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Journal articles on the topic 'Variable length chains'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Wyner, Abraham J., and Peter B�hlmann. "Variable length Markov chains." Annals of Statistics 27, no. 2 (1999): 480–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aos/1018031204.

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2

Mächler, Martin, and Peter Bühlmann. "Variable Length Markov Chains: Methodology, Computing, and Software." Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 13, no. 2 (2004): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/1061860043524.

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3

Browning, Sharon R. "Multilocus Association Mapping Using Variable-Length Markov Chains." American Journal of Human Genetics 78, no. 6 (2006): 903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503876.

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4

Ferreira, Ricardo F., Sandro Gallo, and Frédéric Paccaut. "Non-regular g-measures and variable length memory chains." Nonlinearity 33, no. 11 (2020): 6026–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/aba0c5.

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5

Rodriguez, Jesse L., Ankur B. Dalia, and Jeffrey N. Weiser. "Increased Chain Length Promotes Pneumococcal Adherence and Colonization." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 10 (2012): 3454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00587-12.

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ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniaeis a mucosal pathogen that grows in chains of variable lengths. Short-chain forms are less likely to activate complement, and as a consequence they evade opsonophagocytic clearance more effectively during invasive disease. When grown in human nasal airway surface fluid, pneumococci exhibited both short- and long-chain forms. Here, we determined whether longer chains provide an advantage during colonization when the organism is attached to the epithelial surface. Chain-forming mutants and the parental strain grown under conditions to promote chain formation showe

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6

Ferrari, Fiorenzo, and Abraham Wyner. "Estimation of General Stationary Processes by Variable Length Markov Chains." Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 30, no. 3 (2003): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9469.00342.

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7

Gallo, Sandro. "Chains with unbounded variable length memory: perfect simulation and a visible regeneration scheme." Advances in Applied Probability 43, no. 03 (2011): 735–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800005127.

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We present a new perfect simulation algorithm for stationary chains having unbounded variable length memory. This is the class of infinite memory chains for which the family of transition probabilities is represented by a probabilistic context tree. We do not assume any continuity condition: our condition is expressed in terms of the structure of the context tree. More precisely, the length of the contexts is a deterministic function of the distance to the last occurrence of some determined string of symbols. It turns out that the resulting class of chains can be seen as a natural extension of

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8

Gallo, Sandro. "Chains with unbounded variable length memory: perfect simulation and a visible regeneration scheme." Advances in Applied Probability 43, no. 3 (2011): 735–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1316792668.

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We present a new perfect simulation algorithm for stationary chains having unbounded variable length memory. This is the class of infinite memory chains for which the family of transition probabilities is represented by a probabilistic context tree. We do not assume any continuity condition: our condition is expressed in terms of the structure of the context tree. More precisely, the length of the contexts is a deterministic function of the distance to the last occurrence of some determined string of symbols. It turns out that the resulting class of chains can be seen as a natural extension of

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9

Collet, Pierre, and Antonio Galves. "Chains of Infinite Order, Chains with Memory of Variable Length, and Maps of the Interval." Journal of Statistical Physics 149, no. 1 (2012): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-012-0579-6.

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10

Ramírez-Mendiola, José Luis, Philipp Grünewald, and Nick Eyre. "Residential activity pattern modelling through stochastic chains of variable memory length." Applied Energy 237 (March 2019): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.019.

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11

Gredig, Thomas, Mathew Werber, Jorge L. Guerra, Evan A. Silverstein, Matthew P. Byrne, and Brian G. Cacha. "Coercivity Control of Variable-Length Iron Chains in Phthalocyanine Thin Films." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 25, no. 7 (2012): 2199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-012-1649-3.

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12

Kussul, Nataliya N., and Artem M. Sokolov. "Adaptive Anomaly Detection of Computer System User's Behavior Applying Markovian Chains with Variable Memory Length. Part I. Adaptive Model of Markovian Chains with Variable Memory Length." Journal of Automation and Information Sciences 35, no. 6 (2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jautomatinfscien.v35.i6.10.

