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Academic literature on the topic 'Variations in word order'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Variations in word order"

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Abbas H. J. Sultan. "Word Order Variations in Shabaki." global journal al thaqafah 9, no. 1 (2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjat072019-5.

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Word order types constitute the most well- established and frequently cited generalization in language typology. Basic or canonical word order tends to fall into two main types: SOV (about 48% of world languages) or SVO (about 41%). SOV is assumed to have been the predominant and unmarked word order in most of the oldest attested Indo-European languages, as well as in Iranian languages. This paper investigates the basic word order in Shabaki, a modern northwest language of the Indo-Iranian family spoken by the Shabaki minority in Iraq. This study also measures the word order variation and provides a typological description of this language. An examination of Shabaki data reveals that it follows SOV, OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS word order patterns in mono-transitive sentences. The most frequent (predominant and unmarked) word order in declarative sentences in Shabaki is SOV where the initial position is occupied by a nominative noun phrase, but constituents can appear at any position, creating grammatical sentences with different discursive distributions. In ditransitive sentences, (S) DO V IO is proven to be three fold higher in number than (S) IO V DO. (S) DO IO V and (S) IO DO V were also found in data. Keywords: Agreement, basic word order, case, clitics, Indo-Iranian languages, language typology, Shabaki Introduction Grammatical relations in human languages, such as those between a noun phrase and the verb, are primarily expressed by means of three different morphosyntactic strategies: word order, case marking, and agreement (Croft 1990: 101). All languages, rather than relying on just one of these mechanisms, use some combination of the three. In this paper, it is the intention to explore what elements of these three strategies Shabaki language employs to indicate the relationship that a noun bears to the verb in a clause. It also tries to explore the order of objects in ditransitive sentences.

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Kahnemuyipour, Arsalan, and Diane Massam. "Deriving the order of heads and adjuncts: the case of Niuean DPs." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (January 1, 2004): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.208.

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This paper examines substantive noun phrases in Niuean, a Polynesian language of the Tongic subgroup with VSO word order, isolating morphology, and an ergative case system. We describe the allowable orderings of elements in the Niuean noun phrase, which include certain variations in the placement of numerals and the genitive possessor, then we provide a phrasal movement analysis for these variations, treating first the possessor variation, then the numeral variation. Parallels will be drawn between the derivation of nominal and sentential word order.

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Kiselev, Denis, Rafal Rzepka, and Kenji Araki. "Matching Word-Order Variations and Sorting Results for the iEPG Data Search." International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management 5, no. 1 (2014): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmdem.2014010104.

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This paper describes using a finite-state automaton (FSA) to retrieve Japanese TV guide text. The proposed FSA application can be considered novel due to lack of research on the subject. The automaton has been implemented for matching and extracting all possible combinations of search query words in all possible word orders that may be present in the TV guide text. This implementation also sorts the extraction results by analyzing word semantic features (such as “being an object” or “being a property of an object”). The present paper also proposes a search system using the above implementation and compares it with a baseline system that matches query words (of multi-word queries) in exactly the same and exactly the opposite word orders only. Both systems use morphological parsing and apply a stop list to the query. A multi-parameter evaluation has shown advantages of the proposed system over the baseline one.

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Babič, Matjaž. "Word order variation in Plautus." Linguistica 45, no. 1 (2005): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.45.1.225-238.

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Unlike some other language phenomena, word order is an unavoidable feature of an utterance. It can be observed in any language as it is always necessary to arrange words (provided the language in question discerns such meaningful entities) in some linear order. It is, however, much more difficult to explain it, since its function can not be fully established in advance. Even with fairly numerous indications of its role, it would be quite bold to attempt a comprehensive analysis of word order phenomena even in Plautus, let alone in Latin as a whole.

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Kural, Murat. "Tree Traversal and Word Order." Linguistic Inquiry 36, no. 3 (2005): 367–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0024389054396890.

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This article looks at how the two-dimensional organization of a syntactic tree is translated into a one-dimensional string. It proposes a method of linearization that extracts the terminal string by visiting the nodes of a tree systematically in a predetermined order, either preorder, inorder, or postorder traversal. Crucially, it also argues that given a particular formulation of the extraction process, the traversal method chosen by individual languages produces the well-known crosslinguistic variations in word order typology (SVO, SOV, VSO, etc.) without having to resort to remnant movement.

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Mus, Nikolett. "SO/OS szórend a tundrai nyenyec kiegészítendő kérdő mondatokban." Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 110 (2014): 131–48. https://doi.org/10.15776/nyk.2014.110.6.

