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1
Azis, Andy, Alchalil Alchalil, Adi Setiawan, and Nurul Islami. "STUDI EKSPERIMENTAL WIND TUNNEL TIPE SUBSONIC RANGKAIAN TERBUKA DENGAN VARIASI BENTUK HONYECOMB." Malikussaleh Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (2023): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/mjmst.v7i2.13491.
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Honeycomb is applied to the Open Series Subsonic Wind Tunnel which aims to obtain a unidirectional fluid flow shape with uniform (laminar) and stable fluid flow velocities. Honeycomb testing was carried out experimentally at a flow velocity of 3 m / s without honeycomb using a variety of shapes: hexagonal, square, and circular. Each honeycomb shaped to 8mm diameter. The results of the analysis on honeycomb testing with variations in shape obtained the value of turbulence intensity that occurs in the test section, namely for hexagonal shape variations the flow that occurs is better than circular shape, while in circular shape variations the value of turbulence intensity is better than square shape. The results of the Reynold's number calculation show that the flow that occurs is laminar with the following values, in the hexagonal shape variation the value is 787, circular shape 956.48, and square shape 1199.42. After calculating the turbulence intensity and Reynold's number, we can conclude that honeycomb with hexagonal shape variation is optimal than circular shape, and circular is optimal than square.
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Otty Ratna Wahjuni, Ramadhan Hardani Putra, and Baharudin Wiradika Harahap. "Anatomical variation of the incisive canal: A CBCT study at Universitas Airlangga Academic Dental Hospital." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 2 (2023): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.2.0221.
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Incisive canal located in maxillary anterior of hard palate around maxillary central incisor region that acts as a tunnel between the oral cavity and the nose. Incisive canal provide sensory innervation to the nasal septum and the anterior mucosa of the hard palate. The anatomical shape of the incisive canal varies individually, hence, should be considered before surgical intervention in the oral cavity. To determine the distribution of anatomical variations of the incisive canal in the sagittal section at Universitas Airlangga Academic Dental Hospital using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Fifty-four samples were obtained from the interpretation report of sagittal section of CBCT at Universitas Airlangga Academic Dental Hospital from 2015 – 2021. Observations of the incisive canals were carried out by agreement of authors by classifying the variations into cylindrical shape, funnel shape, banana shapes and hourglass shapes. In 54 samples with an age range of 12 - 70 years, the variations of the incisive canal were Cylindrical shape (63%), Banana shape (19%), Funnel shape (17%) and Hourglass shape (2%). Based on gender, Cylindrical shape was most commonly found in men (56%) and women (73%). Four variations of anatomical variations of the incisive canals were found at Universitas Airlangga Academic Dental Hospital, with cylindrical shape as the most prevalent variation. Therefore, observation of the incisive canal anatomy is necessary before surgical intervention.
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Otty, Ratna Wahjuni, Hardani Putra Ramadhan, and Wiradika Harahap Baharudin. "Anatomical variation of the incisive canal: A CBCT study at Universitas Airlangga Academic Dental Hospital." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 2 (2023): 551–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8108881.
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Incisive canal located in maxillary anterior of hard palate around maxillary central incisor region that acts as a tunnel between the oral cavity and the nose. Incisive canal provide sensory innervation to the nasal septum and the anterior mucosa of the hard palate. The anatomical shape of the incisive canal varies individually, hence, should be considered before surgical intervention in the oral cavity. To determine the distribution of anatomical variations of the incisive canal in the sagittal section at Universitas Airlangga Academic Dental Hospital using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Fifty-four samples were obtained from the interpretation report of sagittal section of CBCT at Universitas Airlangga Academic Dental Hospital from 2015 – 2021. Observations of the incisive canals were carried out by agreement of authors by classifying the variations into cylindrical shape, funnel shape, banana shapes and hourglass shapes. In 54 samples with an age range of 12 - 70 years, the variations of the incisive canal were Cylindrical shape (63%), Banana shape (19%), Funnel shape (17%) and Hourglass shape (2%). Based on gender, Cylindrical shape was most commonly found in men (56%) and women (73%). Four variations of anatomical variations of the incisive canals were found at Universitas Airlangga Academic Dental Hospital, with cylindrical shape as the most prevalent variation. Therefore, observation of the incisive canal anatomy is necessary before surgical intervention.
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Amol A, Shinde, Agrawal Sakshi, and Patel Dinesh K. "Splenic Notches and Morphometrics of Spleen as Tools for Sexual Dimorphism: an Analysis in Pune Region of Maharashtra." International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope 06, no. 01 (2025): 833–40. https://doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2025.v06i01.02752.
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Variations in shapes and morphometry of spleen is seen. Number and location of splenic notches show regional variation. This study is done to determine tools for sexual dimorphism of spleen. 72 spleen of known sex were used from cadavers used for 1st MBBS dissection. Shape, number and location of splenic notches were noted. Length, breadth, thickness and weight of spleen were calculated. Triangular shaped spleen was seen most commonly. Maximum 5 notches were seen on a spleen. Morphometric measurements showed regional variations and sexual dimorphism. We conclude that formation of splenic notches by incomplete fusion of various lobes has been mentioned in earlier embryological studies but new hypothesis suggests that these notches can be considered developmental variations. A wide variation in shapes and morphometrics of spleen is seen. They can be used as tools of sexual dimorphism.
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Keustermans, William, Toon Huysmans, Femke Danckaers, et al. "High quality statistical shape modelling of the human nasal cavity and applications." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 12 (2018): 181558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181558.
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The human nose is a complex organ that shows large morphological variations and has many important functions. However, the relation between shape and function is not yet fully understood. In this work, we present a high quality statistical shape model of the human nose based on clinical CT data of 46 patients. A technique based on cylindrical parametrization was used to create a correspondence between the nasal shapes of the population. Applying principal component analysis on these corresponded nasal cavities resulted in an average nasal geometry and geometrical variations, known as principal components, present in the population with a high precision. The analysis led to 46 principal components, which account for 95% of the total geometrical variation captured. These variations are first discussed qualitatively, and the effect on the average nasal shape of the first five principal components is visualized. Hereafter, by using this statistical shape model, two application examples that lead to quantitative data are shown: nasal shape in function of age and gender, and a morphometric analysis of different anatomical regions. Shape models, as the one presented here, can help to get a better understanding of nasal shape and variation, and their relationship with demographic data.
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Najmin M. "Morphometric Study of Shape of Glenoid cavity of Scapulae." Journal of Sylhet Women’s Medical College 15, Number 1 (2025): 22–25. https://doi.org/10.47648/jswmc2025v15-01-114.
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Background: The glenoid cavity of the scapula is crucial for shoulder joint stability, forming the articulation with the humeral head. Variations in its shape and size can influence joint mechanics, affecting shoulder stability and the risk of injuries like dislocations. Understanding these variations is important for orthopedic procedures, such as shoulder arthroplasty, and in diagnosing shoulder pathologies. The cavity typically appears in shapes like oval, pear-shaped, or inverted comma, with variations across different populations. Objective: To evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the shape of the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Methods: It was a cross-sectional analytical study in the department of Anatomy, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet from 1st July 2021 to 30th June 2022. Among 200dried, grossly normal scapulae 104 were male and 96 were female which was determined by the discriminative function analysis technique, and then grouping was done asmale and female. Purposive sampling technique was followed. Data was collecte dinapre-designed data collection sheet. The Measurement equipment was a digital Verniercaliper. Results: This study shows in right side, the pear shape was the most prevalent among both males (55.7%) and females (56.3%), followed by the oval shape (33.6% for males and 35.4% for females), while the inverted comma shape was the least common (6.7% for males and 8.3% for females). On the left side, the pear shape remained predominant among males (57.7%), whereas females exhibited a higher frequency of the oval shape (50.0%), with the pear shape at 47.9%. These findings suggest a general trend of pear shaped glenoid cavities in both genders, with notable variations in shape distribution between the sexes, particularly on the left side. Conclusion: In summary, the morphometric examination of glenoid cavity shapes indicated that pear shaped configurations were more prevalent in both male and female scapulae on the right side, whereas the left side showed a greater occurrence of oval-shaped glenoid among females. These differences imply possible anatomical variations related to sex and side, emphasizing the need to consider these factors in clinical evaluations and surgical procedures involving the shoulder joint. Additional research is needed to investigate the clinical significance of these results and their implications for shoulder-related conditions.
