, especially in the past two decades. The epidemiological data for various world regions showed prevalence estimates ranging from 0.2% to 71%, with the highest prevalence in the Pacific region and Latin America. Therefore, geographically, scabies occurs more commonly in the developing world, tropical climates, and in areas with a lack of access to water. According to results from specific regions of the world, the greatest burdens from scabies were recorded for East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, tropical Latin America, and South Asia. Among countries with the highest rates, the top 10 were Indonesia, China, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, Fiji, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, and the Seychelles. From Europe, available data shows an increasing trend in scabies infestation, particularly evident among populations with associated contributing factors, such as those who travel frequently, refugees, asylum seekers, those who regularly lack drinking water and appropriate hygiene and are of a younger age, etc. This increase in observed cases in the last 10–20 years has been evidenced by research conducted in Germany, France, Norway, and Croatia, among other countries. In addition, increased scabies transmission was also recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic and may have been the result of increased sexual intercourse during that time. Despite all the available treatment options, scabies commonly goes unrecognized and is therefore not treated accordingly. This trend calls for a prompt and synergistic reaction from all healthcare professionals, governmental institutions, and non-governmental organizations, especially in settings where population migration is common and where living standards are low. Furthermore, the proper education of whole populations and accessible healthcare are cornerstones of outbreak prevention. Accurate national data and proper disease reporting should be a goal for every country worldwide when developing strategic plans for preventing and controlling the community spread of scabies.
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Pugach, Irina, Alexander Hübner, Hsiao-chun Hung, Matthias Meyer, Mike T. Carson, and Mark Stoneking. "Ancient DNA from Guam and the peopling of the Pacific." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): e2022112118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022112118.
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Humans reached the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific by ∼3,500 y ago, contemporaneous with or even earlier than the initial peopling of Polynesia. They crossed more than 2,000 km of open ocean to get there, whereas voyages of similar length did not occur anywhere else until more than 2,000 y later. Yet, the settlement of Polynesia has received far more attention than the settlement of the Marianas. There is uncertainty over both the origin of the first colonizers of the Marianas (with different lines of evidence suggesting variously the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, or the Bismarck Archipelago) as well as what, if any, relationship they might have had with the first colonizers of Polynesia. To address these questions, we obtained ancient DNA data from two skeletons from the Ritidian Beach Cave Site in northern Guam, dating to ∼2,200 y ago. Analyses of complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences and genome-wide SNP data strongly support ancestry from the Philippines, in agreement with some interpretations of the linguistic and archaeological evidence, but in contradiction to results based on computer simulations of sea voyaging. We also find a close link between the ancient Guam skeletons and early Lapita individuals from Vanuatu and Tonga, suggesting that the Marianas and Polynesia were colonized from the same source population, and raising the possibility that the Marianas played a role in the eventual settlement of Polynesia.
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Zahlawi, Tatiana, Amanda B. Roome, Chim W. Chan, Jacqueline J. Campbell, Bev Tosiro, Max Malanga, Markleen Tagaro, et al. "Psychosocial support during displacement due to a natural disaster: relationships with distress in a lower-middle income country." International Health 11, no. 6 (February 26, 2019): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihy099.
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Abstract Background Past studies show relationships between disaster-related displacement and adverse psychosocial health outcomes. The development of psychosocial interventions following displacement is thus increasingly prioritized. However, data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are lacking. In October 2017, the population of Ambae Island in Vanuatu, a lower-middle income country, was temporarily displaced due to volcanic activity. We analyzed distress among adults displaced due to the event and differences based on the psychosocial support they received. Methods Data on experiences during displacement, distress and psychosocial support were collected from 443 adults 2–3 wk after repatriation to Ambae Island. Four support categories were identified: Healthcare professional, Traditional/community, Not available and Not wanted. We analyzed differences in distress by sex and group using one-way ANOVA and generalized linear models. Results Mean distress scores were higher among women (1.90, SD=0.97) than men (1.64, SD=0.98) (p<0.004). In multivariate models, psychosocial support group was associated with distress among women (p=0.033), with higher scores among women who reported no available support compared with every other group. Both healthcare professional and traditional support networks were widely used. Conclusions Women might be particularly vulnerable to distress during disaster-related displacement in LMICs, and those who report a lack of support might be at greater risk. Both healthcare professional and traditional networks provide important sources of support that are widely used and might help to ameliorate symptoms.
