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Arnoldus Huyzendveld, Antonia, Marco Di Ioia, Daniele Ferdani, Augusto Palombini, Valentina Sanna, Sara Zanni, and Eva Pietroni. "The Virtual Museum of the Tiber Valley Project." Virtual Archaeology Review 3, no. 7 (November 18, 2012): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2012.4396.
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<p>The aim of the Virtual Museum of the Tiber Valley project is the creation of an integrated digital system for the knowledge, valorisation and communication of the cultural landscape, archaeological and naturalistic sites along the Tiber Valley, in the Sabina area between Monte Soratte and the ancient city of Lucus Feroniae (Capena). Virtual reality applications, multimedia contents, together with a web site, are under construction and they will be accessed inside the museums of the territory and in a central museum in Rome. The different stages of work will cover the building of a geo-spatial archaeological database, the reconstruction of the ancient potential landscape and the creation of virtual models of the major archaeological sites. This paper will focus on the methodologies used and on present and future results.</p>
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Verga, Flaminia, and Federica Fabbri. "3D Reconstruction of the Poggio Sommavilla Territory (Sabina Tiberina, Rieti- Italy) A new approach to the knowledge of the archeological evidences." Virtual Archaeology Review 2, no. 3 (April 15, 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2011.4578.
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<p>The area object of this paper is located in the Middle Tiber Valley and comprises a wide stretch of land within the loop of the river Tiber between the municipalities of Magliano Sabina and Ponzano. A study about this region was published in the volume 44 of the Series Forma Italiae, as it has played an important role in the reconstruction of the cultural and historical aspects of the Sabine Tiber Valley in ancient time. Its geological structure has produced a characteristic wavy landscape wich has determined the country life from time to time. Therefore, the 3D reconstruction of this area appears an important aid to the knowledge of the territory shape and its evolution. In fact the 3D model of this area has been developed in order to better understand its geological, hydrographical and anthropological conformation.</p>
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Koike, S. T., N. A. Cintas, and C. T. Bull. "Bacterial Blight, a New Disease of Broccoli Caused by Pseudomonas syringae in California." Plant Health Progress 1, no. 1 (January 2000): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2000-0601-01-hn.
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Galván-Villanueva, Raquel. "Nuevos registros de Juncaceae y Liliaceae en el Valle de México." Botanical Sciences, no. 46 (April 2, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1314.
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The following taxa of Juncaceae and Liliaceae are cited far the first time from the Valley of Mexico: Juncus articus Willd. var. andicola (Hook.) Balslev, J. bufonius L., Asphodelus fistulosus L. and Echeandia durangensis (Greenm.) Cruden.
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Herrera-A., Yolanda. "Nuevos registros y nuevas combinaciones de gramíneas del Valle de México." Botanical Sciences, no. 48 (April 5, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1342.
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Twenty two species of grasses from the Valley of Mexico are reported for the first time. Apparently, three of them are new records for Mexico: Muhlenbergia orophila Swallen (Huehuetenango, Guatemala type), Panicum miliaceum L. (annual weed from India), and Setaria Jaberi Herr. (annual weed from China); and probably, three of them are reported for the second time: Muhlenbergia hintonii Swallen, Muhlenbergia seatoni Scribn., and Paspalum dilatatum Poiret. A new combination is proposed for two varieties of Andropogon sanguineus (Retz.) Merr.: Andropogon sanguineus (Retz.) Merr. var. brevipedicellatus (Beal) Herrera, based on A. hirtijlorus (Nees) Kunth var. brevipedicellatus Beal, and andropogon sanguineus (Retz.) Merr. var. oligostachyus (Chapm.) Herrera, based on A. oligostachyus Chapm.
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Lynch, Julieta, and Gustavo Corrado. "Arqueología virtual aplicada al sitio Villavil, Catamarca, Argentina." Virtual Archaeology Review 5, no. 11 (October 23, 2014): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4184.
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In this paper we present the results of the planimetric survey in the archaeological site of Villavil. This site its on the north of Hualfín valley, Catamarca, Argentina. This region was habitated since remote times until the Inca and the Spanish conquest. From the registration of the site with total station and virtual reality programs it was provided a more complete dataset for the interpretation of the functionality intrasite, in pre and post times to Inca arrival in the Northwestern Argentina.
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López-Fraile, Francisco José, Manuel Alcaraz-Castaño, Mario López-Recio, Javier Baena, Jorge Morín, Marta Roca, Luis Rodríguez-Avello, Fernando Tapias, Alfredo Pérez-González, and Manuel Santonja. "Aplicaciones SIG en la caracterización geoarqueológica del yacimiento paleolítico de Las Delicias (Madrid, España) y visualización en 3D de los resultados." Virtual Archaeology Review 5, no. 10 (May 2, 2014): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4206.
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The open-air Palaeolithic site of Las Delicias, located in the Manzanares river valley (Madrid, Spain), has been the object of recent archaeological excavations during 2008 and 2009. Field data gathered at the site has been processed through Geographic Information Systems software, and results have been represented in 3D. We have achieved a topographic and archaeological database which has been associated with 3D planimetries through GIS. At the micro-spatial level, this database will allow future studies on different topics, such as the genesis of the deposits and their conservation, displacement patterns of the archaeological objects, refitting of lithic pieces and planning of future excavation seasons at the site.
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Molinar, Richard H. "Indigenous Asian Specialty Vegetables in the Central Valley of California." HortScience 47, no. 7 (July 2012): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.7.835.
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Sinqua and moqua, better known as Luffa actuangula and Benincasa hispida var. chiehgua, are but a few of the 70 or so Asian vegetables being grown in Fresno, CA. These little-known vegetables are very common to the 1300 Hmong, Mien, Lao, and Chinese farmers growing them for the specialty and wholesale markets in Fresno. This article discusses 24 Asian vegetables commonly grown on farms and sold to more than a dozen specialty crop packing houses in Fresno and at farmers markets in California. Cultural information, pest problems, and culinary uses are also briefly discussed.
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Nelson, Amy J., Karol S. Elias, E. Arévalo G., Lee C. Darlington, and Bryan A. Bailey. "Genetic Characterization by RAPD Analysis of Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli Associated with an Emerging Epidemic in Peru." Phytopathology® 87, no. 12 (December 1997): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.12.1220.
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An epidemic of vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli is currently occurring on Erythroxylum coca var. coca in the coca-growing regions of the Huallaga Valley in Peru. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of isolates of the pathogen was undertaken to elucidate its genetic complexity, as well as to identify a specific DNA fingerprint for the pathogen. Two hundred isolates of Fusarium were collected from 10 coca-growing regions in Peru. Of these, 187 were confirmed to be F. oxysporum, and 143 of the F. oxysporum were shown to be pathogens of coca by a root-dip pathogenicity test. The pathogens could be grouped into two subpopulations based on RAPD analysis, and no polymorphism in RAPD pattern was observed among isolates of either subpopulation. Both subpopulations were present in the central Huallaga Valley, where earliest reports of the epidemic occurred. RAPD analysis could easily distinguish the isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli from the nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum from E. coca var. coca, indicating its utility in DNA fingerprinting.
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Arambarri Basáñez, Jon, Unai Baeza Santamaría, and Antonio López Marcos. "Guías móviles en Realidad Virtual para la interpretación del patrimonio. Un caso práctico: Ruta del Megalitismo de Gorafe." Virtual Archaeology Review 3, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2012.4434.
