Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Variabilité intraspécifique'
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Rota, Thibaut. "Effets de la variabilité intraspécifique du phénotype des invertébrés sur la décomposition des litières." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30309.
Full textIntraspecific variability of individuals' phenotype is at the root of natural selection, but remains poorly evaluated from the ecosystem functioning perspective. My research has focused on measuring individual and population differences in phenotypic traits of invertebrates involved in detrital food webs, as well as evaluating their impact on litter decomposition. First, I showed that intraspecific differences of litter consumption rate is high compared to the interspecific differences measured experimentally on a sample of 10 terrestrial and aquatic detritivore species. Another laboratory study revealed that litter consumption rate differences between individuals of a same population can be explained by behavioral and energetic traits. Oppositely, body size of individuals proved to be less effective in explaining inter-individual variability of litter consumption rates. Traits of predator invertebrates can also act on litter decomposition indirectly through interactions with detritivores. An in situ experiment has shown that predator individuals with different phenotypes can have opposite effects on decomposition. Trophic cascade variability was explained by sex and a lifestyle index, defined by a combination of behavioral and life history traits. Finally, I validated the hypothesis that the origin of predator populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient in Europe modulates the response of litter decomposition to global warming. All my work highlights the underestimated role of intraspecific variability of phenotype in Ecology. Individual, rather than species, should be the basic unit to better understand the biotic control of ecosystem functioning and to predict the ecological consequences of environmental changes
Albert, Cécile. "Variabilité fonctionnelle intraspécifique : quantification in situ et implications dans une vallée alpine." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10273.
Full textIntraspecific functional variability being poorly known, this work aimed at quantifying this variability, understanding the role of environmental gradients on this variability, disentangling its relative importance compared to interspecific variability and testing its impact on the calculation of functional diversity indices and a model of vegetation dynamics. Following a stratified and hierarchical sampling strategy, we collected traits on sixteen contrasted common species in a French alpine valley. We showed a strong intraspecific variability of traits. This variability was lower than interspecific one, but not negligible, it results partly from environmental effects and could be explained by species habitat models; it also strongly altered the calculation of functional diversity indices. In conclusion, intraspecific functional variability should be more often considered
Albert, Cécile. "Variabilité fonctionnelle intraspécifique : quantification in situ et implications dans une vallée alpine." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450219.
Full textAuger, Sébastien. "L'importance de la variabilité interspécifique des traits fonctionnels par rapport à la variabillité intraspécifique chez les jeunes arbres en forêt mature." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4937.
Full textBilhère, Eric. "Etude de la diversité génétique intraspécifique chez la bactérie lactique Œnococcus œni." Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21611.
Full textThe lactic acid bacterium Œnococcus œni plays a key role in winemaking. Since it can survive to acidic pHs and to high concentrations of alcohol, it quickly becomes the predominant species which performs the malolactic fermentation. However, there is a great natural diversity of strains which differ in terms of growth rate, fermentation efficiency or production of aromatic compounds. To better understand the origins of these phenotypic variations, we have studied several aspects of the intraspecific genetic diversity of Œ. œni. First, we have analyzed the population structure of Œ. œni strains using a dual approach involving multilocus sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This work revealed a species particularly well conserved in terms of sequences, but which shows a significant genotypic diversity due to frequent recombination events. In addition, we have detected two sub-populations distinguishable by their allelic repertories and their profiles of macrodigestion. Second, using suppressive subtractive hybridization, we have established a catalog of genes specific to certain strains of Œ. œni. The characterization of one of them, the mobile dpsA gene, revealed that it is involved in the response to oxidative stress and promotes bacterial survival in wine. Third, we have characterized a 18 Kb plasmid isolated from a commercial Œ. œni strain. This is a theta replicating and low copy number plasmid. Analysis of its sequence has revealed strong homologies with plasmids of other lactic acid bacteria frequently found in wine
Roubeau, Dumont Eva. "Variabilité intraspécifique de la sensibilité des macrophytes aquatiques à la contamination chimique : l'exemple du cuivre." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30299/document.
Full textIntraspecific variability plays a pivotal role in short and long term responses of species to environmental fluctuations. This variability, expressed through different traits of individuals, can potentially influence species sensitivity to chemical contamination. This intraspecific variability is currently not taken into account in ecotoxicological risk assessment, whereas it can mislead its results. To examine this hypothesis, the importance of intraspecific variability in the response to copper (Cu) was quantified in controlled conditions for three aquatic macrophyte species, Lemna minor, Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum. Variations among genotypes of each of these 3 species were compared to interspecific variability. Results have highlighted a significant genotypic variability, whose importance depends on the species considered. Indeed, L. minor demonstrated a low variability, contrarily to M. spicatum whose variability in growth inhibition by Cu was higher than interspecific differences. In order to specify the extent and the mechanisms of genotypic variability in M. spicatum, other experiments involving measurements of life-history traits have been conducted on 7 genotypes exposed to Cu. Results showed that some genotypes were up to eightfold more sensitive to Cu than others (at concentrations ranging between 0.15 and 0.5 mg/L). These differences in sensitivity were partly explained by the traits measured, but physiological or transcriptomic endpoints may explain more precisely the source of these differences in sensitivity. Finally, 3 experiments with fluctuations in nutrient concentrations, light intensity and Cu pre-exposure have demonstrated that phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in L. minor sensitivity to Cu. Indeed, the weakening of individuals, as a result of unfavorable environmental conditions, can lead to a two-fold increase in sensitivity to Cu.[...]
L'Honoré, Thibaut. "Plasticité phénotypique et variabilité intraspécifique de la tolérance à la dessalure chez le loup méditerranéen Dicentrarchus labrax." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG081.
