Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Variabilité chromosomique'
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Abdullatif, Maha. "Étude comparée de l'hybride Fatshedera lizei Guillaumin et ses parents : aspects caryologique, palynologique et polyploïdie expérimentale." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112304.
Full textThe purpose of the present work is, fundamentally, a better knowledge of the natural hybride sterile Fatshedera lizei (Fatsia japonica x Hedera helix var. Hibernica). A study of the cytological and palynological point of vue aims to precise its origin. In the applicated fiels his experimental polyploidisation has been tried to make it fertile. On the caryological plan, the hybrid and its parents display an important inter individual variability of the values 2 n, because each individual is a chromosomical mosaics. The vegetative multiplication which exploits the mitotics anomalies maintains and diversifies this mosaics. The nature of the parental gamets responsible of the appearance of Fatshedera liezi has been equally researched. On the palynological plan, this intergenerical hybrid (63 % of anormal grains) displays qualitative and quantitative characters intermediate between the characters of its parents, but it appears more akin to his femel parent Fatsia japonica for its tectum. The doubly of the chromosomical number by the action of colchicine appears too difficult and only partial
Hoff, Grégory. "Réparation des cassures double-brin et variabilité chromosomique chez Streptomyces." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0288/document.
Full textIonizing radiation, desiccation or exogenous secondary metabolites are all factors that can cause DNA damage in soil bacteria, especially by triggering double strand breaks (DSB), the most detrimental harm for the cell. In prokaryotes, evolution selected two main DSB repair pathways, namely homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). HR is almost ubiquitous in bacteria and relies on an intact copy of the damaged DNA molecule as a template for DSB repair. In contrast to HR, NHEJ is only present in 20 to 25% of bacteria and is considered as a mutagenic pathway since DSB repair is performed without the need of any template and can lead to nucleotide addition or deletion at DSB site. In the bacterial model Mycobacterium, two partners are sufficient for a functional NHEJ pathway. Thus, Ku protein dimer recognizes and binds the DSB and then recruits the multifunctional LigD protein for extremities treatment and ligation thanks to its polymerase, nuclease and ligase domains. At the beginning of this work, few informations on DSB repair in Streptomyces were available. This bacteria exhibits remarkable genomic features including a large linear chromosome (6 to 12 Mb). Regarding HR, we focused on the late stage (post-synaptic step) in studying the role of RuvABC complex and RecG, involved in branch migration and Holliday junction resolution in E. coli. Construction of single and multiple mutants showed that although the genes encoding these proteins are highly conserved in Streptomyces, their deficiency in Streptomyces ambofaciens only results in a mild decrease of recombination after conjugation events. Besides, no decrease of intrachromosomal recombination efficiency could be observed. These results suggest that major alternative factors are still to be discovered in Streptomyces. This work was also the first occasion to decipher a NHEJ pathway in Streptomyces. An exhaustive genomic study revealed a great diversity in the number of factors potentially implicated in this pathway (Ku, LigDom, PolDom, NucDom) and in the organization of their encoding genes. Functional analyses revealed that all the factors, whatever they are conserved or not between species, were involved in the response to electron beam exposure, known to induce, amongst other things, DSB formation. Generation of DSB by I-SceI endonuclease cleavage was also used to evidence at a molecular level NHEJ type DSB repair (deletions or insertions of several nucleotides, integration of DNA fragments). Targeted breaks in the terminal regions of the chromosome were accompanied by large deletions (up to 2.1 Mb) and major rearrangements including chromosome circularizations and DNA amplifications. Consequences of DSB repair in S. ambofaciens are in all points similar to chromosome rearrangements observed spontaneously or by comparing genomes of different species. Thus, it is possible to link the genome plasticity to DSB repair. In addition, the integration of exogenous genetic material would be favoured during NHEJ repair which would give this repair system a major role in the horizontal transfer process, known to be a main evolution mechanism in bacteria
Pébay, Mireille. "Instabilité chromosomique chez la bactérie, streptococcus thermophilus cnrz368 : variabilité du phénotype des colonies et du nombre de Loci RRN." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10021.
Full textFischer, Gilles. "Variabilité des régions terminales de l'ADN chromosomique linéaire de streptomyces ambofaciens : implications évolutives de l'instabilité génétique." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10240.