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<p>Although early prehistoric findings belong to Middle Paleolithic (30,000 to 50,000 years ago), it was 6,000 years ago when Gorafe Valley was occupied by tribes characterized by collective burials in tombs made of big blocks, that is, in dolmens (Megalithic culture of Middle Neolithic). Nowadays, Gorafe holds the biggest proportion of dolmens in Europe: 198 spread in the 10 necropolis that surround the village. The city council of Gorafe expresses the need to know and interpret<br />these dolmens through a mobile device which does not require Internet connection. This way, visitors will be able to enjoy and interpret their Megalithic tour when they visit Sierra Nevada.</p>
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Jones, C. Eugene, Frances M. Shropshire, Laura L. Taylor-Taft, Sean E. Walker, Leo C. Song, Youssef C. Atallah, Robert L. Allen, Darren R. Sandquist, Jim Luttrell, and Jack H. Burk. "Reproductive Biology of the San Fernando Valley Spineflower, Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina (Polygonaceae)." Madroño 56, no. 1 (January 31, 2009): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-56.1.23.
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Qasem, J. R. "Weed competition in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in the Jordan Valley." Scientia Horticulturae 121, no. 3 (July 2009): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.010.
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Lara Galicia, Aline. "Fractales en Arqueología: aplicación en la pintura rupestre de sitios del México prehispánico." Virtual Archaeology Review 4, no. 8 (November 20, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4323.
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<p>This study exposed analysis fractal by the dimension D in the rock art. The Fractals is a new tool in the software application and digital photography<br />for the recognition of raw materials, the study of its form, degradation, specific parts of paint, and providing new data the virtual reconstruction.<br />The analyzes focus on various pictorial sets of the region Mezquital Valley, Hidalgo, Mexico; region where are concentrated more than 100 caves, comparing 74 images to analyze the various pictorial traditions.<br />The structure fractal describes the dimension of the represented objects, not only according to its space where the figure is placed, but the possibility of being a fraction in which all the surfaces can be observed (rock, paint).</p>
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Ferrari, Alejandro Andrés, Joaquín Ignacio Izaguirre, and Félix Alejandro Acuto. "A bit closer to the past: the three-dimensionalization of an Inca ceremony in the north Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina)." Virtual Archaeology Review 12, no. 25 (July 14, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.15285.
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<p>Like other expansive polities, the expansion of the Inca empire across the highlands and lowlands of South America is not only a history of trade and warfare, but also of mesmerizing public performances that yielded new and memorable experiences. During highly ritualized public celebratory events, the local polities gained first-hand access to the imperial liturgy, which was vital to promote and legitimate the Inca cosmology across the newly acquired lands. Especially in the last 20 years, new technologies, an ever-growing corpus of archaeological data, as well as increasing hardware capacity and software development, make it possible to emulate the scenes that people got to witness during the Inca public events, at a home computer scale and without complex and expensive equipment. Furthermore, it prompts us to test and apply new tools and academic dissemination techniques, perhaps more suitable to current technologies and means of knowledge storage and circulation. This article presents the process of building a three-dimensional (3D) model that, on the one hand, combines historical, ethnographic, and archaeological data with Geographic Information System (GIS) datasets; on the other hand, it uses detailed architectural analysis and astronomical measurements. The objective is to yield renders that accurately display the atmospheric and lighting conditions prevailing when the site was inhabited. We will offer a detailed description of all methods, techniques, equipment, and software used to create the model and the parameters for rendering the images. The authors intend to exemplify how 3D modelling goes well beyond the 3D model as a product in itself; it becomes a fundamental tool that encouraged us to test new variables and discuss new interpretations about this settlement. Results indicate that its builders designed these settlement's Inca compounds to show off the imperial capabilities and constructive proficiency, to convey exceptional, memorable experiences to its residents and visitors, and to stage explicit links between the imperial representatives and some fundamental procreative components of the Andean cosmos. In doing so, Guitián's plaza served to stage and communicate the privileged role the imperial representatives claimed to have in a broader cosmological scheme.</p><p>Highlights:</p><ul><li><p>Inca public performances were finely choreographed so that objects, places, people, landscape, and skyscape features interacted according to the main principles of imperial cosmology.</p></li><li><p>Current mid-range hardware and specialized yet reasonably user-friendly software are suitable to create accurate three-dimensional (3D) models combining historical, archaeological, and astronomical data.</p></li><li><p>Creating such a detailed 3D model contributes to cultural heritage and academic dissemination and prompted us to revise and broaden our interpretations.</p></li></ul>
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Uribe, Paula, Jorge Angás, María Ángeles Magallón, and Jorge Víctor Miranda. "Documentación, valorización y difusión del patrimonio hidráulico romano en el Valle medio del Ebro." Virtual Archaeology Review 3, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2012.4456.
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<p>Nowadays, how to focus the last geometric documentation techniques applied to cultural heritage, aiming a didactic application, is being a complex process. The development of this purpose must balance research process with the social spreading of the scientific knowledge. Based on this concern, the aim of this research project is the geometric documentation - accompanied by a highlighting and spreading on a web environment - of a representative selection of Roman hydraulic structures. The choice of the sites has been done focusing on archaeological discovers in the Ebro’s Valley, concretely in monuments located in La Rioja, Navarra and Aragon. In this way, the purpose of the project is to document the sites and spread the knowledge about Roman aqueducts, dam, sewers, tanks and cisterns, which is essential to understand the water cycle during the Roman period.</p>
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Di Giacomo, Giacomo, Massimo Limoncelli, and Giuseppe Scardozzi. "Rilievo e ricostruzione virtuale del Ponte Sud di Hierapolis di Frigia (Turchia)." Virtual Archaeology Review 4, no. 8 (November 20, 2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4281.
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<p>The paper concerns the topographical survey and the 3D reconstruction of a Roman bridge-aqueduct located immediately to the south of Hierapolis in Phrygia (south-western Turkey), along the ancient route directed to Colosse and the internal Anatolia; only its southern abutment and scarce remains of the northern one are preserved. It is in a very difficult location, inside the narrow and deep valley, and it was never studied before. During the 2011 field work campaign of the Italian Archaeological Mission, it was surveyed using a high precision differential GPS system (for the plan documentation and its positioning in the digital archaeological map of Hierapolis) and through a Motorized Robotic Total Station (for the documentation of the elevation and the creation of a 3D model of the southern side) with the aim of its virtual reconstruction.</p>
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Joseph, Shimat V., and Steven T. Koike. "Could Broccoli and Cauliflower Influence the Dispersal Dynamics of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Lettuce in the Salinas Valley of California?" Environmental Entomology 50, no. 4 (June 6, 2021): 995–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab050.
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Abstract The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an important, worldwide vector of two tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae; Genus Tospovirus), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). In the Salinas Valley of California, INSV causes severe necrosis, stunting, and crop losses to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Because broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) are major rotation crops with lettuce in the Salinas Valley, it is critical to understand if these Brassicas influence the dispersal dynamics of F. occidentalis. In 2013 and 2014, surveys were conducted evaluating yellow sticky cards and plant samples in lettuce, broccoli, and cauliflower fields in three regions of the Salinas Valley. F. occidentalis were collected on sticky cards from April to November and on foliage in all three regions. Two-choice oviposition assays as well as no-choice and two-choice feeding assays were conducted where F. occidentalis adults were exposed to leaves of lettuce, broccoli, and cauliflower. A significantly greater number of eggs was found on lettuce than on broccoli or cauliflower leaves in the choice assay, whereas for the broccoli and cauliflower choice assay, the number of eggs retrieved was low and not significantly different between hosts. The number of F. occidentalis feeding spots and leaf area injury ratings were similar on broccoli and lettuce leaves but were significantly lower on cauliflower than on lettuce and broccoli leaves. The implications of these results on thrips and plant virus management are discussed.