Full textFacing environmental change, organisms may have to flee or to acclimate. Acclimation is based on the ability of organisms tomodify their phenotype, i.e. some of their biological traits (metabolism, behaviour, physiology) in order to survive in a given environment.This is called phenotypic plasticity. However, individuals of the same species may differ within their genotype and phenotypes. This isreferred as inter-individual or intra-individual variability. This variability can be found in the plasticity of organisms to respond to rapid orlong-term changes in their environment. The European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax is a marine fish whose range extends from the northernEuropean coasts to the African sides and the Mediterranean sea. It undertakes seasonal migrations from the juvenile stage in lagoons andestuaries and sometimes even in rivers. It is therefore a plastic species in terms of osmoregulatory physiology, capable of withstanding a widerange of salinity: from 0 to 90 ppt. On the other hand, in the laboratory, a high variability in the osmoregulatory response in fresh water wasfound. The objectives of this thesis were to characterise the phenotypic plasticity and intraspecific variability of the Mediterranean sea bass inrelation to desalination.To do this, fish were transferred to fresh water and studied by different approaches. The first one allowed me to understand theeffects of desalination on respiratory metabolism and hypoxia tolerance. In fresh water, the respiratory capacities of sea bass differ fromthose of seawater with a higher metabolic rate, as well as a higher tolerance to hypoxia. In addition, the study of the transcripts revealsdifferent responses after two weeks and two months in fresh water. Individuals unable to tolerate fresh water were characterised by lowerbehavioural traits (velocity, displacement) and biochemical traits (osmotic pressure, blood chloride and sodium) than those of freshwatertolerant. The study of transcripts (ionic transporters and hormone receptors) revealed that intolerance to fresh water is partly due to aninability at the renal level to reabsorb ions and thus maintain the hydromineral balance. The study of the phenotypic variability ofMediterranean sea bass in fresh water has been repeated at different ages. It shows that tolerance/intolerance to fresh water is a stablephenomenon in terms of proportions (30% intolerant), but labile over time (it is not necessarily the same individuals who are tolerant orintolerant to fresh water following successive transfers). This suggests random, genetic and/or epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Apreliminary study of DNA cysteine methylation concluded that freshwater transfer influences overall DNA methylation. The link betweenintraspecific variability related to freshwater tolerance and DNA methylation remains to be investigated.The last approach used was to study telomere dynamics (length and expression of the telomerase gene) as potential markers ofhypo-osmotic stress in sea bass. The method, now in development, does not indicate any effect of hypo-osmotic stress on telomere dynamics.Nevertheless, the response of intolerant sea bass to fresh water has yet to be confirmed by increasing the number of individuals. Thesepreliminary results suggest that transitions to hypo-osmotic environments do not cause more oxidative damage at the branchial level. Itwould be interesting to use this approach in the context of other environmental stressors and to explore other organs telomere dynamics
Solsona, Michel. "Variabilité intraspécifique de trois mycoplasmes pathogènes majeurs chez les ruminants et applications épidémiologiques." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10140.
Full textEvangelista, Charlotte. "Variabilité intraspécifique chez les espèces invasives et ses conséquences sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30233/document.
Full textWhile biological invasions are widely recognized as a major cause of ecosystem changes, the ecological impacts of invasive species could be modulated by intraspecific variability in ecological traits occurring between and within populations. The present work demonstrated, at different geographical scales, the existence of a strong phenotypic variability within two freshwater invaders, Lepomis gibbosus and Procambarus clarkii. In addition, phenotypic responses to environmental conditions was demonstrated to be complex, revealing notably that the methods used to control invasive populations can be counter-productive and that the colonization history of invasive populations is an important driver of phenotype-environment relationships. Experimental approaches also demonstrated that intraspecific variability modulated the intensity of the ecological impacts of invasive species on community structure and ecosystem functioning. These findings strongly support the idea that integrating intraspecific variability in the context of biological invasions is essential to better appreciate their impacts on recipient ecosystem and ultimately improve the efficient of management methods based on the characteristics of invasive populations
Roussel, Magali. "Variabilité intraspécifique de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau dans une famille de chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L.) : causes physiologiques et/ou anatomiques." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10090/document.
Full textPedunculate oak is a species that shows a large intraspecific variability of water-use efficiency (WUE). The genetic determinism of WUE in this species has been demonstrated. WUE is a complex trait which is defined at a leaf level as the ratio of net CO2 assimilation rate (A) on stomatal conductance for water vapor (gs). This ratio – estimated with carbon isotope composition of organic matter (?13C) – is therefore influenced by numerous physiological or anatomical traits that influence A (chlorophyll content, thickness of leaf tissue) or gs (stomatal density…). The comparison of genotypes belonging to a same full-sib family of pedunculate oak, in non-limiting conditions, for these foliar traits has shown that the variability of WUE in this family was linked to the variability of gs instead of photosynthetic capacity. To go further, a study has been done on the possibility to use the variations of the isotope composition of oxygen (16O/18O) of leaf water and leaf organic matter to decompose the differences in water-use efficiency in its photosynthetic and transpiratory components. The results of this study has shown that the 18O signature coulb be used as a proxy for gs for pedunculate oak, but only in controlled conditions, and after amelioration of organic matter extraction procedures
Reisser, Cyrielle. "Analyse de la variabilité intraspécifique chez les levures : résistance à l'ammonium et aux composés azolés." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ012/document.
Full textIn all species, mutations and chromosomal rearrangements are drivers of genomes evolution. These processes generate the genetic diversity at the origin of the phenotypic variations observed between the individuals of the same species. This variation is essential for their adaptation to a new environment. The yeasts are isolated from various ecological and geographical niches and show an important phenotypic variation. According to these characteristics, they are excellent modelorganisms to determine the genetic origins of the observed phenotypic variation. In this context, the study focused on the variation of resistance to ammonium and azole antifungals within two yeast species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lachancea kluyveri. The analyses of the genetic origin of the resistance to these compounds show that this genetic variation could occur at several levels: coding sequence for resistance to ammonium and regulatory sequence for resistance to antifungal agents. In addition, evolving experiments have showed that the adaptation to a new environment was done by gene dosage, through the acquisition of extrachromosomes in both species studied
Wagner-Deyries, Margot. "Toxicité de la méthylisothiazolinone sur l'espèce clé de voûte des écosystèmes d’eau douce Daphnia pulex." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSARA092.
