Journal articles: 'Vapour density'

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Nagarajan, Veerappan, Arunachalam Thayumanavan, and Ramanathan Chandiramouli. "Magnesium ferrite nanostructures for detection of ethanol vapours - a first-principles study." Processing and Application of Ceramics 11, no. 4 (2017): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1704296n.

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The adsorption behaviour and electronic properties of ethanol vapour on MgFe2O4 ceramic nanostructures are studied using density functional theory technique. The structural stability of MgFe2O4 nanostructure is determined with the help of formation energy. The adsorption behaviour of ethanol molecules on MgFe2O4 base material is analysed in terms of average energy gap variation, Mulliken charge transfer, band gap and adsorption energy. The most prominent adsorption sites of ethanol vapours on MgFe2O4 nanostructure are investigated at atomistic level. The density of states spectrum reveals the clear picture about the electronic properties of MgFe2O4 nanostructure. The density of states and electronic band gap confirmed the adsorption of ethanol vapours on MgFe2O4 nanostructure. The changes in the energy band gap and density of states are observed upon adsorption of ethanol vapour molecules on MgFe2O4 nanostructure. The density of states spectrum also confirms the changes in peak maxima due to the transfer of electrons between MgFe2O4 nanostructure and ethanol vapours. The adsorption of oxygen atom from ethanol vapour on iron in MgFe2O4 is found to be more prominent rather than other adsorption sites. The findings show that MgFe2O4 nanostructure can be utilized to sense the presence of ethanol vapour in the atmosphere.

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Camejo, M. D., and L. L. Bonilla. "Theory of homogeneous vapour condensation and surface deposition from boundary layers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 706 (July 6, 2012): 534–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.278.

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AbstractHomogeneous condensation of vapours mixed with a carrier gas in the stagnation point boundary layer flow near a cold wall is considered. There is a condensation region near the wall with supersaturated vapour. Assuming that the surface tension times the molecular area is much larger than the thermal energy far from the wall, droplets are nucleated exclusively in a narrow nucleation layer where the Zeldovich flux of clusters surpassing the critical nucleus size is at a maximum. The vapour condenses in the free molecular regime on the droplets, which are thermophoretically attracted to the wall. Unlike the narrow condensation region for heterogeneous condensation on solid particles, in the case of homogeneous condensation the condensation region is wide even when the rate of vapour scavenging by droplets is large. A singular perturbation theory of homogeneous vapour condensation in boundary layer flow approximates very well the vapour and droplet density profiles, the nucleation layer and the deposition rates at the wall for wide ranges of the wall temperature and the scavenging parameter $B$. A key point in the theory is to select a trial vapour number density profile among a one parameter family of profiles between an upper and a lower bound. The maximum of the Zeldovich flux for supercritical nuclei provides the approximate location of the nucleation layer and an approximate droplet density profile. Then the condensate number of molecules and the vapour density profile are calculated by matched asymptotic expansions that also yield the deposition rates. For sufficiently large wall temperatures, a more precise corrected asymptotic theory is given.

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Castellano, Nesvit E., Eldo E. Ávila, and Clive P. R. Saunders. "Vapour density field of mixed-phase clouds." Atmospheric Research 88, no. 1 (April 2008): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.10.002.

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Zhao, Qingzhi, Yibin Yao, and Wanqiang Yao. "Troposphere Water Vapour Tomography: A Horizontal Parameterised Approach." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081241.

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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) troposphere tomography has become one of the most cost-effective means to obtain three-dimensional (3-d) image of the tropospheric water vapour field. Traditional methods divide the tomography area into a number of 3-d voxels and assume that the water vapour density at any voxel is a constant during the given period. However, such behaviour breaks the spatial continuity of water vapour density in a horizontal direction and the number of unknown parameters needing to be estimated is very large. This is the focus of the paper, which tries to reconstruct the water vapor field using the tomographic technique without imposing empirical horizontal and vertical constraints. The proposed approach introduces the layered functional model in each layer vertically and only an a priori constraint is imposed for the water vapor information at the location of the radiosonde station. The elevation angle mask of 30° is determined according to the distribution of intersections between the satellite rays and different layers, which avoids the impact of ray bending and the error in slant water vapor (SWV) at low elevation angles on the tomographic result. Additionally, an optimal weighting strategy is applied to the established tomographic model to obtain a reasonable result. The tomographic experiment is performed using Global Positioning System (GPS) data of 12 receivers derived from the Satellite Positioning Reference Station Network (SatRef) in Hong Kong. The quality of the established tomographic model is validated under different weather conditions and compared with the conventional tomography method using 31-day data, respectively. The numerical result shows that the proposed method is applicable and superior to the traditional one. Comparisons of integrated water vapour (IWV) of the proposed method with that derived from radiosonde and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim data show that the root mean square (RMS)/Bias of their differences are 3.2/−0.8 mm and 3.3/−1.7 mm, respectively, while the values of traditional method are 5.1/−3.9 mm and 6.3/−5.9 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the water vapour density profiles are also compared with radiosonde and ECMWF data, and the values of RMS/Bias error for the proposed method are 0.88/0.06 g/m3 and 0.92/−0.08 g/m3, respectively, while the values of the traditional method are 1.33/0.38 g/m3 and 1.59/0.40 g/m3, respectively.

