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Conway, Paul. "John McCabe CD round-up." Tempo 58, no. 229 (July 2004): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298204290222.
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JOHN McCABE: Concerto for Piano and Wind Quintet; Musica Notturna; Fauvel's Rondeaux; Postcards for wind quintet. The Fibonacci Sequence. Dutton CDLX 7125.‘Old City New Image’. McCABE: String Trio; String Quartet No. 2. DAVID ELLIS: Trio for violin, viola and cello; String Quartet No. 1. Camerata Ensemble. Campion Cameo 2027.McCABE: Piano Concerto No. 2; Concertante Variations on a theme of Nicholas Maw; Six-Minute Symphony; Sonata on a Motet. Tamami Honma (pno), St Christopher Chamber Orchestra c. Donatas Katkus. Dutton CDLX 7133.‘Tenebrae’. McCABE: Variations; Intermezzi; Sostenuto (Study No. 2); Capriccio (Study No. 1); Aubade (Study No. 4); Tenebrae; Scrunch (Study No. 8); Evening Harmonies (Study No. 7). Tamami Honma (pno). Metier MSV CD92071.
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Kovács, Ilona. "A hybrid form: The second movement of ernst von Dohnányi’s String Quartet in A major (Op. 7)." Studia Musicologica 50, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2009): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.50.2009.1-2.4.
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The form of the second movement of the String Quartet in A major, Op. 7 is original not only in Dohnányi’s oeuvre but in music history in general, as well. This new musical idea is a fusion of two traditional forms: a variation and a ternary form. The theme of the movement is followed by four variations, but at the end of the second one there is an unexpected break: a contrasting Trio-like section comes in between and the flow of variations continues only after it finishes. This unique structure is analysed in detail for the first time in present study. Relying on analyses of Dohnányi’s compositions, this study traces similar formal characteristics in other works of the composer too. Finally, the article provides with an example for this hybrid form in one of its three closest relatives: the second movement of the Piano Quintet in Eb minor, Op. 26.
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Rickards, Guy. "Hindemith, et al. - HINDEMITH ‘Artist & Educator’: 41 Pieces for 2 violins from ‘Geigen-Schulwerk’; Sonatas for solo violin, op. 31 nos. 1–2. Ida Bieler (vln), Georg Sarkisjan (vln 2). Coviello Contemporary COV61114. - ‘Icelandic String Quartets’. PÁLSSON: Theme with Variations and Fugue. NORDAL: From Dream to Dream. HAUKUR TÓMASSON: A Long Shadow. MAGNÚSSON: String Quartet No 21. 1Stefania Ólafsdóttir (vla). Ethos String Quartet. Smekkleysa SKM65. - PENDERECKI: String Trio; String Quartets Nos. 1–3; Der unterbrochene Gedanke for string quartet; Clarinet Quintet1. 1Arkadiusz Adamski (cl), DAFÔ String Quartet. Dux 0770. - PISTON: String Quartets Nos. 1, 3 & 5. Harlem String Quartet. Naxos 8.559630. - POHJOLA: String Quartets Nos. 1–4. Kamus String Quartet. Alba SACD ABCD 334. - ‘Bow 56’. OLOFFSON: Higgs Boson: Capriccio for string sextet and electronics. PARMERUD: String Quintet No 1. HÅKAN LARSSON: Marks, for string quintet. ANDERS NILSSON: Host, for string sextet. Uppsala Chamber Soloists. Phono Suecia PSCD 190." Tempo 67, no. 264 (April 2013): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298213000247.
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Yang, Kai, Ming Shen, Yousheng Yan, Ya Tan, Jing Zhang, Jue Wu, Guangming Yang, et al. "Genetic Analysis in Fetal Skeletal Dysplasias by Trio Whole-Exome Sequencing." BioMed Research International 2019 (May 14, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2492590.