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Gazala, Qazi, Shoukat Ara, KM Ansari, Imtiyaz Murtaza, and Hina Qazi. "Cytotoxicological evaluation of semi-purified extracts of some dye yielding plants of the Kashmir Valley on Normal Intestinal Cell Line (IEC-6) by MTT assay." Journal of Phytopharmacology 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2018.7102.
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Plant extracts are widely used in many fields and there is a need to evaluate their cytotoxic effect to determine their non-cytotoxic concentration at which they can be used in a safe manner. Keeping this in view, the present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of Celosia argentia L. var plumosa (Cockscomb), Calendula officinalis L. (Pot Marigold), Indigofera heterantha Wall. (Himalayan Indigo) and Rubia cordifolia L. (Indian Madder) on Normal Intestinal Cell Line (IEC-6) by MTT assay to test their feasibility for natural edible dye extraction. The experimental material, comprised of inflorescence of Celosia argentia L. var plumose, petals of the two varieties of Calendula officinalis L., leaves of Indigofera heterantha Wall. and leaves and roots of the Rubia cordifolia L. Cell line was exposed to 1, 4, 16, 64 and 256µg/ml concentrations of plant extracts for 24, 48, and 72hr at 37oC. Results revealed that both the varieties of Calendula officinalis L. var. Gitana Orange and Gitana Yellow did not show any cytotoxic effect on IEC-6 cell line while as Celosia argentia L. var plumose, Indigofera heterantha Wall. and Rubia cordifolia L. showed cytotoxicity. From the present study it was concluded that the extracts of the both varieties of Calendula officinalis L. var. Gitana Orange and Gitana Yellow extracts are non-toxic in nature, thus can be utilized for the extraction of natural edible dye while as the extracts of Celosia argentia L. var plumose, Indigofera heterantha Wall. and Rubia cordifolia L. had potent in vitro cytotoxic activity thus they cannot be used for extraction of natural edible food colour. However, to better evaluate the cytotoxic effect of these plant extracts, in vivo experiments on laboratory animal followed by histological analysis should be done
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Carbyn, S., P. M. Catling, S. P. Vander Kloet, and S. Basquill. "An Analysis of the Vascular Flora of Annapolis Heathlands, Nova Scotia." Canadian Field-Naturalist 120, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i3.328.
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A description and analysis of the vascular plant composition of heathlands in the Annapolis valley were undertaken to provide a basis for biodiversity preservation within a system of protected sites. Species presence and abundance were recorded at 23 remnant sites identified using topographic maps, air photos, and Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources records. A total of 126 species was recorded, of which 94 were native and 31 introduced. The Annapolis heathland remnants are strongly dominated by Corema conradii with Comptonia peregrina, Vaccinium angustifolium and Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum. A number of species, including Solidago bicolor, Carex tonsa var. rugosperma, Dichanthelium depauperatum, Lechea intermedia, Melampyrum lineare, and Rubus hispidus, were characteristic of heathland remnants, although they usually contributed little to the total cover. The most frequent alien species were Hieracium pilosella and Festuca filiformis, but Pinus sylvestris, present at 7 of 18 sites, appeared to have the greatest impact in displacing native species. Species listed as at risk and sensitive in Nova Scotia, including Helianthemun canadense, Hudsonia ericoides and Viola sagittata var. ovata, occur in open disturbed sand in the Corema heathlands. Distinctive patterns of variation occur in several species and variation in crop relatives is noted with particular reference to the genera Rubus (blackberries), Amelanchier (Juneberries, Saskatoon) and Vaccinium (Blueberries). The available evidence suggests that the heathlands and sandy barrens in the Annapolis valley differ from those further west in Canada and from anthropogenic and coastal heathlands of Nova Scotia in their species composition including particularly the presence of Corema conradii, Hudsonia ericoides and Amelanchier lucida. The need to protect representative examples is supported.
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Stock, A. J., and R. A. Gorley. "OBSERVATIONS ON A TRIAL OF BROADCAST BURNING TO CONTROL AN INFESTATION OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE." Canadian Entomologist 121, no. 6 (June 1989): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121521-6.
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The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., causes extensive mortality of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., throughout western North America (Van Sickle 1982). The Prince Rupert Forest Region, in the northwest of British Columbia, initiated an aggressive beetle management program in 1981. Logging of infested stands, and winter felling and burning of individual infested trees are the most common direct control techniques.The “Bristol Lake” infestation developed in the Bulkley Forest District, approximately 55 km northwest of Smithers, B.C., on a steep rocky ridge within the valley of Harold Price Creek. The area contained large volumes of mature lodgepole pine, and control of the infestation was therefore considered critical to the local beetle management plan, but the size (50 ha) and rough topography of the infested area precluded normal direct control measures.
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Larroque, Christophe, Bertrand Delouis, Jean-Claude Hippolyte, Anne Deschamps, Thomas Lebourg, Françoise Courboulex, and Olivier Bellier. "Joint multidisciplinary study of the Saint-Sauveur–Donareo fault (lower Var valley, French Riviera): a contribution to seismic hazard assessment in the urban area of Nice." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.4.323.
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AbstractThe lower Var valley is the only large outcropping zone of Plio-Quaternary terrains throughout the southwestern Alps. In order to assess the seismic hazard for the Alps – Ligurian basin junction, we investigated this area to provide a record of earthquakes that have recently occurred near the city of Nice. Although no historical seismicity has been indicated for the lower Var valley, our main objective was to identify traces of recent faulting and to discuss the seismogenic potential of any active faults. We organized multidisciplinary observations as a microseismic investigation (the PASIS survey), with morphotectonic mapping and imagery, and subsurface geophysical investigations. The results of the PASIS dense recording survey were disappointing, as no present-day intense microseismic activity was recorded. From the morphotectonic investigation of the lower Var valley, we revealed several morphological anomalies, such as drainage perturbations and extended linear anomalies that are unrelated to the lithology. These anomalies strike mainly NE-SW, with the major Saint-Sauveur – Donareo lineament, clearly related to faulting of the Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary series. Sub-surface geophysical investigation (electrical resistivity tomography profiling) imaged these faults in the shallow crust, and together with the microtectonic data, allow us to propose the timing of recent faulting in this area. Normal and left-lateral strike-slip faulting occurred several times during the Pliocene. From fault-slip data, the last episode of faulting was left-lateral strike-slip and was related to a NNW-SSE direction of compression. This direction of compression is consistent with the present-day state of stress and the Saint-Sauveur–Donareo fault might have been reactivated several times as a left-lateral fault during the Quaternary. At a regional scale, in the Nice fold-and-thrust belt, these data lead to a reappraisal of the NE-SW structural trends as the major potentially active fault system. We propose that the Saint-Sauveur–Donareo fault belongs to a larger system of faults that runs from near Villeneuve-Loubet to the southwest to the Vésubie valley to the north-east. The question of a structural connection between the Vésubie – Mt Férion fault, the Saint-Sauveur–Donareo fault and its possible extension offshore through the northern Ligurian margin is discussed.The Saint-Sauveur–Donareo fault shows two en-échelon segments that extend for about 8 km. Taking into account the regional seismogenic depth (about 10 km), this fault could produce M ~6 earthquakes if activated entirely during one event. Although a moderate magnitude generally yields a moderate seismic hazard, we suggest that this contribution to the local seismic risk is high, taking into account the possible shallow focal depth and the high vulnerability of Nice and the surrounding urban areas.
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Shakya, Pawan Raj, and Neena Malla Khwaounjoo. "Assessment of Heavy Metals in Some Vegetables Sold in Urban Open Markets of Kathmandu Valley." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12008.
