Relevant bibliographies by topics / Varian's battery

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Varian's battery'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Varian's battery"

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Kennedy, Robert S., Norman E. Lane, Julie M. Drexler, and William J. Bramble. "An Automated Test Battery for Advanced Aviator Assessment." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 11 (October 1998): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201105.

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A study was conducted to determine whether a number of computerized tests would add new variance to a paper-and-pencil selection battery, the U.S. Navy's Aviation Selection Test Battery (ASTB). The computerized tests came from three different domains: 1) cognitive tests; 2) temporal acuity (visual temporal information processing) tests; and 3) psychomotor tests including video games. These tests were all written in “C” and had been validated against simulated aviation and space shuttle landing tasks. Data were collected on 120 aviation candidates. Analyses indicated that: a) Tests in the new automated battery were generally of adequate to high reliability; b) Correlations between the automated battery and ASTB variables were, with a few exceptions, not large but in the expected directions, suggesting that tests in the automated battery do not duplicate the variance measured by the ASTB, and could thus potentially augment the predictive power of the ASTB; and c) Relationships among the Spatial Apperception Test (SAT) of the ATSB and several of the temporal acuity tests indicate that temporal factors may be involved in SAT performance. At the same time, there is considerable reliable variance unique to each domain, again implying the potential for augmentation of the ASTB by measures from the automated battery.
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Chakrabartty, Satyendra Nath. "Reliability of test battery." Methodological Innovations 13, no. 2 (May 2020): 205979912091834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059799120918340.

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After a brief review of methods for assessing the reliability of individual test, the article presents a method of obtaining reliability of a battery of tests where battery score could be defined as sum of weighted or unweighted scores of the component tests. Such battery reliability can be influenced significantly by method of selection of weights to arrive at the battery scores and methods of estimating reliability of component tests. Test reliability as per theoretical definition in terms of length of score vectors of two parallel tests and angle between such vectors in N-dimensional space also helps to find values of error score variance of the test fits well in estimation of battery reliability. Relationship between theoretically defined reliability rtt and split-half correlation rgh was established. For weighted battery score, a Lagrange multiplier-based solution for determination of weights is recommended with the use of reliability as per the theoretical definition. Weights found as above have the advantage that the battery score (Y) has minimum variance. Also, covariance between the battery score and the score of an individual test is a constant. Condition of battery score being equi-correlated with the standardized score of each constituent test was derived.
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Kim, Minyong, Young Geun Kim, Sung Woo Chung, and Cheol Hong Kim. "Measuring Variance between Smartphone Energy Consumption and Battery Life." Computer 47, no. 7 (July 2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2013.293.

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Shouksmith, George. "Preferred Interaction Styles of Managers of Different Status." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3f.1408.

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Members of three levels of management from a major New Zealand manufacturing organization rated their preferred participative or decision-making styles: Tough Battler, Friendly Helper or Logical Thinker. A two-way analysis of variance indicated a significant simple effect establishing logical thinking as the over-all preferred style and an interactive effect between selected style and the status of the manager. When major problems or conflicts have to be dealt with, top management become tough battlers, whereas junior managers respond by being friendly helpers
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Wallbrown, Fred H., Cheryl N. Carmin, and Robert W. Barnett. "Investigating the Construct Validity of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery." Psychological Reports 62, no. 3 (June 1988): 871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.871.

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A Wherry and Wherry hierarchical factor solution was obtained on intercorrelations among the 10 subtests of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery of Jackson to test its construct validity. Subtest scores were obtained for 300 adult male felons referred to a receiving and diagnostic center for evaluations. The findings provide considerable support for construct validity. A general ( g)-factor was defined by strong positive loadings from all 10 subtests and accounted for about 46% of the total subtest variance. A verbal educational factor was defined by positive loadings from the five verbal subtests and accounted for 16% of the total variance in the verbal subtests. A spatial-perceptual factor was defined by positive loadings from all five performance subtests and accounted for 13% of the total variance in the performance subtests.
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Parkin, Jason R. "The Simple Views of Reading and Writing: Frameworks for Interpretation of the Woodcock–Johnson IV." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 39, no. 7 (June 1, 2021): 832–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07342829211023325.