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The present paper discusses certain word order variations attested in Tundra Nenets transitive content questions. Traditionally, Tundra Nenets is said to be a typical SOV language, which does not have a special position for its interrogative phrases but allows them to remain in the same position within the clause in which a non-question word fulfilling the same grammatical function is located. Consequently, in transitive content interrogatives the SOV order is assumed. According to the data attested in a corpus, word order variants other than SOV can also surface in these clauses. The attested word order variations raise the following questions answered in the present study: Which relative order of S and O can be regarded as being the canonical order of transitive content questions? What is the grammatical reason of the attested non-canonical word order variations?

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Schlesewsky, Matthias, Ina Bornkessel, and Stefan Frisch. "The neurophysiological basis of word order variations in German." Brain and Language 86, no. 1 (2003): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00540-0.

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Van der Westhuizen, J. P. "WORD ORDER VARIATION OF THE VERBAL SENTENCE IN A JERUSALEM-AMARNALETTER, EA 290." Journal for Semitics 25, no. 1 (2017): 284–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2539.

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The reason for the correspondence between the vassals of Syria-Palestine and their sovereign, the pharaoh of Egypt, is instigated by the external and internal turmoil in Syria-Palestine during the Late Bronze Age.These letters were written in theWestern Peripheral Akkadian dialect (WPA) with some West Semitic (WS) trends, by the scribes of the vassals in Israel andthe scribes of the pharaoh. One such trend is the word order, and variations from it, in the verbal sentences.This variation in wordorder was to effect some special emphasis or some nuance of the appropriate element in the specific sentence. Thevariation inword-order was brought about by certain (emphasising) words such as anuma, šanita, inuma and amurmi and/or constructions such assubject fronting or object fronting, parallel sentence arrangement and chiastic sentence arrangement.However, even this word order and the variation thereof shows no consistency.The investigation of the word order and its variation functioning in the verbal sentences of the Jerusalem-Amarna letters as in EA 285-290 to the pharaoh shows that these Amarna letters —even those with similar content as in the other letters to the pharaoh —must have been written by the different scribes of the vassals. This leads to the conclusion that each scribe had his own version of an “interlanguage” that he used in his correspondence.

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Biray, Ersyl. "Derivational Morphology Features in Common Akeanon Dialects." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 5, no. 4 (2023): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v5i4.1441.

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Akeanon language reflects the rich cultural uniqueness of Aklan natives in Panay Island, Philippines. It is spoken in different dialects as Akeanon Buruangganon, Akeanon Nabasnon, and Akeanon Bukidnon distinct from the standard Akeanon used in the central town of Kalibo. This descriptive cross-sectional study used documentary and content analyses to determine the derivational morphology features, and the different variations of common Akeanon dialects in terms of structure, word order, and affixation. Results revealed that most dialect variations of the language are expressed with endearment and warmth, with respect and assurance; followed by an inverted pattern from the normal word order of spoken or written English. Reduplication of base words and affixations using circumfix or confix were noted. Most of these affixes were derivational morphemes. Structure variations were observed wherein a bound morpheme in one dialect changes in another; some dropped an affix but retained its definition. Some Akeanon dialects have Tagalog origin while standard Akeanon words have substitutes in Akeanon dialect variations.

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HAREFA, MARSHELA NORARAYA. "An Analysis of English Idioms Found in One Album Of Aerosmith’s." LINGUA LITERA : journal of english linguistics and literature 1, no. 2 (2015): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55345/stba1.v1i2.31.

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English idioms often appear in different part of speech and variety structures. Understanding the types and structural variations of English idiom can help nonnative speakers recognize how English idioms exist in an oral or written communication. Therefore, this research was done in order to find the types andstructural variations of English idioms in Aerosmith’s song lyrics. The source of the data of this research was Aerosmith’s song lyrics in the album 20 Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Aerosmith. It includes twelve song lyrics which are written in English. The writer applied the theory of Cowie (1985) to classify the types of idioms and the theory of Baker (1992) to analyze idiom structural variations. The writer concluded that there are three main classifications of the types of idiom found in Aerosmith’s song lyrics; phrasal idiom, verbal idiom, and sentential idiom. Then, there are five kinds of variations of idiom found in Aerosmith’s song lyrics; by changing the order of the words, deleting a word, adding a word, replacing a word with another, and changing its grammatical structure.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Variations in word order"

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Dik, Helma. "Word order in Ancien Greek : a pragmatic account of word order variation in Herodotus /." Amsterdam : J. C. Gieben, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376236841.

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Morbiato, Anna. "Word order and sentence structure in Mandarin Chinese: new perspectives." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20464.