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Present study describes the extent of heavy metal contamination in two vegetable types viz., cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrytis) sold in urban open markets of Kathmandu valley. A total of 18 vegetable samples collected from various market sites of the valley were analyzed for heavy metals viz., As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results revealed that the metal concentrations in both the vegetables tested were found in the order as Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. The metal levels in cabbage leaves irrespective of the market sites, ranged between 0.91–2.05 mg/kg for Cd, 14.32-28.31 mg/kg for Cu, 7.29–14.70 mg/kg for Pb and 36.33–108.09 mg/kg for Zn respectively. Similarly, the metal levels in cauliflower varied from 0.81–1.50 mg/kg for Cd, 19.29–26.77 mg/kg for Cu, 10.82–21.23 mg/kg for Pb and 62.45–73.72 mg/kg for Zn respectively. However, As and Hg were found below the detection limits in both the vegetables tested. It was also found that while the mean concentrations of Cd and Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limits for vegetables, Cu and Zn were found within the safe limits as recommended by FAO/WHO. From the present study, we conclude that a regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables is necessary for safe consumption as well as to prevent excessive buildup of these metals in the human food chain.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12008 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 39-44
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Moser, Michael, Simon Hye, Gert Goldenberg, Klaus Hanke, and Kristóf Kovács. "Digital documentation and visualization of archaeological excavations and finds using 3D scanning technology." Virtual Archaeology Review 1, no. 2 (May 25, 2010): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.4717.
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<p>In 2007 the special research program HiMAT - History of Mining Activities in Tyrol and adjacent areas, focussing on environment and human societies, was established at the University of Innsbruck as an interdisciplinary and international research project, sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). During late medieval and early modern times, the mining area of Schwaz in Tyrol became famous in Europe, due to the large scale exploitation of copper and silver bearing fahlores, going along with the development of high technologies in the field of mining and metallurgy. In that period, Schwaz was even called “the mother of all mines”.</p><p>In the area of Schwaz/Brixlegg the main focus of our research project is on early traces of copper mining and metallurgy dating back to the late Bronze Age. Such traces are still preserved, especially in boundary areas of the main ore deposits. On the basis of previous surveys a little valley called “Maukental” was chosen for archaeological investigations, because within this small area the entire copper production process of the late Bronze Age can be studied in detail. During the past two years, the Institute of Archaeology and Surveying and the Geoinformation Unit of the University of Innsbruck worked together in this area. One object of interest was a late Bronze Age ore dressing site situated in a former peat-bog. In this place the advantageous environment preserved fragile wooden structures and artefacts which could be digitally documented in the condition of retrieval.</p>
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McCreight, James D., and Michael D. Coffey. "Inheritance of Resistance in Melon PI 313970 to Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Incited by Podosphaera xanthii Race S." HortScience 46, no. 6 (June 2011): 838–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.6.838.
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A new strain of cucurbit powdery mildew incited by Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) Braun & Shishkoff (formerly Sphaerotheca fuliginea), designated race S, is virulent on all the commonly used melon (Cucumis melo L.) powdery mildew race differentials and first appeared on melon in Yuma, AZ, and Imperial Valley, CA, in 2003. Melon PI 313970 (C. melo var. acidulus) was resistant to P. xanthii race S in 2003 and subsequent years. Inheritance of resistance to P. xanthii race S was studied in two naturally infected, replicated field tests in Imperial Valley in 2005 and 2009 using the parents and F1, F2, and reciprocal backcross generations from crosses of PI 313970 with powdery mildew-susceptible ‘Top Mark’. Resistance to race S was recessive: all F1 and BCTM individuals were susceptible. One recessive gene, designated pm-S, conditioned resistance to race S in the F2 and BCPI. The relationship of pm-S to the previously reported recessive and codominant genes in PI 313970 for resistance to P. xanthii races 1, 2, 2U.S., 3, 3.5, 4.5, and 5 remains to be determined.
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Zhu, Wanrui, Wenhua Li, Peili Shi, Jiansheng Cao, Ning Zong, and Shoubao Geng. "Intensified Interspecific Competition for Water after Afforestation with Robinia pseudoacacia into a Native Shrubland in the Taihang Mountains, Northern China." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020807.
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Understanding how soil water source is used spatiotemporally by tree species and if native species can successfully coexist with introduced species is crucial for selecting species for afforestation. In the rocky mountainous areas of the Taihang Mountains, alien Robinia pseudoacacia L. has been widely afforested into the native shrublands dominated by Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa and Vitex negundo L. var. heterophylla to improve forest coverage and soil nutrients. However, little is known about the water relation among species, especially seasonal water use sources in different microsites. We selected the soil and plant xylem samples of two opposite microtopographic sites (ridge and valley) monthly in the growth season to analyze isotope composition. The proportions of water sources were quantified by the MixSIAR model and compared pairwise between species, microsites and seasons. We found that deep subsoil water at a depth of 40–50 cm contributed up to 50% of the total water uptake for R. pseudoacacia and Z. jujuba in the growing season, indicating that they stably used deeper soil water and had intense water competition. However, V. negundo had a more flexible water use strategy, which derived more than 50% of the total water uptake from the soil layer of 0–10 cm in the rainy season, but majorly captured soil water at a depth of 30–50 cm in the dry season. Therefore, high niche overlaps were shown in V. negundo with the other two species in the dry season, but niche segregation was seen in the rainy season. The microtopographic sites did not shift the seasonal dynamic of the water source use patterns of the three studied species, but the water use niche overlap was higher in the valley than in the ridge. Taken together, the introduced species R. pseudoacacia intensified water competition with the native semi-arbor species Z. jujuba, but it could commonly coexist with the native shrub species V. negundo. Therefore, our study on seasonal water use sources in different microsites provides insight into species interaction and site selection for R. pseudoacacia afforestation in the native shrub community in rocky mountainous areas. It is better to plant R. pseudoacacia in the shrubland in the valley so as to avoid intense water competition and control soil erosion.
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Kumar, Manish, DK Rana, Govind Ram Choudhary, Harendra Kumar, and Mahendra Kumar. "Correlation coefficient studies in Knol-Khol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) cv. White Vienna under Srinagar Garhwal Valley." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 1244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4k.9771.
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Thakur, Sajan, Harish Chander Dutt, Bikarma Singh, Yash Pal Sharma, Nawang Tashi, Rajinder Singh Charak, Geeta Sharma, et al. "Plant and fungi diversity of Devi Pindiyan Valley in Trikuta Hills of northwestern Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 14 (November 26, 2019): 14827–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4792.11.14.14827-14844.
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The Devi Pindiyan Valley, an abode of Goddess Vaishno Devi, in Trikuta Hills (western Himalaya) is a unique hill-top land ecosystem with a diverse regional mixed subtropical and temperate flora. Because of its suitable geographic location, specific and unique habitat conditions, this mountainous belt of Shivalik Himalaya has a large number of endemic and threatened plant species. This study presents information on the plant diversity of Devi Pindiyan Valley of Trikuta Hills. Several line-transect (100m N-S and 100 E-W) surveys were conducted in which nested quadrats of 10m × 10m were laid for trees, within which interspersed two 5m × 5m sub-quadrats for shrubs and five 1m × 1m sub-quadrants for herbs at different places for determination of floristic composition. In the diverse habitats of this valley, we recorded 213 vascular plant species belonging to 164 genera under 71 families. This study area also harbors rich diversity of fungi, where the most visible 7 species of macrofungi belongs to 7 genera and 4 families were documented. Out of the documented species, 35 species have been categorized as threatened based on the latest IUCN Red list criteria, while 178 species are included in the catalogue of world life. Engelhardtia spicata Lechen ex Blume var. integra (Kurz) Manning ex Steenis has been categorized as Least Concerned (LC) by IUCN Red List site. The species diversity indicates the high conservation value of this area and documenting such an ecologically rich ecosystem becomes a prerequisite for developing and formulating conservation-cum-management strategies. Therefore, we recommend there is need for ecological research in terms of biodiversity conservation on Devi Pindiyan Valley and similar ecosystems.
