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1
Subiabre, Ubilla Paulina Beatriz. "A phonetic variationist study on Chilean speakers of English as a foreign language." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6363/.
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Variationist research in the Labovian paradigm has traditionally looked at the structured heterogeneity found in first language (L1) speech. More recently this quantitative methodology has been applied to speakers acquiring a second language (L2), usually in immigrant settings. This research has shown that alongside well documented L2 acquisition processes, sociolinguistic patterns are also found, just as in native speech. This dissertation examines the speech of native speakers of Spanish acquiring English in Chile, extending traditional quantitative methodology to L2 contexts, specifically to English as a foreign language (EFL) situations. I examine the variation of four phonetic variables: voiceless alveolar fricative (ʃ), voiceless alveolar affricate (ʧ), and postvocalic (r), which range from stigmatised to prestigious in both Spanish and English; and voiced dental fricative (ð), which has been extensively documented in English, mainly constrained by linguistic factors. Through the analysis of the speech of eighteen university students, I seek to test, firstly, whether the patterns of variation characteristic of Chilean Spanish are transferred to English and secondly, whether the variation exhibited by native speakers of English is replicated in EFL contexts. The results suggest that: (1) the expected transfer of patterns from Chilean Spanish to English does not occur for the variables (ʃ) and (ʧ), and (2) the patterns found in non- native speech in EFL contexts replicates the patterns found in native speakers of English for the variables voiced dental fricative (ð) and postvocalic (r). Amongst the social factors considered, the effect of social class is shown to contribute to the variation of postvocalic (r) and (ʃ), as years of instruction in English did to the variation of (ʃ); in relation to the contribution of internal factors, it is found that phonetic environment and position have an effect on the varying use of (ʃ) and (ð). As predicted for (ð), the effect of purely linguistic factors is confirmed. Thus this study demonstrates that the notion of structured heterogeneity can be extended to contexts of EFL, especially in relation to the effect of internal constraints.
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Eze, Bethrand Ejike. "Aspects of language contact: A variationist perspective on codeswitching and borrowing in Igbo-English bilingual discourse." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10228.
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This study is based on empirical data collected from bilingual speakers of Igbo (a Kwa language) and English, in an environment propitious to the use of both languages. The study examines two of the most widely discussed constraints on CS namely, Free Morpheme Constraint and Equivalence Constraint (Poplack 1980). The controversy surrounding these and other constraints on CS arise primarily from the problems of drawing a clear distinction between CS and borrowing. Distinguishing between these language contact phenomena has been particularly difficult with singly-occurring lexical items from one language incorporated into the discourse otherwise of the other. Our investigation begins by determining the status of lone English-origin items incorporated into otherwise Igbo discourse. In order to determine whether these are CS or borrowings, we use the principles of variation theory to make a detailed assessment of the behavior of these forms in the context of the entire bilingual system. Our method entails a systematic comparison of the lone items with: (a) unmixed stretches of Igbo; (b) unmixed stretches of English and (c) multiword fragments of English (unambiguous CS) juxtaposed to Igbo. Since CS items are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to their counterparts in the language which lexified them, while borrowings assume the behavior of their counterparts in the recipient language, our method effectively disambiguates the contentious lone English-origin items by comparing their patterns of behavior with respect to predetermined diagnostics, vis-a-vis their counterparts in the unmixed stretches of the two languages as well as unambiguous CS. If the lone English-origin items patterned like their counterparts in unmixed stretches of English and unambiguous CS, they would be classified as CS. If, on the other hand, they patterned like their counterparts in unmixed stretches of Igbo, there would be no doubt that they are borrowings into Igbo. As expected, our results produced conclusive evidence that these lone English-origin items are borrowings into Igbo. In all the examined criteria namely, vowel harmony and affixation, the lone English-origin verbs patterned like their counterparts in unmixed stretches of Igbo, but differed from unmixed English and unambiguous CS. The English-origin nouns on their part also behaved like their counterpart in unmixed stretches of English in such areas as determiner usage, the use of generic reference, the linear structure of NPs. The lone English-origin adjectives were incorporated into Igbo as adjectival nouns, the most productive adjectival category in Igbo. These lone English origin adjectives followed the copula di (BE) in the same proportion as their counterparts in unmixed Igbo. Once the borrowed items have been identified and separated from the bona fide CS, we found that, with very few exceptions, the switches between Igbo and English occurred at points where the structures of the two languages are linearly analogous. Thus, Igbo-English CS is constrained under equivalence. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Tippets, Ian Robert. "Differential Object Marking in Spanish: A Quantitative Variationist Study." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1282049112.
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Hernandez, Edith. "Resolucion de hiatos en verbos –ear: un estudio sociofonetico en una ciudad mexicana." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262231085.
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Dunn, Robert Lowell. "Plenty too much Chinese food: variation in adjective and intensifier choice in native and non-native speakers of English." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13921.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Modern Languages
Mary T. Copple
Adjective use and intensification by native speakers of English has been the subject of much study, yet intensification strategies used by non-native speakers have received relatively less attention. The present study compares adjective use by five native English speakers with that of five English L2 speakers at Kansas State University in order to describe in detail how learner patterns of use differ from those of native speakers living in the same community. From conversational data, adjectives were extracted and analyzed for linguistic features such as adjective class, and use of intensification. Results quantify how the non-native speakers have access to a smaller set of adjectives than native speakers, and how those sets differ. Interestingly, the L2 speakers intensify their adjectives at a higher rate than native speakers, again employing a smaller set. The types of adjectives used by the two groups differed in significant ways, with native speakers using more precise, contextually-specific evaluative adjectives such as crappy, elite, retarded, and obsessed, while non-native speakers used more generic adjectives such as happy, nice, long, and famous. The generalized nature of these adjectives, as well as the smaller number of lexemes at the non-native speakers’ disposal, may account for the increased rate of intensification shown by the non-native speakers. Specifically, the depth and complexity of meaning required for conversational interaction is more often handled by native speakers via a variety of specialized adjectives, while non-native speakers must rely more on adjective intensification in order to convey subtle differences in meaning. These results help us better understand how advanced learner language compares to native use. Implications for English language teaching include, but are not limited to, new insight into the types of adjectives taught for conversational English, explicit teaching of intensification strategies, and teaching learners how to construct compound adjectives.
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Gould, Rebecca J. "The Variable use of ne in Negative Structures: An Apparent-Time Variationist Study of Synchronous Electronic French Discourse." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33157/.
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This study of the variable use of ne in synchronous electronic French discourse follows the methodological guidelines and the theoretical framework proposed and subsequently elaborated by Labov for analyzing variable features of language. This thesis provides a quantitative variable rule (i.e., VARBRUL) analysis including age as a factor group (i.e., independent variable), thereby making a new contribution to this area of inquiry. The data (50,000 words from the vingtaine 'twentysomething' channel and 50,000 words from the cinquantaine 'fiftysomething' channel) are a subset of 100,000 words from a corpus of one million words collected in 2008 by the thesis director from the public chat server EuropNet. This study aims to answer the following overarching question: To what extent does age-compared to other factors-influence the variable use of ne in verbal negation in synchronous electronic French discourse? In order to answer this question, and possibly others, the VARBRUL analysis will include age, subject (e.g., noun vs. pronoun), type of second negative particle (e.g., pas 'not', jamais 'never', personne 'no one'/'nobody', and so forth), as well as verbal mood/tense.
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Digesto, Salvatore. "Verum a fontibus haurire. A Variationist Analysis of Subjunctive Variability Across Space and Time: from Contemporary Italian back to Latin." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39410.
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This dissertation investigates the use of the subjunctive in completive clauses governed by verbs in Italian, both synchronically and diachronically, and in Vulgar Latin. By making use of the tools provided by the Variationist Sociolinguistic framework (Labov 1972, 1994), the current study sheds light on the underlying conditioning on variability using actual usage and speech-surrogate data. Contemporary actual speech data comes from LIP (De Mauro et al. 1993) and C-ORAL-ROM (Cresti & Moneglia 2005) corpora, providing spontaneous discourse in casual and careful speech as well as sub-sample divisions representative of geographical variation. In order to measure any changes in the underlying conditioning on subjunctive selection, a diachronic benchmark is established: a corpus of speech-like surrogates of 16th to 20th century Italian, COHI (Corpus of Historical Italian), and a corpus of Vulgar Latin (Cena Trimalchionis, from the Satyricon by Petronius). The subjunctives were extracted in adherence to the principle of accountability (Labov 1972), using the method developed by Poplack (1992): every complement clause governed by a matrix verb (governor) that triggered the subjunctive at least once was included. This method enables us to circumvent the issue of the lack of consensus in the literature on exactly which contexts, i.e. verbs and/or meanings, should trigger the subjunctive in discourse. This issue surfaces as well from the meta-linguistic analysis of a compendium of 58 Italian grammars and treaties (CSGI, Collezione Storica di Grammatiche Italiane), constructed for the purpose of this research.
A series of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors proposed by formal and prescriptive literature are operationalized and tested against the corpora of both Italian and Vulgar Latin, in order to ascertain the nature of variability in discourse: i.e. whether the use of the subjunctive is semantically motivated, productive in speech or undergoing desemanticization and lexicalization. Despite widespread assumption of a change that occurred after the political and the subsequent linguistic unification of Italy, i.e. that the subjunctive has lost ground in favour of the indicative when it was supposedly used categorically in the past, quantitative and statistical evidence shows that subjunctive selection is largely determined by lexical identity of the governor as well as embedded suppletive forms of essere, and that this pattern has been operative at least since the 16th century.
On a more socio-linguistic aspect, this study confirms the linguistic prestige that the subjunctive has acquired in contemporary speech, being selected with a wider range of infrequent and singleton governors by highly educated speakers. Also, the highly lexicalized pattern on variability was found to be largely shared amongst the four main urban centres of Florence, Milan, Rome, and Naples, thus countering the assumption of divergent linguistic behaviour between northern and southern varieties of Italian.
The study also shows that despite the significant time span targeted, no evidence of desemanticization has been found. Likewise, the variationist analysis on the Vulgar Latin subjunctive shows that subjunctive choice was already largely determined by, and restricted, to a few governors, identified as ‘volitive’ and ‘emotive’ matrices. These governors remained strong predictors for the selection of the subjunctive in Italian as well, suggesting that this lexical pattern has been transferred and consistently retained in the daughter language.
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Richardson-Owen, Esme. "Innovative quotatives - language change or youth-speak? : A corpus-based study of spoken British English." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79708.
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This paper investigates the possible effect of age on quotative variation in spoken British English with focus on the innovative quotative constructions be like and go and the standard construction say. The study is corpus-based and uses the Spoken British National Corpus 2014 as its material. Using the search tools provided in the corpus, datasets were restricted to include material from female speakers only and for each age-bracket in isolation. The results of the study were analysed in apparent time and through real time comparisons with previous studies. Similarly to previous studies, it was found that be like constructions are still favoured by young speakers, but the results also indicate that be like is used at higher frequencies among middle-aged speakers than previous studies have demonstrated. This indicates that be like is indeed an example of language change and not just an age-graded feature. The second innovative quotative investigated was go. The frequency distribution demonstrated by go was very different to that of be like. The results indicate that the ratio of go in comparison to be like (and say) have decreased drastically in the past twenty years when the results of the present study were compared to previous studies. This may indicate that the presence of two or more quotative variants within a speaker community may lead to the reduction in use of one of these variants due to "linguistic competition". The results of this study strengthen previous arguments that the presence of be like may lead to a decrease in the use of quotative go. The standard form say is still the most common variant for most age-brackets, apart from adolescent and young-adult speakers. However, in comparison to earlier studies the ratios of say have decreased for middle-aged speakers and younger. This may be due to an increased choice of quotative variants which are available to the speaker.
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Jaime, Jimenez Elena. "Variable use of plural address forms in Andalusian Spanish." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu153124117847719.
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Isiaka, Adeiza Lasisi. "Ebira English in Nigerian Supersystems: Inventory and Variation." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-225496.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Titel „Ebíra English in Nigerian Supersystems: Inventory and Variation“ befasst sich mit einer kleinen Varietät des Nigerianischen Englisch, die für eine Untersuchung aus zwei Gründen besonders geeignet erscheint: Einerseits bin ich selbst Mitglied dieser Volksgruppe, was mir einen besonderen Zugang zu guten, aktuellen und vor allem natürlichen Sprachdaten ermöglicht. Diese sind für eine soziophonetische Untersuchung mit den Konzepten und modernen Methoden der Variationslinguistik von besonderer Bedeutung. Andererseits ist die vorliegende Arbeit keine weitere Studie über die großen Systeme des nigerianischen Englisch oder über die beiden größten und bereits relativ gut untersuchten Systeme des Yoruba-Englisch im Südwesten des Landes oder des Hausa-Englisch im Norden, sondern über eine relative kleine Gruppe dazwischen, die historisch zunächst von den Yoruba und später immer mehr von den Hausa-Sprechern beeinflusst wurde und nach wie vor beeinflusst ist. Diese empirische soziophonetische Studie stellt zwei Forschungsfragen:
FF1) Welches Vokalinventar besitzt Ebíra Englisch? Diese Frage ergibt sich aus den widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen vorheriger Untersuchungen (zu Nigerianischen, Yoruba- bzw. Hausa-Englisch) und soll hier erstmals in einer Analyse von digitalen Aufnahmen von 28 jüngeren und älteren Männern und Frauen (16 bzw. 12) aus den Jahren 2014-2016 untersucht werden. Diese Aufnahmen wurden im Rahmen von soziolinguistischen Interviews gemacht, die die bekannten Sprachstile (nach Labov) umfassen: Wortliste, Lesepassage (die bewährte Kurzgeschichte The Boy who Cried Wolf mit jeweils 90 vorkommenden englischen Vokalen) und Konversation. Diese Frage ist auch vor dem Hintergrund des Einflusses der beiden nahen Hauptvarietäten Yoruba- und Hausa-Englisch interessant (FF1b). Auf der Grundlage von fast 15.000 extrahierten Vokalen erfolgte jeweils nach der sorgfältigen Aussortierung unbrauchbarer oder unvollständiger Daten eine quantitative Untersuchung mit Hilfe des Analyseinstruments PRAAT, mit dem sich die Vokalqualität in Form von Formanten messen und darstellen lässt. Die Untersuchung umfasste die bekannten Monophthongkontraste (nach Wells` lexical sets) FLEECE & KIT, FOOT & GOOSE (+ USE ), LOT & THOUGHT & STRUT , TRAP & BATH & lettER , sowie NURSE , und die relativen Diphthonge FACE , GOAT und CURE.