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Xia, P., C. Cai, and Z. Liu. "GNSS troposphere tomography based on two-step reconstructions using GPS observations and COSMIC profiles." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 10 (October 24, 2013): 1805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1805-2013.

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Abstract. Traditionally, balloon-based radiosonde soundings are used to study the spatial distribution of atmospheric water vapour. However, this approach cannot be frequently employed due to its high cost. In contrast, GPS tomography technique can obtain water vapour in a high temporal resolution. In the tomography technique, an iterative or non-iterative reconstruction algorithm is usually utilised to overcome rank deficiency of observation equations for water vapour inversion. However, the single iterative or non-iterative reconstruction algorithm has their limitations. For instance, the iterative reconstruction algorithm requires accurate initial values of water vapour while the non-iterative reconstruction algorithm needs proper constraint conditions. To overcome these drawbacks, we present a combined iterative and non-iterative reconstruction approach for the three-dimensional (3-D) water vapour inversion using GPS observations and COSMIC profiles. In this approach, the non-iterative reconstruction algorithm is first used to estimate water vapour density based on a priori water vapour information derived from COSMIC radio occultation data. The estimates are then employed as initial values in the iterative reconstruction algorithm. The largest advantage of this approach is that precise initial values of water vapour density that are essential in the iterative reconstruction algorithm can be obtained. This combined reconstruction algorithm (CRA) is evaluated using 10-day GPS observations in Hong Kong and COSMIC profiles. The test results indicate that the water vapor accuracy from CRA is 16 and 14% higher than that of iterative and non-iterative reconstruction approaches, respectively. In addition, the tomography results obtained from the CRA are further validated using radiosonde data. Results indicate that water vapour densities derived from the CRA agree with radiosonde results very well at altitudes above 2.5 km. The average RMS value of their differences above 2.5 km is 0.44 g m−3.

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Bottomley, G. A., and G. H. P. Seiflow. "Vapour pressure and vapour density of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane)." Journal of Applied Chemistry 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2007): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010130905.

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7

Barabash, V., A. Osepian, and P. Dalin. "Influence of water vapour on the height distribution of positive ions, effective recombination coefficient and ionisation balance in the quiet lower ionosphere." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 3 (March 11, 2014): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-207-2014.

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Abstract. Mesospheric water vapour concentration effects on the ion composition and electron density in the lower ionosphere under quiet geophysical conditions were examined. Water vapour is an important compound in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere that affects ion composition due to hydrogen radical production and consequently modifies the electron number density. Recent lower-ionosphere investigations have primarily concentrated on the geomagnetic disturbance periods. Meanwhile, studies on the electron density under quiet conditions are quite rare. The goal of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the ionospheric parameter responses to water vapour variability in the quiet lower ionosphere. By applying a numerical D region ion chemistry model, we evaluated efficiencies for the channels forming hydrated cluster ions from the NO+ and O2+ primary ions (i.e. NO+.H2O and O2+.H2O, respectively), and the channel forming H+(H2O)n proton hydrates from water clusters at different altitudes using profiles with low and high water vapour concentrations. Profiles for positive ions, effective recombination coefficients and electrons were modelled for three particular cases using electron density measurements obtained during rocket campaigns. It was found that the water vapour concentration variations in the mesosphere affect the position of both the Cl2+ proton hydrate layer upper border, comprising the NO+(H2O)n and O2+(H2O)n hydrated cluster ions, and the Cl1+ hydrate cluster layer lower border, comprising the H+(H2O)n pure proton hydrates, as well as the numerical cluster densities. The water variations caused large changes in the effective recombination coefficient and electron density between altitudes of 75 and 87 km. However, the effective recombination coefficient, αeff, and electron number density did not respond even to large water vapour concentration variations occurring at other altitudes in the mesosphere. We determined the water vapour concentration upper limit at altitudes between 75 and 87 km, beyond which the water vapour concentration ceases to influence the numerical densities of Cl2+ and Cl1+, the effective recombination coefficient and the electron number density in the summer ionosphere. This water vapour concentration limit corresponds to values found in the H2O-1 profile that was observed in the summer mesosphere by the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The electron density modelled using the H2O-1 profile agreed well with the electron density measured in the summer ionosphere when the measured profiles did not have sharp gradients. For sharp gradients in electron and positive ion number densities, a water profile that can reproduce the characteristic behaviour of the ionospheric parameters should have an inhomogeneous height distribution of water vapour.

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8

Jalota, SK. "Evaporation through a soil mulch in relation to mulch characteristics and evaporativity." Soil Research 31, no. 2 (1993): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930131.

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A simple equation describing the effects of atmospheric parameters and soil mulch characteristics upon vapour flux density through a dry soil mulch was successfully developed. Determination of vapour flux density was made from columns of diameter 0.1 m and length 0.95 m. These were filled with silt loam and sandy loam soils with surfactant-treated soil mulch on the surface which varied in thickness and porosity. The experiments were conducted under different atmospheric evaporativities (E0), which comprised a number of combinations of wind speed and ambient temperature. The observed vapour flux density and that computed with Hanks' equation matched well. The results indicated that evaporation under a given E0 was affected more by temperature than wind speed. However, vapour flux density showed a strong interaction with wind speed, temperature and the soil mulch characteristics such as porosity and thickness.