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Barbetti, MJ. "Relative resistance, associated yield losses and phyto-oestrogen production from fungal foliar diseases in new and old annual Medicago cultivars." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950441.
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The relative resistance, associated herbage and seed yield losses and phyto-oestrogen production from fungal foliar diseases in two new annual Medicago cultivars, viz. M. sphaerocarpos cv. Orion and M. truncatula cv. Caliph, were compared with those of four old cultivars, viz. M. murex cv. Zodiac, M. polymorpha var. brevispina cw. Santiago and Circle Valley, and M. truncatula cv. Cyprus. Orion was much more resistant to Phoma stem disease than Circle Valley and Santiago, but was more susceptible than Zodiac. However, Orion was the most susceptible cultivar to Phoma leaf disease. Orion and Caliph were susceptible to Leptosphaerulina stem disease, resembling Santiago, but much more susceptible than Circle Valley and Zodiac. Caliph was comparable with Cyprus with moderate susceptibility to both Phoma and Leptosphaerulina on stems. Both Caliph and Cyprus were resistant to Pseudopeziza. In mid-October and early November, foliar diseases reduced overall herbage yield of the six varieties by 16.2 and 20.3% respectively, compared with the fungicide-treated plots of the same cultivars. Foliar diseases reduced seed yield by 37.3%, and mean seed weight by 13- 7% compared with fungicide treated plots. Foliar disease in the disease block increased the content of the phyto-oestrogen coumestrol in stems from 230 to 500 ppm and in pods from 30 to 130 ppm, compared with the fungicide block. There was a positive correlation between the severity of Phoma on stems and leaves and the level of coumestrol in stems and pods. Orion produced large amounts of coumestrol in stems and pods in response to foliar diseases (e.g. 470 ppm in stems) but less than Zodiac. Caliph also produced large amounts of coumestrol in stems and pods in response to foliar diseases (e.g. 230 ppm in stems), and was similar to Cyprus but had less coumestrol than all other cultivars tested (stems) or Zodiac, Circle Valley and Santiago (pods). Orion carried the highest level of P. medicaginis seed contamination (28%), followed by Santiago (15%), Cyprus (11%), Circle Valley (l0%), Zodiac (10%) and Caliph (6%).
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Barbetti, MJ, and CS Fang. "Relationship between Phoma black stem severity and herbage and seed yield and coumestrol content in three Medicago polymorpha var. brevispina cultivars." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 3 (1991): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910409.
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A field trial was conducted to determine the relationship between Phoma black stem disease (Phoma medicaginis) severity, herbage and seed yields and coumestrol content in Medicago polymorpha var. brevispina medic cultivars Circle Valley, Santiago and Serena. There was a significant negative correlation between Phoma black stem disease severity with herbage yields in early spring (mid to late September) (r =-0.65, P < 0.01) and mid spring (mid October) (r = -0.81, P < 0. 0 l ) , seed yields at the end of the growing season in late spring (r =-0.83, P< 0.01) and 100 seed weight (r =-0.83, P< 0.001). In addition, there was significant positive correlation at the end of the growing season between Phoma black stem disease severity and coumestrol content of dry stems ( r = 0.72, P<0.001) and pods (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). Meaned over all cultivars, severe Phoma black stem disease resulted in overall reductions in mid spring herbage yields of up to 17% and in end of season seed yields of up to 36% and increases in coumestrol content of up to 75 and 321% for stems and pods respectively. The highest level of coumestrol measured in stems was 550 ppm for cv. Serena and in pods was 525 ppm in cv. Circle Valley. Of the three culitvars, cv. Santiago was the least susceptible to Phoma black stem disease.
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Musselwhite, Sheri, Roger Harris, Joyce Latimer, and Robert Wright. "Effect of Pruning, Defoliation, and Promalin on New Shoot Development of Boxwood." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-22.3.124.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if summer dormancy of the boxwood species Buxus sempervirens L. ‘Suffruticosa’, B. sempervirens ‘Vardar Valley’, and B. sinica var. insularis Nakai ‘Justin Brouwers’ could be overcome by pruning, defoliation or growth regulator applications. Promalin (benzyladenine (BA) + GA 4+7) alone and in combination with pruning increased new shoot growth; however, results were not consistent across experiments. Pruning alone (shearing or tip removal) was also inconsistent in inducing new shoot growth. Defoliation (removal of leaves from new spring growth) dramatically increased new shoot development, especially when applied ten weeks after spring budbreak instead of closer to budbreak. This response was tempored by Promalin application.
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Habib, K., N. Ahmad, P. A. Sofi, S. H. Khan, and T. Shafi. "Genetic variability and trait association in sprouting broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) under temperate Kashmir valley conditions." Journal of Applied Horticulture 15, no. 03 (December 15, 2013): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2013.v15i03.42.
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Wróbel, Anna, Ewelina Klichowska, Evgenii Baiakhmetov, Arkadiusz Nowak, and Marcin Nobis. "Invasion of Eragrostis albensis in Central Europe: distribution patterns, taxonomy and phylogenetic insight into the Eragrostis pilosa complex." Biological Invasions 23, no. 7 (April 7, 2021): 2305–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02507-6.
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AbstractThe Eragrostis pilosa complex (Poaceae) comprises five widely distributed and regionally invasive species—E. albensis, E. amurensis, E. imberbis, E. multicaulis, and E. pilosa, distinguished by tiny and variable morphological characters and with so far unknown phylogenetic relationships. Recently, some doubts have been raised about the status of an invasive glandular morphotype occurring in Central Europe assigned either to E. amurensis or to E. albensis. Here, we addressed this issue by analysing morphology, internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and five inter-simple sequence repeat markers. The genetic evidence supported closer relationship of this glandular morphotype to eglandular E. albensis, widely established in Central Europe, than to glandular E. amurensis described from Asia. We propose to adopt a new taxonomic treatment that E. albensis includes both eglandular and glandular individuals, and to classify the glandular ones as E. albensis var. scholziana M. Nobis & A. Wróbel var. nova. Currently this new taxon is known from a dozen of localities in Central Europe and is invasive in the lower section of the Oder River valley, whereas Eragrostis albensis var. albensis has already spread widely across Europe in riparian phytocenoses and anthropogenic habitats. Since probably the first registered records in 1940s, it has been observed in European part of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and its further invasion is likely to proceed. We provided distribution maps concerning spread dynamics of E. albensis in Europe from 1947 to 2020. In total, the species has been observed on over 1300 localities so far, most of which were found after 2000.
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Goldblatt, P., and J. C. Manning. "Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae). 1. The I. rapunculoides complex." Bothalia 38, no. 1 (August 14, 2008): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v38i1.257.