FF2) Welche sprachlichen und sozialen Variablen können die Variation dieses Ebíra Englisch Vokalsystems erklären? Neben den bekannten sozialen Variablen Alter (bzw. Altersgruppe), Geschlecht, Mehrsprachigkeit und Bildung wurden v.a. die sprachlichen Variablen Vokaldauer, phonetische Umgebung der Vokale und Sprachstil untersucht. Interessanterweise war für eine so detaillierte Analyse der Variation die zunächst recht groß wirkende Anzahl der extrahierten Vokale nicht in jedem Fall groß genug oder nicht gut genug verteilt.
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Kunnas, N. (Niina). "Miten muuttuu runokylien kieli:reaaliaikatutkimus jälkitavujen A-loppuisten vokaalijonojen variaatiosta vienalaismurteissa." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514284953.
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Abstract In my research I look at sound structure variation and change in the Viena dialect of two Karelian villages Jyskyjärvi and Kalevala. I explore how the final syllable A-ending vowel combinations (iA, eA, UA and OA) and long vowels aa and ää are represented in modern Viena dialects and how vowel clusters have changed in pronunciation over a period of thirty years. I study the change in language in real-time: I compare recorded interviews made between 1967–1971 and 2001. Methodologically my research stems from the sociolinguistic research tradition as well as language contact research. The central question is how the closely related Finnish language has perhaps begun to affect the Viena Karelian language. Looking at linguistic changes, one aim is to test morphological and lexical diffusion theories and strive to advance said theories. As regards idiolectic variation, I explore how the language attitudes of the informants affect their language variation and how a social network and its structure can explain the differences in idiolectic variation. The results show that there is a significant amount of variation in Viena Karelian's final syllable A-ending vowel clusters. This may have been affected by the minority position and endangered status of the Karelian language as well as the great changes in the society. Variation and linguistic change is affected by, among other things, morphological factors, frequency of lexemes, and the attempt at symmetry of the vowel clusters. In certain vowel clusters the typical variant of Viena dialects has become more common. However, in certain vowel clusters, a contact-initiated variant has increased in popularity. The data also show changes, which seem to have been affected by reasons external to the language (language contact) and reasons internal to the language (emergent systemic change). In this study, the testing of the diffusion theories shows that contact-initiated variants are becoming more common often in the order of an inverted morphotactic hierarchy and more easily taking hold of broad-frequency form groups. Contrary to my expectations, changes spreading from below have not in my data always progressed in the order of morphotactic hierarchy. The progression of language change may be mixed up by the transformation in the nature of the language change. The changes in the lexicon, on the other hand, have primarily progressed according to the hypothesis that changes spreading from below first affect the most frequently used vocabulary and changes spreading from above first affect the less used part of the vocabulary. The results of individual differences in variation show that the wide spread use of certain variants can be explained by the structure of the social network and the network members' influence on each other. However, social networks alone cannot be used to explain language change. Instead, the results of the study show that attitudes towards language and a person's ethnic loyalty affect the language choices made. Contact-induced shifts are generally more frequent in those informants' language to whom Finnish is a more enticing prestige language than KarelianTiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani kahdessa karjalaiskylässä, Jyskyjärvellä ja Kalevalassa, puhuttavan vienalaismurteen äännerakenteen variaatiota ja muuttumista. Selvitän, miten jälkitavujen A-loppuiset vokaaliyhtymät (iA, eA, UA ja OA) sekä kaksoisvokaalit aa ja ää edustuvat nykyvienalaismurteissa ja miten vokaalijonojen edustus on muuttunut 30 vuodessa. Kielen muuttumista tutkin reaaliajassa: vertailen toisiinsa 1970-luvun taitteessa ja 2000-luvun taitteessa tallennettujen haastattelujen kieltä. Lähtökohdiltaan työni liittyy sekä sosiolingvistiseen tutkimusperinteeseen että kielikontaktitutkimukseen. Keskeinen kysymys on, miten vienankarjalan läheinen sukukieli, suomi, vaikuttaa nykyvienankarjalaan. Kielenmuutosten seuraamisessa yksi tavoite on myös testata morfologisen ja leksikaalisen diffuusion teorioita sekä pyrkiä kehittämään mainittuja teorioita eteenpäin. Variaation idiolekteittaisen tarkastelun kohdalla selvitän, miten informanttien kieliasenteet vaikuttavat heidän kielelliseen variaatioonsa ja pystyvätkö sosiaalinen verkko ja sen rakenne selittämään variaation idiolekteittaisia eroja. Tulokset osoittavat, että variaatio vienankarjalan jälkitavujen A-loppuisissa vokaalijonoissa on erittäin runsasta. Tähän lienevät vaikuttaneet karjalan kielen vähemmistöasema ja uhanalaisuus sekä suuret yhteiskunnalliset muutokset. Variaatiota ja kielenmuutoksia ovat säädelleet muun muassa morfologiset tekijät, lekseemien taajuus sekä jälkitavujen vokaalijonojen pyrkimys symmetriaan. Eräissä vokaalijonoissa vienalaismurteiden tyypillisin variantti on alkanut yleistyä, ja eräissä vokaalijonoissa taas kontaktilähtöinen variantti on lisännyt suosiotaan. Aineistossani on havaittavissa myös muutoksia, joihin lienevät vaikuttaneet sekä kielenulkoiset syyt (kielikontakti) että kielensisäiset syyt (orastava systeeminmuutos). Tässä työssä diffuusioteorioiden testaaminen on osoittanut, että kontaktilähtöiset variantit yleistyvät kielessä usein käänteisessä morfotaktisen hierarkian mukaisessa järjestyksessä ja tarttuvat herkemmin suurtaajuisiin muotoryhmiin. Sitä vastoin alhaalta leviävät muutokset eivät ole aineistossani aina edenneet morfotaktisen hierarkian mukaisessa järjestyksessä, kuten olen olettanut. Muutoksen muotoryhmittäistä etenemistä saattaakin "sekoittaa" muutoksen luonteen muuttuminen. Lekseemeittäin muutokset ovat edenneet pääosin hypoteesini mukaisesti: alhaalta leviävät muutokset ovat tarttuneet ensin sanaston suurtaajuiseen osaan ja ylhäältä leviävät muutokset ensin sanaston pientaajuiseen osaan. Tulokset variaation yksilöllisistä eroista osoittavat, että eräiden varianttien taaja käyttö selittyy sosiaalisen verkon rakenteesta ja verkon jäsenten vaikutuksesta mutta sosiaaliset verkot yksinään eivät pysty kielen vaihtelua selittämään. Sen sijaan tulokset viittaavat siihen, että kieliasenteet ja ihmisen etninen lojaalisuus vaikuttavat siihen, millaisia kielellisiä valintoja hän tekee. Kontaktilähtöiset innovaatiot ovat monin kohdin yleisempiä sellaisten informanttien kielessä, joille suomi on karjalaa vetovoimaisempi prestiisikieli
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Blaxter, Tam Tristram. "Speech in space and time : contact, change and diffusion in medieval Norway." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269365.
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This project uses corpus linguistics and geostatistics to test the sociolinguistic typological theory put forward by Peter Trudgill on the history of Norwegian. The theory includes several effects of societal factors on language change. Most discussed is the proposal that ‘intensive’ language contact causes simplification of language grammar. In the Norwegian case, the claim is that simplificatory changes which affected all of the Continental North Germanic languages (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian) but not the Insular North Germanic Languages were the result of contact with Middle Low German through the Hanseatic League. This suggests that those simplificatory changes arose in the centres of contact with the Hanseatic League: cities with Hansa trading posts and kontors. The size of the dataset required would have made it impossible for previous scholars to test this prediction, but digital approaches render the problem tractable. I have designed a 3.5m word corpus containing nearly all extant Middle Norwegian, and developed statistical methods for examining the spread of language phenomena in time and space. The project is made up of a series of case studies of changes. Three examine simplifying phonological changes: the rise of svarabhakti (epenthetic) vowels, the change of /hv/ > /kv/ and the loss of the voiceless dental fricative. A further three look at simplifying morphological changes: the loss of 1.sg. verbal agreement, the loss of lexical genitives and the loss of 1.pl. verbal agreement. In each case study a large dataset from many documents is collected and used to map the progression of the change in space and time. The social background of document signatories is also used to map the progression of the change through different social groups. A variety of different patterns emerge for the different changes examined. Some changes spread by contagious diffusion, but many spread by hierarchical diffusion, jumping first between cities before spreading to the country at large. One common theme which runs through much of the findings is that dialect contact within the North Germanic language area seems to have played a major role: many of the different simplificatory changes may first have spread into Norwegian from Swedish or Danish. Although these findings do not exactly match the simple predictions originally proposed from the sociolinguistic typological theory, they are potentially consistent with a more nuanced account in which the major centres of contact and so simplifying change were in Sweden and Denmark rather than Norway.
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Cornillon, Jeanne. "On interpretive constraints and expletives : the case of the standard French 'ne' element." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1998. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28500/.
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This thesis studies the particle ne in Standard French as it appears in the ne...pas/personne/rien and the ne...queXP structures. Based on the assumptions of a syntactic theory as developed in the Principles and Parameters, the thesis makes the following main claims: 1. Ne is an expletive. Its function is to satisfy a structural requirement on both the expression of sentence negation and association with focus. It is semantically defective, but it constrains the interpretation of the associate term it combines with (scope-marker function). 2. Some cross linguistic variations in the expression of sentence negation subsumed under a negative concord account are due to the special status of m as an expletive together with the requirement that each object must receive an independent interpretation at the interface with the Conceptual-Intentional system. 3. In the association with focus structure ne.queXP, the meaning of ne...que which is equivalent to [[only]] is not syntactically derived by combining a negative operator and an operator with the meaning of [[other than]], but built in the lexical element que. The unified account of ne in both the sentence negation and association with focus structures makes various empirical predictions. Ne, as a semantically defective element, cannot be free standing combining instead with a denotating element like pas or que, nor can it rescue a negative phrase inside an island although the ne...pas/personne/rien complex does. Ne, as a (clausal) scope marker, precludes local scope interpretations of its negative associates and the element que. Consequently, constituent negation is expressed by pas/personne/rien alone. The que element which combines with ne is excluded from positions where focus particles typically have local scope. In conclusion, cross linguistic variations cannot be reduced to structural constraints, interpretive requirements must also be taken into consideration.
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Ribeiro, Patrícia Rafaela Otoni. "O perfil sociolinguístico do município de Oliveira Fortes-MG: a concordância nominal e verbal." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1195.
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Este trabalho investiga a variação linguística na concordância de número nos sintagmas nominais (SNs) e nos sintagmas verbais (SVs) entre os falantes do município de Oliveira Fortes-MG, com o objetivo de identificar o perfil sociolinguístico da comunidade. Partimos da hipótese de que o município, em função de sua sociohistória e de suas características demográficas, tem um perfil marcado pelo conservadorismo linguístico, a partir da perspectiva de que, historicamente, no português brasileiro, a variante ausência de marca explícita de número é anterior à variante presença de marca explícita de número, em virtude da polarização territorial rural/urbana do país. A pesquisa pauta-se nos pressupostos da Sociolinguística Variacionista (LABOV, 2008 [1972], 1982, 1994, 2001) e, como desdobramento, nos estudos sobre Redes Sociais (MILROY, 1980, 1987, 2004; MILROY & MILROY, 1985; BORTONI- RICARDO, 1985, 2011). Para a investigação, foram coletados dados de vinte e quatro informantes, através de entrevista sociolinguisticamente orientada, ficha social e ficha de redes. O corpus apresenta 1407 ocorrências da variável concordância de número no sintagma nominal e 810 ocorrências da variável concordância de número no sintagma verbal, dentre as quais há o predomínio da variante ausência de marca explícita de número (89,6% nos SNs e 80,6% nos SVs). Em função desse resultado, confirmou-se a hipótese inicial, uma vez que foi constatado o conservadorismo linguístico em Oliveira Fortes-MG, motivado pelas particularidades do município e pela configuração das redes sociais dos moradores.
This work surveys the linguistic variation in number agreement in noun phrases (NP) and in verbal phrases (VP) among speakers from Oliveira Fortes-MG aiming to identify the sociolinguistic profile of this community. We have assumed that this town according to its sociohistory and demographic characteristics has a profile underlined by linguistic conservativeness from the perspective that, historically, the variant absence of the explicit number mark is earlier than the variant presence of the explicit number mark in Brazilian Portuguese. This happens because of the country territorial polarization rural/urban. This research is based on the pretext of the Variationist Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 2008 [1972], 1982, 1994, 2001) and, as adevelopment, on studies about Social Networks (MILROY, 1980, 1987, 2004; MILROY & MILROY, 1985; BORTONI- RICARDO, 1985, 2011). For the current investigation, it was collected some data from twenty-four informers throughout sociolinguistics oriented interviews, social forms and social networks. The corpus shows 1,407 occurrences of number agreement variation in noun phrases and 810 occurrences of number variation in verbal phrases. It was seen that there is a predominance of the variant absence of the explicit number mark (89.6% in NPs e 80.6% in VPs). Due to this result, it was possible to reaffirm the initial hypothesis, once it was testified that the linguistic conservativeness in Oliveira Fortes-MG is motivated by particularities of the town and its inhabitant’s social networks settings.
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Leone, Hľn̈e H. "Language use and linguistic variations found in interactive media: a case study of Francophone youth /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2372.
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Lemus, Sarmiento Aura. "Spanglish. Les variations linguistiques dans l’espagnol des États-Unis." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040176/document.
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Les situations de contact de populations impliquent des dynamiques sociales, culturelles et linguistiques, dont les protagonistes ne sortent pas indemnes. C’est le cas des Hispaniques aux États-Unis, dont le contact avec la culture états-unienne a favorisé l'apparition d’une culture mixte et d’un phénomène linguistique connu sous le nom de spanglish. Le spanglish évoque tour à tour des questions linguistiques, culturelles, sociales et politiques, et l’objectif de ce travail est d’élucider ses implications dans le domaine de la linguistique. Ainsi, cette étude s’intéresse aux transferts de l’anglais dans l’espagnol états-unien et à la manière dont ces variations répondent aux paramètres du système. L’analyse menée dans ce travail s’inscrit dans la suite des études linguistiques qui se sont intéressés à l’unicité du signe. Elle part ainsi du principe que les variations survenues dans l’espagnol états-unien sont signifiantes ; leur apparition dévoile des dynamiques inhérentes au système et remet en question le caractère immuable des facteurs culturels et linguistiques qui définissent la civilisation hispaniqueSituations of population contact imply social, cultural and linguistic dynamics from which the protagonists never remain unscathed. This is the case of Hispanics in the United States, whose contact with the US culture favored the development of a mixed culture and a linguistic phenomenon known as Spanglish. Spanglish evokes concurrently linguistic, social, cultural and political questions and the purpose of the present work is to elucidate its implications in linguistics. This study focuses on transfers from English into United States Spanish, and on how these variations obey the system’s parameters. The present analysis is the latest in a series of linguistic studies focused on the oneness of the sign. It is based on the principle that variations that appeared in United States Spanish are significant ; their emergence reveals the system’s inherent dynamics and challenges the immutable nature of the cultural and linguistic factors that define the Hispanic civilization
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Vikström, Niclas. "Tudor and Stuart England and the Significance of Adjectives : A Corpus Analysis of Adjectival Modification, Gender Perspectives and Mutual Information Regarding Titles of Social Rank Used in Tudor and Stuart England." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118027.