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The simple views of reading (SVRs) and writing (SVWs) reflect useful frameworks for the psychoeducational evaluation of literacy difficulties. They describe reading comprehension and written expression as the outcome of oral language, decoding, and transcription skills. Prior research has demonstrated that these components explain the vast majority of variance in comprehension and written expression. However, subtests’ specific task demands can influence the relationships among these components within the models. As a result, practitioners should know the degree to which various test batteries operationalize these frameworks. Using correlations from school-age participants provided in the technical manual, these analyses investigated the SVR and SVW within the Woodcock–Johnson IV battery through structural equation modeling. Results suggest that the battery’s measures conform to many of the expectations stemming from the SVR/SVW. However, its comprehension and written expression measures appear less language-influenced and more affected by decoding/spelling. Implications for psychoeducational practice are discussed.
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Nuvvula, Ramakrishna S. S., Devaraj Elangovan, Kishore Srinivasa Teegala, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, Md Rabiul Islam, and Ravikiran Inapakurthi. "Optimal Sizing of Battery-Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources with Ramp Rate Limitations on a Grid Using ALA-QPSO." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 5368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175368.

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Higher penetration of variable renewable energy sources into the grid brings down the plant load factor of thermal power plants. However, during sudden changes in load, the thermal power plants support the grid, though at higher ramping rates and with inefficient operation. Hence, further renewable additions must be backed by battery energy storage systems to limit the ramping rate of a thermal power plant and to avoid deploying diesel generators. In this paper, battery-integrated renewable energy systems that include floating solar, bifacial rooftop, and wind energy systems are evaluated for a designated smart city in India to reduce ramping support by a thermal power plant. Two variants of adaptive-local-attractor-based quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (ALA-QPSO) are applied for optimal sizing of battery-integrated and hybrid renewable energy sources to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCoE), battery life cycle loss (LCL), and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The obtained results are then compared with four variants of differential evolution. The results show that out of 427 MW of the energy potential, an optimal set of hybrid renewable energy sources containing 274 MW of rooftop PV, 99 MW of floating PV, and 60 MW of wind energy systems supported by 131 MWh of batteries results in an LPSP of 0.005%, an LCoE of 0.077 USD/kW, and an LCL of 0.0087. A sensitivity analysis of the results obtained through ALA-QPSO is performed to assess the impact of damage to batteries and unplanned load appreciation, and it is found that the optimal set results in more energy sustainability.
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Kim, Woong-Ki, Fabian Steger, Bhavya Kotak, Peter Knudsen, Uwe Girgsdies, and Hans-Georg Schweiger. "Water Condensation in Traction Battery Systems." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061171.

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Lithium-ion traction battery systems of hybrid and electric vehicles must have a high level of durability and reliability like all other components and systems of a vehicle. Battery systems get heated while in the application. To ensure the desired life span and performance, most systems are equipped with a cooling system. The changing environmental condition in daily use may cause water condensation in the housing of the battery system. In this study, three system designs were investigated, to compare different solutions to deal with pressure differences and condensation: (1) a sealed battery system, (2) an open system and (3) a battery system equipped with a pressure compensation element (PCE). These three designs were tested under two conditions: (a) in normal operation and (b) in a maximum humidity scenario. The amount of the condensation in the housing was determined through a change in relative humidity of air inside the housing. Through PCE and available spacing of the housing, moisture entered into the housing during the cooling process. While applying the test scenarios, the gradient-based drift of the moisture into the housing contributed maximum towards the condensation. Condensation occurred on the internal surface for all the three design variants.
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Almeida, Arminda, Nuno Sousa, and João Coutinho-Rodrigues. "Quest for Sustainability: Life-Cycle Emissions Assessment of Electric Vehicles Considering Newer Li-Ion Batteries." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 2366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082366.