Full textGallois, Alexandre. "Dynamique des extrémités du chromosome linéaire de Streptomyces ambofaciens." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10108/document.
Full textThe Streptomyces are soil bacteria with a large linear chromosome, typically 8 to 10 Mb, high part of G-C bases (72.1% for S. coelicolor) and are subject to a high degree of genetic instability, correlated with the formation of large rearrangement occurring in the terminal chromosomal regions. The analysis of the terminal regions sequences and partial sequence central region of S. ambofaciens ATCC23877 shows that the size of the terminal species-specific regions increases as the phylogenetic distance between compared species increases. The synteny observed between central regions degenerates progressively over several hundreds of kilobases before reaching the terminal species-specific regions. This synteny appears as gradually parceled out by multiple insertions/deletions (indels) of genes. The comparison of the sequences of the Terminal Inverted Repeat (TIR) of two S. ambofaciens strains shows the two strains share the same ancestral boundaries of TIRs. On the other hand, the terminals regions are strain-specific suggesting that exchanges of replicon extremities, potentially plasmidic, have occurred, contributing to the terminal variability observed at the intraspecific level. The mechanisms of double breaks repair or the frequency of these double breaks could be the reasons of this variability. Sometimes, the chromosome becomes dicentric and enters in a break-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle. This cycle is the consequence of a end-to-end fusion of two deleted chromosomes. The analysis of S. ambofaciens DSM40697 strains with a second locus involved in the partitioning narrows the implication of this one in the chromosomic instability and the Streptomyces’ evolution
Oudjehih, Bachir. "Étude de la variabilité caryologique dans le genre eucalyptus l'Hérit. (Myrtaceae) : Analyse statistique de la morphologie chromosomique des génomes et comparaison des caryotypes par la technique de "Hy-bands"." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10050.
Full textBerger, Sibel. "Action de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux sur la dynamique mutationnelle au cours de la différenciation chez Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877." Nancy 1, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2004_0179_CATAKLI.pdf.
Full textIn Streptomyces ambofaciens, mutants generated by genetic instability and named Pig-pap were characterised. Analyses of the chromosome of the 29C1 strain revealed a new type of rearrangement associated to the production of a green pigment. The Pig-pap mutants, pigment and spore deficient, derived from papillae on the colonies. The introduction of the whiG gene coding a sigma factor restored sporulation and pigmentation. In these mutants, this gene is not mutated and is transcribed. WhiH gene whose transcription depends on WhiG is not transcribed. WhiG would be not fonctional and a post-transcriptional modification could be responsible of the Pig-pap phenotype. Study of mutants derived from a transconjugant showed that the whiG transgene constitute a target of mutations. More, the production of mutants is increased during a amino acids limitation and a relA mutant does not produce papilla, implicating the stringent response in this phenomenon
Catakli, Sibel. "Action de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux sur la dynamique mutationnelle au cours de la différenciation chez Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576223.
Full textTacuatiá, Luana Olinda. "Les aspects de la variabilité génétique et cytogénétique, et de la biologie reproductive chez Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. (Iridaceae) dans le sud du Brésil." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922984.
Full textChoulet, Frédéric. "Evolution du génome des Streptomyces : transfert horizontal et variabilité des extrémités chromosomiques." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0122_CHOULET.pdf.
Full textStreptomyces are soil dwelling bacteria producers of a considerable number of antibiotic compounds. They exhibit very particular genomic features among bacteria since their chromosomal DNA is linear, among the largest described (8-11 Mb) and with a very high G+C content (70-73%). Partial sequencing and annotation of the Streptomyces ambofaciens chromosome has been undertaken in order to study the genetic organization and evolutionary forces that shape the genome and also to identify new interesting metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Development of bioinformatics methods was the first step of this work and has revealed a genomic compartmentalization where variability is confined in the terminal regions (up to 2 Mb). Comparative genomics between S. Ambofaciens and three other Streptomyces species has provided a dynamic view of genome evolution. Exchanges of extremities between linear replicons could be at the origin of intraspecific variability, associating linearity to variability. In addition, terminal regions appear as privileged targets for acquisition of new genetic information resulting from horizontal transfer events. A progressive degeneration of the synteny reveals a gradient of insertion/deletion events which frequency increases toward the chromosomal ends. This mechanism would be the force driving the diversification of Streptomyces and could play a major role in adaptation to the environment
Rottman, Martin. "Phylogenie et variabilite des cephalosporinases chromosomiques au sein du genre enterobacter." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05N004.