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9

Sokolowski, Stefan, and Johann Fischer. "‘Liquid–vapour’ density profiles for fluids in pores from density functional theory." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 89, no. 5 (1993): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9938900789.

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10

Krebs, P., and B. Lamatsch. "Electron mobility in low-density saturated acetonitrile vapour." Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics 20, no. 18 (September 28, 1987): 4673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3700/20/18/008.

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11

Juttner, B. "On the plasma density of metal vapour arcs." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 18, no. 11 (November 14, 1985): 2221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/18/11/011.

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12

NEU, J. C., A. CARPIO, and L. L. BONILLA. "Theory of surface deposition from boundary layers containing condensable vapour and particles." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 626 (May 10, 2009): 183–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008005624.

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Heterogeneous condensation of vapours mixed with a carrier gas in the stagnation point boundary layer flow near a cold wall is considered in the presence of solid particles much larger than the mean free path of vapour particles. The supersaturated vapour condenses on the particles by diffusion, and particles and droplets are thermophoretically attracted to the wall. Assuming that the heat of vaporization is much larger than kB∞, where ∞ is the temperature far from the wall, vapour condensation occurs in a condensation layer (CL). The CL width and characteristics depend on the parameters of the problem, and a parameter R yielding the rate of vapour scavenging by solid particles is particularly important. Assuming that the CL is so narrow that temperature, particle density and velocity do not change appreciably inside it, an asymptotic theory is found, the δ-CL theory, that approximates very well the vapour and droplet profiles, the dew point shift and the deposition rates at the wall for wide ranges of the wall temperature w and the scavenging parameter R. This theory breaks down for w very close to the maximum temperature yielding non-zero droplet deposition rate, w, M. If the width of the CL is assumed to be zero (0-CL theory), the vapour density reaches local equilibrium with the condensate immediately after it enters the dew surface. The 0-CL theory yields appropriate profiles and deposition rates in the limit as R → ∞ and also for any R, provided w is very close to w, M. Nonlinear multiple scales also improve the 0-CL theory, providing good uniform approximations to the deposition rates and the profiles for large R or for moderate R and w very close to w, M, but it breaks down for other values of w and small R.

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13

Chong, Delano P. "Density functional theory study of allopurinol." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 91, no. 7 (July 2013): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2012-0538.

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Allopurinol vapour is studied with density functional theory. Using the best method from past experience for each property, we predict the equilibrium geometry, vibrational spectrum, dipole moment, average dipole polarizability, UV absorption spectrum, vertical ionization energies of valence electrons, and core-electron binding energies.

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14

Oi, Takao, Ryota Mitome, and Satoshi Yanase. "Hydrogen and Carbon Vapour Pressure Isotope Effects in Liquid Fluoroform Studied by Density Functional Theory." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2016-0381.

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AbstractH/D and 12C/13C vapour pressure isotope effects (VPIEs) in liquid fluoroform (CHF3) were studied at the MPW1PW91/6-31 ++ G(d) level of theory. The CHF3 monomer and CHF3 molecules surrounded by other CHF3 molecules in every direction in CHF3 clusters were used as model molecules of vapour and liquid CHF3. Although experimental results in which the vapour pressure of liquid 12CHF3 is higher than that of liquid 12CDF3 and the vapour pressure of liquid 13CHF3 is higher than that of liquid 12CHF3 between 125 and 212 K were qualitatively reproduced, the present calculations overestimated the H/D VPIE and underestimated the 12C/13C VPIE. Temperature-dependent intermolecular interactions between hydrogen and fluorine atoms of neighbouring molecules were required to explain the temperature dependences of both H/D and 12C/13C VPIEs.

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15

Khawaja, E. E., S. M. A. Durrani, A. B. Hallak, M. A. Salim, and M. S. Hussain. "Density of thin vapour-deposited films of zinc selenide." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 27, no. 5 (May 14, 1994): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/27/5/019.

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Yang, B., D. E. Sullivan, B. Tjipto-Margo, and C. G. Gray. "Density-functional theory of the water liquid-vapour interface." Molecular Physics 76, no. 3 (June 20, 1992): 709–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268979200101631.

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17

Letcher, T. M., J. Sewry, and S. W. Orchard. "Vapour pressure and density of tricyclo[3.3.0.02, 6]octane." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 20, no. 9 (September 1988): 1115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(88)90119-x.

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18

Akinwumi, Sayo A., Temidayo V. Omotosho, Mojisola R. Usikalu, Oluwole A. Odetunmibi, Oluwafunmilayo O. Ometan, and Mustapha O. Adewusi. "Dataset of surface water vapour density in southeast, Nigeria." Data in Brief 18 (June 2018): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.02.066.

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19

Castellano, Nesvit E., and Eldo E. Ávila. "Vapour density field of a population of cloud droplets." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 73, no. 16 (October 2011): 2423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.08.013.