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13

Bühlmann, Peter. "Sieve Bootstrap With Variable-Length Markov Chains for Stationary Categorical Time Series." Journal of the American Statistical Association 97, no. 458 (2002): 443–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/016214502760046998.

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14

Bühlmann, Peter. "Model Selection for Variable Length Markov Chains and Tuning the Context Algorithm." Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 52, no. 2 (2000): 287–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1004165822461.

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15

Bindu Madhuri, Ch, J. Anand Chandulal, K. Ramya, and M. Phanidra. "Analysis of Users’ Web Navigation Behavior using GRPA with Variable Length Markov Chains." International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process 1, no. 2 (2011): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijdkp.2011.1201.

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16

Moore, Robert B., Diomar Bittencourt, Mario Gauthier, Claudine E. Williams, and Adi Eisenberg. "Small-angle x-ray scattering investigations of ionomers with variable-length side chains." Macromolecules 24, no. 6 (1991): 1376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00006a024.

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17

Nelson, Peter N. "Chain Length and Thermal Sensitivity of the Infrared Spectra of a Homologous Series of Anhydrous Silver(I) n-Alkanoates." International Journal of Spectroscopy 2016 (February 29, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3068430.

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The thermal and chain length sensitivity of the infrared spectra of some solid state anhydrous silver(I) salts (n-octanoate to n-eicosanoate, inclusive) are discussed. At ambient temperature, the tilted alkyl chains, anchored to the metal planes via chelating bidentate coordination to the silver ions, are crystallized in the fully extended all-trans conformation. Interestingly, though all compounds are crystallized in a monoclinic crystal system, their lateral chain packing, van der Waals effects, and hence vibrational features are chain length-dependent. This is a direct result of electrostat

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18

Hamoudi, Hicham, Ping Kao, Alexei Nefedov, David L. Allara, and Michael Zharnikov. "X-ray spectroscopy characterization of self-assembled monolayers of nitrile-substituted oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s with variable chain length." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 3 (January 5, 2012): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.2.

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Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of nitrile-substituted oligo(phenylene ethynylene) thiols (NC-OPEn) with a variable chain length n (n ranging from one to three structural units) on Au(111) were studied by synchrotron-based high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. The experimental data suggest that the NC-OPEn molecules form well-defined SAMs on Au(111), with all the molecules bound to the substrate through the gold–thiolate anchor and the nitrile tail groups located at the SAM–ambient interface. The packing density in these SAMs wa

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19

Kostoska, Olivera, Viktor Stojkoski, and Ljupco Kocarev. "On the Structure of the World Economy: An Absorbing Markov Chain Approach." Entropy 22, no. 4 (2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040482.

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The expansion of global production networks has raised many important questions about the interdependence among countries and how future changes in the world economy are likely to affect the countries’ positioning in global value chains. We are approaching the structure and lengths of value chains from a completely different perspective than has been available so far. By assigning a random endogenous variable to a network linkage representing the number of intermediate sales/purchases before absorption (final use or value added), the discrete-time absorbing Markov chains proposed here shed new

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20

Bhowmik, Pradip K., Muhammed Kareem M. Al-Karawi, Shane T. Killarney, et al. "Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties of Bis(4-aalkoxyphenyl) Viologen Bis(triflimide) Salts." Molecules 25, no. 10 (2020): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102435.

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A series of bis(4-alkoxyphenyl) viologen bis(triflimide) salts with alkoxy chains of different lengths were synthesized by the metathesis reaction of respective bis(4-alkoxyphenyl) viologen dichloride salts, which were in turn prepared from the reaction of Zincke salt with the corresponding 4-n-alkoxyanilines, with lithium triflimide in methanol. Their chemical structures were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and elemental analysis. Their thermotropic liquid-crystalline (LC) properties were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microsco

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21

Kuźma, Dominika, and Piotr Zieliński. "Finite Length Effects on Switching Mechanisms in Chains of Magnetic Particles." Magnetochemistry 6, no. 4 (2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry6040047.