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Skeletal dysplasias (SDs) comprise a series of severe congenital disorders that have strong clinical heterogeneity and usually attribute to diverse genetic variations. The pathogenesis of more than half of SDs remains unclear. Additionally, the clinical manifestations of fetal SDs are ambiguous, which poses a big challenge for accurate diagnosis. In this study, eight unrelated families with fetal SD were recruited and subjected to sequential tests including chromosomal karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and trio whole-exome sequencing (WES). Sanger sequencing and quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR) were performed as affirmative experiments. In six families, a total of six pathogenic/likely pathogenic variations were identified in four genes including SLC26A2, FGFR3, FLNB, and TMEM38B. These variations caused disorders following autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance patterns, respectively. The results provided reliable evidence for the subsequent genetic counseling and reproductive options to these families. With its advantage in variation calling and interpreting, trio WES is a promising strategy for the investigation of fetal SDs in cases with normal karyotyping and CMA results. It has considerable prospects to be utilized in prenatal diagnosis.
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Villafana, Ria T., and Sephra N. Rampersad. "Signatures of TRI5, TRI8 and TRI11 Protein Sequences of Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti Species Complex (FIESC) Indicate Differential Trichothecene Analogue Production." Toxins 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060386.
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The variability and phylogeny among TRI5, TRI8 and TRI11 nucleotide and translated protein sequences of isolates from Trinidad belonging to Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) were compared with FIESC reference sequences. Taxa appeared to be more divergent when DNA sequences were analyzed compared to protein sequences. Neutral and non-neutral mutations in TRI protein sequences that may correspond to variability in the function and structure of the selected TRI proteins were identified. TRI5p had the lowest amino acid diversity with zero predicted non-neutral mutations. TRI5p had potentially three protein disorder regions compared to TRI8p with five protein disorder regions. The deduced TRI11p was more conserved than TRI8p of the same strains. Amino acid substitutions that may be non-neutral to protein function were only detected in diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) producers of the reference sequence subset for TRI8p and TRI11p. The deduced TRI5 and TRI8 amino acid sequences were mapped to known 3D-structure models and indicated that variations in specific protein order/disorder regions exist in these sequences which affect the overall structural conservation of TRI proteins. Assigning single or combination non-neutral mutations to a particular toxicogenic phenotype may be more representative of potential compared to using genotypic data alone, especially in the absence of wet-lab, experimental validation.
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Anderson, Martin. "Estonian Composers (combined Book and CD Review)." Tempo 59, no. 232 (April 2005): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298205210161.