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20

Gortschakow, S., A. Khakpour, S. Popov, St Franke, R. Methling, and D. Uhrlandt. "Determination of Cr Density in the Active Phase of a High-current Vacuum Arcs." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (2017): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2017.2.190.

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Melting and evaporation of the anode surface strongly influence the interruption capability of vacuum circuit breakers, because they lead to injection of atomic vapour into the inter-electrode gap. Determination of the vapour density and its dynamics with respect to different anode phenomena is therefore of great importance. Results of Cr density measurements in a high-current vacuum arc by using broadband absorption spectroscopy are presented. The vapour density of atomic Cr is determined after the formation of anode spots as well as close to the current zero. Cr I resonance lines at 425.43 nm have been used for the analysis. An AC current pulse with maximum value of 7 kA and a frequency of 100 Hz is applied to a vacuum arc between two cylindrical butt electrodes made of CuCr7525 with a diameter of 10 mm. The high-current anode modes are observed by means of high-speed camera imaging. The temporal evolution of the Cr ground state density is presented and discussed.

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21

Diotallevi, F., L. Biferale, S. Chibbaro, G. Pontrelli, F. Toschi, and S. Succi. "Lattice Boltzmann simulations of capillary filling: Finite vapour density effects." European Physical Journal Special Topics 171, no. 1 (April 2009): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2009-01034-6.

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22

Loveland, D. G., and C. E. Webb. "Measurement of the electron density in a strontium vapour laser." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 25, no. 4 (April 14, 1992): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/25/4/005.

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Yang, B., D. E. Sullivan, and C. G. Gray. "Density-functional theory of the water liquid-vapour interface: II." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 6, no. 26 (June 27, 1994): 4823–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/6/26/005.

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Sukhatme, Jai, and William R. Young. "The advection-condensation model and water-vapour probability density functions." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 137, no. 659 (July 2011): 1561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.869.

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25

Matsuda, Toshitsugu, Hiroyuki Nakae, and Toshio Irai. "Density and deposition rate of chemical-vapour-deposited boron nitride." Journal of Materials Science 23, no. 2 (February 1988): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01174677.

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26

Słòwko, W., J. Kudzia, and C. Kirczuk. "Measurements of vapour stream density with the electron emission method." Vacuum 37, no. 10 (January 1987): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(87)90263-6.

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27

Gouin, Henri, and Pierre Seppecher. "Temperature profile in a liquid–vapour interface near the critical point." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2204 (August 2017): 20170229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0229.

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Thanks to an expansion with respect to densities of energy, mass and entropy, we discuss the concept of thermocapillary fluid for inhomogeneous fluids. The non-convex state law valid for homogeneous fluids is modified by adding terms taking account of the gradients of these densities. This seems more realistic than Cahn and Hilliard’s model which uses a density expansion in mass-density gradient only. Indeed, through liquid–vapour interfaces, realistic potentials in molecular theories show that entropy density and temperature do not vary with the mass density as it would do in bulk phases. In this paper, we prove using a rescaling process near the critical point, that liquid–vapour interfaces behave essentially in the same way as in Cahn and Hilliard’s model.

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Alkasm, S., A. Sarkissian, P. Keckhut, A. Pazmino, F. Goutail, M. Pinharanda, and S. Noël. "Total columns of H<sub>2</sub>O measured from the ground and from space at Observatoire de Haute-Provence in France (44° N)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 3 (May 14, 2013): 4249–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-4249-2013.

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Abstract. In this work, we compare vertical column density of water vapour measured at Observatoire de Haute-Provence, Southern France (5° 42' E, +43° 55' N). Data were obtained by three satellite sensors, GOME, GOME 2 and SCIAMACHY, and by two ground-based spectrometers, Elodie and SAOZ. These five instruments are able to measure total column density of water vapour in the visible and have different principles of observation. All these instruments reproduce the total column water vapour with good accuracy. The mean difference between the satellite measurements, ground-based measurements, and between both types, are quantified. The diurnal cycle of water vapour above the station and its variability with latitude have been investigated. The differences between these data sets are due sometimes to the differences in the time of the measurements, or to the differences in the geometry of observations, or also due to both effects. The effect of land and sea and the effect of the season on the total column water vapour has been analysed. The global agreement between our data sets range from 10% in summer to 25% in winter, improved significantly when observations are closer in time and location.

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Wuest, Stewart. "Vapour is the principal source of water imbibed by seeds in unsaturated soils." Seed Science Research 17, no. 1 (March 2007): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258507383165.

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AbstractThe assumption that seeds imbibe most of the water required for germination as liquid through seed-to-soil contact has been a dominant theme in germination research and seeding technology. Under most conditions, seeds are also exposed to water vapour during imbibition, but the relative contributions of liquid and vapour are difficult to assess. In water uptake models that include vapour, procedures used to estimate potential vapour imbibition have underappreciated the effect of distance on diffusion rate. At the same time, the amount of seed-to-soil contact and the liquid bridge from soil water to the seed tend to be greatly overestimated, considering the soil water contents often found in the field. Most researchers have recorded an approximately equal time to germination at soil water contents ranging from field capacity to nearly permanent wilting point, and little response to bulk density, soil type or seed–soil contact. While hydraulic conductivity decreases by several orders of magnitude as soil water content, bulk density and seed-contact decrease, relative humidity remains near 100%. There are several experiments demonstrating timely germination in water vapour alone. The combined evidence contradicts the assumption that seed–soil contact is important for imbibition of water by seeds. Water vapour should be considered the primary source of water for seeds in unsaturated soils.