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The aim of the present study has been to investigate how titles of social rank used in Tudor and Stuart England are modified by attributive adjectives in pre-adjacent position and the implications that become possible to observe. Using the Corpus of Early English Correspondence Sampler (CEECS) the present work set out to examine adjectival modification, gender perspectives and MI (Mutual Information) scores in order to gain a deeper understanding of how and why titles were modified in certain ways. The titles under scrutiny are Lord, Lady, Sir, Dame, Madam, Master and Mistress and these have been analysed following theories and frameworks pertaining to the scientific discipline of sociohistorical linguistics. The findings of the present study suggest that male titles were modified more frequently than, and differently from, female titles. The adjectives used as pre-modifiers, in turn, stem from different semantic domains which reveals differences in attitudes from the language producers towards the referents and in what traits are described regarding the holders of the titles. Additionally, a type/token ratio investigation reveals that the language producers were keener on using a more varied vocabulary when modifying female titles and less so when modifying male titles. The male terms proved to be used more formulaically than the female terms, as well. Lastly, an analysis of MI scores concludes that the most frequent collocations are not necessarily the most relevant ones. A discussion regarding similarities and differences to other studies is carried out, as well, which, further, is accompanied by suggestions for future research.
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Turner, Chloe Marie. "Documenting Consonant and Vowel Variations in a Sample of Native Born Anguillian Teenagers." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1588158082997725.
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Soares, Eliane Pereira Machado. "As palatais lateral e nasal no falar paraense: uma anÃlise variacionista e fonolÃgica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4112.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoNeste trabalho, realizamos uma pesquisa sobre as variantes das consoantes palatais lateral e nasal, em seis cidades do Estado do ParÃ, a saber, Altamira, BelÃm, BraganÃa, MarabÃ, Soure, SantarÃm, cada uma delas localizada em uma mesorregiÃo do estado. O corpus à constituÃdo de fala espontÃnea, obtida em forma de narrativa de experiÃncia pessoal junto a 24 informantes nascidos nessas cidades, totalizando 144 informantes, selecionados de acordo com os pressupostos teÃricos da SociolingÃÃstica Quantitativa. O tratamento dos dados leva em conta, alÃm das variÃveis sociais, variÃveis lingÃÃsticas consideradas condicionantes do fenÃmeno de variaÃÃo em estudo, cuja anÃlise estatÃstica à feita pelo uso do pacote de programas VARBRUL (98), em rodadas ternÃrias, conforme a quantidade de variantes identificadas para cada variÃvel lingÃÃstica. AlÃm desta anÃlise, propomos uma interpretaÃÃo dos processos fonolÃgicos envolvidos nas realizaÃÃes fonÃticas a partir dos pressupostos teÃricos da Geometria de TraÃos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os fenÃmenos variÃveis associados Ãs palatais lateral e nasal nos falares estudados sÃo condicionados tanto por fatores lingÃÃsticos quanto sociais, e que podem ser interpretados à luz de uma teoria fonolÃgica, no caso a Fonologia de Geometria de TraÃos. Por essa teoria, verificamos que os fenÃmenos relacionados Ãs variantes desses segmentos podem ser compreendidos como resultantes de ligamento e desligamento de traÃos fonÃticos, caracterizando diferentes variantes fonÃticas, cujos usos, por sua vez, estÃo condicionados pelos valores que lhes sÃo atribuÃdos em conseqÃÃncia de fatores sociais, como sexo, faixa etÃria, escolaridade e origem dos falantes.
In this work we do a research about the variations of the lateral and nasal palatal consonants, in six cities of the state of ParÃ, as follows, Altamira, BelÃm, BraganÃa, MarabÃ, Soure, SantarÃm, each one of them located in a mesoregion of the state. The corpus of the research is constituted of spontaneous speech, obtained in form of narrative of personal experience among 24 informants born in these cities, totalizing 144 informants, selected using the theoretical dispositions of the Quantitative Sociolinguistic. The treating of the data takes into account, besides the social variables, linguistic variables considered as conditionings of the variation phenomenon in study, which statistic analysis is done using the package program VARBRUL (98) in ternary rounds, according the amount of identified variants for each linguistic variation. Besides this analysis, we propose an interpretation of the phonological process involved in the phonetical realization based on the theoretical conditionings of the Features Geometry. The results obtained show that the variable phenomenon associated to the nasal and lateral palatal speeches studied, are conditioned by linguistic as well as social factors, and that can be interpreted in the light of a phonological theory, in the case the Phonology of Features Geometry. In this theory, we can see that the phenomenon related to the variants of these segments can be understood as resultants of connected and disconnected of features, characterizing different phonetical variations, which uses, therefore, are conditioned by the values that are attributed in consequence of social factors, such as sex, age, school education and origin of the speakers.
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Corney, Jeffrey R. "Influence of textual hedging and framing variations on decision making choices pertaining to the climate change issue." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1384523204.
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Onraet, Lauren Alexandra. "English as a Lingua Franca and English in South Africa : distinctions and overlap." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6545.
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Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the prevalent, typical linguistic and discursive features of English as it is used as a shared medium of communication by speakers who do not share a first language in the Western Cape (i.e. as a lingua franca). These features were compared to those found in certain second-language varieties in South Africa, namely Black South African English, Cape Flats English and Afrikaans English. Fourteen female students from the University of Stellenbosch between the ages of 18 and 27 from various first language backgrounds were recruited for the data collection. A closed corpus was created in which recordings were made of semi-structured conversations between the participants, paired in seven groups of two speakers each. These recordings were then transcribed. In order to identify and analyse the English as a lingua franca (ELF) phenomena that arose, reference was made to the various linguistic features and methods of analysis of ELF suggested in House (2002), Seidlhofer (2004) and Meierkord (2000), amongst others. These features were then analysed and compared with the features reported in the literature on second-language varieties of English in South Africa. The study reveals that the South African ELF spoken by the participants displays similar features to the ELF(s) spoken in Europe, although certain European ELF features that occur in South African ELF are used to fulfil different functions. The study disclosed three ELF phenomena which have not been reported as such in the European ELF literature and therefore seem to be unique to the South African ELF context. Specifically, these are auxiliary dropping (AUX-drop), explicit self-doubt of a speaker‟s own ELF proficiency, and thinking aloud. Finally, certain South African ELF features are also reported to be features of South African second-language varieties (e.g. AUX-drop).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek heersende, tipiese eienskappe van Engels wat beskryf word as linguisties en diskursief, spesifiek soos die eienskappe voorkom in Engels as ‟n gemeenskaplike vorm van kommunikasie tussen sprekers in die Wes-Kaap wat nie ‟n eerste taal gemeen het nie (m.a.w. waar Engels as ‟n lingua franca gebruik word). Dié eienskappe is vergelyk met ander wat gevind is in sekere tweedetaal-variëteite in SuidAfrika, naamlik Black South African English, Cape Flats English en sg. Afrikaans English. Veertien vroulike studente van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch tussen die ouderdomme van 18 en 27 en met ‟n verskeidenheid eerstetaal-agtergronde is gebruik vir die datainsameling. ‟n Geslote korpus is gevorm bestaande uit opnames van semi-gestruktureerde gesprekke tussen die deelnemers. Laasgenoemde is verdeel in sewe groepe van twee sprekers elk. Hierdie opnames is later getranskribeer. Ten einde die relevante Engels-aslingua-franca (ELF)-verskynsels te identifiseer en te analiseer, is daar eerstens gekyk na verskeie linguistiese eienskappe en metodes van analise van ELF soos voorgestel deur, onder andere, House (2002, 2009), Seidlhofer (2004) en Meierkord (2000). Hierna is die waargenome eienskappe geanaliseer en vergelyk met die eienskappe wat gerapporteer is in die literatuur oor tweedetaal-variëteite van Engels in Suid-Afrika. Die studie toon dat die Suid-Afrikaanse ELF wat deur die deelnemers gebruik word, soortgelyke eienskappe vertoon as ELF in die Europese konteks, met die uitsondering dat sekere Europese ELF-eienskappe wat in Suid-Afrikaanse ELF voorkom, plaaslik ander funksies vervul. Drie ELF-verskynsels wat nie as sodanig in die literatuur oor Europese ELF gerapporteer is nie, is gevind en is dus waarskynlik eiesoortig aan die Suid-Afrikaanse ELF-konteks. Dít sluit in hulpwerkwoord-weglating (sg. AUX-drop), eksplisiete uitspreek van onsekerheid oor ‟n spreker se eie ELF-bevoegdheid, en hardop dink. Ten slotte is daar ook gevind dat sekere Suid-Afrikaanse ELF-eienskappe tegelykertyd eienskappe van Suid Afrikaanse tweedetaal-variëteite is, soos bv. weglating van die hulpwerkwoord.
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Bich, Serhiy [Verfasser], and Detmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Meurers. ""Is There Choice in Non-Native Voice?" Linguistic Feature Engineering and a Variationist Perspective in Automatic Native Language Identification / Serhiy Bich ; Betreuer: Detmar Meurers." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1167243757/34.
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Spaeder, Nancy Joan. "Adolescent communication strategies and patterns in a collaborative task : variations by gender /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025671.
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Oliveira, Almir Almeida de. "Processos de palatalização das oclusivas alveolares em Maceió." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1784.
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This work aims to investigate the phonetic/phonological processes of palatalization of the alveolar stop produced in Brazilian Portuguese speaked in Maceió in the Variationist Sociolinguistics perspective (LABOV, 2008 [1972]), comparing linguistic data collected with external variables (age, sex and schooling), and internal variables ( previous context, following context, accent, word size, voicing and lexical border), aiming to identify possible conditionings of use of the linguistic variants. In this way, this research intends to analyze processes of palatalization considering the most productive contexts, the regressive, quite common in the communities of Brazil’s South and Southeastern as words of type “[]ia” e “den[]e”, and the progressive, current, so far, in some localities of the Northeast (SANTOS, 1996; MOTA; ROLEMBERG, 1997; HENRIQUE, HORA, 2012). In this city, the use of progressive palatalization is recurrent, in which the phonological element that allows the process is in a precedent position to the alveolar stop, as in words like “pei[]o”, “doi[]o” e “gos[]o” and are mainly conditioned by the collaborator's schooling. To this end, I will use as a theoretical framework the geometry autossegmental perspective of phonological traits from Clements, (1999 [1985]) and Clements & Hume (1996), from which I will present a logical proposal of palatalization analysis held in that speech community. It is assumed in this way, that the distinctive phonological traits are organized in a hierarchy that can be represented by a tree that obeys a specific criterion of constriction. Thus, from the hypothetical-deductive method, I defend the hypothesis of phonological traits as triggers of this process, authorizing a palatalization of alveolar.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os processos fonéticos/fonológicos de palatalização das oclusivas alveolares produzidos no Português Brasileiro falado em Maceió sob a ótica da Sociolinguística Variacionista (LABOV, 2008 [1972]), contrapondo os dados linguísticos coletados com variáveis externas (idade, sexo e escolaridade) e internas (contexto anterior, contexto seguinte, acento, tamanho da palavra, vozeamento e fronteira lexical), a fim de identificar possíveis condicionantes de uso das variantes. A pesquisa busca analisar os processos de palatalização considerando os contextos mais produtivos, o regressivo, bastante comum nas comunidades de fala do Sul e do Sudeste do Brasil em palavras do tipo “[]ia” e “den[]e”, e o progressivo, presente, até agora, em algumas localidades do Nordeste (SANTOS, 1996; MOTA; ROLEMBERG, 1997; HENRIQUE; HORA, 2012). Nesta cidade, o uso mais recorrente é o da palatalização progressiva, em que o elemento fonológico que dispara o processo encontra-se em posição precedente às oclusivas alveolares, em palavras como “pei[]o”, “doi[]o” e “gos[]o” e são condicionadas principalmente pela escolaridade do colaborador. Utilizo como referencial teórico a perspectiva autossegmental da geometria dos traços fonológicos de Clements (1999 [1985]) e Clements e Hume (1996), a partir da qual será apresentada uma proposta lógica de análise da palatalização realizada nessa comunidade de fala. Deste modo, parto do pressuposto que os traços fonológicos distintivos se organizem em uma hierarquia passível de representação arbórea que obedece a critérios específicos de constrição. Assim, a partir do método hipotético-dedutivo, defendo a hipótese de que certos traços fonológicos funcionam como gatilhos deste processo, autorizando a palatalização das oclusivas alveolares.
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Ikhlef, Omar. "La chanson algérienne contemporaine : Variations sociolinguistiques et littéraires." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAL013/document.