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The number of battery electric vehicle models available in the market has been increasing, as well as their battery capacity, and these trends are likely to continue in the future as sustainable transportation goals rise in importance, supported by advances in battery chemistry and technology. Given the rapid pace of these advances, the impact of new chemistries, e.g., lithium-manganese rich cathode materials and silicon/graphite anodes, has not yet been thoroughly considered in the literature. This research estimates life cycle greenhouse gas and other air pollutants emissions of battery electric vehicles with different battery chemistries, including the above advances. The analysis methodology, which uses the greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in transportation (GREET) life-cycle assessment model, considers 8 battery types, 13 electricity generation mixes with different predominant primary energy sources, and 4 vehicle segments (small, medium, large, and sport utility vehicles), represented by prototype vehicles, with both battery replacement and non-replacement during the life cycle. Outputs are expressed as emissions ratios to the equivalent petrol internal combustion engine vehicle and two-way analysis of variance is used to test results for statistical significance. Results show that newer Li-ion battery technology can yield significant improvements over older battery chemistries, which can be as high as 60% emissions reduction, depending on pollutant type and electricity generation mix.
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Ghosh, Ramkrishna, Suneeta Mohanty, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, and Sabyasachi Pramanik. "A Novel Performance Evaluation of Resourceful Energy Saving Protocols of Heterogeneous WSN to Maximize Network Stability and Lifetime." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2021040106.

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The wireless sensor network (WSN) is a swiftly growing technological knowledge stage with noteworthy and dynamic implementations in various fields. Due to minute battery power in WSNs, power utilization in WSN is a foremost problem. In this paper, the authors have compared resourceful power consumption protocols using different variants of SEP protocols. The simulation results demonstrate that out of variants of SEP, ZSEP performs better among all these protocols in relation to stability, life span, and throughput of the sensor network fairly.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Varian's battery"

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Zimmerman, Nicole P. "Time-Variant Load Models of Electric Vehicle Chargers." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2297.

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In power distribution system planning, it is essential to understand the impacts that electric vehicles (EVs), and the non-linear, time-variant loading profiles associated with their charging units, may have on power distribution networks. This research presents a design methodology for the creation of both analytical and behavioral models for EV charging units within a VHDL-AMS simulation environment. Voltage and current data collected from Electric Avenue, located on the Portland State University campus, were used to create harmonic profiles of the EV charging units at the site. From these profiles, generalized models for both single-phase (Level 2) and three-phase (Level 3) EV chargers were created. Further, these models were validated within a larger system context utilizing the IEEE 13-bus distribution test feeder system. Results from the model's validation are presented for various charger and power system configurations. Finally, an online tool that was created for use by distribution system designers is presented. This tool can aid designers in assessing the impacts that EV chargers have on electrical assets, and assist with the appropriate selection of transformers, conductor ampacities, and protection equipment & settings.
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Wang, Wei. "Establishment of Highly Sensitive Monitoring System of Causative Agents in Acute Respiratory Infection in Children and Emergence of New Variants and of Epidemics in Shanghai, China." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077248.