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Vijay, Shekhar Kumar, Laxmi Vineeta, and Kumar Bhavesh. "Prospective, Randomized Morphological Assessment of Variations in Shape of Coronoid Process of Adult Human Mandible." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 1 (2022): 432–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13864798.
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<strong>Aim:</strong> Morphological study of variations in shape of coronoid process of adult human mandible. <strong>Material and methods: </strong>This prospective, randomized, study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Bettiah (W.Champaran), Bihar,India Shape of the coronoid processes of 50(100 sides) dry adult human mandibles were studied out of which 30 (60 sides) were of males and 20(40 sides) were of females. Male and Female bones were differentiated by noting standard morphological features. Different shapes of coronoid process observed are triangular, rounded, and hooked. The different shapes of coronoid process were compared for sexual dimorphism and difference on either side. <strong>Results:</strong> In present study it is observed that Triangular shape of coronoid process was present in 50 mandibles out of which, in 70% cases it was bilateral while in 30% cases it was unilateral. Hence, observation leads to the interpretation that triangular shape of is more commonly bilateral. In case of unilateral, eight coronoid process of right sides were triangular (corresponding side have 2 rounded shaped & 5 hook shaped coronoid process). It was left side in 3 mandibles. It was of round shaped in 19 mandibles, out of which, in 47.37% cases it was bilateral mandibles and unilateral in 52.63% mandibles. In cases of unilateral side, it is present at three right and nine left side of mandible, The corresponding side of mandibles were two triangular shaped and one hooked shape in case of right side, while in cases of left side, five were triangular and four were hooked shape coronoid process. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>In present study it is found that hook shape of coronoid is most common in male mandibles followed by triangular and rounded shape. In case of female mandibles triangular shape is most common followed by hook and rounded shape.
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Sarkar, Arnab Kumar, Himanshu Rajbongshi, Sunandan Baruah, and Pranayee Datta. "Light Induced Synthesis of Ag Nanorods for Potential Application as Optical Filter Tailored to Visible Domain." Advanced Materials Research 1176 (April 28, 2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-10ge5f.
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Monodispersed Ag nanorods were synthesized using a one-pot synthesis method. These Ag nanorods normally manifest dual surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks. This work presents a study of the variation of SPR peaks with variation in the shape of Ag nanorods. Shape variation was achieved through the degradation of a shape-controlling agent (PVP in this work) under white light irradiance with silica passivation to halt further shape variations. This paper also reports the growth & characterization of thin films of the synthesized rod-shaped silver nanoparticles on glass slides along with studies on band pass filter characteristics of the as-synthesized nanoparticles.
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TUNGMUNNITHUM, DUANGJAI, MANIT KIDYOO, and CHUMPOL KHUNWASI. "Morphological Variations in Hoya siamica Craib (Asclepiadaceae) in Thailand." Tropical Natural History 11, no. 1 (2011): 29–37. https://doi.org/10.58837/tnh.11.1.103010.
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Hoya siamica Craib is a climbing epiphytic plant belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. Morphological variations were observed in 33 H. siamica samples collected from five floristic regions in Thailand and from 8 specimens kept in the BKF, BK, K and BCU herbaria representing a further 4 locations. This plant was found to have extremely variable vegetative and reproductive structures. Based on the qualitative morphological characters, H. siamica can be divided into five Forms that can be distinguished by their leaf shape and venation and the shape of the corona scale, pollinium and corpusculum. Form I has an obscure lateral vein, a long petiole, a broadly ovate and oblong-obovate shaped corpusculum and pollinium, respectively, whilst Forms II - V have a conspicuous lateral vein, short petiole, and an arrow head and narrowly oblong-obovate shaped corpusculum and pollinium, respectively. It is clear that “Form I” is distinguishable from the four others and the holotype and so may possibly be a cryptic species or variety of the Hoya siamica complex in Thailand. Although Forms II - V have some degree of variation in their leaf shape, corona shape and outer angle of corona between them, they nevertheless still share some important vegetative and reproductive characters. Thus, they may possibly simply be variable forms of the H. siamica complex in Thailand.
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Parashuram, Rajapur, and Uma Shivanal. "Morphometric study of adult human gall bladder in a cadaver and its clinical importance." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 8, no. 3 (2021): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2021.046.
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Extrahepatic biliary apparatus comprises of gall bladder, cystic duct, hepatic ducts and common bile duct. Gall Bladder is a pear shaped hollow organ, which are situated in contact with the under surface of right lobe of liver. In adult the length is between 7-10 cm, maximum breadth being 3 cm and with a maximum capacity of 50 ml. The morphological and morphometric variations of gall bladder are common. These variations are well studied and documented by the earlier studies but its precise morphological types and its incidence are utmost important during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Hence, comprehensive knowledge of variations of gall bladder will be important to avoid complications during surgical procedures and radiological interventions. The study was carried on 50 liver with Gallbladder specimens obtained from 10% formalin fixed cadavers of age group 50-60 years in the department of Anatomy. The gall bladder was observed, dissected carefully and studied for its parameters i.e. length and breadth using Vernier calipers. The variations in shape, its external morphological features and its position were also noted.52% of the gall bladder specimens had length ranging between 7 – 10cms. 68% of the specimens had transverse diameter ranging between 3 – 5cms. Various shapes observed were Pear shape, Hourglass shape, Retort shape, Cylindrical shape and Flask or Irregular shaped. The commonest shape observed and recorded in this study was Pear shaped in 26 specimens (52%). Folded fundus (Phrygian cap) of gall bladder was found in 2 out of 50 specimens (4%) and Hartmann’s pouch was found in 7 out of 50 specimens (14%).The precise knowledge of the various morphological and morphometric variants of the gall bladder is important for the operating Surgeons and Radiologists. The preoperative diagnosis of these variations helps to reduce the complications like bleeding and biliary leaks.
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Shinde, Vijaykumar, and P. S. Bhusaraddi. "A study of variations of sacral hiatus of dry human sacra in north interior Karnataka region." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 03, no. 04 (2014): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401772.
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Abstract Background and aims: The shape of sacral hiatus is known to show a number of anatomical variations. The shape and extent of sacral hiatus is important because in caudal epidural anaesthesia, the approach is made through sacral hiatus. The detailed anatomical knowledge of variations of sacral hiatus is very helpful to the anaesthetists to increase the success rate of caudal anaesthesia. The present study is an attempt to find out variations of sacral hiatus in north interior Karnataka region. Materials and methods: For the present study, one hundred dry human sacra obtained from north interior Karnataka region were used. Results: The inverted U shaped sacral hiatus was most common (56%). Inverted V shaped sacral hiatus was found in 24% of sacra. The other variations like irregular shaped hiatus (10%), bifid hiatus (2%), dumbbell shaped hiatus (5%), complete spina bifida (1%) and absent hiatus (2%) were also found. Conclusion: Abnormal shapes of sacral hiatus like irregular, bifid, dumbbell, completespina bifida and absent hiatus were seen in 20%of total 100 sacra belonging to north interior Karnataka.