Full textChoulet, Frédéric Leblond Pierre. "Evolution du génome des Streptomyces transfert horizontal et variabilité des extrémités chromosomiques /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0122_CHOULET.pdf.
Full textNugoli, Mélanie. "Instabilité génétique des cancers du sein et étude à haute résolution des anomalies quantitatives du bras long du chromosome 1 (1q)." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20116.
Full textBlaise, Renaud. "Implication du processus apoptotique dans la modulation des dommages chromosomiques." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA11T034.
Full textTelomeres are nucleoproteic structures which are specifie of the end of the chromosomes. Their DNA sequence is a tandem repeat which is rich in Guanine on one strand that is TTAGGG in most of eukaryotes. Such sequences have also been observed at interstitial sites. These interstitial telomeric sequences (ITS) should result from the internalisation oftelomeres deriving from fusions of chromosomes, inversions, translocations or transposition during the phylogenic evolution. As the telomeres shorten after each DNA replication round, they have been shown to generate chromosomal instability. To determine the potential role of ITS on chromosomal instability in human cells, we used a cytogenetic approach to characterize 3 cell lines transfected with a plasmid containing telomeric sequences which has inserted in an interstitial site. The chromosomal instability was assessed by scoring the number of breaks which occured in cells, in the chromosome containing the plasmid and in the region of integration comparing to parental cell lines. As a first result, we showed that the presence of transfected telomefic sequences at an interstitial site did not modify the intrinsec instability of the 3 clones analysed (Desmaze et al. , 1999). Because ionizing radiations (IR) could promote the developpment of tumors and chromosomal instability has been observed during cellular transformation process, we irradiated sorne of the human cell lines we already studied to investigate the role of ITS in chromosomal instability and the formation of chromosomal aberrations after gamma irradiation. Our results show that the site of insertion of the plasmid seems to be more sensitivity to IR, compared to other region of the chromosome but without any influence of the telomeric sequences. We also discuss about the capacity of telomeric or anonymous sequences to integrate at sensitive sites
Clément, Valérie. "Mise au point et validation d'une méthode quantitative pour évaluer le nombre de copies de régions chromosomiques spécifiques (CNV) dans de grands échantillons." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27987/27987.pdf.
Full textGRANE-LAMBERT, FATIMA. "Signification de la variabilite de deux taxons marocains centaurea incana desf. Et centaurea nana desf. Aux plans phenotypique, anatomique, chromosomique, chimique, etc." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MNHN0028.
Full textManohar, Surya Krishna. "Etude de la variabilité du virus du rabougrissement de l'arachide "Peanut Clup Virus" (PCV)." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20085.
Full textAbdel, Samad Farah. "Caractérisation écogéographique et génétique du genre Astragalus du Liban : approches de conservation biogéographique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4320.
Full textThe genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is one of the genera with the largest number of representatives among the angiosperms. Its center of origin and diversity is located in the arid mountains of Central and Southwest Asia. In Lebanon, this genus is also one of the most represented genera in the flora, with 62 species and subspecies and 22 endemic species identified. The different taxa of this genus are difficult to identify based only on morphological characters and their current status of distribution must be evaluated. Phylogenetic relationships, changes in genome size and the role of polyploidy in the evolution of Astragalus genus in the Lebanese mountains range were studied. Our data confirm that a significant interspecific chromosomal polymorphism exists in the genus Astragalus of Lebanon and polyploidy and the subsequent evolution of the genome may be important drivers of the evolution of this genus. The diversification process of Astragalus genus that took place in Lebanon was analyzed using phylogenetic and molecular dating methods and analysis of ancestral areas. Our results confirm that Lebanon is the third center of diversity and should be considered as a "cradle" of biodiversity. Therefore, this study is a contribution to a better understanding of evolutionary and biogeographic processes behind the development of biodiversity in Lebanon, with an applied purpose of biogeographic conservation
Oudjehih, Bachir. "Etude de la variabilité caryolique dans le genre eucalyptus l'herit. (Myrtaceae) analyse statistique de la morphologie chromosomique des génomes et comparaison des caryotypes par la technique de "Hy-bands /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376086181.
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