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Les infections aiguës des voies respiratoire inférieures (ALRI) sont un problème persistant et dominant de santé publique. De nombreux virus peuvent causer une ALRI, y compris le virus respiratoire syncitial, le virus de la grippe, le virus parainfluenza, le rhinovirus, l'enterovirus, l'adénovirus et le coronavirus. Depuis l'épidémie de SRAS en 2004 et les épidémies récentes de grippe aviaire H5N1 hautement pathogène, la transmission des virus zoonotiques à l'homme pose un problème majeur de santé publique, car les contacts rapprochés entre l'animal et l'homme ou entre les hommes faciliteraient le réassortiment et la recombinaison entre les virus pour générer des nouveaux virus qui pourraient passer la barrière d'espèce. L'introduction de ces nouveaux virus dans la population immunologiquement naïve pourrait être à l'origine d'épidémies ou de pandémies. . Par ailleurs, de nouveaux virus comme le métapneumovirus humain, les coronavirus humains NL63 et HKU1, et le bocavirus humain, ont été identifiés grâce au développement des nouvelles techniques moléculaires. Toutes ces approches ont changé le profil étiologique des ALRI. Pour mieux identifier les causes d'épidémies, il est nécessaire de surveiller la distribution et l'évolution génétique des virus respiratoires. L'objectif de ce travail a été dicté en priorité par la nécessité de développer des méthodes rapides, spécifiques et sensibles de diagnostic pouvant détecter non seulement des pathogènes viraux importants mais également de nombreuses co-infections virales. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de développer différentes techniques moléculaires multiplexées et de mettre en place une plateforme de diagnostic des virus respiratoires. La stratégie a été de développer de nouvelles techniques en rapport avec les types de virus à détecter: (1) virus prioritaires comme la grippe aviaire H5N1 ou le virus pandémique SOI-H1N1v, détectés par RT-PCR en temps réel et multiplexée; (2) virus à haute prévalence de circulation dans la population possédant une diversité génétique élevée, détectés par RT-PCR multiplexée ; virus rares et émergents, détectés et étudiés par micropuce ADN et séquençage à haut-débit
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one persistent and Worldwide problem to public health and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In China, nearly 21 million cases occur every year [1]. Numerous viruses can cause ALRI, including respiratory syncitial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus and coronavirus [2-12]. Since the outbreak of SARS in 2004 and the recent epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in China [13-15] as well as in other countries of Southeast Asia, the transmission of zoonotic viruses from animals to human has become a big concern to public health because the increasing close contacts of animal-human and human-human would largely facilitate the reassortment and recombination of viruses to generate new viruses which could cross the species barrier. The introduction of new viruses to immune naïve population would cause epidemics or pandemics. Meanwhile, new viruses like human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1, and human bocavirus, were identified as the result of development of new molecular techniques. All these approaches have largely changed the etiological profile in ARI. To better react in case of epidemics, it is necessary to monitor the distribution and the genetic evolution of respiratory viruses. Sustained global surveillance project was required to improve the capacity in many developing countries to detect endemic, epidemic and newly emerging respiratory pathogens [16]. To set up such project, reliable and standardized diagnostic methods were requested. With sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the project could identify a wide variety of agents, to differentiate highly pathogenic viruses from less virulent seasonal respiratory viruses and to identify new emerging viruses. Meanwhile, the epidemiological and etiological profile of ARI should be thoroughly studied to describe the background and set up a baseline for epidemic alert. In 2006, the project "Surveillance and Investigation of Endemic Situations in South-East Asia (SISEA)" was implemented (http://www. Hku. Hk/respari/research_07. Htm), which supported my PhD work. Shanghai, as the biggest metropolis of China, is an important center for population migration and with distinct four seasons including very cold winter
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Book chapters on the topic "Varian's battery"

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Parchami, Abbas, Mashaallah Mashinchi, and Cengiz Kahraman. "A Case Study on Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Using Fuzzy Analysis of Variance." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 916–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51156-2_106.

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Verma, Vinod Kumar, Surinder Singh, and N. P. Pathak. "Investigation of Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks with Variant Battery Models." In Advanced Wireless Sensing Techniques for 5G Networks, 143–61. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351021746-9.

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Weichenhain, J., P. Althaus, S. Hübner, H. Wester, D. Rosenbusch, and B. A. Behrens. "Investigation of a Compression Molding Process for the Variant Flexible Production of a GMT Battery Shell." In Lecture Notes in Production Engineering, 20–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78424-9_3.