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Gritsch, Michael, Will Colban, Heinz Schär, and Klaus Döbbeling. "Effect of Hole Geometry on the Thermal Performance of Fan-Shaped Film Cooling Holes." Journal of Turbomachinery 127, no. 4 (2005): 718–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2019315.
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This study evaluates the impact of typical cooling hole shape variations on the thermal performance of fan-shaped film holes. A comprehensive set of experimental test cases featuring 16 different film-cooling configurations with different hole shapes have been investigated. The shape variations investigated include hole inlet-to-outlet area ratio, hole coverage ratio, hole pitch ratio, hole length, and hole orientation (compound) angle. Flow conditions applied cover a wide range of film blowing ratios M=0.5 to 2.5 at an engine-representative density ratio DR=1.7. An infrared thermography data acquisition system is used for highly accurate and spatially resolved surface temperature mappings. Accurate local temperature data are achieved by an in situ calibration procedure with the help of thermocouples embedded in the test plate. Detailed film-cooling effectiveness distributions and discharge coefficients are used for evaluating the thermal performance of a row of fan-shaped film holes. An extensive variation of the main geometrical parameters describing a fan-shaped film-cooling hole is done to cover a wide range of typical film-cooling applications in current gas turbine engines. Within the range investigated, laterally averaged film-cooling effectiveness was found to show only limited sensitivity from variations of the hole geometry parameters. This offers the potential to tailor the hole geometry according to needs beyond pure cooling performance, e.g., manufacturing facilitations.
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Kumar, Raj. "Variations in the shape of foramen magnum at the base of human skulls among Indians in Rajasthan." Bioinformation 18, no. 5 (2022): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630018488.
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Variations in the shape of foramen magnum can affect the normal anatomy of vital structures passing through it. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the various shapes of foramen magnum by using CT scans performed in patients of Indian population to establish clinical correlation. A total of 314 CT images of human skull base obtained from the Department of Radio-diagnosis, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan were used in the present study. All the patients’ CT scans were observed to determine the shape of foramen magnum. They were classified into one of the following shapes: Oval, round, tetragonal, egg shaped, hexagonal, pentagonal and irregular. The shapes of the foramen magnum in CT scans were oval in 39.09%, round in 22.61%, tetragonal in 12.10%, hexagonal in 10.51%, irregular in 7.96%, pentagonal in 5.41% and egg shaped in 1.59% CT images. Data shows that it is easy to operate at the base of skull in case of round, oval and hexagonal shape foramen magnum, as the working space is more in these shapes.
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McKinney, Ellen, Simeon Gill, Amy Dorie, and Shannon Roth. "Body-to-Pattern Relationships in Women’s Trouser Drafting Methods." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 35, no. 1 (2016): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x16664406.
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The authors of this study explored (a) body-to-pattern measurement and shape relationships in trouser patterns drafted by two methods; (b) the consistency of these body-to-pattern relationships between methods and between differently shaped bodies within methods; (c) the patternmaking procedures that cause these outcomes; and (d) how these findings impact garment fit, particularly for mass customization. Body-to-pattern measurement and shape relationships were inconsistent between and within methods, making them unsuitable for use in computer-aided custom patternmaking. Most strikingly, pattern crotch shapes were similar within each method, despite the fact that form crotch shapes were different. Patternmaking procedures causing these inconsistencies include (a) use of proportion of noncorresponding body measurements; (b) use of standard, rather than body, measurements; (c) variations in ease as proportions or standard amounts; (d) trueing, blending, and connecting steps; (e) variation between methods of measurements used, in use of proportions or standard measurements, and in steps; and (h) disregard of body shape.
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Tümer, N., J. V. D. Stok, R. Lima, I. Blom, and G. Kraan. "DOES SHAPE SYMMETRY EXIST IN THE LUNATE BONE? TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF A PATIENT-SPECIFIC LUNATE IMPLANT." Orthopaedic Proceedings 106-B, SUPP_18 (2024): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2024.18.002.
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IntroductionKienböck's disease is generally defined as the collapse of the lunate bone, and this may lead to early wrist osteoarthritis. Replacing the collapsed lunate with an implant has regained renewed interest with the advancing technology of additive manufacturing, enabling the design of patient-specific implants. The aims of this project are (1) to determine how accurate it is to use the contralateral lunate shape as a template for patient-specific lunate implants, and (2) to study the effects of shape variations wrist kinematics using 4D-computed tomography (CT) scanning.MethodsA 3D statistical shape model (SSM) of the lunate was built based on bilateral CT scans of 54 individuals. Using SMM, shape variations of the lunate were identified and the intra- and inter-subject shape variations were compared by performing an intraclass correlation analysis. A radiolucent motor-controlled wrist-holder was designed to guide flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation of ex vivo wrist specimens under 4D-CT scanning. In this pilot, three shape mode variations were tested per specimen in two specimens were. After post-processing each CT, the scapholunate angle (SLA) and capitolunate angle (CLA) were measured.ResultsThe shape of the lunate was not symmetrical, defined as exceeding the intra-subject variation in five different shape modes. The FE tests show a generalized increase in scapholunate and capitolunate angle when using lunate implants, and comparing variation of shape modes showed that shape mode 3 has a significant effect on the measured angles (p<0.05).DiscussionThe design of patient-specific lunate implants may prove to be challenging using a ‘mirror’-design as it will lead to a degree of shape asymmetry. The pilot study, to determine the effects of those shape variations on wrist kinematics suggest that the degree of shape variation observed indeed may alter the wrist kinematics, although this needs to be further investigated in study using more specimens.
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Apsari, Retna, M. Zulkarnaen, Syahidatun Na'imah, Herri Trilaksana, M. Yasin, and Sulaiman W. Harun. "High performance of straight and U-shaped probe microfiber sensors for sucrose solution detection applications." Journal of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline 3, no. 1 (2024): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jatm.v3i1.57342.
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A low cost, highly sensitive sensor with easy fabrication has been successfully developed to detect variations in the concentration of sucrose solutions using a microfiber probe sensor. The microfiber probe was fabricated using a flame brushing mixture of butane and oxygen with single-mode optical fiber material and pulled on both sides to achieve a size of 16.48 µm. These microfiber probes were characterized into two sensor probe shapes: straight and u-shaped, to measure variations in the sucrose solution concentration. The results for both probe shapes showed a decrease in peak output intensity and a shift in peak wavelength as the sucrose concentration increased from 0.5% to 3%. The straight shape exhibited a sensitivity of 0.241 dBm/% with a slope linearity of 99.5% and a resolution of 0.0415%, while the U-shape had a sensitivity of 2.692 dBm/% with a slope linearity of 90.6% and a resolution of 0.0030%. The measurement spectra results indicated significant differences in u-shape at each concentration. In conclusion, both microfiber sensor probe shapes exhibited excellent performance and are suitable for use as chemical sensors to measure variations in solutions.
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van Veldhuizen, Willemina A., Hylke van der Wel, Hennie Y. Kuipers, et al. "Development of a Statistical Shape Model and Assessment of Anatomical Shape Variations in the Hemipelvis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 11 (2023): 3767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113767.