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Word order (WO) is one of the most fascinating and investigated topics in Mandarin Chinese (MC) linguistics: topic-comment structures, argument alternations, and available WO patterns and variations in general have received considerable critical attention in the past decades. However, despite the large amount of research, several WO-related issues remain rather controversial. Crucially, no unified consensus exists on the relationship between WO and the different dimensions of the language (i.e. semantics, syntax and pragmatics), and on how these levels interact with each other. The present thesis’s aim is twofold: (1) identify the categories that are useful to account for WO patterns and variations in MC; (2) examine in greater depth the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors that influence word order in MC, as well as how they interact and impose constraints on possible WO variations. The novelty of the approach lies on three aspects: (i) a typological, comparative perspective that benefits from cross-linguistic investigation of WO phenomena in other languages; (ii) a bottom up approach that employs cross-linguistically validated typological tools (e.g., GR tests, or constituenthood tests) aimed at conducting the analysis on a language-internal basis, and (iii) an empirical approach: the analysis avails itself of natural linguistic data, mainly drawn from corpora, and relies on acceptability checks with native speakers. Overall, the thesis highlights that WO patterns and constructions are determined by the interplay of different factors and constraints. It also highlights that, for the sake of clarity and ambiguity avoidance, WO constraints are hierarchically organised, and WO freezing phenomena occur to allow disambiguation of participants in the described event.

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Georgiafentis, Michael. "Focus and word order variation in Greek." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408127.

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Gianto, Agustinus. "Word order variation in the Akkadian of Byblos /." Roma : Ed. Pontificio istituto biblico, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35702504h.

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Hong, Hyo-chang. "Discourse functions of Old English passive word order variation." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1259301.

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The purpose of this study was to determine discourse and functional motivation for passive word order variation as shown in three of the major Early Old English prose texts, Orosius, Pastoral Care, and Ecclesiastical History of the English People. The main variation of Early Old English passive word orders are of three types, which this study showed to be distinct in the extent to which passive subjects represent information structure. This study further shows that, while thematicity functions as a main motivating factor for the use of passives, positional variation of passive verbal elements is also an important determinant of the degrees of information structure of passive main clause subjects.<br>Department of English

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Chung, Chan. "A lexical approach to word order variation in Korean /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487865929457072.

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Zhang, Phyllis Ni. "Word order variation and end focus in Chinese : pragmatic functions /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1994. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11714827.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1994.<br>Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Clifford A. Hill. Dissertation Committee: Franklin E. Horowitz. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-128).

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Rosenbaum, Michael. "Word-order variation in Isaiah 40-55 : a functional perspective /." Assen [Netherlands] : Van Gorcum, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37070082z.

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Lunn, Nicholas P. Heimerdinger Jean-Marc. "Word-order variation in biblical Hebrew poetry : differentiating pragmatic poetics /." Carlisle : Paternoster press, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410779456.

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Sampson, Salena. "Noun Phrase Word Order Variation in Old English Verse and Prose." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1285048799.

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Books on the topic "Variations in word order"

1

Dik, Helma. Word order in ancient Greek: A pragmatic account of word order variation in Herodotus. J.C. Gieben, 1995.

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2

Chomsky, Noam. World order and its rules: Variations on some themes. West Belfast Economic Forum and Centre for Research and Documentation, 1993.

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Rosenbaum, Michael. Word-order variation in Isaiah 40-55: A functional perspective. Van Gorcum, 1997.

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Sornicola, Rosanna, Erich Poppe, and Ariel Shisha-Halevy, eds. Stability, Variation and Change of Word-Order Patterns over Time. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.213.

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1953-, Sornicola Rosanna, Poppe Erich, Shisha-Halevy Ariel, and International Conference on Historical Linguistics (13th : 1997 : Düsseldorf, Germany), eds. Stability, variation, and change of word-order patterns over time. J. Benjamins, 2000.

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Delbecque, Nicole. Problèmes et méthodes de l'étude de la variation syntaxique: Le cas de la position du sujet en espagnol. Presses universitaires de Louvain, 1987.

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Lunn, Nicholas P. Word-order variation in biblical Hebrew poetry: Differentiating pragmatics and poetics. Paternoster, 2006.

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8

Kristine, Bentzen, Westergaard, Marit R. (Marit Richardsen), and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Variation in the Input: Studies in the Acquisition of Word Order. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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9

Steinberger, R. G. W. A study of word order variation in Germany with specialreferenceto modifier placement. UMIST, 1994.

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Roland, Hinterhölzl, and Petrova Svetlana, eds. Information structure and language change: New approaches to word order variation in Germanic. Mouton de Gruyter, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Variations in word order"

1

Gunji, Takao. "Word-Order Variation." In Japanese Phrase Structure Grammar. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7766-3_6.

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Harris, Alice C. "Word Order Harmonies and Word Order Change in Georgian." In Stability, Variation and Change of Word-Order Patterns over Time. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.213.13har.