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La présente thèse se donne pour objectif d'observer le contact des langues en Algérie tel qu’il est actualisé dans la chanson populaire algérienne. Nous nous intéressons plus spécialement à la chanson contemporaine algérienne, représentée par une nouvelle vague de chanteurs, et à leur tête les groupe de jeunes chanteurs tels El Dey, Djmawi Africa, Freeklane, Labess, Index et Harmonica, sans oublier les chanteurs ayant choisi une carrière solo, à savoir Fikka Ganja, Akil D. ou encore Ali Amrane qui font partie de notre corpus.Nous avons débuté par une analyse sociolinguistique de la répartition des langues, dans 36 chansons, pour saisir à la fois le statut et les fonctions, tant sociolinguistiques que littéraires, des différentes langues utilisées.Onze langues sont juxtaposées dans notre corpus, dont les plus importantes, en termes d’usage, sont l’arabe algérien, le kabyle, le français, l’arabe moderne, l’espagnol, le portugais et l’anglais. L’usage de ces langues conjointement aboutit le plus souvent à l’apparition des phénomènes transcodiques et, à leur tête, les alternances codiques, les emprunts, le code mixing et les interférences. Ceux-ci témoignent également de la variation que subit leur langage. En effet, les énoncés produits subissent quelquefois des variations qui affectent les langues cibles sur le plan grammatical. Cette variation grammaticale n’est pas pour autant dénuée de sens ni d’effets stylistiques et poétiques.Ces effets permettent aux artistes de traiter des sujets sensibles avec plus ou moins de recul énonciatif. Autrement dit, ils font appel à des structures linguistiques chargées de contenu ironique et humoristique pour exprimer leur dépit de la situation, aussi bien économique que sociopolitique, de l’Algérie. Cela n’exclut pas aussi une posture frontale de leur part pour haranguer les responsables de ce chaos que connaît l’Algérie.Ces langues leur permettent ainsi de prendre position non seulement pour dénoncer les dérives du pouvoir, mais également pour affirmer leur identité qui se perçoit à travers ce métissage linguistique. Nous voulons, pour finir, révéler les raisons, tant linguistiques que littéraires, de l’usage alterné des langues dans la chanson contemporaine algérienne.Ce contact de langues n’est pas exempt en effet de contenu imaginaire, lié spécialement au désir ardent de ces jeunes de s’exprimer, allant ainsi à l’encontre des tabous dressés par la société. Il est considéré comme une échappatoire que prennent ces chanteurs pour traiter des problématiques sociétalesThe present thesis aims to observe the contact of languages in Algeria as it is updated in the Algerian folk song. We are especially interested in Algerian contemporary song, represented by a new wave of singers, and at their head the group of young singers such as El Dey, Djmawi Africa, Freeklane, Labess, Index and Harmonica, without forgetting the singers who chose a solo career, namely Fikka Ganja, Akil D. or Ali Amrane who are part of our corpus.We began with a sociolinguistic analysis of the distribution of languages, in 36 songs, to capture both the status and the functions, both sociolinguistic and literary, of the different languages used.Eleven languages are juxtaposed in our corpus, the most important of which, in terms of use, are algerian language, kabyle language, french, modern arabic, spanish, portuguese and english. The use of these languages together usually leads to the appearance of transcodic phenomena and, at their head, code switching, borrowing, code mixing and interference. These also testify to the variation that their language undergoes. Indeed, the statements produced sometimes undergo variations that affect the target languages grammatically. This grammatical variation is not without meaning or stylistic and poetic effects.These effects can be treated with artists or with less enunciative hindsight. In other words, it uses linguistic structures, but also the economy of the situation, both economic and socio-political, of Algeria. This does not exclude also a frontal posture on their part to harangue those responsible for the chaos that Algeria is experiencing.These languages allow them to take a stand not only to denounce the excesses of power, but also to assert their identity which is perceived through this linguistic miscegenation. We want, finally, to reveal the reasons, that the languages than the literary ones, of the alternative use of the languages in the Algerian contemporary song.This contact of languages is not exempt from the imaginary content, especially related to the desire of these young people to express themselves, thus going against the taboos set by society. It is considered a loophole that these singers to deal with societal issues
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Tabosa, Maria VanderlÃcia Sousa. "A variaÃÃo na concordÃncia nominal de nÃmero no falar do Cariri cearense." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=18787.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorNesta pesquisa, analisamos a variÃvel concordÃncia nominal de nÃmero entre os constituintes do sintagma nominal (SN) no falar da regiÃo do Cariri cearense à luz dos pressupostos teÃrico-metodolÃgicos da Teoria da VariaÃÃo e MudanÃa LinguÃstica (LABOV, WEINREICH, HERZOG, 2006; LABOV, 1978, l994; 2001; 2003). Nosso objetivo geral foi investigar em que medida os fatores linguÃsticos posiÃÃo dos elementos no sintagma, classe e posiÃÃo em relaÃÃo ao nÃcleo e à posiÃÃo nuclear; classe gramatical do sintagma nominal e processos morfofonolÃgicos de formaÃÃo de plural; tonicidade das sÃlabas dos itens lexicais singulares e marcas precedentes de plural no Ãmbito do sintagma nominal, e fatores extralingÃÃsticos, como sexo; anos de escolaridade e faixa etÃria condicionam o uso de concordÃncia nominal no falar dos municÃpios que formam a regiÃo CRAJUBAR â Crato, Juazeiro do Norte e Barbalha â na regiÃo do Cariri cearense. Para anÃlise quantitativa, coletamos 3304 dados de entrevistas realizadas com 24 informantes nesses trÃs municÃpios. As entrevistas estÃo presentes no corpus O PortuguÃs falado no Cearà do banco de dados do PROFALA . Os dados foram submetidos à anÃlise estatÃstica no programa GoldVarb X. No tocante aos nove grupos de fatores considerados inicialmente, seis grupos foram selecionados como significativos: posiÃÃo dos elementos no sintagma; classe e posiÃÃo em relaÃÃo ao nÃcleo e posiÃÃo nuclear; processos morfofonolÃgicos de formaÃÃo de plural; marcas precedentes de plural no Ãmbito do sintagma nominal; e os fatores extralingÃÃsticos: sexo e faixa etÃria.Quanto aos resultados obtidos, identificamos um alto Ãndice de marcaÃÃo, totalizando um percentual de 76,9 %. As mulheres apresentaram uma probabilidade de marcaÃÃo maior que a dos homens, e os informantes na faixa etÃria de 15 a 25 anos e a partir de 50 anos apresentaram Ãndices maiores que os dos informantes com faixa etÃria de 26 a 49 anos.
This work analyzes the nominal agreement of number between the constituents of the nominal phrase (NP) in Portuguese spoken in region of Cariri, in the state of CearÃ, Brazil, in light of the theoretical-methodological assumptions of the Theory of Variation and Linguistic Change (LABOV, WEINREICH, HERZOG, 2006; LABOV 1978, 1994, 2001). Its general objective is to investigate to what extent the linguistic factors position of the elements in the phrase, class and position in relation to nucleus and nuclear position; grammatical class of the nominal phrase and morpho-phonological processes of formation of plural; tonicity of the syllables of the singular lexical items and precedent marks of plural within the scope of the nominal phrase, and extralinguistic factors sex; years of schooling and age range condition the use of nominal agreement in the speech of the towns that make up the CRAJUBAR region â Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, and Barbalha â in the region of Cariri, in the south of CearÃ, Brazil. For quantitative analysis, it was collected 3304 data from interviews with 24 informants in these three towns. The interviews are present in the corpus PROFALA (The Portuguese spoken in CearÃ). The data were submitted to statistical analysis in the GoldVarb X program. For the nine groups of factors initially considered, six groups were selected as significant: position of the elements in the nominal phrase, class and position in relation to the nucleus and nuclear position; morpho-phonological processes of plural formation; precedent marks of plural in the scope of the nominal phrase and the extralinguistic factors; sex; and age group. Regarding the results obtained, it was identified a high marking index totaling a percentage of 76.9%. Women had a marking probability higher than men, and informants between the ages of 15 and 25 years and 50 years old presented rates higher than the informants with ages ranging from 26 to 49 years.
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Bergamaschi, Maria Cristina Zandomeneghi. "Bilingüismo de dialeto italiano-português: atitudes lingüísticas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2006. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/180.
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Este trabalho trata das atitudes lingüísticas dos falantes em relação às variedades lingüísticas utilizadas nas duas comunidades pesquisadas. Quando são atribuídos valores aos falantes de uma língua ou variedade lingüística, em última análise, o que está sendo avaliado positiva ou negativamente é a própria língua ou variedade lingüística por eles empregada. Deste modo são observadas as atitudes lingüísticas de prestígio ou desprestígio - preconceito ou estigma - dos falantes nas ocorrências de português padrão, dialeto italiano e português com interferências do dialeto italiano. A análise é realizada a partir dos dados levantados nas pesquisas de campo, por amostragem, de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo e são apresentadas as conclusões advindas deste estudo.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T18:57:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maria Cristina Z Bergamaschi.pdf: 1061607 bytes, checksum: c0fbb615e9036ca849a486e769793726 (MD5)
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This study refers to the speakers attitude toward linguistic variations used on both studied communities. When values are attributed to the speakers of a language or to linguistic variation, eventually, the language or linguistic variation used by them is being positive or negatively analyzed. Therefore, the speakers linguistic attitudes of prestige or disrepute - prejudice or stigma - are being observed in the occurrences of standard Portuguese, Italian dialect and Portuguese with interference of Italian dialect. The analysis is carried out based on the qualitative and quantitative field research data, through samples, and the conclusions to this study are presented.
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Pinson, Mathilde. "Norme et variation en anglais contemporain. Etude variationniste de quelques subordonnants : complémentation de " help " et " like " conjonction." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00909397.
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Ce travail de recherche se donne pour but d'analyser la dynamique générale de la norme de l'anglais contemporain et son rapport avec la variation linguistique. Pour ce faire, nous abordons quelques subordonnants qui illustrent le déplacement du centre de gravité de la norme sur les axes spatial et social. À travers l'étude de la complémentation du verbe help, nous illustrons l'américanisation syntaxique de l'anglais britannique et nous montrons comment les contraintes d'emploi se sont assouplies, pour aboutir finalement, dans le cas de l'opposition help + to + infinitif et help + zéro + infinitif, à une disparition de la distinction sémantique entre les deux formes. Cette disparition est le résultat d'un recours sans cesse plus fréquent à l'infinitif nu pour des raisons stratégiques, surtout dans la publicité. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons au like conjonction et nous analysons son expansion dans la langue. Après avoir expliqué son apparition par des facteurs isomorphiques et sémantiques, auxquels s'ajoute probablement une réanalyse de l'adjectif like signifiant " vraisemblable ", nous montrons comment ce subordonnant s'est répandu à travers les registres de langue et les types de texte, ainsi qu'à travers les constructions syntaxiques, jusqu'à devenir un élément non périphérique de la syntaxe anglaise. D'après nous, le succès de cette innovation reflète l'évolution des modes de communication, qui se fondent de plus en plus sur la proximité interpersonnelle à des fins stratégiques. D'une simple acceptation de la familiarité dans la norme, c'est donc de plus en plus vers une norme de familiarité que nous nous dirigeons actuellement.
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Souza, Márcia. "A diversidade linguística e suas implicações no processo de letramento em situação escolar." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2358.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-11The study here presented has as theme the linguistic diversity in the discourse approach, reflecting about its implications in the process of literacy in a school situation, from a detailed analysis of the social and historical context of the city where the research took place, Ouro Verde do Oeste. Located in the West of Paraná State, this city is engaged with the research project named Continuing education for teachers of basic education in the first grades: actions aimed at literacy in cities with a low index of development of basic education (IDEB) in the West zone of Paraná , developed by a researchers group of Unioeste, a result of a partnership among the Stricto Sensu Post-Graduation Program of Arts/Letters of that institution, CAPES and INEP, through the Observatório da Educação [Education Observatory] Program. This research has the main objective of analyzing and interpreting the linguistic diversity, determined by the regional variations in the process of literacy. Therefore, the theoretical purpose goes from interactionism as synonym of dialogicity, from the conception of language as a dialogic process, respectively present in the studies of Geraldi (1984, 1996, 1997), Bakhtin (2003) and Bakhtin/Volochínov (2009). The process of literacy is here appraised as social practices, in specific situations and also with specific purposes, according to Kleiman (1995) and Soares (2000, 2004), being not passible of a static definition, in this sense. We bring the studies about the Variational Theory, according to Labov (1972/2008), Mollica (1998, 2003, 2011), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004, 2008, 2011) and von Borstel (2002/2003, 2007), aided by the concepts of language/culture from Calvet (2002) and Certeau (2008), which allowed us to visualize the language study in an inner relation with the social facts and, consequently, with the school context. Thus, we developed reflections so that we could understand and apply the Sociolinguistics studies, with aim at the qualitative and interpretative research of Gumperz (1991, 1998) and of Erickson (1989, 2001), as well as the Applied Linguistics postulates according to Moita Lopes (2006) and Cavalcanti (2001, 2006), among others. To do so, we brought the historical context of the city from the documental analysis of elements that outline the history of the city and from the analysis of students written texts, when there was an application of the proposals of textual production, and the participant observation followed by an interview script, both realized at Padre Arnaldo Janssen School. In this research, we verified that in the work with literacy, the existence of status between two or more ways of speaking, that is, the bidialetalism or the plurilingualism of Brazilian Portuguese, especially come from a regional basis, must be a priority for the teaching of the Portuguese language, since the results of this research point out that there is interference in the writing of the students and that there is a necessity of proposing activities that comprehend this aspect
O presente estudo possui como tema a diversidade linguística sob a abordagem do discurso e suas implicações no processo de letramento em situação escolar, a partir de uma análise pormenorizada do contexto sócio-histórico do município pesquisado, Ouro Verde do Oeste. Localizada no Oeste do Estado do Paraná, esta cidade encontra-se engajada no projeto de pesquisa e extensão Formação continuada para professores da educação básica nos anos iniciais: ações voltadas para a alfabetização em municípios com baixo IDEB da região oeste do Paraná , desenvolvido por um grupo de pesquisadores da UNIOESTE, por meio de uma parceria entre o Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Letras da Instituição, a CAPES e o INEP, mediante o Programa Observatório da Educação. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender a diversidade linguística e suas implicações no processo de letramento em situação escolar, sob a abordagem da formação continuada, aspectos da discursividade sociocultural e das variáveis linguísticas utilizadas em textos escritos. Logo, o escopo teórico parte do interacionismo, tomando as concepções de língua e de linguagem como processo dialógico, respectivamente, presentes nos estudos de Bakhtin/Volochínov (2009), Bakhtin (2003) e Geraldi (1984, 1996, 1997). O processo de letramento é aqui conceituado como práticas sociais, em situações específicas e ainda com finalidades específicas, conforme Kleiman (1995) e Soares (2000, 2004), sendo, nesse sentido, não passível de uma definição estática. Abordamos os estudos sobre a Sociolinguística, de acordo com Labov (1972/2008), Mollica (1998, 2003, 2011), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004, 2008, 2011) e von Borstel (2002/2003, 2007), subsidiados pelos conceitos de língua e cultura em uma relação intrínseca com os fatos sociais, a partir de Calvet (2002) e Certeau (2008). Assim, realizamos reflexões a fim de compreender e aplicar os estudos da Sociolinguística, com enfoque na pesquisa qualitativa e interpretativista de Gumperz (1991, 1998) e de Erickson (2001), bem como os postulados da Linguística Aplicada conforme Moita Lopes (2006) e Cavalcanti (2001, 2006), entre outros. Para tanto, desenvolvemos o resgate do contexto histórico da cidade a partir da análise documental, realizamos encontros de formação continuada com os docentes e analisamos a prática de análise discursiva e linguística da escrita de alunos, quando houve a aplicação de duas propostas de produção textual e da observação participante. A partir dos resultados, verificamos que, no trabalho com letramento, a existência de status entre dois ou mais falares, ou seja, o bidialetalismo ou plurilinguismo do português brasileiro, especialmente advindos da base regional, deve ser priorizada para o ensino de Língua Portuguesa, uma vez que os resultados apontam transferências linguísticas na escrita dos alunos e, consequentemente, a necessidade da proposição de atividades que compreendam esse aspecto
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Canever, Fernanda. "Infinitivo flexionado em português brasileiro: frequência e percepções sociolinguísticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-04042018-184015/.