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Periodic systems of magnetic nanoparticles are now of interest as they support GHz spin waves. Their equilibrium configurations, switchable with the external magnetic field, are crucial for such applications. We study infinite and finite chains of particles of two shapes (i) ellipsoidal and (ii) rectangular stripes with long axes perpendicular to the chain axis. A variable magnetic field is applied parallel to the long axes. Micromagnetic simulations are compared with the corresponding discrete spin models (Stoner-Wohlfarth model, S-W). An antiferromagnetic configuration is the ground state fo

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22

Radoux, V., P. P. Chen, J. A. Sorge, and D. A. Carson. "A conserved human germline V kappa gene directly encodes rheumatoid factor light chains." Journal of Experimental Medicine 164, no. 6 (1986): 2119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.164.6.2119.

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The full-length gene that encodes the light chain variable regions of an idiotypically related group of human IgM kappa rheumatoid factors (RFs) has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence is identical to four separate RF proteins. These results prove that genes capable of encoding human anti-IgG autoantibody light chains without any somatic mutation are present in the kappa gene repertoire of normal people.

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23

Cabana, Gilbert, Alain Tremblay, Jacob Kalff, and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Pelagic Food Chain Structure in Ontario Lakes: A Determinant of Mercury Levels in Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 2 (1994): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-039.

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The trophic structure of pelagic communities in glaciated regions is highly variable due to restricted dispersal of glacial relict taxa and recent species introduction. Much of the between-lake variation in Hg in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) flesh from the St. Lawrence system (non-point-source contaminated lakes), which spans more than two orders of magnitude (0.03–3.96 μg/g), results from differences in the length of pelagic food chains. Hg levels from the longest food chains where pelagic forage fish and the crustacean Mysis relicta were present were about 3.6-fold higher than those fro

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24

Petersen, Karl. "Chains, entropy, coding." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 6, no. 3 (1986): 415–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014338570000359x.

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AbstractVarious definitions of the entropy for countable-state topological Markov chains are considered. Concrete examples show that these quantities do not coincide in general and can behave badly under nice maps. Certain restricted random walks which arise in a problem in magnetic recording provide interesting examples of chains. Factors of some of these chains have entropy equal to the growth rate of the number of periodic orbits, even though they contain no subshifts of finite type with positive entropy; others are almost sofic – they contain subshifts of finite type with entropy arbitrari

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25

Shirgave, Suresh, Prakash Kulkarni, and José Borges. "Semantically Enriched Variable Length Markov Chain Model for Analysis of User Web Navigation Sessions." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 13, no. 04 (2014): 721–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622014500643.

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The rapid growth of the World Wide Web has resulted in intricate Web sites, demanding enhanced user skills to find the required information and more sophisticated tools that are able to generate apt recommendations. Markov Chains have been widely used to generate next-page recommendations; however, accuracy of such models is limited. Herein, we propose the novel Semantic Variable Length Markov Chain Model (SVLMC) that combines the fields of Web Usage Mining and Semantic Web by enriching the Markov transition probability matrix with rich semantic information extracted from Web pages. We show th

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26

Rock, E. P., P. R. Sibbald, M. M. Davis, and Y. H. Chien. "CDR3 length in antigen-specific immune receptors." Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, no. 1 (1994): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.179.1.323.

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In both immunoglobulins (Ig) and T cell receptors (TCR), the rearrangement of V, D, and J region sequence elements during lymphocyte maturation creates an enormous degree of diversity in an area referred to as the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) loop. Variations in the particular V, D, and J elements used, precise points of recombination, and random nucleotide addition all lead to extensive length and sequence heterogeneity. CDR3 loops are often critical for antigen binding in Igs and appear to provide the principal peptide binding residues in TCRs. To better understand the physica

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27

Hayzer, D. J., R. M. Duvoisin та J. C. Jaton. "cDNA clones encoding rabbit immunoglobulin λ chains. Evidence for length variation of the third hypervariable region and for a novel constant region". Biochemical Journal 245, № 3 (1987): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2450691.