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Şener, Serkan. "Eliminating Scrambling: The Variation of Word Order in Turkish." In Word Order in Turkish. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11385-8_4.

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Anderssen, Merete, Kristine Bentzen, and Marit Westergaard. "The Acquisition of (Word Order) Variation." In Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9207-6_1.

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Anderssen, Merete, and Marit Westergaard. "Word order variation in heritage languages." In Studies in Bilingualism. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.59.04and.

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Dékány, Éva, and Veronika Hegedüs. "Word order variation in Hungarian PPs." In Approaches to Hungarian. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/atoh.14.04dek.

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Christensen, Tanya Karoli, and Torben Juel Jensen. "Word order variation and foregrounding of complement clauses." In Studies in Language Variation. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.17.06kar.

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Cooreman, Ann. "The pragmatics of word order variation in Chamorro narrative text." In Pragmatics of Word Order Flexibility. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.22.10coo.

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Ward, Gregory, and Betty J. Birner. "12. Discourse effects of word order variation." In Semantics - Sentence and Information Structure, edited by Paul Portner, Claudia Maienborn, and Klaus von Heusinger. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110589863-012.

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Westergaard, Marit, and Merete Anderssen. "Word Order Variation in Norwegian Possessive Constructions." In Germanic Heritage Languages in North America. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.18.01wes.

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Conference papers on the topic "Variations in word order"

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Kiss, Angelika, and Guillaume Thomas. "Word order variation in Mbyá Guaraní." In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-7714.

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Dey, Pradip. "Processing word order variation within a modified ID/LP framework." In the 11th coference. Association for Computational Linguistics, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/991365.991383.

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Creswell, Cassandre. "Using a probabilistic model of discourse relations to investigate word order variation." In the 2004 ACL Workshop. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1608938.1608941.

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Schadle, Igor, Jean-Yves Antoine, and Daniel Memmi. "Connectionist language models for speech understanding: the problem of word order variation." In 6th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1999). ISCA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1999-450.

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Swerts, Marc. "Intonative structure as a determinant of word order variation in dutch verbal endgroups." In 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). ISCA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1998-149.

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Kaleem, Mohammed, James D. O'Shea, and Keeley A. Crockett. "Word order variation and string similarity algorithm to reduce pattern scripting in pattern matching conversational agents." In 2014 14th UK Workshop on Computational Intelligence (UKCI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ukci.2014.6930180.

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Smekens, Jelle, Omar Hegazy, Noshin Omar, et al. "Influence of pulse variations on the parameters of first order empirical Li-ion battery model." In 2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/evs.2013.6914970.

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Rezende, Fla´via, Xiao-Bo Chen, and Marcos D. Ferreira. "Simulation of Second-Order Roll Motions of a FPSO." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57405.

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The roll motions are a key parameter on the design of FPSOs that operate in moderate and severe environmental conditions. To reduce the magnitude of roll motions, some techniques based on changing the vertical position of gravity center are used to put the roll natural period outside of the frequency range of the linear waves. However, recent model tests and also numerical calculations have shown that the vessel may still experience large roll motions which are considered to be induced by second-order wave loads. Further to the work in Rezende et al. (2007) to compute the roll response in frequency domain, new developments to perform simulations in time domain are presented here. In this new method, variations of second-order roll moments dependent on the roll and heave motions are taken into account consistently. It is shown that, unlike the horizontal loads, the quadratic transfer functions of the vertical loads depend on the instantaneous position of the vessel. The variation of the roll moment with the heave position of the vessel has been considered more important than the variation obtained only with the inclination of the vessel. Furthermore, numerical results of roll simulations are compared with model tests results and presented in the paper.

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Stavarache, Larise, Philippe Dessus, Mihai Dascalu, and Stefan Trausanmatu. "PAPER VS. SLIDES: DO THEY HAVE SIMILAR TEXTUAL TRAITS?" In eLSE 2014. Editura Universitatii Nationale de Aparare "Carol I", 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-14-026.