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Tomando como objeto o emprego variável da flexão do infinitivo (INF) no português brasileiro (PB), este estudo tem dois interesses centrais: (i) analisar se o emprego da forma flexionada (INFflex) está aumentando nos três contextos sintáticos opcionais originais\" (Bossaglia, 2013a) - orações adverbiais, complementos oracionais de nomes e complementos oracionais de adjetivos - e (ii) investigar se valores sociais positivos, tais como o prestígio geralmente associado à concordância verbal em PB (Mendes & Oushiro, 2015; Naro & Scherre, 1991; Rubio & Gonçalves, 2012; Scherre & Naro, 2014, 2006), estariam sendo atribuídos a INFflex. Para investigar a primeira hipótese, analisa-se quantitativamente o emprego de INFflex em um corpus formado por 1346 teses produzidas por alunos de diferentes unidades da USP entre 1995 e 2014. Quanto à segunda, busca-se, por meio de um estudo de percepção sociolinguística que se desenvolveu com base na técnica de estímulos pareados (Campbell-Kibler, 2008; Labov et al., 2006; Mendes, 2016b; Oushiro, 2015) verificar se falantes são julgados\" como mais inteligentes\", mais escolarizados\" e mais formais\" na presença de INFflex. Os resultados da análise dos dados de produção demonstram que, ao contrário do que se esperava, INFflex não está aumentando na escrita acadêmica. Por outro lado, verificaram-se taxas altas de INFflex com o verbo ser - independentemente do contexto sintático e da pessoa verbal -, em orações adverbiais antepostas à oração principal e com as preposições/locuções prepositivas antes de, ao, após, depois de e por. No que diz respeito à distribuição de INFflex de acordo com a área do conhecimento, verificaram-se maiores proporções de INFflex nas orações adverbiais em teses da área de Humanas. O teste de percepção, por sua vez, revelou que, em contextos sintáticos nos quais o emprego de INFflex é considerado opcional, não houve diferença significativa na forma como as vozes\" foram julgadas; porém, em contextos sintáticos nos quais flexionar o infinitivo é considerado um erro\" do ponto de vista prescritivo, a presença de INFflex levou a percepções de menor inteligência\", menor escolaridade\" e menor formalidade\". Especificamente no caso dos contextos não padrão, verificou-se, ainda, um efeito significativo da variável Idade do participante: as percepções dos participantes mais jovens foram mais neutras\", ao passo que as respostas dos acima de 50 anos foram mais polarizadas: quanto mais velhos, mais negativamente julgaram versões com INFflex e mais positivamente versões com INF0. Tais resultados sugerem que falantes mais jovens percebem com mais naturalidade usos hipercorrigidos de INFflex.Focusing on the variable use of inected in_nitives (INF) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), the goal of this study is twofold: (i) to investigate if the use of the inflected variant (INFflex) is increasing in three originally\" optional syntactic contexts (Bossaglia, 2013a : 27) - adverbial clauses, noun complements and adjective complements - and (ii) to investigate if positive social values, such as the prestige usually associated with verbal agreement in BP (Mendes & Oushiro, 2015; Naro & Scherre, 1991; Rubio & Gon_calves, 2012; Scherre & Naro, 2014, 2006), are being assigned to INFflex. To test the first hypothesis, the use of INFflex is analyzed in a corpus of 1.346 theses written by USP graduate students from different areas of knowledge from 1995 to 2014. As for the second hypothesis, a matched-guise experiment was conducted (Campbell-Kibler, 2008; Lambert et al., 1960; Mendes, 2016a; Oushiro, 2015) to test if speakers are perceived as more intelligent\", more educated\" and more formal\" when heard using the INFflex guises. Contradicting the study\'s hypothesis, production data show no increase in the use of INFflex in academic writing. However, high rates of INFflex were attested with the verb be - regardless of the syntactic contexts and grammatical person -, in preposed adverbial clauses and with the prepositions antes de, ao, após, depois de and por. As for the area of knowledge, higher rates of INFflex in adverbial clauses were attested in Human Sciences theses. Perception data show no difference in how the voices were perceived when INFflex was used in adverbial clauses. On the other hand, voices were perceived as less intelligent\", less educated\" and less formal\" when INFflex was used in hypercorrect contexts, as expected. In addition, a significant age effect was found in hypercorrect contexts: the older participants, the more negatively they perceived the INFflex guises and the more positively they perceived the non-inflected (INF0) guises. These results suggest that younger speakers perceive hypercorrect use of INFflex as more natural.
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Bergström, Liisa. ""Play ball!" : A Study of Speech Variations and Characteristics of UK Sports Commentary." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43153.
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This study uncovers how and to what extent UK sports commentaries vary in terms of speech variations and other sociolinguistic factors, such as social class and gender, in relation to the social status with which different sports are associated. It also analyses how the use of jargon, slang, colloquial forms of English, and other linguistic features are incorporated in the commentaries of the sports and how it affects the information expressed by the commentators. In order to do this, theories and scholarly work on variations in speech, phonological and sociolinguistic features will be applied to examples of recorded commentaries made during matches in five popular televised sports, namely football, cricket, rugby union, netball, and tennis. The primary data will consist of two-minute transcriptions made from matches from each sport. The study finds that there are speech variations in the commentators’ ways and that they relate, to some extent, to the social class associated with the sport which the commentators are commenting on. The variations also depend on the commentator’s role in the broadcast, whether or not they feature as the general commentator or as an expert in the particular sport. It also reveals how commentators rely on the use of jargon, slang and, colloquialisms to make the communication to the spectators/listeners efficient and entertaining.
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Karlsson, Carolina. "Dialektala val och attityder : En folklingvistisk studie av röstsättning till en animerad film." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44686.
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This research aims to examine attitudes towards linguistic variations,in terms of dialects in Sweden. Previous research has shown that the Swedish population perceives particular dialects more preferable than others and that these attitudes are established at an early stage in their lives. In contrast to prior research, thisessay will focus on whether participants associate particular Swedish dialects with specific characteristics and whether their own dialectal affiliations influenced their viewpoints. To gather data, 218 speakers of various Swedish dialects were asked to complete a survey where they were assigned the task of pairing different characters, with distinct characteristics, featured in an animated film with seven different Swedish dialects. In short, the results show that the participants predominantly voted based on stereotypical notions associated with the various dialects. The dialect spoken in northern Sweden, “norrländska” was a majority of the time paired with the calm and shy character, while both “dalmål” and “gotländska” were often paired with the kind character. Furthermore, the evil, unpopular, beautiful, rich, and eager character was most frequently paired with “stockholmska.” Conversely, the playful and popular character was by a majority of the participants paired with “göteborgska.” The poor and scrawnycharacter was usually paired with “småländska” while most participants stated that “skånska” was the most suitable dialect for the unintelligent, ugly, and chubby character. Moreover, the results also suggest that the participants ́ dialectal affiliations influenced their attitudes as many perceived their own dialect as positive while a majority, regardless of dialect, perceived “göteborgska” as positive while they deemed “stockholmska” as unfavourable.
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Mazziotti, Sara. "Les conflits et les rapports de force dans la langue. Le dominant et le domine dans le domaine scolaire." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7053/.
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La standardisation de la langue française a inévitablement eu des conséquences soit dans l’attitude de défense du français, soit dans l’inquiétude de ceux qui parlent une autre langue. Cette étude veut établir une comparaison entre le rapport langue du pouvoir/langues non officielles et le rapport professeur/élève en milieu scolaire. La distinction entre langue officielle et dites « langues minoritaires » sera mis en relation avec la langue des jeunes, qui, à l’école, se confrontent et entrent en collision avec la langue de leur professeur. En effet, les classes hétérogènes et l’influence de la langue maternelle auprès des élèves, fils d’immigrés, exposent les enseignants à toute une série de difficultés liées aux différences culturelles. Les dénonciations et les cas de violence dans les écoles mettront l’accent également sur l’opinion publique et sur le type de mesures mises en relief par les Institutions publiques. L’aire géographique prise en considération inclut Paris et ses environs même si quelques exemples d’enquêtes menées dans d’autres parties de la France et à l’étranger seront cités.
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De, Koning Joanne. "Perceptions of “new Englishes”: responses to the use of Swazi English in newspapers in Swaziland." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2798.
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MPhilThe concept of ‘new Englishes’ developed as a result of the relatively new perception of English as an adapting and evolving language within increasingly wider global contexts. According to McArthur (1992:688) the term “new Englishes” refers to "recently emerging and increasingly autonomous variet[ies] of English, especially in a non-western setting, such as India, Nigeria, or Singapore." Such varieties of English develop from an English, traditionally recognised as standard, to become distinctly individual: they retain some cultural and linguistic characteristics of the standard English but additionally represent and include many aspects of the culture and language of the country in which the new English functions. These new Englishes are lexico-grammatically sophisticated and as viable as any of the traditionally recognised standard Englishes. The “new languages” are used intranationally and internationally and so are not only a result of intercultural communication; they also facilitate and enable intercultural communication. This thesis investigates (i) Swazi English (SwE) as a ‘New English’ and (ii) the perceptions that Swazis themselves, as well as speakers from other language communities, have of SwE and its users. Swaziland is a landlocked country in the northeast region of Southern Africa and one of the last remaining monarchies on the African continent. English was introduced to Swaziland during the 1800’s and remained one of the official languages alongside siSwati after Swaziland achieved independence from Britain in 1968. English in Swaziland continued to develop despite increasingly restricted access to input from English first language speakers of British descent thus resulting in SwE developing independently of any external norm. SwE now appears to be a stable variety of English that is not only spoken but also written in newspapers, in government and legal correspondence and in the public relations documents of Swazi companies. The research for this thesis identifies a number of lexical, syntactic and semantic features of SwE that are different from those of standard British or American English. These features of SwE occur frequently and consistently in newspaper articles. Nevertheless, as indicated by the research results of this thesis, SwE continues to be perceived as an error-ridden second language variety rather than as a new English in its own right. Furthermore, the language prejudice is extended to users of SwE as many judge the intelligence, credibility and trustworthiness of writers of SwE negatively on the basis of linguistic features that cannot be indicators of character, skill or competence. This prejudice gives rise to stereotyping which is a barrier to effective intercultural communication.
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Gavaldà, Ferré Núria. "Index of idiolectal similitude for the phonological module of English applied to forensic speech comparison." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/123775.
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The framework of the present PhD dissertation is the area that results from the overlap between the field of variationist sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics, which mainly concerns the study of variation between different individuals –inter-speaker variation– and variation within a single individual –intra-speaker variation– for forensic purposes. The primary objective of the present dissertation is twofold. On the one hand, it proposes a protocol for the creation of an Index of Idiolectal Similitude (IIS) for the phonological module of English that can effectively determine whether two oral samples show inter-speaker variation –which would indicate that the samples have been produced by two different individuals– or intra-speaker variation –which would allow to conclude that the samples have been produced by the same individual. On the other hand, the analysis of the fourteen variables proposed in a corpus that contains data on sixteen speakers and that is stratified according to measurement time –as a result of a real time study–, language contact and gender, provides an important contribution to the Base Rate knowledge, which constitutes one of the main challenges of current forensic linguistics.
Results show that inter-speaker variation is generally higher than intra-speaker variation, and that a speaker’s idiolectal style remains relatively stable over time. Therefore, the IIS is presented as an innovative quantitative tool which, together with other quantitative and qualitative techniques that the linguist acting as expert witness may have at their disposition, can help reach a conclusion regarding the probability of two samples having been produced or not by the same speaker.Aquesta tesi doctoral s’emmarca dins l’àrea comú on es troben els camps de la sociolingüística de la variació i la lingüística forense, en la qual es troba l’estudi de la variació entre diferents individus –variació inter-parlant– i la variació en del mateix individu –variació intra-parlant– amb finalitats forenses. La investigació té dos objectius principals. D’una banda, es proposa el protocol per a la creació d’un Índex de Similitud Idiolectal (ISI) per al mòdul fonològic de l’anglès que pot determinar de manera efectiva si dues mostres orals mostren variació inter-parlant –que indicaria que les mostres haurien estat produïdes per dos individus diferents– o variació intra-parlant –la qual cosa portaria a concloure que les mostres haurien estat produïdes pel mateix individu. D’altra banda, l’anàlisi de les catorze variables proposades en un corpus que conté setze parlants i que està estratificat per temps de mesura –com a resultat d’un estudi en temps real–, contacte de llengües i gènere biològic, comporta una contribució important a la referència de distribució poblacional (Base Rate Knowledge) que constitueix un dels grans reptes de la lingüística forense actual. Els resultats mostren que la variació inter-parlant és generalment més alta que la intra-parlant, i que l’estil idiolectal d’un individu es manté relativament estable malgrat el pas del temps. Per tant, l’ISI es presenta com una eina quantitativa innovadora que, juntament amb altres tècniques quantitatives i qualitatives que el lingüista forense pot tenir a la seva disposició, pot ajudar a prendre una decisió sobre la probabilitat que dues mostres hagin estat produïdes o no pel mateix parlant.
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Blestel, Elodie. "Pour une nouvelle approche du "plus-que-parfait" en espagnol contemporain : unicité du signe, motivation, variations." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20064.