Full textIsothiazolinones are a family of organic molecules used as broad-spectrum biocides in a wide variety of consumer and industrial applications. Although their presence in the environment has been detected, especially in soils and freshwater, reports by the manufacturers deemed the quantities involved harmless for the ecosystem. However, given the daily amounts of it released in the environment over decades, concerns were raised about their impact on non-target species evolutionary processes, which cannot be examined under standard ecotoxicity test conditions. This work aims to provide some answers by studying the effects of the most innocuous of these molecules, methylisothiazolinone (MIT). MIT acute toxicity was assessed on Daphnia pulex, an iconic ecotoxicology and evolutionary model species of aquatic invertebrates.These short-term tests revealed a great intraspecific variability in the tolerance to MIT contamination, which was also verified in a longterm experiment using low concentration. Moreover, MIT exposure caused lethal and sublethal effects on daphnia fitness, with developments over four generations in the case of a continuous multigenerational exposure, but not in the case of parental or grandparental exposure. These effects were further investigated with differential expression analysis from global RNAseq data. Both intraspecific variability and multigenerational change in the responses within one species call for the inclusion of evolutionary processes in risk assessments and the reconsideration of standard ecotoxicity tests interpretations
Sauvey, Aurore. "Variabilité interspécifique et intraspécifique des indices physiologiques chez les diatomées toxiques du genre Pseudo-nitzschia : influence du cycle de vie." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC266/document.
Full textIn the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, some species produce a neurotoxin called domoic acid responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans following the consumption of contaminated molluscs. In the Bay of Seine (English Channel), the variability of bloom toxicity is linked to differences in the Pseudo-nitzschia species diversity. The aim of this thesis was to characterize the ecophysiological diversity within the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in order to better understand the physiological parameters influencing differences in toxicity and bloom phenology among the main Pseudo-nitzschia species of the Bay of Seine. Growth, domoic acid production, elemental intracellular quotas, photosynthetic parameters and kinetic parameters for nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid uptake were studied in four Pseudo-nitzschia species: P. australis, P. pungens, P. fraudulenta et P. delicatissima. The intraspecific variability was characterized with a multi-strain approach and also considering the effect of cell size on the studied physiological parameters. The results highlight the importance of the intraspecific variability in the physiology of the four species, in part due to cell size reduction linked to Pseudo-nitzschia life cycle. Delineate the intraspecific diversity allowed to characterize different physiological traits for each species. This work brings new information on the physiological conditions favorable to domoic acid production and on the role of nutrients in controlling Pseudo-nitzschia species diversity during blooms
Bergonier, Dominique. "Etude de la variabilité intraspécifique de Mycoplasma agalactiae : bases pour l'amélioration du diagnostic de l'agalactie contagieuse." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10187.
Full textBridier, Julen. "Etude de la diversité intraspécifique de l’espèce Oenococcus oeni, relation entre variabilité phénotypique et diversité génétique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21881/document.
Full textOenococcus oeni is the main agent responsible for the malolactic fermentation, during the wine making process. Its adaptation to wine environment is a key step for the success of the MLF, and then for wines quality. However, there is a high phenotypic variability among the species and several strains are unable to perform MLF. The selection of the best enological strains implies starting by analyzing the diversity of O. oeni. This study has been divided in three main themes of research. Firstly, the genetic diversity has been analyzed using several approaches, MLST, REA-PFGE and presence of genetic markers. That study proved the structuration of the species in two phylogenetic groups and several subgroups, related to geographical areas. Secondly, the study of the phenotypic diversity showed that all the studied strains present a high variability and the best behavior in wine making conditions is found in those from the phylogenetic group A. Finally, a transcriptional analysis has revealed some molecular mechanisms possibly implicated in stress response in O. oeni
Cao, Quanquan. "Physiological and molecular responses of Atlantic and Mediterranean sea bass lineages to hypersalinity : A comparative study." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG019.
Full textThe European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) migrates towards habitats where salinity can reach levels over 50 ‰, notably in Mediterranean lagoons. We compared physiological responses of Atlantic and West Mediterranean sea bass to hypersalinity. We focused on the role of the kidney and intestine in solute-driven water reabsorption. Intestinal arginine vasotocin and isotocin receptor (AVTR and ITR) expression were also analyzed. Fish were sampled following a two-week transfer from seawater (SW, 36 ‰) to either SW or hypersaline water (HW, 55 ‰). A decreased renal glomerulus size was measured in HW compared to SW indicating that sea bass minimize water loss through urine upon salinity increase. Renal relative protein amounts and activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) were significantly higher in fish exposed to hypersalinity regardless of their origin indicating increased ion transport. Renal aquaporin 1a (AQP1a) immunolabeling was mainly detected in proximal tubules that do not express NKA and aqp1a, aqp1b were downregulated in HW suggesting a limited role of AQP1 in solute-coupled water uptake at 55 ‰. In the posterior intestine, nka α1a, nkcc2, aqp8ab and aqp8aa mRNA expressions were higher in HW compared to SW as well as relative protein expression of AQP8ab. The sub-apical localization of AQP8ab and apical localization of Na+/K+, 2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) in enterocytes could indicate a functional link between Na+, Cl- and water uptake. Among AVTR paralogs, highest mRNA levels were recorded for v1a2 paralog which showed a higher expression in D. labrax intestine after transfer of fish to HW. Intraspecific comparisons showed that blood osmolality was unchanged in Atlantic sea bass following salinity transfer but was higher in Mediterranean sea bass in HW compared to SW. Differences between D. labrax lineages were observed in posterior intestines of fish maintained in SW regarding NKA activities and the expression of several genes invo lved in solute-coupled water uptake with significantly higher levels in Mediterranean sea bass, most likely reflecting adaptive differences in mechanism linked to ion-driven water reuptake within D. labrax lineages
Gachet, Christophe. "Inventaire et hiérarchisation de paramètres structuraux facteurs de variabilité intraspécifique de certaines propriétés mécano physiques des tissus ligneux." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007161.
Full textJung, Vincent. "Etude de la structuration des communautés végétales des prairies alluviales le long d'un gradient d'inondation." Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ010S.
Full textIt is well recognize that the species composition of plant communities is not random and depends on environmental conditions. However, mechanisms controlling species spatial distribution as well as species coexistence within communities remain unknown. This study investigates the structure of meadow plant communities distributed along a flooding gradient. We first quantified the relative importance of abiotic (hydrolory) and biotic (competition) filters at the species level. We demonstrated that species ecological responses along the flooding gradient are shaped by interactive effects between hydrological conditions and competition. Moreover, we demonstrated that competition is more important in constraining upper distribution limits of species (dry end of the gradient) than lower limits. A traitbased approach at the community scale revealed the existence of two niche-based processes (habitat filtering and limiting similarity) that control community assembly. However, the detection of these processes was strongly improved when intraspecific trait variation was included in the analysis. These results demonstrate that intraspecific trait variation should improve our mechanistic understanding of community assembly. An experimental study was carried out to evaluate whether intraspecific variability is involved in the short-term response of meadow species to an important change in hydrological conditions. This study demonstrated that intraspecific variations of leaf traits allow some species to acclimate to a change in hydrolory. Finally, we conducted a proteomics analysis of two Rumex species among different gradient locations. We found strong similarities between intra- and interspecific differentiations of proteomes. Our results underline the link between ecological and evolutionary processes
Bert, Didier. "L'influence de la variabilité intraspécifique sur la taxinomie, la biostratigraphie et l'évolution des ammonites : une approche paléobiologique : exemples pris dans le Jurassique supérieur et le Crétacé inférieur." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S047/document.