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Jegenyes, Nikoletta, Jean Lorenzzi, Véronique Soulière, Jacques Dazord, François Cauwet, and Gabriel Ferro. "Investigation of 3C-SiC(111) Homoepitaxial Growth by CVD at High Temperature." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.127.

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Starting from 3C-SiC(111) layers grown by Vapour-Liquid-Solid mechanism, homoepitaxial growth by Chemical Vapour Deposition was carried out on top of these seeds. The effect of the growth temperature and of the C/Si ratio in the gas phase was investigated on the surface morphology, the roughness and the defect density. It was found that the initial highly step-bunched surface of the VLS seeds could be greatly smoothen using appropriate conditions. These conditions were also found to reduce significantly the defect size and/or density at the surface.

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Čáchová, Monika, Dana Koňáková, Eva Vejmelková, Jaroslava Koťátková, and Robert Černý. "The Comparison of Water, Water Vapour Transport Properties and Mechanical Characterization of Two Commercial Plasters on Market in the Czech Republic." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.357.

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This article deals with the comparison of two different renovation plasters produced by different companies in the Czech Republic. The selected stuccos were Feinputz 212 supplied by HASIT Šumavské vápenice a omítkárny s.r.o and Kbelosan F from Knauf Praha spol. s.r.o. They were studied in the means of basic physical properties, mechanical properties, water transport properties and water vapour transport properties. Results revealed only slight variations in bulk density, matrix density and open porosity, but in the means of transport properties, the plaster Feinputz 212 showed much higher openness to water and water vapour transport.

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Fitzgerald, Shaun D., and Andrew W. Woods. "On vapour flow in a hot porous layer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 293 (June 25, 1995): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095001601.

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The motion of isothermal vapour in a permeable rock is governed by a nonlinear diffusion equation for the vapour pressure. We analyse vapour flow described by this equation in both bounded and unbounded domains. We then apply these solutions to describe the controls on the rate of vaporization of liquid invading a hot permeable rock. In an unbounded domain, we determine asymptotic similarity solutions describing the motion of vapour when it is either supplied to or removed from the reservoir. Owing to the compressibility, these solutions have the property that vapour surfaces migrate towards the isobar on which the vapour has the maximum speed.In contrast, if vapour is supplied to or removed from a closed bounded system sufficiently slowly then the vapour density and pressure rapidly become approximately uniform. As more vapour is added, the mean pressure gradually increases and vapour surfaces become compressed. If liquid slowly invades a hot bounded porous layer and vaporizes, the vapour pressure becomes nearly uniform. As more liquid is added, the reservoir gradually becomes vapour saturated and the vaporization ceases.In an open bounded system, with a constant rate of vapour injection, the flux of vapour across the reservoir becomes uniform. If liquid is injected slowly and vaporizes then again the vapour flux becomes spatially uniform. However, the vapour flux now increases slowly as the liquid invades further into the rock, as a result of the decreased resistance to vapour flow from the interface to the far boundary.

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Zhang, Wei Wei, Li Ying Qian, and Hui Ning Xiao. "Hydrophobicity of Beeswax-Chitosan Latex Coated Paper." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1077.

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Both water repellency and water vapour barrier properties were endowed at paper surface by coating with beeswax-chitosan latex. It was found that the water vapour transmission rate of coated paper decreased as the drying temperature increased. However, water contact angle was not affected with it. Although the surface morphology deformed at high drying temperature, the roughness values maintained at micro-scale. Further analysis indicated that the water vapour barrier property of coated paper was influenced by the density of the coating layer.

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Zhao, Qingzhi, Kefei Zhang, and Wanqiang Yao. "Influence of station density and multi-constellation GNSS observations on troposphere tomography." Annales Geophysicae 37, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-15-2019.

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Abstract. Troposphere tomography, using multi-constellation observations from global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), has become a novel approach for the three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of water vapour fields. An analysis of the integration of four GNSSs (BeiDou, GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo) observations is presented to investigate the impact of station density and single- and multi-constellation GNSS observations on troposphere tomography. Additionally, the optimal horizontal resolution of the research area is determined in Hong Kong considering both the number of voxels divided, and the coverage rate of discretized voxels penetrated by satellite signals. The results show that densification of the GNSS network plays a more important role than using multi-constellation GNSS observations in improving the retrieval of 3-D atmospheric water vapour profiles. The root mean square of slant wet delay (SWD) residuals derived from the single-GNSS observations decreased by 16 % when the data from the other four stations are added. Furthermore, additional experiments have been carried out to analyse the contributions of different combined GNSS data to the reconstructed results, and the comparisons show some interesting results: (1) the number of iterations used in determining the weighting matrices of different equations in tomography modelling can be decreased when considering multi-constellation GNSS observations and (2) the reconstructed quality of 3-D atmospheric water vapour using multi-constellation GNSS data can be improved by about 11 % when compared to the SWD estimated with precise point positioning, but this was not as high as expected.