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Field and laboratory investigation of the six varieties of Ixia rapunculoides Delile (recognized in the current revisions and flora accounts of this southern African genus of some 65 species) show that a revised taxonomy better reflects the biology of the complex. The complex is defined by the funnel-shaped perianth tube, filaments fully and anthers partly included in the perianth tube. Our conclusions indicate that I. rapunculoides (currently var. rapunculoides) is restricted to the western Karoo and has broad, leathery leaves, a short perianth tube, mostly 5.5-8.0 mm long, and half nodding blue-mauve flowers. Plants currently referred to I. rapunculoides var. flaccida G.J.Lewis, include four sets of populations that we regard as two separate species. These are: I. flaccida with small, short-tubed white- or pale blue-flushed flowers, sofl-textured leaves and corms with basal cormlets from the Olifants River Valley and nearby; and I. sobolifera from the Western and Little Karoo, which has linear leaves, nodding spikes and flowers and corms with stolons. We divide I. sobolifera into three subspecies: subsp. carnea with pink flowers, is restricted to the Bokkeveld Plateau and nearby; subsp sobolifera with slate-blue flowers occurs in the Klein Roggeveld and nearby; and subsp albiflora with strongly scented white flowers occurs in the central Little Karoo. The taxon called I. rapunculoides var. namaquana (L.Bolus) G.J.Lewis, defined by a longer perianth tube, mostly 13-16 mm long, horizontally oriented, white, pale lilac or pink flowers and few-flowered lateral branchlets. is treated as I. namaquana, first described by H.M.L. Bolus in 1931. Plants referred to this taxon from south of its range at Hex River pass and nearby, however, have fully included anthers, a longer perianth tube. 16-20 mm. and ascending purple-pink flowers with a white cup and are referred to the new I. oxalidiflora. Two more varieties, I. rapunculoides var. subpendula G.J.Lewis and var. rigida sensu G.J.Lewis, which have upright flowers and distinctively branched stems are treated here as I. divaricata and I. contorta. Plants in the past included in var. rapunculoides from the Klein Roggeveld, south of the range of typical I. rapunculoides, have a longer perianth tube. 10-14 mm long, and attenuate, slightly lacerate. 5-veined. dry. rust-tipped bracts and comprise the new I. lacerata In addition, plants from streambeds in the Roggeveld that have large, white flowers, are not included in current accounts of the genus, and also represent a novel taxon, I. rivulicola. Lastly, I. rapunculoides var. robusta G.J.Lewis, the range of which falls entirely within that of var. rapunculoides and is usually sympatric with it. has pink flowers of similar structure, but four or five leaves and deep-seated corms with a collar of coarse fibres around the stem base. We raise this plant to species rank as I. robusta
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Douglas, George W., Jenifer L. Penny, and Ksenia Barton. "Conservation Evaluation of the Pacific Population of Dwarf Woollyheads, Psilocarphus brevissimus var. brevissimus, in Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 120, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i2.281.
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In Canada, Dwarf Woolly-heads, Psilocarphus brevissimus var. brevissimus, is restricted to the Similkameen River valley, south of Princeton in southwestern British Columbia and the extreme southeast and southwest corners of Alberta and Saskatchewan, respectively. This paper deals with the three British Columbia populations which represent the northwestern limit of the species which ranges from south-central British Columbia, southward in the western United States to Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, California and Baja California, Mexico. In British Columbia, P. brevissimus is associated with calcareous vernal pools and ephemeral pond edges in large forest openings. This habitat is rare in the area the few existing populations could easily be extirpated or degraded through slight changes in groundwater levels, coalbed methane gas drilling, housing development or recreational vehicles.
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Cavalié, O., A. Sladen, and M. Kelner. "Detailed quantification of delta subsidence, compaction and interaction with man-made structures: the case of the NCA airport, France." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 8, 2015): 1973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1973-2015.
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Abstract. River deltas are dynamic coastal systems and their evolutions are closely monitored as it often concentrates vital natural resources for the surrounding areas. Many deltas worldwide experience subsidence due to geological processes (sediment loading and compaction) or human activities (groundwater or hydrocarbon extraction, land reclamation). This causes shoreline erosion or wetland loss which represent serious issues for the population. In this study we investigate the dynamic of the Var delta (France) where reclaimed lands over sea have been built to host the Nice côte d'Azur airport (NCA). Actually, the stability of this infrastructure is a permanent concern since, in 1979, a newly built extension of the runway platform collapsed in the sea, causing important damages. The project of land extension stopped, but the present airport platform is still located on reclaimed land. Factors that can trigger such catastrophic landslide are thought to be linked to the delta activity and the artificial airport platform load. We used, therefore, Envisat InSAR data to measure accurately the ground deformation of the area that includes the Var delta and NCA airport. Combining data from ascending and descending orbits, we estimated the east–west and vertical components of the deformation and obtained very accurate displacement rate (with a 1σ error of 0.25 mm yr−1). We found that nearly all the deformation is vertical and impacts the whole Var delta. The Var valley subsides at a very low rate (0.5–1 mm yr−1) but downstream the subsidence rate increases and a clear jump is observed at the transition with the reclaimed lands (1–2 mm yr−1). On average, the reclaimed lands subside at 3 mm yr−1. Since the subsidence rate increases in correlation with the sediment thickness, we interpret it as the compaction of the delta quaternary sedimentary wedge. In addition, three areas subside faster (between 5 and 10 mm yr−1), with one calling for more attention as it is the largest and overlooks the steep Var canyon. The progressive increase of subsidence rates toward the sea also suggests that the underwater parts of the margins could subside at rates well above 10 mm yr−1.
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Cavalié, O., A. Sladen, and M. Kelner. "Detailed quantification of delta subsidence, compaction and interaction with man-made structures: the case of the NCA airport, France." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 6 (June 11, 2015): 3761–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3761-2015.
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Abstract. River deltas are dynamic costal systems and their evolutions are closely monitored as it often concentrates vital natural resources for the surrounding areas. Many deltas, worldwide, experience subsidence due to geological processes (sediment loading and compaction) or human activities (groundwater or hydrocarbon extraction, land reclamation). This causes shoreline erosion or wetland loss which represent serious issues for the population. In this study, we investigate the dynamic of the Var delta (France) where reclaimed lands over sea have been built to host the Nice côte d'Azur airport (NCA). Actually, the stability of this infrastructure is a permanent concern since, in 1979, a newly built extension of the runway platform collapsed in the sea, causing important damages. The project of land extension stopped, but the present airport platform is still located on reclaimed land. Factors that can trigger such catastrophic landslide are thought to be linked to the delta activity and the artificial airport platform load. We used, therefore, Envisat InSAR data to measure accurately the ground deformation of the area that includes the Var delta and NCA airport. Combining data from ascending and descending orbits, we estimated the east–west and vertical components of the deformation and obtained very accurate displacement rate (with a 1σ error of 0.25 mm yr-1). We found that nearly all the deformation is vertical and impacts the whole Var delta. The Var valley subsides at a very low rate (0.5–1 mm yr-1) but downstream the subsidence rate increases and a clear jump is observed at the transition with the reclaimed lands (1–2 mm yr-1). On average, the reclaimed lands subside at 3 mm yr-1. Since the subsidence rate increases in correlation with the sediment thickness, we interpret it as the compaction of the delta quaternary sedimentary wedge. In addition, three areas subsides faster (between 5 and 10 mm yr-1), with one calling for more attention as it is the largest and overlooks the steep Var canyon. The progressive increase of subsidence rates toward the sea also suggests that the underwater parts of the margins could subside at rates well above 10 mm yr-1.
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Timila, R. D., J. C. Correll, and V. R. Duwadi. "Severe and Widespread Clubroot Epidemics in Nepal." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0317b.