Full textThe issue of this work involves concrete case of application of the palaeobiological approach in ammonites. Special attention was given to intraspecific variability and its taxonomic consequences and the study of evolutionary processes and patterns of the groups studied, in order to draw generalizations. Paleobiological studies on a variety of examples show that the degree of variability and its consideration by the authors has a particular influence on taxonomic concepts, and consequently on the biostratigraphy and the understanding of evolutionary mechanisms. Westermann laws seem to be dominant to explain intraspecific variability of a large number of ammonites groups, but they are not the only source of covariation and their influence must be relativized against other factors usually not taken into account. Factors of intraspecific variability recognized are: (1) dimorphism, (2) a dipolar variability in the strict application of the first Westermann’s law, (3) changes compared to the general statement of the law, (4) tripolar variability, (5) heterochronic relationships morphological dependent or independent, (6) an attenuation factor of ornamentation, and (7) various coiling factors related or not to other morphological and ornamental characters in heteromorphic ammonites
Petit-Paly, Geneviève. "Les Alcaloïdes quaternaires dihydrofuroquinoléiques à activité cytotoxique de Ptelea trifoliata L. (Rutacee) : comparaison de la variabilité intraspécifique (in vivo) et la variabilité somaclonale (in vitro) : mise en évidence de molécules nouvelles." Tours, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOUR3803.
Full textRamia, Nancy. "Compétition par interférence et diversité génétique à l’échelle intraspécifique chez la bactérie lactique Carnobacterium maltaromaticum." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0211.
Full textCompetition and diversity are major phenomena in microbiology. In the agri-food sector, competition is the very basis of biopreservation, a process which objective is to inhibit undesirable microorganisms through the use of microbial competitors. Microbial diversity lies at the origin of the diversity of fermented products and particularly of the typicality of cheeses. However, the ecology of microbial competition in food and the link with microbial diversity are poorly understood. The goal of this thesis was to study the diversity and the competition of a representative model bacterium of the cheese ecosystem. The study model chosen is the lactic acid bacterium Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. An analysis of the diversity of 21 strains of C. maltaromaticum was performed by MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and allowed to complete the scheme of C. maltaromaticum population structure. This study revealed the presence of 56 genotypes among a collection of 71 strains, showing a high genetic diversity within this species. Interference competition was studied by performing high-throughput competition assays. Each competition assay involved two strains, one in the position of the sender strain and the other in the position of the receiver. In total, 5776 tests were performed on a collection of 76 strains. The results revealed that 60% of strains inhibited at least one other strain of the collection, indicating that intraspecific competition is major in C. maltaromaticum. Moreover, a large variability in the width of inhibition and sensitivity spectra has been observed. A network analysis approach revealed a nested architecture of the competitive network, suggesting that inhibition depends not only on the antagonistic characteristics of the inhibitory strains but also on the level of sensitivity of the receiver strains. A genomic analysis of 26 strains from the collection was performed in order to predict their gene content encoding the synthesis of antagonistic substances, and it allowed the identification of genes potentially encoding bacteriocins. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that the species Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is characterized by a high genetic diversity and that interference competition is frequent in the population
Bristiel, Pauline. "Variabilité intraspécifique des stratégies adaptatives à la sécheresse d’une graminée pérenne (Dactylis glomerata L.) : les compromis fonctionnels des traits aériens et souterrains peuvent-ils expliciter le compromis entre potentiel de croissance et survie au stress ?" Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT108/document.
Full textDrought risk increases with climate change. Improving our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of plants response to drought has thus become one of the major challenges of ecological and agronomical research. This work investigates the drought survival of a perennial herbaceous species (Dactylis glomerata L.) through the intraspecific variability of above and below ground traits expressed by fifteen native and cultivated populations originating from a large latitudinal gradient, from Scandinavia to Morocco. Population traits characterization across one year under optimal growth conditions showed phenological coordination of above ground traits associated with seasonal growth limitations according to the origins of the populations. The spring growth rhythm does not discriminate origins while the summer dormancy of Mediterranean population contrasts with the winter dormancy of Scandinavian populations. These results suggested a growth-dehydration stress survival trade-off. Although this trade-off was confirmed in summer (severe drought in Montpellier) and winter (severe frost in Norway), no correlation was found between an off-season (spring) drought stress survival and populations’ growth potential. The result invalidates the existence of a constant trade-off between stress survival and aerial growth potential. This apparent decoupling in cocksfoot could be considered to produce new cultivars with both high productivity and high drought tolerance, from existent intraspecific variability. A severe dehydration stress imposed on plants grown in short pots, limiting roots expansion, showed that Mediterranean populations survived better than temperate or Nordic populations. In association with a long tube experiment allowing full expression of roots development, this result revealed a functional trade-off between dehydration avoidance (water acquisition and growth maintenance) and dehydration tolerance (low growth and high drought survival) which could limit the combination of adaptive strategies in a single phenotype. This work contribute to improve our knowledge about functional trade-offs, few studied within species, that underpin plant response to drought stress
Gonzalo-Turpin, Héloïse. "Produire des connaissances pertinentes pour l'action en sciences de la conservation : cas de la gestion de la diversité génétique intraspécifique en restauration écologique." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7805/1/gonzalo_turpin.pdf.
Full textLupoli, Roland. "Recherches sur la caractérisation intraspécifique moléculaire et biologique des pucerons en vue de son application à l'épidémiologie des virus de type non persistant." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20101.
Full textJalalzadeh, Moghaddam Shahri Banafsheh. "Evolution intraspécifique du génome et modes de reproduction générateurs de diversité génétique chez Agaricus bisporus." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0420/document.