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Abstract: Every e-learning teacher proposes presentation slides to learners who often stem from larger and more complex lecture notes. Delivering both these learning formats has become the cornerstone of every university e-learning course, and even MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) are often based on them. However, discrepancies between these formats in terms of complexity have not been quantitatively analyzed so far. This study aims at performing a detailed comparison between these modalities using variations of textual complexity metrics as background, ranging from surface, syntactic, morphological and semantic factors. The analyzed corpora are automatically extracted from MOOC materials and encompass multiple domains: history, politics, geography and culture, in order to induce diversity and to observe different inter-domain presentation characteristics. As an overview, there are high variations in terms of proportions (slides per lecture note page), underlying structures and individual word complexities. Although words on slides generally tend to be less complex than on lecture notes (nor too simple), the significant reduce of stop words and of connectors shifts the balance in terms of frequently used quantitative complexity factors. If the initial decrease in individual word complexities should denote a decrease in the perceived difficulty, the latter computational perspective determined by the elimination of irrelevant words that usually tend to be small in length, artificially increases the perceived complexity level. Moreover, the lower cohesion between bullet items from presentations, in contrast to adjacent sentences from the same paragraph extracted from lecture notes, negatively influences the overall variation of the complexity scores. In the end, we conclude by providing a set of required metrics for supporting teachers in the adaptation of their learning materials.

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Hong, Sung-Kwon, Bogdan I. Epureanu, and Matthew P. Castanier. "Reduced-Order Modeling Method for Fatigue Life Predictions of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Batteries." In 2024 NDIA Michigan Chapter Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium. National Defense Industrial Association, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-3373.

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<title>ABSTRACT</title> <p>The goal of this work is to develop an efficient numerical modeling method for the structural dynamic response of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) batteries in order to support fatigue life predictions. The dynamics of HEV battery packs are known to feature very high modal density in many frequency bands. The high modal density combined with small, random structural variations among the cells (which are unavoidable in practice) can lead to drastic changes in the structural dynamics. Therefore, it may be important to perform probabilistic simulations of the structural dynamic response with cell-to-cell parameter variations in order to accurately predict the fatigue life of a battery pack. However, the computational time for obtaining forced response results for just a single sample of parameter variations with a finite element model can be on the order of a day. One approach to overcome this challenge is to generate parametric reduced-order models (PROMs). The novel approach is based on two key assumptions. First, it is assumed that the mode shapes of a battery pack (with parametric variations in the cells) can be represented by a linear combination of the mode shapes of the nominal system (with identical cells). Second, it is assumed that the frame holding each cell has vibratory motion. PROMs are validated numerically with full-order finite element models by comparing forced response predictions. The new PROMs are able to predict the dynamics of battery packs 1,000 to 10,000 times faster than full-order finite element models while maintaining accuracy. For the few initial cases considered, small cell-to-cell parameter variations are found to lead to an increase of up to 60% in the vibration amplitude of a battery cell, which could have a significant impact on fatigue life.</p>

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Reports on the topic "Variations in word order"

1

Powell, Andrew, and Juan Francisco Martínez. On Emerging Economy Sovereign Spreads and Ratings. Inter-American Development Bank, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010884.

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This paper analyzes alternative models for emerging sovereign ratings. Although a small number of economic fundamentals explain ratings reasonably well, variations in those economic fundamentals are themselves explained by a small number of world factors. On the other hand, global financial variables associated with risk aversion are additionally required in order to explain the significant spread compression at the end of 2006. To determine whether ratings matter for spreads, the paper compares results across different methodologies, in particular exploiting differences in opinion between rating agencies. The evidence from this and previous methodologies is that ratings do matter. Finally, the paper finds that global indicators of risk aversion have become less important for emerging market spreads and that the effect of sub-prime news is less than the effect of average news on emerging economy credit default swap (CDS) spreads.

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Thomas, Strobel. A contrastive approach to grammatical doubts in some contemporary Germanic languages (German, Dutch, Swedish). Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.72278.

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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Müller & Szczepaniak 2017; Schmitt, Szczepaniak & Vieregge 2019; Stark 2019 as well as the useful collections of data of Duden vol. 9, Taaladvies.net, Språkriktighetsboken etc.) systematically occur also in native speakers and they do not necessarily coincide with the difficulties of second language learners. In present-day German, most grammatical uncertainties occur in the domains of inflection (nominal plural formation, genitive singular allomorphy of strong masc./neut. nouns, inflectional variation of weak masc. nouns, strong/weak adjectival inflection and comparison forms, strong/weak verb forms, perfect auxiliary selection) and word-formation (linking elements in compounds, separability of complex verbs). As for syntax, there are often doubts in connection with case choice (pseudo-partitive constructions, prepositional case government) and agreement (especially due to coordination or appositional structures). This contribution aims to present a contrastive approach to morphological and syntactic uncertainties in contemporary Germanic languages (mostly German, Dutch, and Swedish) in order to obtain a broader and more fine-grained typology of grammatical instabilities and their causes. As will be discussed, most doubts of competent speakers - a problem also for general linguistic theory - can be attributed to processes of language change in progress, to language or variety contact, to gaps and rule conflicts in the grammar of every language or to psycholinguistic conditions of language processing. Our main concerns will be the issues of which (kinds of) common or different critical areas there are within Germanic (and, on the other hand, in which areas there are no doubts), which of the established (cross-linguistically valid) explanatory approaches apply to which phenomena and, ultimately, the question whether the new data reveals further lines of explanation for the empirically observable (standard) variation.