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RHEINDT, FRANK E., LES CHRISTIDIS, JANETTE A. NORMAN, JAMES A. EATON, KEREN R. SADANANDAN, and RICHARD SCHODDE. "Speciation in Indo-Pacific swiftlets (Aves: Apodidae): integrating molecular and phenotypic data for a new provisional taxonomy of the Collocalia esculenta complex." Zootaxa 4250, no. 5 (April 7, 2017): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4250.5.1.
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White-bellied swiftlets of the Collocalia esculenta complex constitute a radiation of colony-breeding swifts distributed throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Resolution of their taxonomy is challenging due to their morphological uniformity. To analyze the evolutionary history of this complex, we combine new biometric measurements and results from plumage assessment of museum specimens with novel as well as previously published molecular data. Together, this body of information constitutes the largest systematic dataset for white-bellied swiftlets yet compiled, drawn from 809 individuals belonging to 32 taxa for which new molecular, biometric, and/or plumage data are presented. We propose changing the classification of white-bellied swiftlets, for which two species are currently recognized, to elevate eight regional forms to species level, and we also describe two new subspecies. The ten taxa we recommend recognizing at the species level are: Collocalia linchi (Java to Lombok, Sumatran hills), C. dodgei (montane Borneo), C. natalis (Christmas Island), C. affinis (Greater Sundas, including the Thai-Malay Peninsula and Andaman–Nicobar Islands), C. marginata (Philippines), C. isonota (Philippines), C. sumbawae (west Lesser Sundas), C. neglecta (east Lesser Sundas), C. esculenta (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands), and C. uropygialis (Vanuatu, New Caledonia). Future molecular and morphological work is needed to resolve questions of speciation and population affinities in the Philippines, Christmas Island, Wallacea and central Melanesia, and to shed light on historic diversification and patterns of gene flow in the complex.
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MIALET-SERRA, I., A. CLEMENT, N. SONDEREGGER, O. ROUPSARD, C. JOURDAN, J. P. LABOUISSE, and M. DINGKUHN. "ASSIMILATE STORAGE IN VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF COCONUT (Cocos nucifera)." Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 2 (April 2005): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002467.
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Assimilate storage in vegetative organs is an essential buffer for the source–sink imbalances that inevitably occur in perennial plants. In contrast to temperate trees, little information is available on such storage in tropical perennials, and almost none for Cocos nucifera. This paper describes the chemical nature, quantity and distribution of carbohydrate reserves in coconut plants grown in an environment favourable to production. The study was carried out on the island of Santo (Republic of Vanuatu, Southern Pacific) on twelve 17-year-old adult plants, representative of a large population, which were felled and characterized for root, trunk and crown dry matter, and contents of soluble sugars and starch. Roots were divided into three diameter classes and distal/proximal portions, the trunk into three axial and three or four radial zones, and the crown into petiole, rachis and leaflets for various leaf ages. The aggregate reserve pool size was compared with estimates of incremental demand for assimilates for growth and fruit production. Plants contained little starch but large quantities of sucrose were found, mainly located in the trunk. Less sucrose was present in roots and little in leaf blades. Large glucose and fructose pools were found in leaves, near the apex of the trunk and in the terminal portions of large roots. Aggregate soluble and non-soluble sugar pools were about equivalent to six months of copra production or 51 days of crop growth. More studies are needed on the dynamics of these sugars to evaluate their physiological role, particularly with regards to stress periods and fluctuating demand for fruit filling.
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Koffi, EZ, RS Sie, Y. Koffi, F. Doh, EZ Koffi, KJL Konan, Y. Koffi, et al. "Morphological Diversity among 18 Genitors of Vanuatu Tall (VTT) Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Population used in Crosses for Hybrids Resistant to Lethal Yellowing Disease Selection at Port-Bouët, Côte d’Ivoire." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 4 (April 20, 2016): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2016.4.020416032.
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