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Ancient Song Recovered: The Life and Music of Veljo Tormis, by Mimi S. Daitz. Pendragon Press, $54.00/£36.00.The Works of Eduard Tubin: Thematic-Bibliographical Catalogue of Works by Vardo Rumessen. International Eduard Tubin Society/Gehrmans Musikförlag, E.57.TORMIS: ‘Vision of Estonia’ II. The Ballad of Mary's Land; Reflections with Hando Runnel; Days of Outlawry; God Protect Us from War; Journey of the War Messenger; Let the Sun Shine!; Voices from Tammsaare's Herdboy Days; Forget-me-not; Mens' Songs. Estonian National Male Choir c. Ants Soots. Alba NCD 20.TORMIS: ‘Vision of Estonia’ III. The Singer; Songs of the Ancient Sea; Plague Memory; Bridge of Song; Going to War; Dialectical Aphorisms; Song about a Level Land; We Are Given; An Aboriginal Song; The Estonians' Political Parties Game; Song about Keeping Together; Martinmas Songs; Shrovetide Songs; Three I Had Those Words of Beauty. Estonian National Male Choir c. Ants Soots. Alba NCD 23.TAMBERG: Cyrano de Bergerac. Soloists, Orchestra and Chorus of Estonian National Opera c. Paul Mägi. CPO 999 832-2 (2-CD set).ROSENVALD: Violin Concerto Nos. 11 and 2, Quasi una fantasia2; Two Pastorales3; Sonata capricciosa4; Symphony No. 35; Nocturne6. 1,2Lemmo Erendi (vln), Tallinn CO c. Neeme Järvi, 2Estonian State SO c. Jüri Alperten; 3Estonian State SO c. Vello Pähn; 4Valentina Gontšarova (vln); 56Estonian State SO c. Neeme Järvi. Antes BM-CD 31.9197.DEAN: Winter Songs. TÜÜR: Architectonics I. VASKS: Music for a Deceased Friend. PÄRT: Quintettino. NIELSEN: Wind Quintet. Berlin Philharmonic Wind Quintet, with Daniel Norman (tenor), c. Hermann Bäumer. BIS-CD–1332.TULEV: Quella sera; Gare de l'Est; Adiós/Œri Ráma in memoriam; Isopo; Be Lost in the Call. NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts. Eesti Raadio ERCD047.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS I: MÄGI: Vesper.1 KANGRO: Display IX.2 SUMERA: Shakespeare's Sonnets Nos. 8 & 90.3TAMBERG: Desiderium Concordiae.4 TULEV: String Quartet No. 1.5 EESPERE: Glorificatio.6 TORMIS: Kevade: Suite.71Estonian National SO c. Aivo Välja; 24NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts; 3Pirjo Levadi (soprano), Mikk Mikiver (narrator), Estonian National Boys' Choir, Estonian National SO c. Paul Mägi; 5Tallinn String Quartet; 6Kaia Urb (sop), Academic Male Choir of Tallinn Technical University c. Arvo Volmer; 7Estonian National SO c. Paul Mägi Eesti Raadio ERCD 031.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS II: TULVE: Traces.1 TALLY: Swinburne.2 KÕRVITS: Stream.3 STEINER: Descendants of Cain.4 KAUMANN: Long Play.5 LILL: Le Rite de Passage.6 SIMMER: Water of Life.71,5,6NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts; 2Ardo-Ran Varres (narrator), Iris Oja (sop), Alar Pintsaar (bar), Vambola Krigul (perc), Külli Möls (accordion), Robert Jürjendal (elec guitar); 3Virgo Veldi (sax), Madis Metsamart (perc); 4The Bowed Piano Ensemble c. Timo Steiner; 7Teet Järvi (vlc), Monika Mattieson (fl). Eesti Raadio ERCD032.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS III: GRIGORJEVA: Con misterio;1On Leaving. SUMERA: Pantomime; The Child of Dracula and Zombie. 1Tui Hirv (sop), 1Iris Oja (mezzo), 1Joosep Vahermägi (ten), 1Jaan Arder (bar), Hortus Musicus c. Andres Mustonen. Eeesti Raadio ERCD 045ESTONIAN COMPOSERS IV: KRIGUL: Walls.1 JÜRGENS: Redblueyellow.2 KÕRVER: Pre.3 KOTTA: Variations.4 SIIMER: Two Pieces.5 KAUMANN: Ausgewählte Salonstücke.6 AINTS: Trope.7 STEINER: In memoriam.81,6New Tallinn Trio; 2Liis Jürgens (harp); 3,8Voces Musicales Ensemble c. Risto Joost; 4Mati Mikalai (pno); 5Mikk Murdvee (vln), Tarmo Johannes (fl), Toomas Vavilov (cl), Mart Siimer (organ); 7Tarmo Johannes (fl). Eeesti Raadio ERCD 046.BALTIC VOICES 2: SISASK: Five songs from Gloria Patri. TULEV: And then in silence there with me be only You. NØRGÅRD: Winter Hymn. GRIGORJEVA: On Leaving (1999). SCHNITTKE: Three Sacred Hymns. Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir c. Paul Hillier. Harmonia Mundi HMU 907331.SCHNITTKE: Concerto for Chorus; Voices of Nature. PÄRT: Dopo la vittoria; Bogoróditse Djévo; I am the True Vine. Swedish Radio Choir c. Tõnu Kaljuste. BIS-CD-1157.PÄRT: Es sang vor langen Jahren; Stabat Mater; Magnificat; Nunc Dimittis; My Heart's in the Highlands; Zwei Sonatinen; Spiegel im Spiegel. Chamber Domaine; Stephen de Pledge (pno), Stephen Wallace (counter-ten), Choir of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh c. Matthew Owens. Black Box BBM1071.