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Cette étude porte sur la forme périphrastique había- + do/-to/-cho que la tradition grammaticale répertorie comme le « plus-que-parfait de l’indicatif », en espagnol contemporain. Après avoir interrogé les différentes approches auxquelles a donné lieu l’étude de cette forme verbale, nous en proposons un signifié unique en langue qui en subsume l’ensemble des manifestations discursives. Pour cela, nous adoptons les principes théoriques de la « linguistique du signifiant », laquelle postule l’unicité du signe linguistique – à un signifiant correspond un seul signifié, et inversement – et accorde la primauté à la lecture de la structure sémiologique du signifiant. Cette approche nous conduit à replacer había- + do/-to/-cho au sein des réseaux signifiants de l’espagnol, et à reconsidérer la structuration modale du système verbal de cette langue. Enfin, nous nous employons à décrire le fonctionnement discursif de la périphrase en syntaxe, dans l’élaboration de séquences narratives, d’une part, mais aussi dans les « cas limites » que représentent les emplois diatopiques en situation de contact de langue en Amérique (contact espagnol / guarani en particulier)This study focuses on the periphrastic form había- + do/-to/-cho that the grammatical tradition identifies as the ‘pluperfect (past perfect) indicative’ in contemporary Spanish. After reviewing the different approaches to this verbal form, we provide a unique signified for this form that is able to subsume all its discursive manifestations. For this purpose, we adopt the theoretical principles of the ‘Linguistics of the signifier’, which postulates the unity of the linguistic sign – i.e. a signifier corresponds to a single signified, and vice versa – and gives priority to the semiological structure of the signifier. This approach leads us to reexamine había- + do/-to/-cho within the signifying networks of Spanish, and to reconsider the modal structure of the verbal system. Finally, we describe the discursive syntactic behaviour of the Spanish pluperfect, in the development of narrative sequences, but also in certain Latin American diatopic occurrences (contact Spanish / Guarani in particular) since they are ‘borderline case’ among the pluperfect discursive occurrences
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Carmo, Sim?ia Daniele Silva do. "A varia??o na concord?ncia verbal com a primeira pessoa do plural em comunidades rurais do semi?rido baiano." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2016. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/353.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This dissertation is mainly aimed to do a mapping or not of occurrence of plural reading in the first person of existing verbs in spoken language in the Baiano semiarid region through a sociolinguistic analysis, checking which linguistic and sociocultural factors that contribute or not to this variation.We sought to investigate the hypothesis that there are patterns of variation and quantitative differences among the communities studied, due to: i) the ethnic background; ii) the community isolation and iii) the distance geographic area of the capital city, urbanization center. For this, it was taken as a research topic verbal agreement with the first person plural (P4) in rural communities of the Baiano semi-arid region, this topic has already been investigated by scholars as Silva (2003) and Lucchesi, Baxter and Silva (2009) which focused only in rural communities marked ethnically, Nina (1980), Almeida (2006), Araujo (2012), in addition to the descriptive analysis undertaken by dialectology scholars of the early twentieth century and by Veado (1982). Perceiving that the studies with the theme of the verbal agreement with P4 take, in most cases, as an example urban Brazilian Portuguese and also the study of pronominal switching (we / us), it is believed that this research becomes relevant because it is a work, in a way, unprecedented, once investigates rural speech and search to see specifically how the verb agreement is made with the first person plural in this variety. It drew up a comparative study between the dialects of the Baiano regions: Rio de Contas and Jeremoabo which according to social history are formed by black people (Barra / Bananal community) and white people (Mato Grosso community), located in the municipality communities of Rio de Contas; remaining Indians in Tapera community, Quilombo remnants in Casinhas community; mestizos and whites people in Lagoa do In?cio community, such communities are located in the municipality of Jeremoabo.In conclusion, the characterization of popular Portuguese of the country is marked by the socio-historical influence of each chosen community. Therefore, it can state that the verbal agreement is a variable phenomenon in the Baiano semi-arid region that it has gained trend towards the use of CV. Thus, it is used the theoretical - methodological model of Variationist Sociolinguistics it was found that the contact of ethnic groups, such as the isolation of some of them, resulted in linguistic differences, so that it can?t be ignored that formation of the popular Brazilian Portuguese language has its roots planted in the rural variety.
Esta disserta??o teve como objetivo central realizar um mapeamento da ocorr?ncia ou n?o da marca??o de plural na primeira pessoa dos verbos existentes na l?ngua falada no Semi?rido Baiano atrav?s de uma an?lise sociolingu?stica, verificando quais fatores lingu?sticos e socioculturais contribuem ou n?o para essa varia??o. Buscou-se investigar a hip?tese de existem padr?es de varia??o e diferen?as quantitativas entre as comunidades estudadas, por conta: i) da forma??o ?tnica; ii) do isolamento da comunidade e iii) da dist?ncia espa?o geogr?fico da capital, centro de urbaniza??o. Para isso, tomou-se como t?pico de pesquisa a concord?ncia verbal com a primeira pessoa do plural (P4) em comunidades rurais do semi?rido baiano, t?pico este j? investigado por estudiosos como Silva (2003) e Lucchesi, Baxter e Silva (2009), que centraram apenas em comunidades rurais marcadas etnicamente, Nina (1980), Almeida (2006), Araujo (2012), al?m da an?lise descritiva empreendida por dialet?logos do inicio do s?culo XX e de Veado (1982), entre outros. Observando que os estudos realizados com a tem?tica da concord?ncia verbal com P4 tomam, na maioria das vezes, como amostra o portugu?s brasileiro urbano ou apenas o estudo da altern?ncia pronominal (n?s/a gente), acredita-se que esta pesquisa torna-se relevante por ser um trabalho, de certa forma, in?dito, visto que investiga a fala rural e busca ver, especificamente, como a concord?ncia verbal se realiza com a primeira pessoa do plural nessa variedade. Tra?ou-se um estudo comparativo entre os falares das regi?es baianas: Rio de Contas e Jeremoabo que segundo a s?cio-hist?ria s?o formadas por negros (a comunidade de Barra/Bananal) e brancos (a comunidade de Mato Grosso), comunidades situadas do munic?pio de Rio de Contas; remanescentes de ?ndios na comunidade de Tapera, remanescentes de quilombolas na comunidade Casinhas; mesti?os e brancos na comunidade Lagoa do In?cio, comunidades essas situadas no munic?pio de Jeremoabo. Concluiu-se que a caracteriza??o do portugu?s popular do pa?s est? pautada na influ?ncia s?cio-hist?rica de cada comunidade escolhida. Deste modo, ? poss?vel afirmar que a concord?ncia verbal ? um fen?meno vari?vel na regi?o semi?rida baiana que tem ganhado tend?ncia ao uso da marca??o de plural nas formas verbais. Desse modo, utilizando-se o modelo te?rico-metodol?gico da Sociolingu?stica Variacionista constatou-se que o contato de etnias, tal como o isolamento de algumas delas, implicou em diferen?as lingu?sticas, de modo que n?o se pode desconsiderar que forma??o do portugu?s popular brasileiro tem suas ra?zes fincadas na variedade rural.
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Silva, J?ssica Carneiro da. "As ora??es relativas no portugu?s falado em Feira de Santana-BA." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2018. http://tede2.uefs.br:8080/handle/tede/691.
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This paper makes a sociolinguistic analysis of the use of strategies of Relativization in the popular and standard norms of the spoken Portuguese in Feira de Santana-BA, based on the theoretical-methodological contribution of the Variationist Sociolinguistics, based on Weinreich, Labov and Herzog (2006 [1968]). For the methodological treatment of the analysis, the relative clauses are subdivided in non-prepositional strategies ? the gap-leaving variant and the resumptive pronoun strategy? and prepositional strategies ? the pied piping variant, the PP-chopping strategy, the PP-chopping strategy with resumptive and the where and when relatives. The focus of this research is the covariation between the pied piping strategy (subscribed by the traditional grammar) and the PP-chopping strategy (considered an innovative strategy in the Brazilian Portuguese), having as corpus real speech data extracted from 24 interviews (12 of the standard norm and 12 of the popular norm) of the project The Portuguese language of the Bahia semiarid region ? Phase 3: samples of the spoken languagein Feira de Santana-Ba, headquartered in the Nucleus of Portuguese Language Studies (NELP). Starting from the theoretical assumptions of the theory of variation and linguistic change, this study brings a reflection on the Brazilian Portuguese (PB) socio-history, highlighting the linguistic contact, the late urbanization and schooling of Brazil, the irregular linguistic transmission, the hypothesis of approach between the popular and standard norms of PB and the socio-history of the urban center of Feira de Santana-BA, emphasizing its commercial characteristics, the migratory factor and its geographical position. The data were investigated based on linguistic and social variables in order to answer which linguistic and sociocultural factors act in the variable use of the PP-chopping relative and the pied piping strategy and if there is an approximation or a distancing of the standard and popular norms in regards to the use of these strategies in the Portuguese of Feira de Santana. The results confirm the syntactic change attested by Tarallo (1983), by evidencing the majority use of the PP-chopping relative by the feirense speakers in both standard and popular norms, allowing to the contestation that there is an approximation of the norms in the spoken Portuguese in of Feira de Santana, confirming what Lucchesi (2001) and Mattos and Silva (2004) ratified about the Brazilian Portuguese.
Esta disserta??o faz uma an?lise sociolingu?stica do uso das estrat?gias de relativiza??o nas normas culta e popular do portugu?s falado em Feira de Santana-BA, apoiando-se no aporte te?rico-metodol?gico da Sociolingu?stica Variacionista, com base em Weinreich, Labov e Herzog (2006 [1968]). Para o tratamento metodol?gico da an?lise, subdividem-se as ora??es relativas em estrat?gias n?o preposicionadas ? relativa com lacuna e relativa com lembrete ? e preposicionadas ? relativa pied piping, relativa cortadora, relativa cortadora com lembrete e relativas de onde e quando. O foco desta investiga??o ? a covaria??o entre a relativa pied piping (abonada pela gram?tica tradicional) e a relativa cortadora (considerada uma estrat?gia inovadora do portugu?s brasileiro), tendo como corpus dados reais de fala extra?dos de 24 entrevistas (12 da norma culta e 12 da norma popular) do projeto A l?ngua portuguesa do semi?rido baiano ? Fase 3: amostras da l?ngua falada em Feira de Santana-Ba, sediado no N?cleo de Estudos da L?ngua Portuguesa (NELP). Partindo dos pressupostos te?ricos da teoria da varia??o e da mudan?a lingu?stica, pontua-se uma reflex?o sobre a s?cio-hist?ria do portugu?s brasileiro (PB), evidenciando o contato lingu?stico, as tardias urbaniza??o e escolariza??o do Brasil, a transmiss?o lingu?stica irregular, a hip?tese de aproxima??o entre as normas culta e popular do PB e a s?cio-hist?ria do munic?pio de Feira de Santana-BA, enfatizando suas caracter?sticas comerciais, o fator migrat?rio e sua posi??o geogr?fica. Os dados foram investigados com base em vari?veis lingu?sticas e sociais buscando responder quais fatores lingu?sticos e socioculturais atuam no uso vari?vel da relativa cortadora e da pied piping e se h? uma aproxima??o ou um distanciamento das normas culta e popular no que se refere ao uso dessas estrat?gias no portugu?s feirense. Os resultados confirmam a mudan?a sint?tica atestada por Tarallo (1983) ao evidenciar uso majorit?rio da relativa cortadora pelos falantes feirenses tanto na norma culta quanto na norma popular, permitindo constatar que h? uma aproxima??o das normas no portugu?s feirense, ratificando o que dizem Lucchesi (2001) e Mattos e Silva (2004) sobre o PB.
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Soares, Eliane Pereira Machado. "As palatais lateral e nasal no falar paraense: uma análise variacionista e fonológica." http://www.teses.ufc.br, 2008. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6637.
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SOARES, Eliane Pereira Machado. As palatais lateral e nasal no falar paraense: uma análise variacionista e fonológica. 2008.187f.Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2008.Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-14T13:35:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_EPMSoares.pdf: 2116056 bytes, checksum: 09c54597cfbc4327f9fd723eca04e4ba (MD5)
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In this work we do a research about the variations of the lateral and nasal palatal consonants, in six cities of the state of Pará, as follows, Altamira, Belém, Bragança, Marabá, Soure, Santarém, each one of them located in a mesoregion of the state. The corpus of the research is constituted of spontaneous speech, obtained in form of narrative of personal experience among 24 informants born in these cities, totalizing 144 informants, selected using the theoretical dispositions of the Quantitative Sociolinguistic. The treating of the data takes into account, besides the social variables, linguistic variables considered as conditionings of the variation phenomenon in study, which statistic analysis is done using the package program VARBRUL (98) in ternary rounds, according the amount of identified variants for each linguistic variation. Besides this analysis, we propose an interpretation of the phonological process involved in the phonetical realization based on the theoretical conditionings of the Features Geometry. The results obtained show that the variable phenomenon associated to the nasal and lateral palatal speeches studied, are conditioned by linguistic as well as social factors, and that can be interpreted in the light of a phonological theory, in the case the Phonology of Features Geometry. In this theory, we can see that the phenomenon related to the variants of these segments can be understood as resultants of connected and disconnected of features, characterizing different phonetical variations, which uses, therefore, are conditioned by the values that are attributed in consequence of social factors, such as sex, age, school education and origin of the speakers.
Neste trabalho, realizamos uma pesquisa sobre as variantes das consoantes palatais lateral e nasal, em seis cidades do Estado do Pará, a saber, Altamira, Belém, Bragança, Marabá, Soure, Santarém, cada uma delas localizada em uma mesorregião do estado. O corpus é constituído de fala espontânea, obtida em forma de narrativa de experiência pessoal junto a 24 informantes nascidos nessas cidades, totalizando 144 informantes, selecionados de acordo com os pressupostos teóricos da Sociolingüística Quantitativa. O tratamento dos dados leva em conta, além das variáveis sociais, variáveis lingüísticas consideradas condicionantes do fenômeno de variação em estudo, cuja análise estatística é feita pelo uso do pacote de programas VARBRUL (98), em rodadas ternárias, conforme a quantidade de variantes identificadas para cada variável lingüística. Além desta análise, propomos uma interpretação dos processos fonológicos envolvidos nas realizações fonéticas a partir dos pressupostos teóricos da Geometria de Traços. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os fenômenos variáveis associados às palatais lateral e nasal nos falares estudados são condicionados tanto por fatores lingüísticos quanto sociais, e que podem ser interpretados à luz de uma teoria fonológica, no caso a Fonologia de Geometria de Traços. Por essa teoria, verificamos que os fenômenos relacionados às variantes desses segmentos podem ser compreendidos como resultantes de ligamento e desligamento de traços fonéticos, caracterizando diferentes variantes fonéticas, cujos usos, por sua vez, estão condicionados pelos valores que lhes são atribuídos em conseqüência de fatores sociais, como sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade e origem dos falantes.
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Martín-Bylund, Anna. "Towards a minor bilingualism : Exploring variations of language and literacy in early childhood education." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Lärande, Estetik, Naturvetenskap (LEN), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139853.