Full textAgaricus bisporus, the button mushroom, is a saprophytic basidiomycete naturallyfound in cypress litter (Cupressus macrocarpa). It possesses different modes of reproduction. Tostudy their role in the spatio-temporal dynamics and in the evolution of the genetic diversity,experimental systems have been set up. Ten wild strains of Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus havebeen selected, from two french populations, on both phenotypic and genotypic traits. Themolecular evolution of their genomes has shown that, for the mitochondrial genome, group Iintron mobility was the main source of gene polymorphism. Low nucleotide (nt) substitutionrates were found in all types of mitochondrial sequences (mobile elements, genic and intergenicones). This stringent conservation of mitochondrial sequences, when compared with the high ntsubstitution rates of their nuclear counterparts, contrasts to what is widely accepted in fungalsequence evolution. Mating experiments between sporocarps and mycelia of wild strains wereconducted on compost in a room culture, to simulate the implantation of a natural population.Among the collected sporocarps, results indicate the occurrence of a parasexual Bullerphenomenon leading to hybrid strains of A. bisporus in room culture and putatively in the wild.In parallel, mycelia of the wild strains have been introduced in two experimental plots of cypress.Genotypic analysis of the sporocarps collected from these plots in the first year of introduction,failed to evidence a hybrid strain. The climatic conditions of the second year did not allowobtaining fruiting-bodies. The developed experimental systems and tools must allow a followingat the genetic level of the spatio-temporal evolution of the population
Ramia, Nancy. "Compétition par interférence et diversité génétique à l’échelle intraspécifique chez la bactérie lactique Carnobacterium maltaromaticum." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0211.
Full textCompetition and diversity are major phenomena in microbiology. In the agri-food sector, competition is the very basis of biopreservation, a process which objective is to inhibit undesirable microorganisms through the use of microbial competitors. Microbial diversity lies at the origin of the diversity of fermented products and particularly of the typicality of cheeses. However, the ecology of microbial competition in food and the link with microbial diversity are poorly understood. The goal of this thesis was to study the diversity and the competition of a representative model bacterium of the cheese ecosystem. The study model chosen is the lactic acid bacterium Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. An analysis of the diversity of 21 strains of C. maltaromaticum was performed by MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and allowed to complete the scheme of C. maltaromaticum population structure. This study revealed the presence of 56 genotypes among a collection of 71 strains, showing a high genetic diversity within this species. Interference competition was studied by performing high-throughput competition assays. Each competition assay involved two strains, one in the position of the sender strain and the other in the position of the receiver. In total, 5776 tests were performed on a collection of 76 strains. The results revealed that 60% of strains inhibited at least one other strain of the collection, indicating that intraspecific competition is major in C. maltaromaticum. Moreover, a large variability in the width of inhibition and sensitivity spectra has been observed. A network analysis approach revealed a nested architecture of the competitive network, suggesting that inhibition depends not only on the antagonistic characteristics of the inhibitory strains but also on the level of sensitivity of the receiver strains. A genomic analysis of 26 strains from the collection was performed in order to predict their gene content encoding the synthesis of antagonistic substances, and it allowed the identification of genes potentially encoding bacteriocins. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that the species Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is characterized by a high genetic diversity and that interference competition is frequent in the population
Baillard, Vincent. "Modélisation de distribution de sensibilité des espèces pour la protection des communautés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0065.
Full textHuman activities have numerous effects on ecosystems. They can for example result in spillage or leakage of contaminants in ecosystems as during spreading of pesticides in agricultural lands. Environmental risk assessment allows to characterize those effects to maintain them at a level considered acceptable. This assessment is usually based on monospecific bioassays, but concentration-response relationships thus described can then be included in Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD). Those SSD, widely used in environmental risk assessment, then allows to define a concentration that only have an effect on a small fraction of the species found in an ecosystem (usually 5%, leading to hazardous concentrations for 5% of species). One of the most important problems of this kind of approaches is that it still lacks environmental relevance. Monospecific bioassays indeed providing the information to model SSD are usually realised in non realist conditions (organisms isolated and thus not subject to biotic interactions, experimental conditions far from environmental reality, obtention of a unique sensitivity value for a species whereas this sensibility can be variable from one population to another...). This lack of realism is compensated by the application of an assessment factor which divides the final value by a value that increases as the realised estimation is distant from environmental reality, thus giving lower values that are considered more protectives. The work presented here sought to integrate (i) the effect of intraspecific variability on SSD curves parameters, in particular on hazardous concentrations for 5% of species and (ii) the combined effect of an herbicide and interspecific competition on the vegetal communities that are grass stripes following several modeling approaches for each data processing step. Results show the importance of the integration of all this biological complexity in environmental risk assessment procedures as well as the risk of underestimation of assessment factors usually applied on results from SSD modeling
Suong, Malyna. "Effets de l'agriculture de conservation sur les nématodes parasitiques des racines du riz et étude de la diversité de Meloidogyne graminicola en Asie du Sud-Est." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT155/document.
Full textThe rice Root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne graminicola, reduces significantly rice yield in Southeast (SE) Asia and is prevalent in rice fields in this region. Despite its negative impact on yields, suitable methods of controls and current molecular markers used for M. graminicola identification are still limited. In this study, we evaluated the current occurrence of RKN in rice fields of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, and identified those RKN species using molecular markers developed in this study. We then evaluated, during two years sequences, the effects of the Conservation agriculture (CA) on the occurrence and dynamics of root-parasitic nematodes (RPN) of rice, in relation with yields and soil nutrients, in a lowland-sandy field in Cambodia. Host response to M. graminicola of 13 selected cover crops commonly used in CA, of three rice cultivars as well as rice weeds as reservoirs for M. graminicola, were evaluated. Furthermore, we validated intraspecific markers for M. graminicola, studied its genetic diversity in SE Asia, and discussed the potential evolutionary relations of Meloidogyne species using comparative genomics approaches
Sartori, Kevin. "Compromis écophysiologiques, stratégies d’utilisation des ressources et adaptation locale chez l’espèce modèle Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG009.