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Demertzis, Apostolos, and Konstantinos Oikonomou. "Braided Routing Technique to Balance Traffic Load in Wireless Sensor Networks." In Sensor Technology, 837–55. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2454-1.ch040.

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Many-to-one wireless sensor networks suffer from an extreme variation of traffic load between nodes. Sensor nodes near the sink consume much more energy than distant ones, resulting in the energy hole problem (global variation of load). In addition, even nodes located at the same distance from the sink experience very different traffic load with each other (local variation). This uneven distribution of traffic load, both globally and locally, results in a severe shortening of the time until first node runs out of battery. This work focuses on balancing the load of equally-distant nodes from the sink by sharing each one's load among its next-hop neighbors. Eventually, packets are travelling from node to sink by following interlaced paths. The proposed routing mechanism, called braided routing, is a simple one and can be applied over any cost-based routing, incurring a negligible overhead. Simulation results show that the local variance of load is reduced nearly 20-60% on average while the time until first death can be prolonged more than twice in many cases and the lifetime about 15%.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Aids to Intubation." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0028.

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This device was invented by Sir Ivan Magill and Sir Robert Macintosh to visualise the vocal cords to aid intubation. The curved blade of the Macintosh laryngoscope is still popular as the standard and its design has been reshaped in recent years to reduce the biomechanical forces on the teeth [Bucx et al. 1997, Bucx et al. 1994]. The straight blade of the Magill laryngoscope can make the view easier under some circumstances, as do modern variants [Henderson 1997]. The handle has a battery and a light source in it, and the light is transmitted by a fibre optic cable to the tip of the blade, which is usually at right angles to the handle. There are many different shaped blades to suit different circumstances, particularly to visualise the anatomically different airway of the neonate. Other variants to aid difficult intubations include the Polio laryngoscope, in which the angle between the handle and the blade is an obtuse one and the McCoy laryngoscope, which has a lever to manipulate the tip of the laryngoscope blade to improve the view of the vocal cords [McCoy et al. 1993]; some of these devices are shown in Figure 24.1. In recent years a new range of laryngoscopes has been introduced with fibre optic systems that allow indirect visualisation of the vocal cords via an eyepiece or a small video screen. These devices clearly improve access to the airway where there would otherwise be a laryngoscopic view with a high Cormack-Lehane score. They currently include the McGrath [Ray et al. 2009], the Glidescope, the Airtraq [Lange et al. 2009] (shown in Figures 24.2(a) and (b)), the C-MAC [McElwain et al. 2010 and others] and testing to date has been on manikins. As with all new devices, their efficacy depends on the skill of the user; one study has demonstrated greater skill with the familiar Macintosh laryngoscope than with the newer ones [Powell et al. 2009]. With the emergence of Jakob–Creutzfeldt disease and the recognition of the infectious risk of prions from tonsillar tissue on laryngoscope blades, a range of disposable paediatric blades has been produced, with variable quality of mechanical flexibility and light quality [Goodwin et al. 2006].
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Conference papers on the topic "Varian's battery"

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Mendoza, Sergio, Ji Liu, Partha Mishra, and Hosam K. Fathy. "Statistical Quantification of Least-Squares Battery State of Charge Estimation Errors." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9750.

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This paper derives analytic expressions for both the mean and variance of battery state of charge (SOC) estimation error, assuming a least squares estimation law. The paper examines three sources of estimation error, namely: (i) voltage measurement errors (both bias and noise), (ii) current measurement bias, and (iii) mismatch between the order of the battery model used for estimation and the true order of the battery’s dynamics. There is already a rich literature on quantifying battery SOC estimation errors for different estimator designs. The novelty of this paper stems from its extensive examination of both the expected SOC estimation bias and noise, for a least squares estimation algorithm, in the presence of three different fundamental sources of these estimation errors. We show, both analytically and using Monte Carlo simulation, that under reasonable operating conditions, the expected bias in SOC estimation for lithium-ion batteries is dominant compared to the expected estimation variance. This leads to the important insight that quantifying SOC estimation variance using Fisher information furnishes overly optimistic predictions of achievable SOC estimation accuracy.
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Zhang, Yichen, Alexander Melin, Mohammed Olama, Seddik Djouadi, Jin Dong, and Kevin Tomsovic. "Battery energy storage scheduling for optimal load variance minimization." In 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2018.8403324.