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Swann, Marcus J., Andrew Glidle, Li Cui, John R. Barker, and Jonathan M. Cooper. "The determination of gaseous molecular density using a hybrid vapour sensor." Chemical Communications, no. 24 (1998): 2753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a808060g.

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Yin, Hanyu, David N. Sibley, and Andrew J. Archer. "Binding potentials for vapour nanobubbles on surfaces using density functional theory." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 31, no. 31 (May 17, 2019): 315102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab18e8.

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Das, Subhasis, and V. K. Kothari. "Effect of Test Methods on Apparent Moisture Vapour Transmission of P/V and P/C Fabrics." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-18-01-2014-b009.

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The moisture vapour permeability properties of a series of almost similar polyesterviscose (P/V) and polyester-cotton (P/C) blended fabrics are investigated. The water vapour transport rate greatly differs depending on the principle of the test methods, even when other parameters are nearly identical, such as air permeability, areal density, porosity and thickness. The water absorption characteristics of fibre seem to be the most important in determining the overall water vapour transport rate. Substitution of polyester for viscose and cotton in P/V and P/C blended fabrics respectively, reduces the water transport rate of the fabrics in a long term method. It is found that the P/C blended fabrics show greater water vapour transport than the corresponding P/V fabrics when a long term test method is used; however, the P/V fabrics show relatively higher water vapour permeability than the P/C fabrics when short duration tests are carried out by using the Permetest and moisture vapour transmission rate (MVTR) cell methods

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Fořt, Jan, Milena Pavlíková, Jaroslav Pokorný, Anton Trník, and Zbyšek Pavlík. "Properties of a Sandwich Thermal Insulation Composite with Silica Aerogel." Key Engineering Materials 707 (September 2016): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.707.114.

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Properties of a new type of sandwich composite based on magnesium board, silica aerogel thermal insulation layer, and water vapour barrier are experimentally analysed in the paper. For the basic characterization of the studied material, bulk density, matrix density, and total open porosity are measured. Among the thermal properties, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity are accessed. Water vapour transmission properties are determined using the dry-cup and wet-cup arrangements of the cup method. In order to describe the liquid moisture transport, water absorption coefficient and apparent moisture diffusivity are calculated based on the data obtained from the free water intake experiment based on the sorptivity concept. Ability of the tested material to accumulate water vapour is described by the sorption and desorption isotherms measured using a dynamic vapour sorption device. Mechanical resistivity of the tested composite is characterized by its compressive and flexural strength. Additionally, in order to get information on material performance at high temperature exposure, simultaneous TG and DSC analysis is done. The obtained data gives clear evidence on sandwich performance and proved its applicability in interior thermal insulation systems.

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Lill, A. "Water-Vapor Conductance and Shell Characteristics of Superb Lyrebird Eggs." Australian Journal of Zoology 35, no. 6 (1987): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9870553.

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Superb lyrebirds exhibit a suite of breeding characteristics (a long incubation period, low incubation constancy, use of an enclosed nest, and winter nesting) which might cause an unusual pattern of gas exchange in the egg during incubation. This possibility was investigated by determining the egg's natural rate of water loss during incubation and its water vapour conductance, and by measuring shell parameters which influence these properties. The estimated fractional weight loss of the 61,5-g egg during incubation was 16%. This was similar to that in other species, as was the calculated water vapour pressure difference across the shell (27 Torr=3.6 kPa). The mean rate of water loss (194 mg day-') and the mean water vapour conductance (7.08 mg day-' Torr-' =53.23 mg day-' kPa-') of the egg were, however, relatively low. True shell thickness averaged 218 �m and pore density was 50-56 pores per square centimetre. Pores were unbranched and relatively evenly distributed. The fairly standard fractional weight loss over the 50-day incubation period resulted from the egg's low water vapour conductance which, in turn, stemmed mainly from a comparatively low pore density. It was concluded that the protracted incubation period, resulting from the low incubation constancy at low ambient temperatures, was probably the principal influence on the evolution of the small pore area and low water vapour conductance of the lyrebird egg.

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Cheng, Hongbin, Jia Li, Dongxu Wu, Yanxi Li, Zhiguang Wang, Xianying Wang, and Xuejun Zheng. "Effects of Precursor-Substrate Distances on the Growth of GaN Nanowires." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/343541.

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GaN nanowires were synthesized through the Ni-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using Ga2O3/GaN mixtures as gallium sources, and precursor-substrate distances were investigated as the important factor for the growth of GaN nanowires. The microstructure, composition, and photoluminescence property were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence spectra. The results showed that single crystalline GaN nanowires with the diameter of about 90 nm and the length up to tens of micrometers had been grown thickly across Si (100) substrates with uniform density. Moreover, the variations of the GaN nanowire morphology, density, and size were largely attributed to substrate positions which would influence Ga precursor density in the carrier gas, the saturation degree of gaseous reactants, and the catalyst activity, respectively, in the fabrication of GaN nanowires by the vapour liquid solid mechanism.

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Martínez-Ruiz, Francisco José, Felipe J. Blas, A. Ignacio Moreno-Ventas Bravo, José Manuel Míguez, and Luis G. MacDowell. "Vapour–liquid interfacial properties of square-well chains from density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 19 (2017): 12296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp01182b.