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Five cDNA clones designated pDH2, pDH8, pDH9, pDH31 and pDH101 encoding rabbit immunoglobulin lambda light chain sequences have been characterized. Comparison of the V lambda sequences suggests that, in addition to an increased divergence in all of the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), variable-region diversity is amplified by the length heterogeneity of the CDR3, at the V lambda-J lambda junction. An insertion of four codons at positions 48a-d has been noted in three cDNA sequences. This insert, not found in lambda nor kappa light chains of other species, has a variable sequence, su

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28

Gee, William J., and Stuart R. Batten. "Cuprous Halide Complexes of a Variable Length Ligand: Helices, Cluster Chains, and Nets Containing Large Solvated Channels." Crystal Growth & Design 13, no. 6 (2013): 2335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg3018858.

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29

Galves, A., and E. Löcherbach. "Infinite Systems of Interacting Chains with Memory of Variable Length—A Stochastic Model for Biological Neural Nets." Journal of Statistical Physics 151, no. 5 (2013): 896–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-013-0733-9.

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30

Morgan, Gareth J., Nicholas L. Yan, David E. Mortenson, et al. "Stabilization of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains by small molecules." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 17 (2019): 8360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817567116.

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In Ig light-chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL), the unique antibody LC protein that is secreted by monoclonal plasma cells in each patient misfolds and/or aggregates, a process leading to organ degeneration. As a step toward developing treatments for AL patients with substantial cardiac involvement who have difficulty tolerating existing chemotherapy regimens, we introduce small-molecule kinetic stabilizers of the native dimeric structure of full-length LCs, which can slow or stop the amyloidogenicity cascade at its origin. A protease-coupled fluorescence polarization-based high-throughput screen was

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31

Tran, Kim Phuc, Philippe Castagliola, Thi Hien Nguyen, and Anne Cuzol. "Design of a Variable Sampling Interval EWMA Median Control Chart." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 26, no. 05 (2019): 1950021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539319500219.

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In the literature, median type control charts have been widely investigated as easy and efficient means to monitor the process mean when observations are from a normal distribution. In this work, a Variable Sampling Interval (VSI) Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) median control chart is proposed and studied. The Markov chains are used to calculate the average run length to signal (ARL). A performance comparison with the original EWMA median control chart is made. The numerical results show that the proposed chart is considerably more effective as it is faster in detecting process s

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32

Meer, Daniel P., and Thomas J. Eddinger. "Expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chains and unloaded shortening in single smooth muscle cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 273, no. 4 (1997): C1259—C1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.4.c1259.

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The functional significance of the variable expression of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) tail isoforms, SM1 and SM2, was examined at the mRNA level (which correlates with the protein level) in individual permeabilized rabbit arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The length of untethered single permeabilized SMCs was monitored during unloaded shortening in response to increased Ca2+ (pCa 6.0), histamine (1 μM), and phenylephrine (1 μM). Subsequent to contraction, the relative expression of SM1 and SM2 mRNAs from the same individual SMCs was determined by reverse transcription-poly

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33

Duarte, Aline, Ricardo Fraiman, Antonio Galves, Guilherme Ost, and Claudia D. Vargas. "Retrieving a Context Tree from EEG Data." Mathematics 7, no. 5 (2019): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7050427.

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It has been repeatedly conjectured that the brain retrieves statistical regularities from stimuli. Here, we present a new statistical approach allowing to address this conjecture. This approach is based on a new class of stochastic processes, namely, sequences of random objects driven by chains with memory of variable length.

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34

Kirchhausen, T. "Identification of a putative yeast homolog of the mammalian beta chains of the clathrin-associated protein complexes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 11 (1990): 6089–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.11.6089.