Full textComparative ecology, through large-scale screening of plant morpho-physiological traits, has brought evidence that plant diversity is constrained. Several co-variations between functional traits appear to be pervasive across species and ecosystems. This has been interpreted as differing resource use ecological strategies. At the leaf scale, the negative correlation between leaf lifespan and leaf photosynthetic rate represents a major trade-off of carbon economy common to all plants. This trade-off is expected to involve other leaf properties related to water and nutrient acquisition and conservation within an integrated resource economics syndrome. However, up to now the evolutionary and physiological bases of this syndrome are poorly understood. This thesis aims to fill this gap by exploring the genetic and physiologic mechanisms involved. We translated the interspecific comparative approach to the study of large sets of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. We analyzed the covariation between traits related to carbon economy and nitrogen conservation at the leaf and plant scales, and explored the role of leaf vein architecture in the resource economics syndrome. Taking advantage from the extensive genetic data and the genetic tools available for the species, we detected significant associations between genes and functional traits involved in this syndrome. Further, a population genetic approach revealed evidence of selection associated with natural variation of plant level ecological strategies, leaf vein architecture and nitrogen conservation
Ahmad, Hafiz Bashir. "Intraspecific variability in embolism resistance and functional trade-offs in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0747/document.
Full textAs a consequence of current global climate change, forest and crop ecosystems are decreasing inproductivity worldwide and are under increased threat of widespread drought-induced mortality due tohydraulic failure caused by xylem embolism. The range of embolism resistance across species has been intensively studied but little attention has been paid to intraspecific variability. This thesis aimed thereforeat improving our understanding of the intraspecific variation in embolism resistance in one crop species(Helianthus annuus L.) and one conifer species (Pinus pinaster). In the first place, vulnerability to embolism was determined across four sunflower accessions with significant variations in P50 (pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) ranging between -2.67 and -3.22 MPa. A trade-off between hydraulic safety and growth was observed but not between hydraulic safety and efficiency. Only few anatomical traits, such as vessel density and vessel lumen area, were found related to embolism resistance.Secondly, we phenotyped 477 P. pinaster full-sib F2 genotypes corresponding to a three-generation inbred pedigree obtained by the self-pollination of an inter “Corsica × Landes” provenance hybrid, for embolismresistance and wood density. The variability for P50 within species was remarkably low (CVP=5.6%). Wealso found a lack of trade-off between hydraulic safety and wood density. The phenotypic variance explained by QTLs (PEV) detected for P50 accounted for 23.6% of the phenotypic variation but no QTL collocated between P50 and wood density, suggesting that embolism resistant genotypes in this family are not dependent on denser wood. A multi-trait analysis of leaf and xylem functioning was performed through seasonal measurements of photosystem II fluorescence and stem hydraulic traits on a full-sib family of aninter “Morocco × Landes” provenance hybrid of P. pinaster; it revealed that with decreasing water potential, the efficiency of both photosystem II and stomatal conductance decreased which resulted in rapid decrease in assimilation rate. Xylem resistance to embolism was found having no relationship with leaf functioning traits. The absence of trade-off between these traits makes it possible to consider selection for both efficient and resistant genotypes
Madelaine-Antin, Cécile. "Dynamique des peuplements forestiers tropicaux hétérogènes : variabilité inter et intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres et trajectoires de développement en forêt dense humide sempervirente, dans les Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454610.
Full textMadelaine, Antin Cécile. "Dynamique des peuplements forestiers tropicaux hétérogènes : variabilité inter et intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres et trajectoires de développement en forêt dense humide sempervirente, dans les Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0034.
Full textDelhaye, Guillaume. "Mécanismes d’assemblage des communautés végétales le long de gradients d’éléments-traces métalliques en Afrique Centrale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/277244.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
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Lang, Iris. "Variabilité génétique et phénotypique de deux espèces invasives : patrons, déterminants et implications pour le fonctionnement des écosystèmes dulçaquicoles." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30216.
Full textIntraspecific variability is now recognized for its importance on ecosystem functioning. In the context of biological invasions, which can strongly impact ecological processes, it is of high importance to understand the determinants and the patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability to fully apprehend the consequences of invasive individuals on recipient ecosystems. We demonstrated a high variability among and within populations of two crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii and Faxonius limosus, with distinct life-history traits and colonization histories in a narrow-invaded area. We highlighted that colonization history and environmental conditions were the main drivers of the contrasting patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability between the two species. Genetic analyses provided a great inference of local invasion pathways for P. clarkii, which had a great genetic variability, compared to F. limosus for which the local invasion pathways were more cryptic. We found that neutral and adaptive processes shaped the phenotypic variability of the two species in differing proportions. Then, we demonstrated the existence of a stable resource polymorphism along the benthic littoral-pelagic axis within populations of P. clarkii, suggesting that invaders could have contrasting impacts on ecosystem functioning between littoral and pelagic trophic chains. Finally, in an experiment context using a multi-traits approach, we demonstrated that the structure of trait covariations differed between species in a sympatric population, suggesting that P. clarkii impacts would be more predictable than F. limosus, and that P. clarkii could affect a higher range of ecological processes or impact the ecosystem functioning with a greater intensity than F. limosus. Overall, our findings stress the need to integrate intraspecific variability in the context of biological invasions to better understand their impacts on ecosystem functioning
Dupont-Prinet, Aurélie. "Physiologie cardio-respiratoire du loup, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) : mécanismes de base et implications écologiques." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20059.
Full textChalmandrier, Loic. "De la communauté à la méta-communauté, décrypter les patrons de diversité." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV033/document.
Full textPatterns of community diversity refers to the structure of diversity, i.e. its quantification, its distribution and its turnover in space and time. Its study is likely to shed the light on the assembly rules that determined the structure of communities. However, numerous ecological assumptions are often made when studying diversity patterns. What motivated the work was the perspective that by relaxing these assumptions, a number of developments linked to diversity indices and null models are possible and can help to understand the impact of multiple ecological processes on phylogenetic and functional diversity patterns. In a first part we studied the pattern of functional diversity of alpine plant communities as a function of spatial and organizational scales. In the second part, we studied the methodological perspectives brought by the Hill numbers. In a third part, we addressed the main methodological issues of a new type of community data: environmental DNA
Yan, Bo-Fang. "Ecophysiologie de l'allocation du cadmium au grain chez le blé dur." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0114/document.