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Kobayashi, Kazumichi, Takahiro Nagayama, Masao Watanabe, Hiroyuki Fujii, and Misaki Kon. "Molecular gas dynamics analysis on condensation coefficient of vapour during gas–vapour bubble collapse." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 856 (October 12, 2018): 1045–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.722.

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This study investigates the influence of the condensation coefficient of vapour on the collapse of a bubble composed of condensable gas (vapour) and non-condensable gas (NC gas). We simulated vapour and NC gas flow inside a bubble based on the molecular gas dynamics analysis in order to replicate the phase change (viz., evaporation and condensation) precisely, by changing the initial number density ratio of the NC gas and vapour, the initial bubble radius and the value of the condensation coefficient. The results show that the motion of the bubble is unaffected by the value of the condensation coefficient when that value is larger than approximately 0.4. We also discuss NC gas drift at the bubble wall during the final stage of the bubble collapse and its influence on the condensation coefficient. We conclude that vapour molecules can behave as NC gas molecules when the bubble collapses, owing to the large concentration of NC gas molecules at the gas–liquid interface. That is, the condensation coefficient reaches almost zero when the bubble collapses violently.

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Shimojima, Eiichi, Ichiro Tamagawa, Masato Horiuchi, Robert J. Woodbury, and Jeffrey V. Turner. "Observation of water and solute movement in a saline, bare soil, groundwater seepage area, Western Australia. Part 1: Movement of water in near-surface soils in summer." Soil Research 51, no. 4 (2013): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12282.

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In order to elucidate the relationship between evaporation, salinisation, and annual water and salt balances in semi-arid and arid regions, hydrological and meteorological observations were undertaken over 3 years in a small, salinised, bare-soil, groundwater seepage area in Western Australia. This paper focuses on water behaviour near a bare saline soil surface during the dry summer. Analysis of observed data on soil vapour density using a vapour diffusion transfer model can account for the daily upward vapour flux from the soil surface that occurs in midsummer. The dry soil undergoes cycles of drying during the day, accompanied by salt crust formation and wetting during the night. In late summer, the same zones show a wetting trend owing to a marked atmospheric vapour invasion and condensation at night regardless of evaporation during daytime. The daily average vapour flux at the ground surface in mid- and late-summer, respectively, estimated through the vapour transfer model in the dry soil layer was ~0.35 and 0.03 mm/day. Comparison of vapour fluxes at the ground surface measured with a portable surface evaporimeter with modelled estimates of vapour transport in soil showed agreement of the proposed model to field results at low wind speed, but not at the higher wind speeds. This identifies the active role of turbulent surface wind speed on vapour transfer in the dry soil layer below the ground surface.

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Koronthalyova, Olga, and Ľubomír Bagel. "Effect of Carbonation on Long-Term Measurements of Sorption Isotherms of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1126 (October 2015): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1126.81.

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The laboratory measurement of water vapour adsorption/desorption curves is a standard tool for determination of the moisture capacity of porous building materials in hygroscopic region. However, in case of cementitious materials, additional processes like carbonation can occur during the measurement. Generally, process of carbonation affects the pore structure of the material and results in an increase of its bulk density. Therefore, for determination of correct sorption curves the carbonation caused bulk density increase has to be eliminated. In this work the both mentioned effects of carbonation on the measured water vapour sorption isotherm were quantified for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Within the monitored 9-year period, the carbonation caused noticeable changes in microstructure of the tested AAC samples, namely a decrease of the specific surface area of pores and the portion of very small pores. These microstructure changes affected the moisture storage capacity too – the obtained equilibrium moisture contents of the partly carbonated AAC were lower than the ones of the AAC close to the original state. It was also confirmed that in case of continuous measurement of the water vapour sorption curve the carbonation induced bulk density increase could result in an overestimation of the equilibrium moisture contents.

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Noël, S., K. Bramstedt, A. Rozanov, H. Bovensmann, and J. P. Burrows. "Water vapour profiles from SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements derived with an onion peeling approach." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2010): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-523-2010.

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Abstract. A new retrieval method has been developed to derive water vapour number density profiles from solar occultation measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). This method is intentionally kept simple and based on a combination of an onion peeling approach with a modified DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) fit in the wavelength region around 940 nm. Reasonable resulting water vapour profiles are currently obtained in the altitude range 15–45 km. Comparisons of the SCIAMACHY profiles with water vapour data provided by the Atmospheric Chemistry Explorer Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) show an average agreement within about 5% between 20 and 45 km. SCIAMACHY water vapour data tend to be systematically higher than ACE-FTS. These results are in principal confirmed by comparisons with water vapour profiles derived from model data of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), although ECMWF concentrations are systematicly lower than both corresponding SCIAMACHY and ACE-FTS data at all altitudes.

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Noël, S., K. Bramstedt, A. Rozanov, H. Bovensmann, and J. P. Burrows. "Water vapour profiles from SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements derived with an onion peeling approach." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2010): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-203-2010.