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Shchetynsky, Oleksandr. "Valentyn Bibik: reaching artistic maturity." Aspects of Historical Musicology 23, no. 23 (March 26, 2021): 42–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-23.03.
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The object of research is the works of V. Bibik written at the beginning of his mature period. The aim of the research is to reveal the main features of Bibik’s style. Methods of research include technical analysis of the works in the context of the innovative tendencies in the Ukrainian music of 1960–70s, as well as comparative research. Research results. Outstanding Ukrainian composer Valentyn Bibik (1940–2003) wrote over 150 works. Mostly they are large-scale symphonic, choral, vocal, and chamber pieces. Among them are 11 symphonies, over 20 concerti for various instruments with orchestra, vocal and choral cycles, chamber compositions (the last group includes 5 string quartets, 3 piano trios, sonatas for string instruments both solo and with piano), 10 piano sonatas, piano solo works (two sets of preludes and fugues – 24 and 34 total, Dies Irae – 39 variations). The composer was born in Kharkiv. In 1966 he completed studies at Kharkiv Conservatory, where he attended the composition class of D. Klebanov. Since 1994, he had been living in St.-Petersburg, and since 1998, in Israel where he died in 2003. Bibik’s formative period coincided with a substantive modernization of Ukrainian culture in the 1960s. During those years, members of the “Kyiv avantgarde” group (L. Hrabovsky, V. Sylvestrov, V. Godziatsky, et al.) sought to utilize modernistic idioms and techniques, such as free atonality, dodecaphony, sonoristic and aleatoric textures, cluster harmony, etc. Unlike the others, Bibik started with a more conservative style, which bore the influences of Shostakovich, Prokofiev, and Bartók. Bibik’s mature period started several years later in the early 1970s with Piano Trio No. 1 (1972) and the composition Watercolors for soprano and piano (1973). Together with his next piano work 34 Preludes and Fugues, these compositions show extremely individual features of Bibik’s style, such as: 1. Special treatment of the sound, which is considered not just a material for building certain musical structures but a self-valuable substance (Bibik has an original manner of organizing sound). Hence, timbral and textural aspects draw special attention to the composer. 2. The pitch and rhythmic structure of the themes is quite simple. A combination of several simple motives becomes the starting point of long and sophisticated development. These motives are derived from folk music, however, due to rhythmic transformation, they have lost their direct connection with the folk source. 3. Rhythmic structures areal so very simple. They often include sequences of equal rhythmic values (usually crotchets or eights). However, the composer avoids monotony dueto due to variable time signatures and permanent rubato, as well as significant flexibility in phrasing. 4. The development relies mostly on melodic and polyphonic elaboration of initial simple motives. The composer utilizes various kinds of polyphony, such as canonic imitations, various combinations of the main and supportive voices, heterophony, hyper-polyphony. In fugues he employs both traditional and new methods of thematic and tonal distribution. 5. The harmony in Bibik’s works is mostly modal, as well as a combination of modality with free atonality and extended tonality. The structure of the dense chords is close to clusters, while more transparent chords include mostly seconds and fourths (as well as their inversions). He almost never used traditional tonal harmony and chords built up from thirds, and was interested in their color aspect rather than their tonal functionalism. 6. The sonoristic texture is very important. It does not diminish the importance of the melody but gets into special collaboration with it (“singing sonority”). A special “mist” around a clear melodic line is one of Bibik’s most typical devices. Due to special “pedal” orchestration, both the line and the “surrounding” sounds become equally important. 7. Elements of limited aleatoric music may be found in his rhythm and agogics, and sometimes inpitch structures (passages and figurations with free choice of the pitches). His favorite technique is a superposition of two rhythmically and temporally independent textural layers (for instance, a combination of the viola solo and the sonoristic orchestral background in the third movement of the Fourth Symphony). 8. Sonata for mand the fugue were significantly reinterpreted within free atonality and modal harmony. These provisions are the scientific novelty of the study.
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Ramdass, Amanda C., Ria T. Villafana, and Sephra N. Rampersad. "Comparative Sequence Analysis of TRI1 of Fusarium." Toxins 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2019): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120689.