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Pan, Dawei, Hengfeng Li, and Yuchen Song. "A Comparative Study of Particle Filters and its Variants in Lithium-ion Battery SOH Estimation." In 2020 International Conference on Sensing, Measurement & Data Analytics in the era of Artificial Intelligence (ICSMD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmd50554.2020.9261654.

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Anaya, Jonathan Mikler, Santiago Camacho Calderon, Andrew Bradley, and Andres Gonzalez-Mancera. "Multibody Simulation of an Electric Go-Kart: Influence of Power-Train’s Weight Distribution on Dynamic Performance." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98112.

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Abstract A multibody model of an electric go-kart was developed in Msc-Adams Car software to simulate the vehicle’s dynamic performance. In contrast to an ICE kart, its electric counterpart bares an extra weight load accounted for the batteries and other powertrain components. The model is inspired on a prototype vehicle developed at Universidad de los Andes. The prototype was built on top of an ICE frame where a PMAC motor, controller, battery pack and the subsequent powertrain components were installed. A petrol-based Go-kart weight distribution was defined as baseline and several variants of the electric adaptation with different weight distributions were constructed. The main objective of the model is to evaluate different configurations and identify the ones that can give performance advantages. Step steer simulations ran at 40 km/h (64 mph) were analyzed to assess the dynamic performance of the vehicle for different configuration of the battery bank placement. For most iterations of powertrain location, considerable differences in dynamic response were obtained and the handling balance was identified as Understeer contrary to a priori thoughs. Understeer gradient, weight distribution for both axles, trajectory among other results of interest were observed in the simulations. The model allowed to showcase the effect of redistribution of weight on the dynamic behavior in this specific application. Among the main consequences lies the fact that battery distribution can affect the lifting of the internal rear tire and the detriment in turning effectiveness.
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Safi, Jariullah, Joel Anstrom, Sean Brennan, and Hosam K. Fathy. "Differential Diagnostics for Lithium Ion Battery Cells Connected in Series." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6274.

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This paper presents a new method for estimating the capacity of a lithium ion battery cell in the presence of a reference cell — the parameters of which are well characterized — in series with it. The method assumes that both cells are cycled using the same current trajectory starting from the same state of charge (e.g. fully charged). Voltage measurements for both cells as well as current measurements for the series string constitute the input to a nonlinear least squares minimization problem. The goal of this problem is to estimate the capacity of the cell given the difference between its voltage and that of the reference cell. We refer to this as the differential estimation problem, and use Monte Carlo simulation to compare it to the more traditional approach of estimating the capacity of each cell in a battery string independently using its current/voltage measurements. Two key conclusions emerge from this simulation. Compared to traditional estimation, differential estimation results in capacity estimates whose variance is (i) twice as sensitive to voltage measurement noise but (ii) significantly less sensitive to current measurement noise. This makes differential estimation more appealing for battery packs with high current measurement noise and low voltage measurement noise.
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Bornatico, Raffaele, Andrea Storti, Leonardo Mandrioli, Annalisa Zappavigna, Yann Guezennec, and Giorgio Rizzoni. "NiMH Battery Characterization and State-of-Charge Estimation for HEV Applications." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42484.