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Knowledge about anatomical shape variations in the pelvis is mandatory for selection, fitting, positioning, and fixation in pelvic surgery. The current knowledge on pelvic shape variation mostly relies on point-to-point measurements on 2D X-ray images and computed tomography (CT) slices. Three-dimensional region-specific assessments of pelvic morphology are scarce. Our aim was to develop a statistical shape model of the hemipelvis to assess anatomical shape variations in the hemipelvis. CT scans of 200 patients (100 male and 100 female) were used to obtain segmentations. An iterative closest point algorithm was performed to register these 3D segmentations, so a principal component analysis (PCA) could be performed, and a statistical shape model (SSM) of the hemipelvis was developed. The first 15 principal components (PCs) described 90% of the total shape variation, and the reconstruction ability of this SSM resulted in a root mean square error of 1.58 (95% CI: 1.53–1.63) mm. In summary, an SSM of the hemipelvis was developed, which describes the shape variations in a Caucasian population and is able to reconstruct an aberrant hemipelvis. Principal component analyses demonstrated that, in a general population, anatomical shape variations were mostly related to differences in the size of the pelvis (e.g., PC1 describes 68% of the total shape variation, which is attributed to size). Differences between the male and female pelvis were most pronounced in the iliac wing and pubic rami regions. These regions are often subject to injuries. Future clinical applications of our newly developed SSM may be relevant for SSM-based semi-automatic virtual reconstruction of a fractured hemipelvis as part of preoperative planning. Lastly, for companies, using our SSM might be interesting in order to assess which sizes of pelvic implants should be produced to provide proper-fitting implants for most of the population.
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Wang, Yixin, Shijie Ma, Xiaomeng Cao, et al. "Morphological, histological and transcriptomic mechanisms underlying different fruit shapes in Capsicum spp." PeerJ 12 (September 30, 2024): e17909. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17909.
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Pepper (Capsicum spp.) has a long domestication history and has accumulated diverse fruit shape variations. The illustration of the mechanisms underlying different fruit shape is not only important for clarifying the regulation of pepper fruit development but also critical for fully understanding the plant organ morphogenesis. Thus, in this study, morphological, histological and transcriptional investigations have been performed on pepper accessions bearing fruits with five types of shapes. From the results it can be presumed that pepper fruit shape was determined during the developmental processes before and after anthesis, and the anthesis was a critical developmental stage for fruit shape determination. Ovary shape index variations of the studied accessions were mainly due to cell number alterations, while, fruit shape index variations were mainly attributed to the cell division and cell expansion variations. As to the ovary wall thickness and pericarp thickness, they were regulated by both cell division in the abaxial-adaxial direction and cell expansion in the proximal-distal and medio-lateral directions. Transcriptional analysis discovered that the OFP-TRM and IQD-CaM pathways may be involved in the regulation of the slender fruit shape and the largest ovary wall cell number in the blocky-shaped accession can be attributed to the higher expression of CYP735A1, which may lead to an increased cytokinin level. Genes related to development, cell proliferation/division, cytoskeleton, and cell wall may also contribute to the regulation of helical growth in pepper. The insights gained from this study are valuable for further investigations into pepper fruit shape development.
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Zeng, Xiaogang, and Sunil Saigal. "An Inverse Formulation With Boundary Elements." Journal of Applied Mechanics 59, no. 4 (1992): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2894050.
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A mathematical formulation for the solution of inverse problems pertaining to the identification of flaw shapes and the reconstruction of boundary conditions in a continua is described. Integral relationships are derived for the variation of field variables with respect to variation in flaw shape using Taylor series expansions. Similar relationships for the variation of boundary conditions with variation inflow shape are also obtained. These variations allow the development of an iterative framework to advance an initially assumed flaw shape towards its actual configuration. The iterations are based upon and are driven by the difference in the values of computed response for the assumed flaw shape from their experimentally measured values at specified locations. The resulting equations are cast into the matrix form for solution using the boundary element method.
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Li, Peng, Brian Corner, and Steven Paquette. "Shape analysis of female torsos based on discrete cosine transform." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 27, no. 5 (2015): 677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-03-2014-0035.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present results of shape analysis of female torso shape using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) from a three-dimensional (3D) whole body scan database. Design/methodology/approach – Torso shape is a central part of body shape and difficult to describe by linear measurements. In order to analyze body shape variation within a population the authors employed a DCT-based shape description method to compresses a dense 3D body scan surface into a small vector that preserves shape and removes size. The DCT-based shape descriptors of torso surfaces are further fed to principal component analysis (PCA) that decompose shape variation into constituent shape components. A visualization program was developed to observe principal components of torso shape and interpret their meanings. Findings – Extreme shapes of the first ten principal components summarize major shape variations and identify shapes that are difficult to capture with traditional anthropometric measurements. PCA results also help to find and retrieve similar shapes from a population-level database. Originality/value – Using the DCT for PCA of torso shape is a unique and original approach. It provides a basis for the description and classification of torso shape in 3D and the results from the shape analysis are potentially useful for designers of clothing and personal protective equipment.
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Arai, Kazuhiro. "Wage Profiles: Shape and Variations." Manchester School 65, no. 3 (1997): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9957.00055.
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Benjamin Dias, M., and Bernard F. Buxton. "Separating shape and pose variations." Image and Vision Computing 22, no. 10 (2004): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2004.02.002.
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Li, Jun, Chengjie Niu, and Kai Xu. "Learning Part Generation and Assembly for Structure-Aware Shape Synthesis." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 07 (2020): 11362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i07.6798.
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Learning powerful deep generative models for 3D shape synthesis is largely hindered by the difficulty in ensuring plausibility encompassing correct topology and reasonable geometry. Indeed, learning the distribution of plausible 3D shapes seems a daunting task for the holistic approaches, given the significant topological variations of 3D objects even within the same category. Enlightened by the fact that 3D shape structure is characterized as part composition and placement, we propose to model 3D shape variations with a part-aware deep generative network, coined as PAGENet. The network is composed of an array of per-part VAE-GANs, generating semantic parts composing a complete shape, followed by a part assembly module that estimates a transformation for each part to correlate and assemble them into a plausible structure. Through delegating the learning of part composition and part placement into separate networks, the difficulty of modeling structural variations of 3D shapes is greatly reduced. We demonstrate through both qualitative and quantitative evaluations that PAGENet generates 3D shapes with plausible, diverse and detailed structure, and show two applications, i.e., semantic shape segmentation and part-based shape editing.
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Darmansyah, Yoga Putra, and Farlin Rosyad. "Pengaruh Variasi Bentuk Potongan Agregat Bambu Petung Terhadap Berat Jenis dan Kuat Tekan Beton Ringan." FORUM MEKANIKA 8, no. 2 (2019): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/forummekanika.v8i2.656.
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The use of bamboo as an aggregate substitution is an effort to reduce the specific gravity of concrete, especially in the production of lightweight concrete. The use of bamboo material has the consequence of decreasing the compressive strength value of concrete. This study aims to determine the magnitude of the effect of the use of bamboo substitution on concrete on the compressive strength and specific gravity values. The bamboo material used is sized 15-30 mm in various shapes. The type of bamboo used is petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper). As for the variations in the use of bamboo in the test specimens are 50% and 75% pieces of bamboo of the same shape, 50% and 75% pieces of bamboo form variations, of the weight of coarse aggregate. The research sample is in the form of a cube test object with a size of 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm. Based on the results of the study there was a decrease in the value of the concrete mortar slump along with the addition of the percentage of bamboo aggregate substitution. Concrete absorbs water which is indicated by an increase in water absorption in concrete test specimens which reaches 4.81%. The decrease also occurs in the specific gravity and compressive strength of the test specimen. The minimum value of average concrete density with bamboo substitution for various variations was obtained at 1902.2 kg/m3 (Bamboo Test Objects with Variation Shape 75%), and a maximum of 1991.1 kg/m3 (Bamboo Test Objects with 50% Equal Shape and Objects Bamboo Test Variation in the Form of 50%). The maximum compressive strength value is 135.1 kg/cm2 (Bamboo Test Objects of the Same Shape of 50%) and a minimum of 104.4 kg/cm2 (Bamboo Test Objects of 75% Variation Shape). Variations in the shape of bamboo pieces do not have much effect on the compressive strength of concrete.
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Nadeem, G. "A study of the clinico-anatomical variations in the shape and size of gallbladder." Journal of Morphological Sciences 33, no. 02 (2016): 062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.082714.