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Abstract. A new retrieval method has been developed to derive water vapour number density profiles from solar occultation measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). This method is intentionally kept simple and based on a combination of an onion peeling approach with a modified DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) fit in the wavelength region around 940 nm. Reasonable resulting water vapour profiles are currently obtained in the altitude range 15–45 km. Comparisons of the SCIAMACHY profiles with water vapour data provided by the Atmospheric Chemistry Explorer Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) show an average agreement within about 5% between 20 and 45 km. SCIAMACHY water vapour data tend to be systematically higher than ACE-FTS. These results are in principal confirmed by comparisons with water vapour profiles derived from model data of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), although ECMWF concentrations are systematicly lower than both corresponding SCIAMACHY and ACE-FTS data at all altitudes.

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Chadney, Joshua M., Daniel K. Whiter, and Betty S. Lanchester. "Effect of water vapour absorption on hydroxyl temperatures measured from Svalbard." Annales Geophysicae 35, no. 3 (March 24, 2017): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-481-2017.

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Abstract. We model absorption by atmospheric water vapour of hydroxyl airglow emission using the HIgh-resolution TRANsmission molecular absorption database (HITRAN2012). Transmission coefficients are provided as a function of water vapour column density for the strongest OH Meinel emission lines in the (8–3), (5–1), (9–4), (8–4), and (6–2) vibrational bands. These coefficients are used to determine precise OH(8–3) rotational temperatures from spectra measured by the High Throughput Imaging Echelle Spectrograph (HiTIES), installed at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO), Svalbard. The method described in this paper also allows us to estimate atmospheric water vapour content using the HiTIES instrument.

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Huang, Chong-Lin, Dongkai Qiao, Ching-Yen Ho, and Chang-Wei Xiong. "Effects of Plasma and Evaporated Atoms on the Spatial Distribution of Coating Film Thickness for Electron Beam-Induced Material Evaporation." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3007.

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This paper investigates the spatial distributions of electron beam-evaporated atoms and electron beam-induced plasma in the coating process. The materials evaporated by electron beams first form vapour and then a little of plasma is generated in the vapour. The spatial distributions of electron beam-induced atoms and plasma play an important role on the coating uniformity of composition and thickness. The radial distribution of coating deposition thickness of electron beam-evaporated atoms predicted by this study agrees with the available experimental data. The predicted distribution of ion density in the electron beam-induced plasma agrees with the available measured data. The results reveal that the normalized coating thicknesses at the divergence angle of 6 and 14 degrees of vapor source, respectively, are 0.8 and 0.2 of these at divergence angle of 0 degree of vapor source for titanium and aluminum evaporated separately. The similar tendency for the decreasing coating thickness with the radial distance is also obtained for the co-evaporation of aluminum, titanium, and copper. High rotation rate of substrate of vapor source leads to the small deposition rate. Most ions in the electron beam-induced plasma are attracted by electrons of the electon beam and are located at the neighbourhood of the beam region. Therefore, the ion and ion-attracted electron densities rapidly decrease with the increasing radial distance from the electron beam.

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Bohdal, Tadeusz, Henryk Charun, Marcin Kruzel, and Małgorzata Sikora. "An investigation of heat transfer coefficient during refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe minichannels." E3S Web of Conferences 70 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187002001.

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This article presents the results of experimental research of heat transfer coefficient in air cooled vertical pipe minichannels during R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation. The study determined local and average heat transfer coefficient values in full range of vapour quality, x = 0 ÷ 1. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer on the vapour quality x, mass flux density G and minichannel's internal diameter dw was obtained.

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Poobalan, Banu, Jeong Hyun Moon, Sang-Cheol Kim, Sung-Jae Joo, Wook Bahng, In Ho Kang, Nam-Kyun Kim, and Kuan Yew Cheong. "Effects of wet-oxidized 4H-SiC annealed in HNO3/H2O vapour." Microelectronics International 31, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-08-2013-0038.

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Purpose – The high density of defects mainly attributed to the presence of silicon oxycarbides, residual C clusters, Si- and C-dangling bonds at or near the SiO2/SiC interface degrades the performance of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices. In the effort of further improving the quality and enhancement of the SiC oxides thickness, post-oxidation annealed by a combination of nitric acid (HNO3) and water (H2O) vapor technique on thermally grown wet-oxides is introduced in this work. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A new technique of post-oxidation annealing (POA) on wet-oxidized n-type 4H-SiC in a combination of HNO3 and H2O vapor at various heating temperatures (70°C, 90°C and 110°C) of HNO3 solution has been introduced in this work. Findings – It has been revealed that the samples annealed in HNO3 + H2O vapour ambient by various heating temperatures of HNO3 solution; particularly at 110°C is able to produce oxide with lower interface-state density and higher breakdown voltage as compared to wet-oxidized sample annealed in N2 ambient. The substrate properties upon oxide removal show surface roughness reduces as the heating temperature of HNO3 solution increases, which is mainly attributed due to the significant reduction of carbon content at the SiC/SiO2 interface by C=N passivation and CO or CO2 out-diffusion. Originality/value – Despite being as a strong oxidizing agent, vaporized HNO3 can also be utilized as nitridation and hydrogen passivation agent in high temperature thermal oxidation ambient and these advantages were demonstrated in 4H-SiC.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Vapour density'

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