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Sun, S., F. R. Brunton, T. R. Carter, et al. Porosity and permeability variations in the Silurian Lockport Group and A-1 carbonate unit, southwestern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331902.

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This is the first regional porosity/permeability study to incorporate petroleum industry laboratory core analyses submitted to the Ontario government and managed by Ontario's Oil Gas and Salt Resources Library. This study comprises 11,759 analyses for the Early Silurian Lockport Group of southwestern Ontario from 150 drill cores. The Lockport Group consists of a cyclic succession of dolostones and minor limestones comprising, in ascending order: Gasport, Goat Island, Eramosa, and Guelph formations. This stacked carbonate succession was deposited on an eastward-deepening carbonate ramp, extending from Michigan, through southwestern Ontario, to Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. It is overlain disconformably by restricted marine carbonates, evaporites and mixed shales of the Salina Group, whereas unconformably underlain by one of four formations that include, the Lions Head (a stratigraphic equivalent of part of the Rochester), DeCew, Rochester and Irondequoit. To ensure appropriate stratigraphic assignment of the laboratory test intervals, a quality assurance/quality control review on formational tops was carried out on the 150 cores that were tested. This regional subsurface work resulted in the reassignment of 846 formation tops that were verified by examination of drill core, drill cuttings, and geophysical well data including gamma-ray, neutron and density logs. Core analysis datasets have been validated by summarizing laboratory protocols and standards and reconciling data fields in the core analysis database with auxiliary data, including geophysical logs, thin sections, and core examinaion. This auxiliary data was then used to identify data outliers to update the core analysis database. The measurements of porosity and permeability were then assigned a formation rank plotted on a subregional scale. Average porosity and permeability values have been divided into statistical populations for each formation assigned by three depositional realms. The southwestern Ontario study area has been divided into three paleogeographic settings, based on distinctive lithofacies that correspond to different carbonate depositional regimes and regions of paleokarstification. From northwest to southeast, the lithofacies reflect an inner to outer carbonate ramp setting designated as area 1-3 from northwest to southeast. Area 1 is the inter-pinnacle karst region and includes some of thepinnacle structures within the Lockport Group. This region has the most significant paleokarstification of the upper Lockport Group (Guelph and Goat Island formations) and overlying Salina Group A-unit. Area 2 has rare pinnacle structures, where no porosity/permeability core analyses data are available. Area 3 is the middle to outer portion of the Lockport carbonate ramp, with local development of reef mound phases in the lower Goat Island and Gasport formations. The porosity and permeability variability corresponds with areal distribution of paleokarstification and resulting diagenetic phases in Area 1, and lithofacies variations and temporal/spatial history of karstification in Area 3. Higher porosity and permeability generally coincide with greater thicknesses of the oil and gas reservoir within pinnacles in Area 1 and reef mound phases of Lockport Group and lower Salina Group A-1 Carbonate in Area 3. Within inter-pinnacle karst regions in Area 1, average porosity for each formation is consistently high with little variations. In Area 3, a general increase of porosity and permeability towards the southeast corresponds with lithofacies ranging from restricted lagoonal/platform interior deposits to carbonate bank deposits with local development of reef mound phases in the Gasport and Goat Island formations. There has been significant erosion and karstification within and at the tops of these pinnacles, resulting in higher porosity and permeability of the Guelph and upper Goat Island formations, and the overlying Salina Group A-1 unit. Paleokarstic events have enhanced various porosity types, including intercrystalline, moldic, irregular and fenestral vugs, and cavities.

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Ginzberg, Idit, Richard E. Veilleux, and James G. Tokuhisa. Identification and Allelic Variation of Genes Involved in the Potato Glycoalkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593386.bard.