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Abstract Introduction: The structure and size of gallbladder, it's normal and a variation are forming an interesting field of study, and has gained importance Anatomically and Surgically. The gallbladder surgeries have drawn the attraction of surgeons because of lot of interesting and numerous variations present in them. Materials and Methods: The study was carried on 100 gallbladder from cadavers of all age groups. Results: In our study, the length of the gallbladder ranged from 4.5-11.6 cm, breadth from 2.7-5.2 cm. The shapes of the gallbladder varied from pear (82.85%), Hartman's pouch (7.14%), cylindrical (2.86%), flask shaped (2.86%), hour glass (1.43%), bilobed (1.43%) and irregular (1.43%). Some gallbladders with mesentery (1.30%) and horizontally placed (4.30%) gallbladders were also found. Conclusion: The indings showed various anatomical variations pertaining to shape and position, which are to be taken into account for radiological study, Investigative procedures, surgical interventions, clinical implications and comparative anatomy.
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Priyanka, Parmar. "Morphological Variations In Cadeveric Gall Bladders." Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research 11, no. 4 (2021): 3. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10060317.
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Background: Nerve bladder is a pear-formed pocket situated in right hypochondria, in a shallow fossa on the quadrate projection of the liver. There are normal varieties related with nerve bladder and it is specialist's obligation to be natural with them in order to keep away from careful blunders. Point: To depict outer morphology, rate of various states of nerve bladder and to contemplate varieties in net appearance of nerve bladder. Methods: An absolute number of 50 dead bodies were taken apart, investigated utilizing SPSS and tried at 5% degree of importance. Results: Out of 50 examples considered, 92% nerve bladders were discovered to be pear shape, 4% round and hollow, 2% jar shape and 2% sporadic. Conclusion: The information on various shapes, varieties and abnormalities of nerve bladder could be helpful for radiologists and specialists to forestall intraoperative perils. Keywords: Gall Bladder; Flask shape; Cylindrical
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Madhu, Nimisha, Chandra Kiran, Rajendra Prasad, Praveen Kumar, Ramanuj Singh, and Prabhat Kumar Lal. "Morphological study of variations in shape of coronoid process of adult human mandible." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 8, no. 2 (2021): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2021.027.
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Many researchers have studied the morphology of coronoid process and have found varying shapes but such a study is lacking in this area.The present study was conducted to identify different morphological variations in shape of coronoid process of adult human mandible. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Anatomy at a Medical College of Bihar upon 46 dry adult human mandibles i.e. 92 coronoid processes. The morphological forms of coronoid process were noted.57.6% of coronoid processes were triangular in shape, 28.3% were rounded and 14.1% were hook shaped. The difference between male and female mandibles was found to be statistically significant (p=0.004).The proper knowledge on the morphological shapes of coronoid process is useful for maxillofacial surgeons as well as to be used as an anthropological marker to assess different populations and races.
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Mulyani, Sri Wigati Mardi, Eha Renwi Astuti, Otty Ratna Wahyuni, et al. "Variation of normal condyle shape based on gender in panoramic radiographs." Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia (JRDI) 7, no. 1 (2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32793/jrdi.v7i1.1007.
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Objectives: To find out information about variations in the normal shape of the condyles based on gender using panoramic radiographic observations and to find out the frequency data for variations in the normal shape of the condyles.
 Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive observational research using 122 panoramic radiographs as secondary data. The panoramic image consisted of 61 male samples and 61 female samples. The condyles were observed by describing the condyle shapes on the right and left sides. Observation of the shape of the condyle was carried out by three observers. Then, the data were tested for reliability by using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient to equalize the perceptions of the three observers.
 Results: The reliability test using ICC obtained a score > 0.9 which means very good reliability. The most commonly found condyles shape is round and there are differences in shape between the right and left condyles in both males and females.
 Conclusion: The most common variation of the normal shape of the condyle found in both males and females is round on the right and left sides.
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Dunnavan, Edwin L. "How Snow Aggregate Ellipsoid Shape and Orientation Variability Affects Fall Speed and Self-Aggregation Rates." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 78, no. 1 (2021): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0128.1.
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AbstractSnow aggregate shapes and orientations have long been known to exhibit substantial variability. Despite this observed variability, most weather and climate prediction models use fixed power-law functions that deterministically map particle size to mass and fall speed. As such, integrated quantities like precipitation and self-aggregation rates currently ignore nonlinear effects resulting from variation in shape and orientation for aggregates of the same size. This study therefore develops an analytic framework that couples an empirically based bivariate distribution of ellipsoid shapes to classical hydrodynamic theory so as to capture an appropriate dispersion of masses, projected areas, and fall speeds for an assumed size distribution. For a fixed aggregate size, shape variations produce approximately ±0.13 m s−1 standard deviation of fall speed which increases the mass flux fall speed dispersion by more than 100% over traditional microphysics models. This increased fall speed dispersion results predominantly from shape-induced mass dispersion whereas orientation and drag dispersion play a lesser role. Shape variations can increase mass- and reflectivity-weighted fall speeds by up to 60% of traditional models whereas self-aggregation rates can increase by a factor of 100 for very small slope parameters. This implies that aggregate shape variations effectively forestall the theorized onset of fall speed distribution narrowing and subsequent quenching of the aggregation process. As a result, it is likely that secondary ice formation is necessary to prevent an ever decreasing slope parameter. The mathematical theory presented in this study is used to develop simple correction factors for snow forecast and climate models.
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Dr., Swarup P. Kulkarni, Anuja A. Kulkarni Dr., and Vedshri A. Kalavade Dr. "Anatomical Variations in Spleen- A Cadaveric Case Study." International Journal of Research and Review 6, no. 3 (2019): 94–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3987892.
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The spleen is lymphatic organ in the human body. Spleen is connected to the blood vascular system. It serves as a filter for blood and plays vital role in the immune responses of the body. It is wedge shaped organ located mainly in the left hypochondrium and partly in the epigastrium. It is wedged in between fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm. There are variations in the size, shape, notches etc of the spleen. Sometimes spleen may be wedge shaped or tetrahedral in shape. In this cadaveric case study during the routine dissection of Ist year undergraduate students at Dr. J. J. Magdum Ayurved Medical college, Jaysingpur, Maharashtra, India, spleen was found in normal position. But the anterior end of the spleen was pointed which is generally broad like a border. Also, the notch at the superior border of the spleen was also absent. And finally the shape of the spleen was nearly curved. These three variations were found in approximately 60 years old male cadaver during the dissection. So, it is necessary to study these variations. Different variations in the morphology of the spleen are mentioned in various studies previously. But in this cadaveric case study three variations were denoted in terms of shape, notch and anterior end of the spleen.
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Li, Ke, Bo Lu, Jiangtao Shi, and Haitao Tang. "The influence of horseshoe-shaped icing on the aerodynamic shape factor of OPGW under wind loading." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2932, no. 1 (2025): 012053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2932/1/012053.
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Abstract The present study focuses on the influence of typical horseshoe-shaped ice accretion on the wind load shape coefficients of optical fiber composite overhead ground wires (OPGW). Utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods, we conducted numerical simulations of the complex airflow field surrounding the iced conductors. By establishing precise numerical models, we systematically computed the variations of the OPGW’s wind load shape coefficients with wind attack angles under various wind speeds and ice accretion thicknesses. Our findings reveal that the geometric characteristics of the horseshoe-shaped ice accretion have a pronounced effect on the shape coefficients. While the increase in ice thickness does not alter the overall trend of shape coefficient variation, it significantly alters their numerical values. Specifically, the shape coefficients exhibit an increasing trend with the thickening of ice accretion, underscoring the substantial enhancement of aerodynamic properties imparted by icing. Further analysis indicates that at a given ice thickness, variations in wind speed also exert a moderate influence on the shape coefficients. As wind speed intensifies, a slight decrease in the shape coefficients is observed, which may be attributed to the more intricate airflow patterns at higher speeds, leading to a redistribution of aerodynamic forces. Notably, the shape coefficients attain their maximum values at a wind direction angle of 180°, a finding that holds significant implications for understanding the load characteristics of iced OPGW under varying wind directions. This underscores the criticality of reinforcing structural designs and protective measures for OPGW, particularly during extreme weather conditions when wind directions approach 180°, as they may be subjected to heightened wind loads.