Full textCadmium (Cd) is a toxic element. Human activities have contaminated a wide range of agricultural soils. Most of Cd entering human bodies is through the dietary intake, and especially through staple food like cereals. Durum wheat naturally accumulates more Cd in its grains than other cereals. A significant fraction of the French durum wheat production has been found to exceed the European regulatory limit set for Cd. There is thus a need to reduce the accumulation of Cd in durum wheat grains. This thesis is dedicated to a better understanding of the ecophysiology of Cd allocation to the grains in durum wheat, with the ambition of helping to find agronomic strategies to reduce the Cd contamination level of durum wheat products.In first, we investigated the relationship between the aboveground partitioning of Cd and the shoot allometry. We hypothesized that the partitioning of shoot biomass between grains and straws is a driver of the allocation of Cd to the grains. Eight French durum wheat cultivars differing in their stem height were grown in presence of Cd. As expected, the main factor explaining the difference in their grain Cd was the shoot biomass partitioning. Cultivars allocating a higher proportion of their aerial biomass to the straws, i.e. long-stem cultivars, tended to accumulate less Cd in their grains because stems and leaves are sinks for Cd in competition with developing grains.Minerals imported into cereal grains originate from either direct post-anthesis root uptake or from the remobilization of pre-anthesis stores. The second part of this work was dedicated to determine the quantitative importance of these two pathways for Cd in durum wheat, and how their relative contribution vary between cultivars and with the level of nitrogen (N) supply. Stable isotopic labelling was used to trace the flux of Cd taken up post-anthesis. The impact of N supply was tested by depriving half of the plants of N after anthesis, in two cultivars showing a contrasted ability to accumulate Cd in their grains. The contribution of Cd remobilization was around 50%, which means that half of Cd in grains originated from Cd taken up pre-anthesis. Cd was remobilized from stems, possibly from roots, but not from leaves. The contribution of remobilization did not vary between the two cultivars so that no relationship between the pathway and the level of accumulation of Cd in grain was evidenced. Post-anthesis N deprivation triggered the remobilization of N without affecting that of Cd, which suggests that Cd remobilization is a senescent-independent process.In third, we investigated how the characteristics of Cd allocation to the grains was affected by the level of Cd exposure. [...]In last, we focused on how Cd was distributed within durum wheat grains. [...] This work provided the first map of Cd localization in durum wheat grains. Cd distribution was characterized by a strong accumulation of Cd in the crease and by a non-negligible dissemination in the starchy endosperm, as compared to Fe and Zn
Cochard, Arnaud. "Influence des facteurs paysagers sur la flore des habitats herbacés sous influence urbaine : approche taxonomiques et fonctionnelles." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARH102/document.
Full textThe process of urbanisation leads to a series of transformations and disturbances that may have consequences for wild plant communities. This thesis presents a study of the plant communities of ordinary grasslands distributed among three cities of western France: Angers, Nantes and La Roche-sur-Yon. Using both taxonomical and functional approaches, the aim is to analyse the variation in plant diversity and composition along landscape gradients, in particular those of urbanisation and habitat connectivity. Such grassland habitats appear to be diverse, despite a low number of exotic species. The urban-rural gradient structures such communities, in particular by strongly modifying species composition; and this despite an absence of variation in species richness or of homogenisation. These modifications in community structure are linked to traits for ecological requirements (for habitat, pH, humidity or light)or for adaptation to higher levels of disturbance in towns. These relationships vary according to species’ local or regional abundance, suggesting that other mecanisms accompany the filtering process. Taking into account three functional traits (height, SLA and phenology) measured in situ shows that the filtering process also has consequences at intraspecific level. Taken together, the results show how common species are assembled in response to ecological processes operating in urban environments and open up new perspectives and applications for the integration of grassland plant communities into biodiversity conservation objectives in urban areas
Questiau, Sophie. "Evolution intraspécifique et système de reproduction de la gorge bleue à miroir (Luscinia svecica)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10102.
Full textSchmitt, Sylvain. "Ecological genomics of niche exploitation and individual performance in tropical forest trees." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0247.
Full textTropical forests shelter the highest species diversity worldwide, a fact that remains partly unexplained and the origin of which is subject to debate. Even at the hectare-scale, tropical forests shelter species-rich genera with closely-related tree species coexisting in sympatry. Due to phylogenetic constraints, closely related species are expected to have similar niches and functional strategies, which raises questions on the mechanisms of their local coexistence. Closely related species may form a species complex, defined as morphologically similar species that share large amounts of genetic variation due to recent common ancestry and hybridization, and that can result from ecological adaptive radiation of species segregating along environmental gradients. Despite the key role of species complexes in Neotropical forest ecology, diversification, and evolution, little is known of the eco-evolutionary forces creating and maintaining diversity within Neotropical species complexes. We explored the intraspecific genomic variability as a continuum within structured populations of closely related species, and measured its role on individual tree performance through growth over time, while accounting for effects of a finely-characterized environment at the abiotic and biotic level. Combining tree inventories, LiDAR-derived topographic data, leaf functional traits, and gene capture data in the research station of Paracou, French Guiana, we used population genomics, environmental association analyses, genome-wide association studies and Bayesian modelling on the tree species complexes Symphonia and Eschweilera clade Parvifolia. We showed that the species complexes of Neotropical trees cover all local gradients of topography and competition and are therefore widespread in the study site whereas most of the species within them exhibit pervasive niche differentiation along these same gradients. Specifically, in the species complexes Symphonia and Eschweilera clade Parvifolia, the decrease in water availability due to higher topographic position, e.g., from bottomlands to plateaus, has led to a change in leaf functional traits from acquisitive strategies to conservative strategies, both among and within species. Symphonia species are genetically adapted to the distribution of water and nutrients, hence they coexist locally through exploiting a broad gradient of local habitats. Conversely, Eschweilera species are differentially adapted to soil chemistry and avoid the wettest, hydromorphic habitats. Last but not least, individual tree genotypes of Symphonia species are differentially adapted to regenerate and thrive in response to the fine spatio-temporal dynamics of forest gaps with divergent adaptive growth strategies along successional niches. Consequently, topography and the dynamics of forest gaps drive fine-scale spatio-temporal adaptations of individuals within and among distinct but genetically connected species within the species complexes Symphonia and Eschweilera clade Parvifolia. Fine-scale topography drives genetic divergence and niche differentiation with genetic adaptations among species, while forest gap dynamics maintains genetic diversity with divergent adaptive strategies within species. I suggest that adaptations of tree species and individuals to topography and dynamics of forest gaps promote coexistence within and among species within species complexes, and perhaps among mature forest tree species outside species complexes. Overall, I defend the primordial role of individuals within species in tropical forest diversity, suggesting that we should develop a theory of community ecology starting with individuals, because interactions with environments happen after all at the individual level
Subrahmaniam, Jaishree. "Identification des bases génétiques de la coopération plante-plante chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30043.