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Cultivation of brassica vegetables has the highest potential for generating income among more traditional rice and maize farmers in Nepal. Among brassica vegetables, the most important are cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata L.). Although clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, has been observed in Nepal since 1993, severe and widespread epidemics have been observed since 2004 in the Bhaktapur, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Palung Valley production areas. Typical disease symptoms (1) are widespread, and disease severity has been particularly severe in the Kathmandu Valley and Palung/Daman area of the Makwanpur District. Many cauliflower fields in these areas have had as much as 100% yield loss between 2004 and 2006 with an estimated 40% overall loss from clubroot. Estimates from interviews with growers in the Palung production area during an intensive farmers' interaction program indicated that cauliflower production was reduced from 5 to 6 metric tons per household (1,500 m2) prior to 2004 to <300 kg per household in 2004 and beyond. The economic loss in this area alone was estimated at $1.4 million in 2004 and 2005. Examination of transplant nurseries indicated that frequently >80% of the seedlings have symptoms of clubroot at the time of transplanting. Soil samples from throughout the production areas indicated that the sandy loam soils were predominately acidic (pH range of 4.2 to 7.2 with >90% below 6.0). Several management practices are being employed to reduce disease severity, including the use of clubroot resistant cultivars, raising the soil pH to >7.0 by using dolomitic lime, testing of the fungicide flusulfamide (Nebijin) and biopesticide Sanjeevani (Trichoderma viride), and biofumigation and solarization of the nursery beds in an effort to reduce disease pressure on transplant material. References: (1) G. R. Dixon. Compendium of Brassica Diseases. S. R. Rimmer et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, 2007.
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Du, Mingxuan, Elodie Zavattero, Qiang Ma, Olivier Delestre, Philippe Gourbesville, and Olivier Fouché. "3D modeling of a complex alluvial aquifer for efficient management – application to the lower valley of Var river, France." La Houille Blanche, no. 1 (February 2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2018009.
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Complex alluvial aquifers are frequently essential resources for cities that are looking for reliable and safe resources for water supply. The location of such aquifers is frequently combined with intense urban developments that may, potentially, generate pollutants that could affect badly the quality of the resources. An efficient and safe management of water supply system requests to develop a good knowledge of the dynamics of the aquifer and to characterize the exchanges that could exist with free surface flows in associated rivers. The most efficient way to understand the behaviour of the aquifer is to implement a 3D physically-based hydrodynamic model that could represent all physical processes. However, this approach, in order to become an operational tool, requests a structured methodology for data integration and validation. The paper describes the construction of a 3D hydraulic model of groundwater flow in the Var lower valley, on the French Riviera, with FEFLOW modeling system. Despite a very complex geological structure and a limited knowledge on the aquifer itself, the results demonstrate that the model is able to represent the groundwater flows over long chronologies and to provide an accurate diagnostic on various hydraulic structures that are affecting negatively the aquifer conservation.
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Aguilar-Anccota, R., A. Maldonado, Y. Zapata, M. More, M. Galecio, and P. Namó. "Etiology of pod and stem rot disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. Nir. 1 cultivation, Fundo Mambré, Chira Valley, Piura-Peru." Manglar 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/manglar.2017.005.
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Nout, M. J. R., C. E. Platis, and D. T. Wicklow. "Biodiversity of yeasts from Illinois maize." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-050.
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Microflora in wound sites of preharvest maize (including bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi) may play a role in attracting insects to maize plants and may also interact with growth and mycotoxin production by filamentous fungi. As little data are available about the yeasts occurring on maize from the U.S. corn belt, samples of milled maize from experimental plantings at the University of Illinois River Valley Sand Field were analyzed. Yeast counts showed slight yearly fluctuation and varied between 3.60 and 5.88 (log cfu/g maize). The majority of the yeasts were Candida guilliermondii (approximately 55%), Candida zeylanoides (24 %), Candida shehatae (11%), and Debaryomyces hansenii (3%). Also present were Trichosporon cutaneum, Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius, and Pichia membranifaciens. The occurrence of killer yeasts was also evaluated. Killer yeasts were detected in maize for the first time and were identified as Trichosporon cutaneum and Candida zeylanoides. These were able to kill some representative yeasts isolated from maize, including Candida guilliermondii, Candida shehatae, and Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius. Other maize yeasts (Candida zeylanoides, Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia membranifaciens) were not affected. The majority of yeasts found on maize were unable to ferment its major sugars, i.e., sucrose and maltose. Some (e.g., Candida zeylanoides) were not even able to assimilate these sugars. The importance of these properties in relation to insect attraction to preharvest ears of maize is discussed.Key words: corn, maize, yeast, killer.
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Lodge, G. M. "Effects of continuous grazing and seasonal closures on the performance and persistence of some sown temperate perennial grasses, North-West Slopes New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 4 (2002): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01114.
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A split-plot experiment was sown at Tamworth in 1992 to examine the effects of continuous sheep grazing and seasonal closures (autumn, spring, spring + autumn, and summer + winter) on the herbage mass, plant frequency and basal cover of 5 perennial grasses, when sown as monocultures or with a perennial (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa) or annual legume (Trifolium subterraneum var. subterraneum cv. Seaton Park). Plant basal area and crown density data were also collected. The perennial grasses were Phalaris aquatica cv. Sirosa, Festuca arundinacea, cv.� Demeter, Lolium perenne cv. Kangaroo Valley, Austrodanthonia richardsonii (syn. Danthonia richardsonii) cv.�Taranna, and A. bipartita (syn. D. linkii) cv. Bunderra. There was no significant effect of legume presence on the herbage mass or persistence of the perennial grasses. The only treatment that had a significant effect (P< 0.05) on either herbage mass, plant frequency or basal cover data was the grazing treatment × perennial grass interaction in each of the years 1993-98, except for herbage mass in December 1993 and basal cover in October 1998. In all of the grazing treatments examined, Kangaroo Valley ryegrass failed to persist after spring 1994; Demeter fescue had failed by spring 1997 and Sirosa phalaris by spring 1998. Six years after sowing the only temperate grass cultivars that were persisting in all grazing treatments were the native perennials, Taranna and Bunderra. Hence, the data represent the entire stand life from sowing to eventual failure for the 3 introduced cultivars. While grazing treatment effects within years for individual species were significant, overall grazing had little effect on the rate of decline in herbage mass and persistence of Kangaroo Valley, Demeter and Sirosa. By 1998, grazing treatment had no significant effect on the herbage mass and basal cover of Taranna and Bunderra, but their plant frequencies were lowest in the spring rest and summer + winter rest treatments.
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Moisa, Cristian, Andreea Lupitu, Georgeta Pop, Dorina Rodica Chambre, Lucian Copolovici, Gabriela Cioca, Simona Bungau, and Dana Maria Copolovici. "Variation of the Chemical Composition of Thymus Vulgaris Essential Oils by Phenological Stages." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.2.6973.
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Thymus vulgaris essential oil is one of the most common oils used mainly in food industry but it could also have applications in medicine and pharmacy. The chemical composition of this essential oil depends on the plant material harvesting time, phenomenological stages, meteorological conditions and growing area of plants. In our study, four different Thymus vulgaris L. var. Donne Valley essential oils have been extracted and characterised. The essential oils have been extracted from plants before and after flowering in two different years. There is an important difference between the chemical composition of oils obtained from plants harvested before and after flowering. Thymol and carvacrol have been found as the major components, but the percentage depends on the phenological stages of the plants and the year of harvesting. Furthermore, the composition of the minor components changed.
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Muro, Julio, Ignacio Irigoyen, and Carmen Lamsfus. "Using Defoliation to Estimate Yield Losses in Cauliflower: Application in Hail Damage Assessment." HortScience 33, no. 6 (October 1998): 984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.6.984.