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Liang, Tu-Lu, Xi Cheng, Mei Yu, et al. "Numerical Method for the Design of Compact Adiabatic Devices with Multiple Parameter Variations." Photonics 10, no. 5 (2023): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050517.
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In this study, a numerical method for designing efficient adiabatic devices with multiple structural parameter variations (NAMSP) is developed. This method can be applied to a wide range of devices based on adiabatic mode evolution structures. The numerical design complexity of multiple structural parameter variations will be greatly improved compared to the case of a single parameter variation. Therefore, an efficient domain decomposition scheme was originally introduced into the NAMSP method. The proposed method can help compute compact adiabatic guided-wave shapes for these adiabatic devices with multiple structural parameter variations. Adiabatic devices with multiple structural parameter variations are used to connect different complex waveguides, which are often difficult to design using analytical methods. The design involves tapering the width of the two or more core layers at one time; however, this change in the width typically affects the mode both vertically and horizontally. Our numerical method allows the shape of the width variation for each layer that facilitates compact adiabatic mode transformation to be obtained. The efficiency of the adiabatic device that was designed using the NAMSP method considerably exceeds that obtained using a linear-shaped device. Moreover, our designed adiabatic device enables an ultra-wide operating bandwidth (spans in the wavelength from 1050 nm to 4780 nm).
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Devathambi, T. Jones Raja, and Nalini Aswath. "Nasopalatine Canal Masquerading as a Periapical Cyst." International Journal of Applied & Basic Medical Research 14, no. 1 (2024): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_380_23.
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Abstract The incisive foramen is also called as nasopalatine foramen. It is a funnel-shaped opening in the anterior maxilla which opens immediately behind the central incisor teeth through which nasopalatine blood vessels and nerves pass. The incisive foramen is continuous with the incisive canal or nasopalatine canal (NPC). Variations in size, shape, position, and number of NPCs exist. Anatomical variations in NPC cannot be appreciated on two-dimensional radiographs. A case of anatomical variation of the nasopalatine canal misdiagnosed as a periapical cyst is discussed.
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Heutinck, Pam, Paul Knoops, Naiara Rodriguez Florez, et al. "Statistical shape modelling for the analysis of head shape variations." Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 49, no. 6 (2021): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2021.02.020.
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Chatgile, Rameshwar, Ajay Bhoosreddy, Chetan Bhadage, Sayali Sisodiya, and Tejal Gadkari. "Assessment of Morphological Variation of the Mandibular Condylar Process, Coronoid Process, and Sigmoid Notch in Temporomandibular Joints of Adult Population Using Digital Orthopantomogram Based on Age and Gender –A Cross-sectional Study." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 9, no. 4 (2022): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2022.9.4.70.
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Introduction: Orthopantomogram, a form of radiography that uses X-ray technology and is used in the diagnosis and treatment planning in various fields of dentistry, has been found to be less expensive than other advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the shape of mandibular condylar process, coronoid process, and sigmoid notch in various age groups and among the gender. Methods: A study was conducted using 150 digital orthopantomograms of patients. The different shapes of condylar process, coronoid process, and sigmoid notch were traced in computer using Galileos software. Statistical analysis was performed on the data obtained. A Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the P-value which was ascertained to be significant if <0.05. Results: The condylar shapes commonly observed among males and females were round, coronoid process shapes were triangular in shape and round, and sigmoid notches were wide. These variations in condylar process, coronoid process, and sigmoid notch are most commonly seen in the age group of 20–30 years. When compared between gender-wise and age-wise, there were no statistical significance differences found with these variations. Conclusion: In the present study, morphological variation in the shape of the condylar process, coronoid process, and sigmoid notch was observed among the adult population. Knowing these variations can help detect gender, age, and diagnoses of pathologies.
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Fleming, Roland. "Predicting shape variations from single exemplars." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (2015): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1126.
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Jayaraj K, Aiswarya, and Anila S. "Shape Optimisation of Grooves in Grooved Gusset Plate Damper used in X-Braced Frame." Journal of Structural Technology 9, no. 2 (2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jost.2024.v09i02.001.
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The X-braced frame represents a specialized variation of concentric-braced frames. It can be used as a resistance towards the lateral load acting on the structural system. X-braced frames generally exhibit lower flexibility when compared to eccentrically braced and moment frames, which is often perceived as a drawback of this structural system. To address this limitation, energy dissipation devices can be integrated into the system with X-bracings to absorb the plastic action and safeguard other structural elements, such as columns, beams and connections from earthquake forces. Specifically, X-concentrically braced frames are tailored through variations in groove shapes. Furthermore, the investigation determines the dampers' load-bearing and energy dissipation capacities. The assessment commences with cyclic load testing conducted using the ANSYS software. The grooves present in GGPD help dissipate seismic energy. The energy dissipation and load-bearing capacity of the X-concentrically braced frame equipped with a grooved gusset plate damper were compared based on different groove shapes. The different shapes used for the analysis were L shape, oval, rectangular and stadium shape. It was observed that oval-shaped grooves have more energy dissipation capacity among four groove shapes, with an increase of 10.74%.
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Shakya, Shrijana, and Sumanth Kumbagere Nagraj. "Morphology of Coronoid Process and Sigmoid Notch in Orthopantomograms of South Indian Population." World Journal of Dentistry 4, no. 1 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1193.
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ABSTRACT Introduction The shape of the coronoid process and sigmoid notch is useful in anthropological studies and forensic dentistry. Literature review shows that the morphological variation in the shape of coronoid process and sigmoid notch may be due to hereditary or functional changes and have a correlation with the mode and degree of the attachment of temporalis muscle. Materials and methods In this study the shape of the coronoid process and sigmoid notch were analyzed in 200 orthopantomographs. The coronoid process and sigmoid notch were classified as beak shaped, flat round, triangular and sloping, round and wide respectively. In this study, we have attempted to analyze the prevalence of different shapes of coronoid process and sigmoid notch in the residents of South India. The different shapes of coronoid process and sigmoid notch were compared for sexual dimorphism and difference on either side. Results The mean age ± SD of the study population was found to be 35.03 ± 18.37. No significant changes were observed among right and left coronoid process and sigmoid notch, neither was there any changes observed among males and females. Triangular shape coronoid process and the sloping form for sigmoid notch appears to be more common. Variation in the shape according to age was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion A multicentric study involving various ethnic groups of larger sample size may be undertaken to analyze variations in the morphology of coronoid process and sigmoid notch. How to cite this article Shakya S, Ongole R, Nagraj SK. Morphology of Coronoid Process and Sigmoid Notch in Orthopantomograms of South Indian Population. World J Dent 2013;4(1):1-3.
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Covantev, Serghei, and Olga Belic. "Pancreatic surface morphology and its classification." Folia Medica 64, no. 2 (2022): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.64.e60567.