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The clathrin-associated protein complexes are heterotetrameric structures believed to interact with clathrin and with membrane components of mammalian coated pits and coated vesicles. I have identified a yeast homolog of the mammalian beta-type large chains, suggesting the existence in yeast cells of clathrin-associated protein complexes. A sequence comparison between the putative yeast beta-type chain and its mammalian counterparts shows that their amino-terminal domains are related over their entire length and that their carboxyl-terminal domains diverge completely. This observation is consi

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35

Kirchhausen, T. "Identification of a putative yeast homolog of the mammalian beta chains of the clathrin-associated protein complexes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 11 (1990): 6089–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.11.6089-6090.1990.

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The clathrin-associated protein complexes are heterotetrameric structures believed to interact with clathrin and with membrane components of mammalian coated pits and coated vesicles. I have identified a yeast homolog of the mammalian beta-type large chains, suggesting the existence in yeast cells of clathrin-associated protein complexes. A sequence comparison between the putative yeast beta-type chain and its mammalian counterparts shows that their amino-terminal domains are related over their entire length and that their carboxyl-terminal domains diverge completely. This observation is consi

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36

Oeben, M., R. Keller, H. W. Stuhlsatz, and H. Greiling. "Constant and variable domains of different disaccharide structure in corneal keratan sulphate chains." Biochemical Journal 248, no. 1 (1987): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2480085.

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Four peptidokeratan sulphate fractions of different Mr and degree of sulphation were cut from the pig corneal keratan sulphate distribution spectrum. After exhaustive digestion with keratanase, the fragments were separated on DEAE-Sephacel and Bio-Gel P-10 and analysed for their Mr, degree of sulphation and amino sugar and neutral sugar content. It was found that every glycosaminoglycan chain is constructed of a constant domain of non-sulphated and monosulphated disaccharide units and a variable domain of disulphated disaccharide units. Total neuraminic acid of the four peptidokeratan sulphate

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37

Richardson, Ian G. "Model structures for C-(A)-S-H(I)." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 70, no. 6 (2014): 903–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520614021982.

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C-(A)-S-H(I) is a calcium silicate hydrate that is studied extensively as a model for the main binding phase in concrete. It is a structurally imperfect form of 14 Å tobermorite that has variable composition and length of (alumino)silicate anions. New structural–chemical formulae are presented for single- and double-chain tobermorite-based phases and equations are provided that can be used to calculate a number of useful quantities from29Si NMR data. It is shown that there are no interlayer calcium ions when the silicate chains are of infinite length and that one is added for each tetrahedral

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38

Rennella, Enrico, Gareth J. Morgan, Jeffery W. Kelly, and Lewis E. Kay. "Role of domain interactions in the aggregation of full-length immunoglobulin light chains." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 3 (2018): 854–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817538116.

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Amyloid light-chain (LC) amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease in which the aggregation of an overexpressed antibody LC from a clonal plasma cell leads to organ toxicity and patient death if left untreated. While the overall dimeric architecture of LC molecules is established, with each LC composed of variable (VL) and constant (CL) domains, the relative contributions of LC domain–domain interfaces and intrinsic domain stabilities to protection against LC aggregation are not well understood. To address these topics we have engineered a number of domain-destabilized LC mutants and used so

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39

Street, Joseph H., R. Scott Anderson, Robert J. Rosenbauer, and Adina Paytan. "n-Alkane evidence for the onset of wetter conditions in the Sierra Nevada, California (USA) at the mid-late Holocene transition, ~ 3.0 ka." Quaternary Research 79, no. 1 (2013): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.09.004.

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Abstractn-Alkane biomarker distributions in sediments from Swamp Lake (SL), in the central Sierra Nevada of California (USA), provide evidence for an increase in mean lake level ~ 3000 yr ago, in conjunction with widespread climatic change inferred from marine and continental records in the eastern North Pacific region. Length distributions of n-alkane chains in modern plants growing at SL were determined and compared to sedimentary distributions in a core spanning the last 13 ka. As a group, submerged and floating aquatic plants contained high proportions of short chain lengths (< nC25) co

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40

Lim, Jungmoon, Gahyun Ahn, Inho Jeong, and Hyunwook Song. "Intrinsic Tunneling Characteristics of Aryl Alkane Monolayers Sandwiched Between Single-Layer Graphene Electrodes." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 4 (2020): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3639.