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Experiments were designed to assess the effects of defoliation and bending back petioles on the head mass of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis Alef. subvar. cauliflora, cv. Matra) in the Central Ebro Valley of Spain. Treatments were applied at seven different stages during the growth cycle. Defoliation reduced final head mass, the amount of the reduction increasing with level of defoliation. Bending back the petioles produced a loss in head mass intermediate between that caused by 33% and 66% defoliation. In all four trials, mass loss was highest when defoliation occurred at a head diameter between 20 and 38 mm. Neither defoliation nor bending of the petioles appeared to influence head induction or length of the production cycle. Maximum loss of head mass (85.4% to 64.9%) occurred when cauliflower was totally defoliated at a head diameter of 20—25 mm.
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Baker, R. G., J. A. Mason, and L. J. Maher. "Petaloid Organs Preserved in an Arctic Plant Macrofossil Assemblage from Full-Glacial Sediments in Southeastern Minnesota." Quaternary Research 52, no. 3 (November 1999): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2085.
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A small suite of plant macrofossils indicates that southeastern Minnesota supported subarctic to arctic vegetation 18,700 yr B.P. Fossil tepals of Polygonum viviparum are exceptionally well preserved; they occur with more fragmentary remains of Dryas integrifolia, Vaccinium uliginosum var. alpinum, and probable species of arctic Salix, S. cf. herbacea, and S. cf. arctica. The pollen spectrum from this site is dominated by Picea, Pinus, and Cyperaceae, which are typical of midwestern full-glacial sequences. Tundra-like conditions with permafrost were present in southeastern Minnesota during full-glacial time. Local environments 18,700 yr B.P. reconstructed from both physical and paleobotanical evidence include wind-swept ridge tops with thin loess, outcrops of dolostone and sandstone on valley walls, colluvial slopes, sandy to gravelly floodplains, shallow floodplain pools, wet meadows, and peaty turfs, all in a treeless or nearly treeless environment.
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Kumar, Ratan, and Kavita Kandpal. "Influence of foliar fertilization of boron on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in boron deficient soil of Doon Valley, India." Progressive Horticulture 49, no. 1 (2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-5258.2017.00015.x.
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Rohmer, O., E. Bertrand, E. D. Mercerat, J. Régnier, M. Pernoud, P. Langlaude, and M. Alvarez. "Combining borehole log-stratigraphies and ambient vibration data to build a 3D Model of the Lower Var Valley, Nice (France)." Engineering Geology 270 (June 2020): 105588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105588.
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Mandakovic, Dinka, Rodrigo Pulgar, Jonathan Maldonado, Wladimir Mardones, Mauricio González, Francisco A. Cubillos, and Verónica Cambiazo. "Fungal Diversity Analysis of Grape Musts from Central Valley-Chile and Characterization of Potential New Starter Cultures." Microorganisms 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060956.
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Autochthonous microorganisms are an important source of the distinctive metabolites that influence the chemical profile of wine. However, little is known about the diversity of fungal communities associated with grape musts, even though they are the source of local yeast strains with potential capacities to become starters during fermentation. By using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicon sequencing, we identified the taxonomic structure of the yeast community in unfermented and fermented musts of a typical Vitis vinifera L. var. Sauvignon blanc from the Central Valley of Chile throughout two consecutive seasons of production. Unsurprisingly, Saccharomyces represented the most abundant fungal genus in unfermented and fermented musts, mainly due to the contribution of S. uvarum (42.7%) and S. cerevisiae (80%). Unfermented musts were highly variable between seasons and showed higher values of fungal diversity than fermented musts. Since microbial physiological characterization is primarily achieved in culture, we isolated nine species belonging to six genera of fungi from the unfermented must samples. All isolates were characterized for their potential capacities to be used as new starters in wine. Remarkably, only Metschnikowia pulcherrima could co-exist with a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain under fermentative conditions, representing a feasible candidate strain for wine production.
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Singh, Narendra, and Sunil Kumar Dhiman. "Quality and Quantity Loss by Aphid Infestation in Vegetables Grown under Protected Cultivation in Ladakh Region." Defence Life Science Journal 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.11516.
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<p>During the hardly six months of suitable climatic window in summer season, many vegetable crops such as cabbage, cauliflower and radish are grown extensively in Ladakh region of India. These crops contribute significantly to the requirement of military and paramilitary troops in addition to the civil population inhabiting the region. In addition to growing these vegetable crops outdoor, some of these are grown under protective cultivation to get early and more produce, however various insect pests including aphids cause serious damage to the crops annually. The present study was undertaken to estimate the quality as well as quantity loss due to aphids infestation in three economically important crops namely cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis), knol – khol (B. caulorapa) and radish (R. sativus) in the Indus valley of Ladakh region (J&K), in 2015. Results showed that there was 7.5 % to 27.5 % reduction in chlorophyll contents in the study crops while the overall yield in infested crops ranged from 35.4 in B. caulorapa to 41.9 % in B. oleracea var. botrytis respectively. Total chlorophyll contents were decreased statistically in radish (p = 0.0002; χ2 ≥ 17.0), whereas the overall yield loss was statistically similar among all the three vegetable crops (p = 0.6). Current study is first to analyze this kind of loss in important vegetable crops in Ladakh region of India and could be used as baseline study for planning anti-aphid strategy to protect vegetable crops in Ladakh region of India.</p>
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Chen, C. M., G. W. Douhan, and F. P. Wong. "First Report of Waitea circinata var. circinata Causing Brown Ring Patch on Poa trivialis in California." Plant Disease 91, no. 12 (December 2007): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1687a.
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Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) is a C3 (cool-season) turfgrass used on golf course putting greens. It is often used to overseed C4 (warm-season) turf for fall through early-summer use. In March 2007, at maximium daytime air temperatures of approximately 30 to 35°C, irregular, thin, yellow rings approximately 10 to 20 cm in diameter were reported on P. trivialis in putting greens from two golf courses in the Coachella Valley of southern California. Affected plants had a blight of the leaves and stems and a rot of the crown, with initial symptoms being a yellowing of the tissue followed by the development of a dark, water-soaked appearance of the whole plant. Plants turned reddish brown as the water-soaked tissue dessicated. A Rhizoctonia-like fungus was found to be colonizing the leaves, stems, and upper roots and thatch. Three isolates were obtained from the diseased turf samples. All were identified as Waitea circinata var. circinata based on colony morphology (2) and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences (1). The sequences of the three isolates were more than 99% similar to those of W. circinata var. circinata deposited in the NCBI database (1,2). To confirm pathogenicity, each isolate was inoculated onto 4-week-old P. trivialis (2 mg of seed per cm2) grown in 10-cm-diameter pots containing steam-sterilized UC-mix at 28°C. Five 8-mm-diameter plugs of each isolate were taken from 7-day-old cultures grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and placed in direct contact with the bases of the stems. The pots were then incubated in a moist chamber at 28°C. Five noncolonized PDA plugs were used as a negative control. Three pots were used for each of the three isolates and the check treatment. For all isolates, chlorosis of leaf and stems were observed 5 days after inoculation and the tissue appeared water soaked after 7 days with the production of abundant aerial mycelia being observed. All plants, except the negative controls, died after 10 days. W. circinata var. circinata was reisolated from symptomatic tissue from the inoculated plants. W. circinata var. circinata was previously reported as the causal agent of brown ring patch on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) in Japan (2) and as a pathogen of annual bluegrass (P. annua) in the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of W. circinata var. circinata infecting P. trivialis in California. References: (1) K. de la Cerda et al. Plant Dis. 91:791, 2007. (2) T. Toda et al. Plant Dis. 89:536, 2005.
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., Sonam, Suneeta Singh, and Anil Kumar Saxena. "Efficacy of plant growth regulator (GA3) on growth and yield attributes of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) at Dehradun valley." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i5b.10282.
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