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Introduction: Anomalies and variants of development of the pancreas are relatively frequent. These variations can often lead to misdiagnosis and unnecessary medical procedures. Although, pancreatic diseases are a constantly researched field, fundamental research is relatively understudied and re-evaluation of the pancreatic morphology is performed rarely. Aim: The goal of the current study was to analyse pancreatic surface morphology by means of macroscopic anatomical dissection of 78 organ complex. Material and methods: The anatomy of the pancreas was studied by means of macroscopic anatomical dissection. The study was performed on 78 organ complexes (the pancreas, spleen, and duodenum with surrounding abdominal fat) donated to the department of human anatomy from patients who died of causes not related to pancreatic diseases. The organs were fixed in a 10% formalin solution separately to accurately preserve their forms. The organs were measured by a caliper. Results: The lie of the pancreas was classified according to Kreel and co-workers into 6 types: oblique shape in 11.54% of cases, sigmoid – 30.77%, transverse – 25.64%, horseshoe – 11.54%, L-shaped – 14.1%, and inverted V shape in 5.13%. Moreover, there were two possible L-shapes, the classical (8.97%) and inverted L-shape (5.13%). In one case, the pancreas had an unusual M-shape (1.28%). One specimen was a case of short pancreas (1.28%). Surface clefts were encountered in 17.95% of cases and in 5.13% of these cases, there was a branch of the splenic artery. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates variations in the lie of the pancreas as well as several new possible variants. Moreover, we propose a modified classification based on these findings. Therefore, the pancreas can have an oblique, sigmoid, transverse, horseshoe, L shape, inverted L, inverted V, and M shaped lie. Pancreatic clefts are another frequently encountered variation that should be kept in mind. The size of the pancreas alone is variable and should be analyzed together with its structure to avoid possible misinterpretation.
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Srivastav, Anukriti, Dipanshu Aggarwal, and Anshi Jain. "Variations in morphology of permanent maxillary lateral incisors and its impact on oral hygiene and diseases." Journal of Global Oral Health 6 (December 27, 2023): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jgoh_4_2023.
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The permanent maxillary lateral incisors are of great importance from an aesthetic standpoint, as any variation in their shape can lead to an unfavorable visual appearance. Furthermore, morphological variations such as peg-shaped, barrel-shaped, shovel-shaped, and canine-shaped teeth can impact oral hygiene and lead to additional health problems. The etiology of these variations is multifactorial, including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the most common morphological variations of the permanent lateral incisors, including their causes, associated dilemmas, treatment modalities, and the various health and hygiene issues associated with these diverse physical characteristics. By highlighting the potential health and hygiene issues associated with these variations, this paper aims to increase awareness among dental professionals and the general public about the importance of regular dental care and check-ups to maintain oral health and aesthetics. A comprehensive understanding of the causes, dilemmas, and treatment modalities of these morphological variations can aid dental professionals in providing effective and personalized care to their patients. In conclusion, the morphology of the permanent maxillary lateral incisors plays a critical role in dental aesthetics, hygiene, and health.
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Bai, Fuqiang, Zuowei Zhang, Yongchen Du, Fan Zhang, and Zhijun Peng. "Effects of Injection Rate Profile on Combustion Process and Emissions in a Diesel Engine." Journal of Combustion 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9702625.
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When multi-injection is implemented in diesel engine via high pressure common rail injection system, changed interval between injection pulses can induce variation of injection rate profile for sequential injection pulse, though other control parameters are the same. Variations of injection rate shape which influence the air-fuel mixing and combustion process will be important for designing injection strategy. In this research, CFD numerical simulations using KIVA-3V were conducted for examining the effects of injection rate shape on diesel combustion and emissions. After the model was validated by experimental results, five different shapes (including rectangle, slope, triangle, trapezoid, and wedge) of injection rate profiles were investigated. Modeling results demonstrate that injection rate shape can have obvious influence on heat release process and heat release traces which cause different combustion process and emissions. It is observed that the baseline, rectangle (flat), shape of injection rate can have better balance between NOx and soot emissions than the other investigated shapes. As wedge shape brings about the lowest NOx emissions due to retarded heat release, it produces the highest soot emissions among the five shapes. Trapezoid shape has the lowest soot emissions, while its NOx is not the highest one. The highest NOx emissions were produced by triangle shape due to higher peak injection rate.
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Chaulagain, Rajib, Sujata Baral, Shila Kandel, Alisha Agrawal, and Ajeevan Gautam. "Variations in Shape of Tongue among Students attending Chitwan Medical College." Nepal Medical Journal 5, no. 2 (2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37080/nmj.143.
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Introduction: The need for a new biometric system is gaining importance. Tongue print is also getting acceptance as a system for biometric authentication. The tongue is an extremely muscular organ used for communication, taste, and deglutition. Studies have shown variations in the morphology of the tongue. Studies pertaining to the morphology of the tongue is lagging in Nepal. Hence this study was carried out to assess the various morphological variations of the tongue such as shapes, borders, and color among the bachelor level students in a tertiary care center in Nepal Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 312 bachelor-level students of Chitwan Medical College. The convenience sampling method was used to collect the data. All the data was recorded in a proforma. The sociodemographic details of the participants were recorded. The borders, colors, fissures, and shapes of the tongue’s morphology were documented. The collected data were entered into Microsoft excel 2019 and transported into Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16. The data was then analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. The data was also calculated in form of frequency and percentage and later on, they were presented in form of a table. Results: Among 312 students who took part in the study, 126 (40.4 %) of the participants were male and 186 (59.6 %) of them were female. The mean age of participants was 22.38 ±2.008 years. U-shaped tongue was prevalent followed by V-Shape tongue and bifid tongue. More than half of the participants 180 (57.7 %) had partially scalloped tongues. While comparing gender wise U-shaped tongue was more common in both males and females. The bifid tongue was observed more in males 11 (8.7 %) while the V-shaped tongue was more in females 52 (28 %). Conclusions:
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Pei, Jie, Jintu Fan, and Susan P. Ashdown. "Detection and comparison of breast shape variation among different three-dimensional body scan conditions: nude, with a structured bra, and with a soft bra." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 21-22 (2019): 4595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519839398.
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To investigate the effect of structured bras and soft bras on breast shape, 46 female participants (Caucasian, BMI < 30, aged 18–45) were recruited for three-dimensional (3D) scanning. Participants were scanned in three conditions: wearing a provided structured bra, a provided soft bra, and nude. The impact of the bras on breast asymmetry was quantitatively studied. The change in breast shape and position from the nude condition to the condition when shaped by the bras was also explored. Contour maps that show the topographic shapes of the scans were generated to analyze these comparisons. Thirty-five measurements were extracted from spider web structures that were derived from the contour maps, and were used for statistical analysis. Eight measurements were found to be especially indicative of the shape variations introduced by the bras. Regression models were built to predict the in-bra shape given only the nude breast shape. Lastly, heat maps that visualize the shape variations from the nude-to-bra condition via colors were plotted on the surfaces of the 3D scans of the participants in bras, and were used for qualitative analysis. This study is helpful in understanding how bras interact with breast tissue, and can provide useful information for the improvement of bra designs for enhanced fitting or desired shaping effects.
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van der Wel, Hylke, Bingjiang Qiu, Fred K. L. Spijkervet, Johan Jansma, Rutger H. Schepers, and Joep Kraeima. "Morphological Variation of the Mandible in the Orthognathic Population—A Morphological Study Using Statistical Shape Modelling." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 5 (2023): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13050854.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the value of 3D Statistical Shape Modelling for orthognathic surgery planning. The goal was to objectify shape variations in the orthognathic population and differences between male and female patients by means of a statistical shape modelling method. Pre-operative CBCT scans of patients for whom 3D Virtual Surgical Plans (3D VSP) were developed at the University Medical Center Groningen between 2019 and 2020 were included. Automatic segmentation algorithms were used to create 3D models of the mandibles, and the statistical shape model was built through principal component analysis. Unpaired t-tests were performed to compare the principal components of the male and female models. A total of 194 patients (130 females and 64 males) were included. The mandibular shape could be visually described by the first five principal components: (1) The height of the mandibular ramus and condyles, (2) the variation in the gonial angle of the mandible, (3) the width of the ramus and the anterior/posterior projection of the chin, (4) the lateral projection of the mandible’s angle, and (5) the lateral slope of the ramus and the inter-condylar distance. The statistical test showed significant differences between male and female mandibular shapes in 10 principal components. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using statistical shape modelling to inform physicians about mandible shape variations and relevant differences between male and female mandibles. The information obtained from this study could be used to quantify masculine and feminine mandibular shape aspects and to improve surgical planning for mandibular shape manipulations.