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The aim of this compilation thesis is to explore variations in bilingualism with the help of everyday specific situations at a Spanish-Swedish early childhood institution in Sweden, and by means of a ‘material-semiotic theorizing’. This means that material and semiotic elements are treated equally and entwined. Through studying a bilingual preschool practice, theory and politics as three interwoven practices, the thesis produces knowledge on language and literacy as socially and materially divergent, transformative occurrences. The research process is a commitment with Deleuzio-Guattarian philosophy, theory and politics, and is defined as a becoming in and of the three practices (education, theory, politics). Ethical and methodological undertakings are described as results of the interaction of these practices. Processes of data production include a yearlong fieldwork with all year groups (1-5) at a bilingual preschool in Sweden with a Spanish-Swedish language policy. The materials of data (approx. 59 hours of video-recordings and additional field-notes of everyday activities) are extended and developed upon in interaction with theoretical concepts and political concerns in terms of an analytical process that ‘puts theory to work’. The results are phrased as three temporal suggestions: 1) Bilingualism is a plural, collectively produced, both transitory and specific phenomenon 2) Bilingualism emerges with different, simultaneous dimensions of language and literacy (language as both code and material intensities) 3) Bilingualism is shared and public but also private and inconclusive. The thesis also shows the interconnectedness and continuity between different constructions of bilingualism (i.e. separate – flexible, public - private) as well as the productivity of the unknown and of what is labelled as (il)literate expertise. The impact that these suggestions may have in working with bilingualism in early childhood education is discussed. At the same time the discussion inspires to thinking towards a minor bilingualism also in more general terms.Syftet i denna sammanläggningsavhandling är att utforska variationer i tvåspråkighet med hjälp av alldagligt specifika situationer vid en spansk-svensk förskola i Sverige, samt genom ett ’material-semiotiskt teoretiserande’. Det betyder att materiella och semiotiska aspekter behandlas jämbördigt, sammanlänkat och icke-hierarkiskt. Genom att studera en tvåspråkig förskolepraktik, teori och politik som sammanvävda praktiker producerar avhandlingen kunskap om språk och litteracitet som socialt och materiellt divergenta, transformativa fenomen. Forskningsprocessen är en förlovning med DeleuzioGuattariansk filosofi, teori och politik och definieras som ett tillblivande i och med de tre praktikerna (utbildning, teori, politik). Etiska och metodologiska göranden beskrivs som resultat av interaktionen mellan dessa tre praktiker. Processer av dataproduktion inkluderar ett årslångt fältarbete med alla åldersgrupper (1-5) på en tvåspråkig förskola i Sverige med en spansk-svensk språkpolicy. Datamaterialen (59 timmars videoinspelningar och fältanteckningar från vardagliga aktiviteter) förlängs och utvecklas i avhandlingen i interaktion med teoretiska begrepp och politiska angelägenheter i termer av en analytisk process som ‘sätter teori i arbete’. Resultaten formuleras som tre temporära förslag. 1) Tvåspråkighet är ett pluralt, kollektivt producerat, både flyktigt och specifikt fenomen 2) Tvåspråkighet uppträder med olika, samtidiga språkliga dimensioner (språk som både kod och materiella intensiteter) 3) Tvåspråkighet är delat och publikt men också privat och odeciderat. Avhandlingens resultat visar också på länkar och kontinuitet mellan olika konstruktioner av tvåspråkighet (till exempel separat – flexibel, publik – privat) samt produktiviteten i det okända och vad som kan benämnas (il)litterat expertis. Betydelsen som avhandlingens förslag kan ha i arbete med tvåspråkighet i utbildningspraktiker med små barn diskuteras. Samtidigt inspirerar diskussionen till att tänka i riktningar mot en mindre tvåspråkighet också i mer generella termer.
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Silva, MoisÃs Batista da. "Atlas LinguÃstico do centro-oeste Potiguar." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8501.
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Programa Institucional de CapacitaÃao Docente e TÃcnicaCoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A lÃngua e o seu jeito prÃprio de falar e de designar as coisas produzem uma riqueza enorme de variantes linguÃsticas, tambÃm patrimÃnio histÃrico-cultural da sociedade, que precisam sempre ser perpetuadas atravÃs do seu registro. Partindo desse pressuposto, a pesquisa em foco tem como objetivo geral elaborar o Atlas LinguÃstico do Centro-Oeste do Rio Grande do Norte. Para conseguir tal propÃsito, foram estabelecidos objetivos especÃficos tais como identificar as variÃveis extralinguÃsticas (diastrÃtica, diassexual e diageracional) nos fenÃmenos fonÃticos e lexicais; descrever a realidade do portuguÃs do Centro-Oeste do Rio Grande do Norte para identificar fenÃmenos fonÃticos e semÃntico-lexicais, que caracterizam diferenciaÃÃes ou definem a unidade linguÃstica no Estado. Esta pesquisa tem como fundamentaÃÃo teÃrico-metodolÃgica os pressupostos da Dialetologia e da GeolinguÃstica pluridimensional e relacional (Radke e Thun, 1996), em consonÃncia, principalmente, com os ideais do Projeto Atlas LinguÃstico do Brasil (ALiB) e do Projeto Atlas LinguÃstico do Rio Grande do Norte (AliRN). Considerando os dados socioeconÃmicos e culturais particulares da regiÃo pesquisada, foram selecionados oito pontos de inquÃritos: quatro da MesorregiÃo do Oeste Potiguar (MossorÃ, Apodi, Pau dos Ferros e JanduÃs) e quatro da MesorregiÃo Central Potiguar (Macau, Angicos, Currais Novos e CaicÃ). O critÃrio dessa escolha foi, primeiramente, o da importÃncia dos aspectos demogrÃficos, histÃricos, geogrÃficos, polÃticos, econÃmicos e culturais e a influÃncia delas sobre os outros municÃpios da regiÃo. Adotou-se, tambÃm, o critÃrio da equidistÃncia aproximada. Ou seja, todas as localidades foram distribuÃdas de uma maneira que abrangesse todo Centro-Oeste Potiguar, com uma distÃncia entre elas, de pelo menos, 70 km. Para a realizaÃÃo da pesquisa de campo, foram selecionados 32 informantes, levando em conta: a) sexo: para cada ponto, foram entrevistados dois homens e duas mulheres (um homem e uma mulher de cada geraÃÃo), fazendo um total de 4 informantes por localidade; b) faixa etÃria: foi distribuÃda em duas geraÃÃes: G1 (geraÃÃo de jovens de 18 a 32 anos) e G2 (geraÃÃo de adultos entre 48 a 62 anos). Em cada ponto, foram selecionados dois informantes da G1 e dois da G2; c) escolaridade: foram escolhidos os informantes com escolaridade igual ou inferior ao 9Â ano do Ensino Fundamental. Para todos esses informantes, foram aplicados dois questionÃrios (fonÃtico-fonolÃgico e semÃnticolexical) com o objetivo de coletar dados, possibilitando, assim, a elaboraÃÃo das 147 cartas linguÃsticas (84 lÃxicas e 63 fonÃticas) que formam o Atlas em foco e mostram a diversidade do falar da regiÃo pesquisada. Desse modo, esta pesquisa traz grandes contribuiÃÃes, pois registra a riqueza linguÃstica existente nas localidades pesquisadas e permite que o conhecimento da realidade linguÃstica seja constantemente aprofundado, por exemplo, pelos professores, levando os alunos ao domÃnio das variantes de prestÃgio, sem desprestigiar os seus falares de origem, contribuindo, assim para o ensino eficiente e eficaz da lÃngua materna na regiÃo em foco.
Language and its proper manners of speaking produce rich possibilities of language variations. It is also a historical and cultural patrimony of a society and it needs to be perpetuated though a registration process. Based on this presupposition, this research aims at elaborating a Center-West Rio Grande do Norte Region Atlas. In order to accomplish this purpose, a few goals were established to identify extralinguistic variations (diastropic, diasexual and diageneric) in phonetic and lexical phenomena. The main aim is to describe the real Portuguese language of Center-West of Rio Grande do Norte to identify phonetic, semantic and lexical phenomena, which characterize differentiations or can define Rio Grande do Norte State. This research has as theoretical and methodological foundations the Dialectology and Pluridimensional and Geolinguistic Relations (RADKE e THUN, 1996), in consonance, mainly, with the ideals of the Brazilian Atlas Project (Alib in Portuguese) and Rio Grande do Norte Atlas Linguistic Project (ALiRN in Portuguese). Considering socioeconomic and cultural data, eight places of inquiries were chosen: four in West Potiguar Mesoregion (MossorÃ, Apodi, Pau dos Ferros and JanduÃs) and four in Central Potiguar Mesoregion (Macau, Angicos, Currais Novos and CaicÃ). The criteria for this choice was, firstly, the relevance of demographic, historical, geographic, political, economic and cultural aspects and theirs influence on cities of that regions. We also adopted an approximate equidistance criterion. It means that all places were distributed in way that all Potiguar Center West region could be considered, with a distance, among them, of at least, 70 km. In order to accomplish this field research, 32 informants were selected, taking into account: a) gender â in each location were interviewed two men and two women (a man and a woman of each generation), a total of 4 informants for place; b) age â were distributed in two generations: G1 (generation of young people from 18 to 32 years old) and G2 (generation of adults between 48 to 62 years old). In each location two informants were selected from G1 and two from G2; c) schooling â two informants were chosen with schooling equal or inferior to 9th year of Elementary School. To all those informants were applied two (phonetic-phonological and semantic-lexical) questionnaires with the aim of collecting data, providing, thus, an elaboration of 147 (84 lexical and 63 phonetic) linguistic charts which compose the Atlas and show the diversity of speaking of the region. This research brings meaningful contributions, considering that it records the existent linguistic richness in the researched location and allows the knowledge of linguistic reality that can be constantly accessed by, for example, teachers, taking into account the domains of prestigious varieties without prejudice to studentsâ speaking origin, contributing, thus, to an efficient and effective language teaching in the analyzed region.
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Silva, Moisés Batista da. "Atlas Linguístico do centro-oeste Potiguar." www.teses.ufc.br, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8253.
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SILVA, Moisés Batista da. Atlas Linguístico do centro-oeste Potiguar. 2012. 329f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2012.Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-10T13:19:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_mbsilva.pdf: 5544384 bytes, checksum: b6993ba1bd4b12e95059b45ada2745c8 (MD5)
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Language and its proper manners of speaking produce rich possibilities of language variations. It is also a historical and cultural patrimony of a society and it needs to be perpetuated though a registration process. Based on this presupposition, this research aims at elaborating a Center-West Rio Grande do Norte Region Atlas. In order to accomplish this purpose, a few goals were established to identify extralinguistic variations (diastropic, diasexual and diageneric) in phonetic and lexical phenomena. The main aim is to describe the real Portuguese language of Center-West of Rio Grande do Norte to identify phonetic, semantic and lexical phenomena, which characterize differentiations or can define Rio Grande do Norte State. This research has as theoretical and methodological foundations the Dialectology and Pluridimensional and Geolinguistic Relations (RADKE e THUN, 1996), in consonance, mainly, with the ideals of the Brazilian Atlas Project (Alib in Portuguese) and Rio Grande do Norte Atlas Linguistic Project (ALiRN in Portuguese). Considering socioeconomic and cultural data, eight places of inquiries were chosen: four in West Potiguar Mesoregion (Mossoró, Apodi, Pau dos Ferros and Janduís) and four in Central Potiguar Mesoregion (Macau, Angicos, Currais Novos and Caicó). The criteria for this choice was, firstly, the relevance of demographic, historical, geographic, political, economic and cultural aspects and theirs influence on cities of that regions. We also adopted an approximate equidistance criterion. It means that all places were distributed in way that all Potiguar Center West region could be considered, with a distance, among them, of at least, 70 km. In order to accomplish this field research, 32 informants were selected, taking into account: a) gender – in each location were interviewed two men and two women (a man and a woman of each generation), a total of 4 informants for place; b) age – were distributed in two generations: G1 (generation of young people from 18 to 32 years old) and G2 (generation of adults between 48 to 62 years old). In each location two informants were selected from G1 and two from G2; c) schooling – two informants were chosen with schooling equal or inferior to 9th year of Elementary School. To all those informants were applied two (phonetic-phonological and semantic-lexical) questionnaires with the aim of collecting data, providing, thus, an elaboration of 147 (84 lexical and 63 phonetic) linguistic charts which compose the Atlas and show the diversity of speaking of the region. This research brings meaningful contributions, considering that it records the existent linguistic richness in the researched location and allows the knowledge of linguistic reality that can be constantly accessed by, for example, teachers, taking into account the domains of prestigious varieties without prejudice to students’ speaking origin, contributing, thus, to an efficient and effective language teaching in the analyzed region.
A língua e o seu jeito próprio de falar e de designar as coisas produzem uma riqueza enorme de variantes linguísticas, também patrimônio histórico-cultural da sociedade, que precisam sempre ser perpetuadas através do seu registro. Partindo desse pressuposto, a pesquisa em foco tem como objetivo geral elaborar o Atlas Linguístico do Centro-Oeste do Rio Grande do Norte. Para conseguir tal propósito, foram estabelecidos objetivos específicos tais como identificar as variáveis extralinguísticas (diastrática, diassexual e diageracional) nos fenômenos fonéticos e lexicais; descrever a realidade do português do Centro-Oeste do Rio Grande do Norte para identificar fenômenos fonéticos e semântico-lexicais, que caracterizam diferenciações ou definem a unidade linguística no Estado. Esta pesquisa tem como fundamentação teórico-metodológica os pressupostos da Dialetologia e da Geolinguística pluridimensional e relacional (Radke e Thun, 1996), em consonância, principalmente, com os ideais do Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil (ALiB) e do Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Rio Grande do Norte (AliRN). Considerando os dados socioeconômicos e culturais particulares da região pesquisada, foram selecionados oito pontos de inquéritos: quatro da Mesorregião do Oeste Potiguar (Mossoró, Apodi, Pau dos Ferros e Janduís) e quatro da Mesorregião Central Potiguar (Macau, Angicos, Currais Novos e Caicó). O critério dessa escolha foi, primeiramente, o da importância dos aspectos demográficos, históricos, geográficos, políticos, econômicos e culturais e a influência delas sobre os outros municípios da região. Adotou-se, também, o critério da equidistância aproximada. Ou seja, todas as localidades foram distribuídas de uma maneira que abrangesse todo Centro-Oeste Potiguar, com uma distância entre elas, de pelo menos, 70 km. Para a realização da pesquisa de campo, foram selecionados 32 informantes, levando em conta: a) sexo: para cada ponto, foram entrevistados dois homens e duas mulheres (um homem e uma mulher de cada geração), fazendo um total de 4 informantes por localidade; b) faixa etária: foi distribuída em duas gerações: G1 (geração de jovens de 18 a 32 anos) e G2 (geração de adultos entre 48 a 62 anos). Em cada ponto, foram selecionados dois informantes da G1 e dois da G2; c) escolaridade: foram escolhidos os informantes com escolaridade igual ou inferior ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Para todos esses informantes, foram aplicados dois questionários (fonético-fonológico e semânticolexical) com o objetivo de coletar dados, possibilitando, assim, a elaboração das 147 cartas linguísticas (84 léxicas e 63 fonéticas) que formam o Atlas em foco e mostram a diversidade do falar da região pesquisada. Desse modo, esta pesquisa traz grandes contribuições, pois registra a riqueza linguística existente nas localidades pesquisadas e permite que o conhecimento da realidade linguística seja constantemente aprofundado, por exemplo, pelos professores, levando os alunos ao domínio das variantes de prestígio, sem desprestigiar os seus falares de origem, contribuindo, assim para o ensino eficiente e eficaz da língua materna na região em foco.