Full textDespite the importance of plant-plant interactions in the functioning of both natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems, studies on plant-plant interactions still have two major gaps to be addressed, that is (i) the genetics of natural variation of plant-plant interactions and (ii) the relative importance of positive interactions within plant species. After writing two reviews on the state-of- the-art related to these gaps, I decided to understand the adaptive genetic bases of intraspecific positive plant-plant interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana at two geographical scales. To do so, I adopted an interdisciplinary approach between quantitative genetics, ecology and genome-wide association mapping. Firstly, based on a field experiment designed to study natural variation of genotype-by-genotype interactions among 52 whole-genome sequenced natural populations from the Midi-Pyrénées region, I identified two different strategies of positive interactions, i.e. kin cooperation and overyielding. Natural variation of positive interactions among these populations were mainly associated with biotic ecological factors varying at a fine spatial scale, such as presence of commensal bacteria or Shannon index of plant communities in the native habitats. Importantly, QTLs associated with variation of positive interactions were significantly enriched in genomic signatures of local adaptation. Secondly, based on a greenhouse experiment using 195 whole-genome sequenced accessions collected in a local French population located in a highly diverse and competitive environment, we revealed the existence of certain genotypic combinations that were benefitting reciprocally to each other’s presence, resulting in a ‘super overyielding’ strategy. Importantly, genetic dissimilarity at the QTLs associated with this strategy was detected for such pairs, supporting the ‘compatibility genes’ hypothesis as underlying this ‘super overyielding’ strategy. Finally, at both geographical scales, we detected a predominance of metabolism related gene functions underlying natural variation of positive interactions, which might be explained by their putative roles in (i) recruitment of similar microbiota by kin to explain kin cooperation, and (ii) potential complementary metabolite cross-feeding to explain overyielding. The next step is undoubtedly cloning of the candidate genes to identify causal associations, thereby allowing to start getting a glimpse on the genetic and molecular landscape associated with positive interactions in A. thaliana
Malanda, Kiyabou Gabriel. "Les eucalyptus du Congo : variations inter et intraspécifiques du rendement et de la composition chimique de leurs huiles essentielles." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20259.
Full textLevionnois, Sébastien. "Diversité et variabilité de l’architecture vasculaire et hydraulique de la pousse feuillée chez des arbres de canopée d’une forêt tropicale humide Scaling of petiole anatomies, mechanics, and vasculatures with leaf size in the widespread Neotropical pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae) Linking drought-induced embolism resistance in stem xylem tissue to multi-scale wood anatomical traits of Neotropical trees." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0011.
Full textHydraulic traits are related to the fundamental functions of conduction and drought resistance, driving plant ecology, evolution, and processes related to climate change. However, these traits are still poorly documented for tropical rainforest, hindering our understanding of tropical tree ecology and the future of tropical forests. Through a trait-based approach combining leaf and stem in-depth anatomy and physiology, this thesis analyses the structure and the functioning of tree leafy shoots, a compartment exposed to the most severe water stress within a tree. This thesis is based on a dataset of 42 canopy tree species sampled in a rainforest in French Guiana, exemplifying a large range of leaf size. A second dataset, aiming at better understanding the sources of intraspecific variability, focus on the pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae). The first part aims at understanding the coordination between leaf and stem across a large leaf size range, by analysing the morpho-anatomical and functional changes underlying the leaf size-stem size relationship for 42 tropical rainforest canopy trees. This framework is also applied at the intraspecific level for the model C. obtusa, for the petiole-lamina relationship. Understanding leaf size-related changes allows to properly investigate ontogenetic and seasonal effects on leaf vascular and hydraulic traits for C. obtusa. The second part aims at better understanding the drought resistance of the leafy shoot. By retaining 25 species, the anatomical determinants of drought-induced embolism resistance for stems are studied. The different properties and mechanisms already known for temperate plants are investigated jointly to consolidate or not their existence, and understand their relative contribution. Vulnerability segmentation (i.e. differentiation of embolism resistance) at the leaf-stem interface is investigated across 20 species. I further evidenced (i) a large spectrum of variation for vulnerability segmentation across species, (ii) a positive relation with hydraulic segmentation (i.e. differentiation of hydraulic resistance), suggesting that some species promote both hydraulic and vulnerability segmentations to decouple hydraulically leaf and stem, and (iii) that vulnerability segmentation has a massive role in enhancing the theoretical desiccation time of shoots, confirming vulnerability segmentation as a drought resistance mechanism for tropical trees. In a final part, all traits are merged to test their predictive power for species hydro-topographic distribution and growth-mediated response to water stress, at a local scale. In the general discussion, I discuss the functional signification of leaf size and drought resistance traits for tropical rainforest, as also potential relation between leaf size and drought resistance
Planque, Yann. "Écologie trophique de deux espèces sympatriques de phoques en périphérie de leur aire de répartition." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS032.
Full textHarbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) are two sympatric marine mammal species that are increasingly considered as potential competitors, especially at their European core distributions. The objective of this PhD was to study the foraging strategies and trophic ecology of these species at the limit of their range (Baie de Somme, Eastern English Channel, France), and to investigate the hypothesis of potential interspecific competition. Biotelemetry devices were fitted on 49 individuals to document their movements and dives at sea.The analysis of surface locations and diving behaviour, completed recently by the detection of Prey Capture Attempts (accelerometry), allowed for a better understanding of the two seal species’ foraging strategies and improved the detection of their foraging areas. Trophic niches of the two seal species were then characterised with the analysis of diet, stable isotopes (in the whiskers of the same captured individuals), and foraging areas. A high interspecific trophic overlap was identified between these niches, resulting from the consumption of benthic flatfish in coastal areas, and we suggest that it provides here the basis for potential competition between both species. This study also showed the key role of individual foraging strategies on the ecological conclusions at the scale of the species/sub-population, including that the potential competition may be due to some individual grey seal strategies. Continuing these studies is essential to detect any potential ecological changes that could be trophically-induced