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One of the most important challenges for effective energy management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) applications is the capability of correctly estimate the batteries State of Charge (SoC). This task is particularly arduous to accomplish in real-time, due to the complexity and nonlinearities, as well as the inevitable presence of on-board measurements errors. The objective of this paper is to develop a NiMH battery model which accounts for the relevant dynamics related to HEV applications. A detailed series of experiments allowed for system identification to be performed in order to design an equivalent electrical circuit model of the battery, where capacitors take care of voltage relaxations, while resistors model all forms of energy losses. Experimental results are then compared with model prediction, resulting in variances limited to less than 3.5%. Finally, the validated model was inverted to serve as a main component of a proposed SoC estimator, whose performance is of key relevance for effectiveness of HEVs. Results during actual vehicle operations are shown delineating a successful application.
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Park, Minjun, Minhwan Seo, Sang Woo Kim, and Taedong Goh. "Li-ion cell SOC variance estimation of series connected battery pack using convolution method." In 2017 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2017.8282890.

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Siddiquee, Abu Nayem Md Asraf, and Kwangkook Jeong. "Conjugated Dynamic Modeling on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery With Non-Constant Variance for Renewable Power Plant Applications." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67462.

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A parametric modeling study has been carried out to investigate the effect of change in operating conditions on VRFB performance. The objective of this research is to develop a computer program to predict the dynamic behavior of single cell VRFB combining fluid mechanics, reaction kinetics, and electric circuit. This paper deals with the exact solutions obtained by solving the governing differential equations of VRFB by using Maple 2015. Calculations were made under electrolyte concentrations of 1M–3M of V2+, charging-discharging current of 1.85A–3.85A, and tank to cell ratio of 5:1 to 10:1. Results show that the discharging time increases from 2.2 hours to 6.7 hours when the value of electrolytes concentration of V2+ increases from 1M to 3M. However, the charging time decreases from 6.9 hours to 3.3 hours with the increment of applied current from 1.85A to 3.85A. Additionally, when the tank to cell ratio is increased from 5:1 to 10:1, the charging-discharging time increased from 4.5 hours to 8.2 hours. Ampere-hour capacity of the cell was found to increase when molar concentration of vanadium and, tank to cell ratio were increased.
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9

Liu, Peng, Jin Wang, Zhenpo Wang, Zhaosheng Zhang, Shuo Wang, and David G. Dorrell. "High-dimensional data abnormity detection based on improved Variance-of-Angle (VOA) algorithm for electric vehicles battery." In 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2019.8912777.

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10

Perullo, Christopher A., David Trawick, William Clifton, Jimmy C. M. Tai, and Dimitri N. Mavris. "Development of a Suite of Hybrid Electric Propulsion Modeling Elements Using NPSS." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-27047.

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NASA is actively funding research into advanced, unconventional aircraft and engine architectures to achieve drastic reductions in vehicle fuel burn, noise, and emissions. One such concept is being explored by Boeing, General Electric, Virginia Tech, and Georgia Tech under the Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research (SUGAR) project [1]. A major cornerstone of this research is evaluating the potential performance benefits that can be attributed to using hybrid electric propulsion. Hybrid electric propulsion in this context involves a non-Brayton power generation or storage source, such as a battery or a fuel cell, which can be used to provide additional propulsive energy to a conventional Brayton cycle powered turbofan engine. Employing additional power sources for thrust production increases the number of degrees of freedom both from a design and configuration standpoint and from an operational one. In order to assess and understand the myriad number of potential new configurations a modeling and simulation tool is needed; however, current state of the art propulsion modeling tools such as the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) are not natively capable of assessing novel hybrid electric configurations. This research addresses the gap between hybrid electric propulsion and conventional cycle analysis tools by developing a suite of native NPSS elements suitable for hybrid electric engine cycle design and analysis. Elements have been developed for a fuel cell, battery, motor, generator, and electrical distribution system. Both room temperature and cryogenically cooled superconducting variants are developed. The elements are designed such that they can be seamlessly integrated into existing NPSS cycle models to assess any system configuration or architecture the designer can envision.
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