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In this study, we report on charge transport through aryl alkane monolayers sandwiched between single-layer graphene (SLG) electrodes. Raman spectroscopy identified the chemically grafting of aryl diazonium compounds onto bottom SLG electrodes. Current densities of three different aryl alkane monolayers were exponentially deceased with a correct decay coefficient (β) as the length of a tunneling barrier increased. Transition voltage measurements for variable lengths of alkyl chains showed that the SLG/monolayer/SLG arrangement provides the formation of a valid tunneling junction to observe int

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41

Curtis, Michael A., Andrea Thickett, Jennifer M. Slaney, et al. "Variable Carbohydrate Modifications to the Catalytic Chains of the RgpA and RgpB Proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 8 (1999): 3816–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.8.3816-3823.1999.

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ABSTRACT Proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis are considered to be important virulence determinants of this periodontal bacterium. Several biochemical isoforms of arginine-specific proteases are derived from rgpA and rgpB. HRgpA is a heterodimer composed of the catalytic α chain noncovalently associated with a β adhesin chain derived from the C terminus of the initial full-length translation product. The catalytic α chain is also present as a monomer (RgpA) either free in solution or associated with membranes.rgpB lacks the coding region for the adhesin domain present in rgpA and yields only

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42

Pisárčik, Martin, Matúš Pupák, Miloš Lukáč, et al. "The Synthesis, Self-Assembled Structures, and Microbicidal Activity of Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Branched Tridecyl Chains." Molecules 24, no. 23 (2019): 4380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234380.

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Cationic gemini surfactants with polymethylene spacer and linear alkyl chains containing an even number of carbon atoms have been extensively studied in the recent past, with the emphasis put on the determination of their aggregation behaviour in aqueous solution and their biological properties. However, the information on the aggregation of branched gemini surfactants with an odd number of carbon atoms in their alkyl chains is only sparsely reported in the literature. To help cover this gap in the research of cationic gemini surfactants, a series of branched bisammonium cationic gemini surfac

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43

Yu, Wei, Lucy E. O'Brien, Fei Wang, Henry Bourne, Keith E. Mostov, and Mirjam M. P. Zegers. "Hepatocyte Growth Factor Switches Orientation of Polarity and Mode of Movement during Morphogenesis of Multicellular Epithelial Structures." Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, no. 2 (2003): 748–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-06-0350.

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Epithelial cells form monolayers of polarized cells with apical and basolateral surfaces. Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells transiently lose their apico-basolateral polarity and become motile by treatment with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which causes the monolayer to remodel into tubules. HGF induces cells to produce basolateral extensions. Cells then migrate out of the monolayer to produce chains of cells, which go on to form tubules. Herein, we have analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of extensions and chains. We find that cells switch from an apico-basol

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44

Yang, Tao, and M. L. Chaudhry. "On steady-state queue size distributions of the discrete-time GI/G/1 queue." Advances in Applied Probability 28, no. 04 (1996): 1177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800027609.

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In this paper, we present results for the steady-state system length distributions of the discrete-timeGI/G/1 queue. We examine the system at customer arrival epochs (customer departure epochs) and use the residual service time (residual interarrival time) as the supplementary variable. The embedded Markov chain is ofGI/M/1 type if the embedding points are arrival epochs and is ofM/G/1 type if the embedding points are departure epochs. Using the matrix analytic method, we identify the necessary and sufficient condition for both Markov chains to be positive recurrent. For theGI/M/1 type chain,

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Rasmussen, J. B., D. J. Rowan, D. R. S. Lean, and J. H. Carey. "Food Chain Structure in Ontario Lakes Determines PCB Levels in Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Other Pelagic Fish." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 10 (1990): 2030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-227.