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Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are secondary metabolites being part of the plant defense response. The two major SGAs in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are α-chaconine and α-solanine, which exhibit strong cellular lytic properties and inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, and are poisonous at high concentrations for humans. As SGAs are not destroyed during cooking and frying commercial cultivars have been bred to contain low levels, and their content in tubers should not exceed 20 mg/100 g fresh weight. However, environmental factors can increase tuber SGA content above the safe level. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify candidate genes that control potato SGA content in order to develop tools for potato improvement by marker-assisted selection and/or transgenic approaches. To this end, the objectives of the proposal included identification of genes, metabolic intermediates and allelic variations in the potato SGAbiosynthetic pathway. The SGAs are biosynthesized by the sterol branch of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway. Transgenic potato plants that overexpress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (HMG1) or squalene synthase 1 (SQS1), key enzymes of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway, exhibited elevated levels of solanine and chaconine as well as induced expression of genes downstream the pathway. These results suggest of coordinated regulation of isoprenoid (primary) metabolism and SGA secondary metabolism. The transgenic plants were further used to identify new SGA-related candidate genes by cDNA-AFLP approach and a novel glycosyltransferase was isolated. In addition, genes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis may have dual role and synthesize defense-related steroidal metabolites, such as SGAs, via lanosterol pathway. Potato lanosterol synthase sequence (LAS) was isolated and used to prepare transgenic plants with overexpressing and silencing constructs. Plants are currently being analyzed for SGA content. The dynamics of SGA accumulation in the various organs of a potato species with high SGA content gave insights into the general regulation of SGA abundance. Leaf SGA levels in S. chacoense were 10 to 20-fold greater than those of S. tuberosum. The leptines, SGAs with strong antifeedant properties against Colorado potato beetles, were present in all aerial tissues except for early and mid-developmental stages of above ground stolons, and accounted for the high SGA content of S. chacoense. These results indicate the presence of regulatory mechanisms in most tissues except in stolons that limit the levels of α-solanine and α-chaconine and confine leptine accumulation to the aerial tissues. The genomes of cultivated and wild potato contain a 4-member gene family coding for SQS. Three orthologs were cloned as cDNAs from S. chacoense and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Squalene accumulated in all E. coli lines transformed with each of the three gene constructs. Differential transcript abundance in various organs and amino acid sequence differences in the conserved domains of three isoenzymes indicate subfunctionalization of SQS activity and triterpene/sterol metabolism. Because S. chacoense and S. phureja differ so greatly for presence and accumulation of SGAs, we selected four candidate genes from different points along the biosynthetic pathway to determine if chcor phuspecific alleles were associated with SGA expression in a segregating interspecific diploid population. For two of the four genes (HMG2 and SGT2) F2 plants with chcalleles expressed significantly greater total SGAs compared with heterozygotes and those with phualleles. Although there are other determinants of SGA biosynthesis and composition in potato, the ability of allelic states at two genes to affect SGA levels confirms some of the above transgenic work where chcalleles at two other loci altered SGA expression in Desiree. Present results reveal new opportunities to manipulate triterpene/sterol biosynthesis in more targeted ways with the objective of altering SGA content for both human health concerns and natural pesticide content without disrupting the essential metabolism and function of the phytosterol component of the membranes and the growth regulating brassinosteroids.

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Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. TRANSFORMATION OF WORD-FORMS DURING THEIR SPONTANEOUS CREATION IN LIVE TELEVISION BROADCASTIN: ADJECTIVES ADVERBS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11409.

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The article analyzes transformation of word-forms during spontaneous creation in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to adjectives adverbs. The specific properties of adverbs makes it easier to trace general trends in their transformations, because adverbs are not burdened with many different forms and their variations, that occur in the process of word change of some other class of words at the same time adverbiatives allow to analyze in more detail the semantical and grammatical structure of speech. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. All studies of the problems of transformation of grammatical forms in different ways relate to translation studies, mostly investigate the grammatical transformations, that the translator resorted to, when reproducing the original by means of another language. At first glance, it would be logical, if the live speech of television journalists was dominated by transformations? Associated with the translation from internal to foreign broadcasting in cases where natural for this TV journalists is Russian-speaking internal broadcasting and he reproducing the text from internal Russian-speaking. The transformation of grammatical forms however this cannot be seen in the live use of adverbiatives. An interesting trend can also be seen in the transformation of different types of grammatical forms. In particular, negative interference is mostly characteristic of the forms of corporate adverbs. Forms of the same word with the same grammatical meaning is such overlapping of two forms of the same grammatical meaning is practically impossible outside of adjectives adverbial and adjectives themselves. Only a small number of transformations are associated with the forms of superlatives.

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Conley, Dalton, and Rebecca Glauber. Parental Educational Investment and Children's Academic Risk: Estimates of the Impact of Sibship Size and Birth Order from Exogenous Variations in Fertility. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11302.

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Bigl, Matthew, Samuel Beal, and Charles Ramsey. Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from IMX-104 mortar rounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42163.