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Schmetz, Virginie. "Brasil entre Hispanoamérica: los brasileños y las variedades diatópicas del español : Implicaciones para la enseñanza de ELE en Brasil." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för spanska, portugisiska och latinamerikastudier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-92751.
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Este trabajo estudia la relación de hablantes brasileños de portugués con elementos de diferentes variedades diatópicas del español, en términos de conocimiento y de actitudes lingüísticas, con el objetivo de extraer implicaciones para la enseñanza del español lengua extranjera (ELE) y de sus variedades geográficas en Brasil. Este país tiene amplios vínculos económicos y culturales con España, que es también el líder mundial en la enseñanza de ELE. Sin embargo, Brasil se embarcó también en un vasto proceso de integración latinoamericana, principalmente a través de la creación del Mercosur, gracias al que establece relaciones profundas y duraderas con los países australes. Este contexto plural y ambivalente tiene sin duda repercusiones en la práctica de la lengua española en el país, pero ¿cuáles? y ¿cómo debería responder la enseñanza a este contexto particular? La investigación, con el objetivo de contestar estas preguntas, se realizó mediante un cuestionario en línea que fue contestado por 92 informantes, residentes de varios estados de Brasil. Esta encuesta, además de una parte de datos sociológicos, se componía de un apartado sobre acentos y musicalidades, donde los informantes tenían que valorar grabaciones de diferentes variedades del español sin conocer su origen, y un apartado sobre gramática y léxico, en el que se pedía a los encuestados elegir, entre grupos de frases equivalentes, los elementos que más conocían en un primer paso, y los que les parecían más correctos/válidos en un segundo paso. Los resultados mostraron que, en la parte de acentos y musicalidades, las variantes más familiares, es decir la castellana y la argentina, eran globalmente las más valoradas, en cuanto que la de México era la menos apreciada. En el apartado de gramática y léxico, se constató que los elementos americanos hablados en la zona austral, es decir la más próxima a Brasil, eran bastante reconocidos, pero no tanto como los peninsulares o “menos americanos”. En cuanto a los americanismos de zonas geográficas lejanas a Brasil, eran muy poco conocidos y legitimados. A la vista del contexto brasileño y de sus necesidades de practicar la lengua española en el ámbito del Mercosur, lo que se constata es que el lugar dado a los elementos australes es aún insuficiente, y que los profesionales de la enseñanza de ELE deberían perder el miedo a enseñar con una variedad de base americana, para responder a las necesidades de comunicación reales de los alumnos.The study at hand explores the relationship between Brazilian Portuguese speakers and elements of several diatopic varieties of Spanish language in terms of knowledge and linguistic attitudes. We then discuss the possible implications of our findings in relationship to the didactic field of Spanish as a foreign language and the geographical varieties spoken in Brazil. This country has important economic and cultural links with Spain, which is also the world’s leader in teaching Spanish as a second language. Brazil is also involved in a large process of Latin American integration, mainly through the creation of Mercosur, thanks to which it has establish deep and durable relations with south American countries. This plural and ambivalent context has, without a doubt, had an influence on the use of Spanish in Brazil. But what kind of influence? And how should the field of didactics respond to this particular context? In order to answer these questions, we have carried out an online survey, which was completed by 92 participants in several states of Brazil. This survey, in conjunction to a sociological questionnaire, was comprised by a section dedicated to accent and musicality, where the participants had to rate recordings of different varieties of Spanish without knowing their origin. It also included a section related to grammar and vocabulary, where the participants had to choose elements which they knew, and elements they thought were more correct/valid from a group of equivalents sentences. The results showed that, in the “accent and musicality” section, the most familiar varieties – both Castellan and Argentinian – were better rated, while the Mexican variation was the less valued. In the “grammar and vocabulary” section, it was found that the American elements used in the southern cone – Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay – all countries close to Brazil, were well known and valued, but not as much as the peninsular or “less American” elements. In regards to the American elements used in distant dialectal areas of Brazil, they were little known or legitimized. Given Brazil’s context and its need to use the Spanish language in a Mercosur setting, we conclude that insufficient attention is given to the American elements of Spanish. We also note that professionals teaching Spanish as a second language in Brazil have to lose their fear of teaching Spanish in an American variety in order to respond to student’s language needs.
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Jin, Wenhua. "Sounds of Chinese Korean: A Variationist approach." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10106/970.
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"Linguistic variations and the question of standardization in Setswana." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13288.
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Ph.D. (African Languages)The main concern of this study has to do with the investigation of linguistic variation and standardization in Setswana. We are of the idea that linguistic variation and standardization occur as a result of both internal and external factors. Focus of this study was both on some of those areas inhabited by Batswana both in Botswana and South Africa. An investigation has been made on the different orthographies used in these countries. Although their orthographies presently differ, they were initially the same. They separated after the revision of the 1937 orthography version by the then Tswana Language Committee in South Africa. But, however, Setswana Standard Orthography 1981 (1981) in Botswana, is the same as Tswana Terminology and Orthography No.3 (1972) in South Africa. This similarity was caused by the great influence and presence of Professor E.S. Moloto. Botswana dependency on South Africa during that time, on language planning may have been because 'South Africa has more speakers of Setswana, has had larger total resources in money and manpower, and thus rather naturally took the lead and Botswana ended following suit' (Janson and Tsonope, 1991:78). During that time, South African policies were directed by the ideology of the apartheid system. So, 'to ignore linguistic developments in South Africa was impossible, but to accept them has often been unpalatable and maybe important' (Janson and Tsonope, 1991:78). Data collected bear testimony that standard language is what Botswana people really want to be taught at schools and tertiary institutions. Most of them do not really understand why their children are expected to use standardized language as formal style. The reason behind all these is that they were never involved in language planning. Therefore, there is great need to involve people from different sectors where Setswana is involved. The language policy for the new South Africa in the future should be written in all official languages not just in English and Afrikaans only (refer to Government Gazette, 9 May 1997).
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Currie, Anne-Marie Palacios Guerra 1967. "A Mexican sign language lexicon : internal and cross-linguistic similarities and variations." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28415.
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Mexican Sign Language, or El Lenguaje de Sefias Mexicanas (LSM), and the Deaf community of Mexico have not been extensively studied. This dissertation offers lexical analyses of LSM. Drawing from video data, I examine an elicited lexicon of LSM as articulated by six Deaf consultants from two cities: Aguascalientes and Mexico City. This dissertation focuses on signs that are articulated similarly among the consultants. Two or more sign forms are considered to be similarly-articulated when those forms share the same approximate meaning and when they share the same values on at least two of the three main parameters of handshape, movement, and place of articulation. By focusing on this set of signs, I investigate and document patterns in sign variation internal to LSM. Place of articulation is found to be relatively stable compared to the variation seen in the parameters of handshape and movement. Additionally, other patterns among the articulatory variants are found such as sets of handshapes, movements, and places that tend to vary among similarly-articulated signs. A second goal of the dissertation is to investigate whether the findings from the internal investigation of LSM are valid across other sign languages. Eduardo Huet, a deaf Frenchman, established the first school for the deaf in 1867 in Mexico City. Due to the educational influence from Huet, French Sign Language (LSF) is likely to have influenced the development of LSM. Thus, this dissertation includes a pair-wise comparison between LSM and LSF. A second pair-wise comparison included involves LSM and Spanish Sign Language (LSE) because of the shared ambient language and related ambient cultures; this comparison addresses the assumption that LSM and LSE would be similar because of linguistic and cultural similarities between Mexico and Spain. A third pair-wise comparison involves LSM and Japanese Sign Language (JSL) as a control comparison. LSM and JSL are known to have distinct historical developments and do not share an ambient language or culture. For each of the three pair-wise comparisons, I focus on the set of similarly-articulated signs. In addition to investigating articulatory patterns, I also investigate potential sources for similarly-articulated signs, i.e., whether these similarities are likely borrowings or shared icons. Not surprising, I found that the pair-wise comparison of LSM-LSF exhibited the most likely borrowings and LSM-JSL the least. Additionally, the analyses of the three pair-wise comparisons suggest a base level of similarly-articulated signs that are likely due to shared icons. The findings from the pair-wise analysis further suggest that patterns documented in the internal analysis of LSM also hold for the cross-linguistic analyses. The parameter variations among the set of similarly-articulated signs suggest a potential trend that might be valid internally and cross-linguistically for sign languages in general.text
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Fredericks, Niklaas Johannes. "A study of dialectal and inter-linguistic variations of Khoekhoegowab: towards the determination of the standard orthography." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3525.
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Nama is a Khoekhoe-language variety spoken in more than three countries namely Namibia, South Africa, Botswana and Angola. The language was previously called the Nama language, however, for pragmatic reasons, to cater for a Damara/Nama union, it is called Khoekhoegowab in Namibia. As far as I know there has been no comprehensive study on Nama/Damara/Khoekhoegowab. A preliminary study was done by Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997). However, as can be seen from the title of this study, it was ‘preliminary’ which means the authors are the first to admit
that their study was not complete. The aim of this thesis was to undertake an extensive linguistic analysis of Khoekhoegowab as a way to come up with a comprehensive dialectal inventory. The established dialectal inventory will not only help in the linguistic development of Khoekhoegowab, but also in the determination of a standard linguistic code, leading to iv development of materials. This is important in grammatical descriptions needed for literacy material development and language policy implementation. Following Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997) and Guldenmann (2000, 2003, 2008), the study employed a dialectal difference or comparative approach. Considering the nature of the study, a mixed research design was used to collect the data. The data was drawn from the few available
studies on Nama/Damara or Khoekhoegowab dialects such as those by Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997) and Du Plessis (2009). This was supplemented and complemented by document analysis and the various Khoekhoegowab literature. Interviews of limited key informants and focus groups were undertaken in various regions namely (Hardap, Karas and Kunene). The narratives from these interviews were used to determine the dialects currently in place as well as the differences and similarities. The collected data was then treated to a linguistic and dialectal analysis (cf. Guldenmann 2000, 2003, 2008; Du Plessis, 2009) as a way to discover similarities and differences, which will in turn inform the proposal on a possible standard form and composite orthography. The phonological differences of the three dialects under discussion were identified where the vowel system was discussed. With regard to the plain vowels, an argument was made that the Central Nama and Central Damara are in fact similar in terms of vowel inventory compared to Central Nama and the Bondelswarts dialects. The phonetic aspects of the consonant system of the identified dialects were also discussed. A discussion on clicks and click consonants was also made where a distinction was drawn between plain clicks and complex clicks. The morphosyntax v of Khoehoegowab was also discussed where it was obvious that there were mainly more similarities than differences between the dialects. The phonetic inventories identified in chapters
4 and 5 were assessed using data from different sources such as the Bible, the Social Security booklet, the grade 9 school textbook, Facebook (a social media page), Google maps, Khoekhoegowab orthography (2003), and the Ministry of Health booklet. The aim of this was to account for differences and similarities between various materials in terms of symbols used for writing Khoekhoegowab. There were differences observed which were because of the influence of modern technology (especially the electronic keyboard) on the writing practices of Khoekhoegowab speakers. The proposed orthography takes technological developments into account. As a contribution, this study provides new insight into the issues of voicing, and voiced and voiceless consonants. In terms of theory the handling of tone and length was discussed in detail where it was established that tone is phonemic and not vowel length. The issue of whether or not complex clicks should be treated as units or clicks plus an accompaniment was discussed where I
argued that the sounds are co-articulated and should be treated as one. Regarding the orthography, although there is orthography, the existing orthography is clearly not adequate as some of the sounds were not correctly captured. This has an implication on teaching the language in the schools. It will help in the revitalizing of Khoekhoegowab compared to more established Bantu languages.Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
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Ridonato, Giuseppe. "Translating Andrea Camilleri: Strategies for the translation of." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1439.
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STUDENT NO: 9811739R
MASTERS HUMANITIESABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to investigate how linguistic variations in a literary text can be translated by analysing and comparing the strategies employed by two different French translators when dealing with the works of the Italian author, Andrea Camilleri. Much has been written about the possibility/ impossibility of translation itself, with many writers and critics taking opposing sides on the issue. The intention of this study is not to fuel or further this, in our view, sterile discussion. The point is that translations do exist and have existed for thousands of years: that is, texts in one (source) language have in some way been recreated and rewritten into another (target) language1. By contrast, what has been explored only superficially is how linguistic variations and dialects present in literary texts have been reproduced in the target language. Textual analyses relative to this study will be carried out on selected passages of two different novels (one for each translator). 1 The abbreviations SL and TL will be used to indicate ‘source language’ and ‘target language’ respectively, while ST and TT will be used to indicate ‘target text’ and ‘source text’.
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"New Directions in Quantitative Hispanic Sociolinguistics." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.34812.
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abstract: The present thesis explores how statistical methods are conceptualized, used, and interpreted in quantitative Hispanic sociolinguistics in light of the group of statistical methods espoused by Kline (2013) and named by Cumming (2012) as the “new statistics.” The new statistics, as a conceptual framework, repudiates null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) and replaces it with the ESCI method, or Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals, as well as meta-analytic thinking. In this thesis, a descriptive review of 44 studies found in three academic journals over the last decade (2005 – 2015), NHST was found to have a tight grip on most researchers. NHST, much discredited outside of linguistics, confused authors who conflated the theories of Fisher and Neyman-Pearson, who themselves battled acrimoniously until the end of their publishing lives. Within the studies reviewed, with exceptions, dichotomous thinking ruled the quantitative approach, and binary reporting ruled the results and discussions. In addition, this thesis revealed that sociolinguistics, at least within the studies reviewed, is not exactly a “statistical monoculture” as suspected by Gorman and Johnson (2013), rather ANOVAs have joined Goldvarb’s logistic regression in its dominance. As described insightfully by Plonsky (2015), these two methods are exposed as extensions of the dichotomous thinking that attaches itself to NHST. Further, little evidence was found that the methods of the new statistics were being implemented in a coordinated fashion, including far too few meta-analyses. As such, quantitative Hispanic sociolinguistics, and linguistics in general, were shown to be vulnerable to problems with reliable quantitative theory building.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Spanish 2015
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Botha, Werner. "Dimensions in variationist sociolinguistics : a sociolinguistic investigation of language variation in Macau." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5724.
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At the very heart of variationist Sociolinguistics is the notion that language has an underlying
structure, and that this structure varies according to external linguistic variables such as age,
gender, social class, community membership, nationality, and so on. Specifically, this study
examines variation in initial and final segments, as well as sentence final particles in
Cantonese in Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR). Results of this study indicate that
external linguistic constraint categories play a role in the realization of how and when initial
and final segments, as well as sentence final particles are used in Macau Cantonese. Finally,
this dissertation illustrates that pragmatic functions in the systematic use of linguistic
variables requires explanations that draw from variationist sociolinguistic research that has an
ethnographic and interpretive basis.Linguistics
M.A. (Sociolinguistics)