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Lee, W., L. Goto, J. F. M. Molenbroek, and R. H. M. Goossens. "Anlysis Methods of the Variation of Facial Size and Shape Based on 3d Face Scan Images." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (2017): 1409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601836.
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3D scan images have been successfully applied in ergonomic product design. Features of human body parts (e.g., landmarks, measurements, curvatures, surfaces, volumes) extracted from 3D body scan images can be used to analyze variations of the size and shape of human bodies. The information of size and shape variations can be applied in product design to support technical ideas regarding accommodation, tolerance, and adjustability. This study is aimed to briefly introduce a few analysis methods of body shape variation using 3D facial scan images of Dutch children in order to acquire useful features for the design of a children’s facial mask.
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He, Hongjia, Scott A. Banks, and Adam H. Biedrzycki. "Anatomical variations of the equine femur and tibia using statistical shape modeling." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (2023): e0287381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287381.
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The objective of this study was to provide an overarching description of the inter-subject variability of the equine femur and tibia morphology using statistical shape modeling. Fifteen femora and fourteen tibiae were used for building the femur and tibia statistical shape models, respectively. Geometric variations in each mode were explained by biometrics measured on ±3 standard deviation instances generated by the shape models. Approximately 95% of shape variations within the population were described by 6 and 3 modes in the femur and tibia shape models, respectively. In the femur shape model, the first mode of variation was scaling, followed by notable variation in the femoral mechanical-anatomical angle and femoral neck angle in mode 2. Orientation of the femoral trochlear tubercle and femoral version angle were described in mode 3 and mode 4, respectively. In the tibia shape model, the main mode of variation was also scaling. In mode 2 and mode 3, the angles of the coronal tibial plateau and the medial and lateral caudal tibial slope were described, showing the lateral caudal tibial slope angle being significantly larger than the medial. The presented femur and tibia shape models with quantified biometrics, such as femoral version angle and posterior tibial slope, could serve as a baseline for future investigations on correlation between the equine stifle morphology and joint disorders due to altered biomechanics, as well as facilitate the development of novel surgical treatment and implant design. By generating instances matching patient-specific femorotibial joint anatomy with radiographs, the shape model could assist virtual surgical planning and provide clinicians with opportunities to practice on 3D printed models.
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Mediterranean, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. "The impact of tablet shape on quality control parameters for metronidazole tablet marketed in Libya." Mediterranean Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4, no. 2 (2024): 47–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11477048.
Full textAbstract:
Worldwide, various metronidazole brands are manufactured and are imported to the Libyan market which are considered pharmaceutically equivalent but may differ in characteristics such as shape, packaging, excipients, etc. This issue has become a valuable topic for researchers due to the lack of information on the effective quality of the tablets about their shapes. The purpose of this study was to assess the pharmaceutical quality of two metronidazole tablet brands with different shapes that are available for purchase in Libya and to figure out how the shape differences impact metronidazole tablet quality. For this purpose, two shapes of metronidazole tablets, round and oblong, were used. The quality control characteristic parameters of a tablet, such as its weight variation, content uniformity, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution were evaluated. The procedures described in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) were followed for the tests. All round and oblong tablets passed the weight variation, content uniformity, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution tests that complied with the USP specifications, except for the hardness test, which round and oblong tablets failed to pass. The findings indicated that the shape variations do not affect on the metronidazole tablet quality parameters. The choice of shape of a tablet depends on improving its mechanical qualities, its handling convenience, its packing, and its visual appeal.
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Binashikhbubkr, Kh, and D. Naim. "Stock identification of Kawakawa Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) from Peninsular Malaysia using discriminant analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 956, no. 1 (2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/956/1/012002.
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Abstract Small epipelagic and migratory, Eutynnus affinis (kawakawa) is one of the commercially significant tunas of Indo-Pacific’s tropical and subtropical waters. Consequently, successful management must ensure its sustainability. Unfortunately, the management and stock structure of certain migratory species in the area are not clear. The current study aimed to discriminate the E. affinis through body shape variations and to evaluate the variations among seven populations of E. affinis. A total of 114 individuals of E. affinis collected from two main geographic area, Straits of Malacca and South China Sea. Multivariate analyses, such as discriminant function analyses (DFA) of 12 morphometric characters was carried out to discriminate seven populations of E. affinis. The results revealed there is a significant variation among the body shape and seven populations of E. affinis. The average shapes of populations from Terengganu, Kelantan, and Johor were approximately similar to each other. In contrast, the average shapes of populations from Selangor were separated. This present study is the first report using morphometric method conducted on E. affinis from Peninsular Malaysian waters.
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Zhao, Dan, Ling-Feng Kong, Takenori Sasaki, and Qi Li. "Shell variations in the gastropod, Monodonta labio, in the North-western Pacific: the important role of temperature in the evolution process." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 7 (2019): 1591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000481.
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AbstractMolluscan shells showing phenotypic variations are ideal models for studying evolution and plasticity. In north-eastern Asia, genetic and morphological diversity of the gastropod, Monodonta labio, were assumed to be influenced by both palaeoclimatic changes and current ecological factors. In this study, we examined spatial variations in shell shape of M. labio using general measurement and geometric morphometric analysis. We also investigated whether shell shape variation is best explained by environmental gradients or by genetic structuring, based on our prior molecular phylogeographic study. Two common morphological forms were observed among Chinese populations and in the adjacent Asian areas. Both the analyses revealed separation patterns in morphological variations of shell shape among the clades and populations. Environmental modelling analysis showed a significant correlation between shape variations and local maximum temperatures of the warmest month, indicating the role of natural selection in the evolution of this species. Data obtained in this study, combined with the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) molecular phylogenetic data from the prior study, showed that morphological variations in M. labio were constrained by both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. We hypothesized that geographic separation by the Dongshan Landbridge was the first step towards its diversification, and that the temperature gradient between the East China Sea and South China Sea probably was the selective force driving the divergence of its morphological variations.
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Sakya, Pranay Ratna, Rinky Nyachhyon, Amita Pradhan, Ratina Tamrakar, and Sudeep Acharya. "MORPHOLOGY OF CONDYLE- A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 12, no. 1 (2022): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.636.
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Background: Mandibular condyle has a variety of morphology. The changes in their shape and size has been attributed to ageing process, developmental abnormalities, distinct diseases, trauma, endocrine shock, radio therapy etc. Panoramic radiographs remain the easiest, safest and most cost-effective screening modality for temporomandibular joint abnormalities. The study aimed to assess the different shapes of condyles using orthopantomograms from the archives of the hospital data. The variations among the sexes and between the right and left sides of an individual were also determined. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at People’s Dental College and Hospital within the time period of 1 year (November 2019- November 2020). Orthopantomogram of patients falling within the inclusion criteria were studied. The different shapes of condylar process were traced using marker pencil for both right and left sides. Data collected was entered in Microsoft Office Excel sheet 2013-- and calculated in SPSS version 24 and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of the 874 mandibular condyles of 437 patients, the most common was the oval shaped in both the right (275) and the left sides (277), followed by bird beak, diamond, flat and crooked finger respectively. The oval shaped condyle appeared to be predominant in both sexes. The flat shaped and diamond shaped condyle appeared to be a rarity. Conclusions: The most common shape of condyle was found to be oval shape bilaterally and in both genders. Least observed shapes of condyle were flat shape in female patients and diamond shape in male patients.