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The environmental fate and transport of energetic compounds on military training ranges are largely controlled by the particle characteristics of low-order detonations. This study demonstrated a method of command detonation, field sampling, laboratory processing, and analysis techniques for characterizing low-order detonation particles from 60 mm and 81 mm mortar rounds containing the insensitive munition formulation IMX-104. Particles deposited from three rounds of each caliber were comprehensively sampled and characterized for particle size, energetic purity, and morphology. The 60 mm rounds were command-detonated low order consistently (seven low-order detonations of seven tested rounds), with con-sumption efficiencies of 62%–80% (n = 3). The 81 mm rounds detonated low order inconsistently (three low-order detonations of ten tested rounds), possibly because the rounds were sourced from manufacturing test runs. These rounds had lower consumption efficiencies of 39%–64% (n = 3). Particle-size distributions showed significant variability between munition calibers, between rounds of the same caliber, and with distance from the detonation point. The study reviewed command-detonation configurations, particle transfer losses during sampling and particle-size analysis, and variations in the energetic purity of recovered particles. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of IMX-104 low-order detonation particles from command detonation to analysis.

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Ivanic, Maros. Reconciliation of the GTAP and Household Survey Data. GTAP Research Memoranda, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm05.

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This paper presents a method that was employed in order to make the available fourteen household income survey data sets compatible with the data in the GTAP version 5 data base. The first step of the method was the imputation of the unobservable returns to GTAP factors from the reported data. The second step was the reconciliation of the two data sets so that their joint totals would be identical. The paper does not claim to be the final word on either data imputation or reconciliation; instead it works through the various issues encountered in the process, proposes solutions to them and leaves it to the reader to judge the validity of this methodology.

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Zhang, Renduo, and David Russo. Scale-dependency and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587220.bard.

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Water resources assessment and protection requires quantitative descriptions of field-scale water flow and contaminant transport through the subsurface, which, in turn, require reliable information about soil hydraulic properties. However, much is still unknown concerning hydraulic properties and flow behavior in heterogeneous soils. Especially, relationships of hydraulic properties changing with measured scales are poorly understood. Soil hydraulic properties are usually measured at a small scale and used for quantifying flow and transport in large scales, which causes misleading results. Therefore, determination of scale-dependent and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties provides the essential information for quantifying water flow and chemical transport through the subsurface, which are the key processes for detection of potential agricultural/industrial contaminants, reduction of agricultural chemical movement, improvement of soil and water quality, and increase of agricultural productivity. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales at large fields; 2. to develop scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties; and 3. to determine spatial variability and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties as a function of measurement scales. The US investigators conducted field and lab experiments to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales. Based on the field and lab experiments, a well-structured database of soil physical and hydraulic properties was developed. The database was used to study scale-dependency, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. An improved method was developed for calculating hydraulic properties based on infiltration data from the disc infiltrometer. Compared with the other methods, the proposed method provided more accurate and stable estimations of the hydraulic conductivity and macroscopic capillary length, using infiltration data collected atshort experiment periods. We also developed scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties using the fractal and geostatistical characterization. The research effort of the Israeli research team concentrates on tasks along the second objective. The main accomplishment of this effort is that we succeed to derive first-order, upscaled (block effective) conductivity tensor, K'ᵢⱼ, and time-dependent dispersion tensor, D'ᵢⱼ, i,j=1,2,3, for steady-state flow in three-dimensional, partially saturated, heterogeneous formations, for length-scales comparable with those of the formation heterogeneity. Numerical simulations designed to test the applicability of the upscaling methodology to more general situations involving complex, transient flow regimes originating from periodic rain/irrigation events and water uptake by plant roots suggested that even in this complicated case, the upscaling methodology essentially compensated for the loss of sub-grid-scale variations of the velocity field caused by coarse discretization of the flow domain. These results have significant implications with respect to the development of field-scale solute transport models capable of simulating complex real-world scenarios in the subsurface, and, in turn, are essential for the assessment of the threat posed by contamination from agricultural and/or industrial sources.

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DeJonckere, P. H., B. Millet, R. Van Gool, et al. Reliability of Electro-physiologically Evoked Auditory Steady State Responses. Progress in Neurobiology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.60124/j.pneuro.2024.10.03.

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The electrophysiological technique of auditory steady state responses (ASSR) makes possible objective hearing threshold definition, with frequency specificity. A high level of reliability is a basic requirement for applying this technique in a medicolegal context. 35 subjects affected by significant occupational noise induced hearing loss and claiming compensation underwent a thorough medical and audiological examination, including an analysis of the auditory steady state responses (ASSR) in order to objectively define hearing thresholds with frequency specificity, and ear-by-ear. In order to investigate the reproducibility of the thresholds obtained by this technique, the electrophysiological exploration was repeated immediately after the first test. An exhaustive statistical comparison of the results rejects the hypothesis of any significant difference between the results of both exams, whatever severity of hearing loss and frequency. All correlation coefficients (R and ICC) and Cronbach’s α values reach or exceed 0.9. Bland-Altman plots rule out systematic shifts, as well as proportional errors, or variations that depends on the magnitude of the measurements.

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