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The trophic structure of pelagic communities in lakes of glaciated regions is highly variable due to restricted dispersal of glacial relict taxa and recent species introductions. Much of the enormous between-lake variability in PCB levels in lake trout flesh (15–10 000 ng/g) from the St. Lawrence system results from differences in the length of pelagic food chains. Ontario Ministry of the Environment data (1978–81) on PCB concentrations in lake trout flesh indicate that PCB concentrations increased with the length of the food chain and tissue lipid content, and decreased with distance north of

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Borges, Frédéric, Séverine Layec, Annabelle Thibessard, et al. "cse, a Chimeric and Variable Gene, Encodes an Extracellular Protein Involved in Cellular Segregation in Streptococcus thermophilus." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 8 (2005): 2737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.8.2737-2746.2005.

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ABSTRACT The isolation of a Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ368 mutant displaying a long-chain phenotype allowed us to identify the cse gene (for cellular segregation). The N terminus of Cse exhibits high similarity to Streptococcus agalactiae surface immunogenic protein (SIP), while its C terminus exhibits high similarity to S. thermophilus PcsB. In CNRZ368, deletion of the entire cse open reading frame leads to drastic lengthening of cell chains and altered colony morphology. Complementation of the Δcse mutation with a wild-type allele restored both wild-type phenotypes. The central part of C

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Barredo, Wilson I., Jinky B. Bornales, Christopher C. Bernido, and Henry P. Aringa. "On the diffusion of alpha-helical proteins in solvents." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 36 (January 2015): 1560018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194515600186.

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The winding probability function for a biopolymer diffusing in a crowded cell is obtained with the drift coefficient f(s) involving Bessel functions of general form f(s) = kJ2p+1 (νs). The variable s is the length along the chain and ν is a constant which can be used to simulate the frequency of appearance of a certain type of amino acid. Application of a particular case p = 3 to protein chains is carried out for different alpha helical proteins found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Analysis of our results leads us to an empirical formula that can be used to conveniently predict k/D and ν, whe

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Yang, Tao, and M. L. Chaudhry. "On steady-state queue size distributions of the discrete-time GI/G/1 queue." Advances in Applied Probability 28, no. 4 (1996): 1177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1428169.

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In this paper, we present results for the steady-state system length distributions of the discrete-time GI/G/1 queue. We examine the system at customer arrival epochs (customer departure epochs) and use the residual service time (residual interarrival time) as the supplementary variable. The embedded Markov chain is of GI/M/1 type if the embedding points are arrival epochs and is of M/G/1 type if the embedding points are departure epochs. Using the matrix analytic method, we identify the necessary and sufficient condition for both Markov chains to be positive recurrent. For the GI/M/1 type cha

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Saigo, M., L. Ruffener, P. Scarabotti, and M. Marchese. "Food chain length in a large floodplain river: planktonic or benthic reliance as a limiting factor." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 7 (2017): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16269.

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Food chain length (FCL) is a key integrative variable describing ecosystem functioning. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the relative importance of planktonic and benthic energy pathways is a major factor affecting FCL in the Middle Paraná River. Samples were obtained from in eight waterbodies, measuring chlorophyll-a concentrations and the abundance of benthic invertebrates and the trophic position of top predators by stable isotope analysis. There was no evidence that resource availability, disturbances or ecosystem size limited FCL. Similarly, the body size and t

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Escola, Sean, Michael Eisele, Kenneth Miller, and Liam Paninski. "Maximally Reliable Markov Chains Under Energy Constraints." Neural Computation 21, no. 7 (2009): 1863–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.08-08-843.

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Signal-to-noise ratios in physical systems can be significantly degraded if the outputs of the systems are highly variable. Biological processes for which highly stereotyped signal generations are necessary features appear to have reduced their signal variabilities by employing multiple processing steps. To better understand why this multistep cascade structure might be desirable, we prove that the reliability of a signal generated by a multistate system with no memory (i.e., a Markov chain) is maximal if and only if the system topology is such that the process steps irreversibly through each

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