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Trichothecene mycotoxins are a class of secondary metabolites produced by multiple genera of fungi, including certain plant pathogenic Fusarium species. Functional variation in the TRI1 gene produces a novel Type A trichothecene called NX-2 in strains of F. graminearum. Using a bioinformatics approach, a systematic analysis of 52 translated TRI1 sequences of Fusarium species, including five F. graminearum NX-2 producers and four F. graminearum non-NX-2 producers, was conducted to explain the functional difference of TRI1p of FGNX-2. An assessment of several signature motifs of fungal P450s revealed amino acid substitutions in addition to the post-translational N-X-S/T sequons motif, which is indicative of N-linked glycosylation of this TRI1-encoded protein characteristic of NX-2 producers. There was evidence of selection bias, where TRI1 gene sequences were found to be under positive selection and, therefore, under functional constraints. The cumulative amino acid changes in the TRI1p sequences were reflected in the phylogenetic analyses which revealed species-specific clustering with a distinct separation of FGNX-2 from FG-non-NX-2 producers with high bootstrap support. Together, our findings provide insight into the amino acid sequence features responsible for the functional diversification of this TRI1p.
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Shan, Ti Kun, and Li Liu. "Springback Prediction of the TRIP Sheet Steel Stamping." Advanced Materials Research 221 (March 2011): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.221.152.
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An enhanced elastic-plastic constitutive equation taking into account strain induced transformation is developed. The variation of the Young’s modulus with the martensitic transformation during stamping process is also introduced to improve the accuracy of springback simulation for TRIP steel. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by comparing with the conventional FE model and experimental results. The enhanced material model is testified to be efficient in accurate prediction on springback for TRIP steels, which will put forward the application of TRIP steel sheet in auto body manufacturing.
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Lonczynski, Thomas, and Laura Cowin. "The Validation of the SIMUL-qPCR Top 7 STEC Assay Collection: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 022001." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 104, no. 4 (January 23, 2021): 1098–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsab006.
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Abstract Background The Simultaneous Multiplex Real Time PCR (SIMUL-qPCR) Top 7 STEC Assay Collection is a quick, reliable method for detecting top seven Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in raw beef trim, raw ground beef, and beef carcass sampling sheets. Each assay multiplexes several targets in one run to identify E. coli O157: H7, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, Shiga toxin, and intimin genes. This collection uses specifically optimized proprietary media for single-step recovery and enrichment of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Objective This report details the method validation study to validate raw beef trim, raw ground beef, and beef carcass sampling sheets. Method Matrix studies for raw beef trim, raw ground beef, and beef carcass sampling sheets, inclusivity/exclusivity, product consistency/stability, and robustness testing were conducted to assess the method’s performance. Results Fifty top seven STEC isolates were analyzed with the SIMUL-qPCR assay. Thirty-two isolates, including closely related non-E. coli species and E. coli non-STEC strains, were also tested. Inclusivity showed the collection detected the Shiga toxin (stx) gene, intimin (eae) gene, and top seven serogroups. None of the 32 exclusivity strains were detected. The candidate and reference methods’ results had no statistically significant differences during matrix studies. Small variations in critical test parameters (enrichment time, extraction reagent volume, and extracted sample volume) did not adversely affect the assay’s performance, and stability testing indicated consistent results for at least one year. Conclusions The data presented demonstrate that the SIMUL-qPCR Top 7 STEC Assay is a reliable method for detecting the top seven STEC. Highlights The Applied Food Diagnostics, Inc. Simultaneous Multiplex Real Time PCR (SIMUL-qPCR) Top 7 STEC Assay is capable of detecting the top seven Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef trim, ground beef, and beef carcass sampling sheets in as little as 10 hours of enrichment.
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Riedhammer, Korbinian, Reka Kovacs-Nagy, Thomas Meitinger, Julia Hoefele, Matias Wagner, and Dominik Westphal. "A De Novo Missense Variant in POU3F2 Identified in a Child with Global Developmental Delay." Neuropediatrics 49, no. 06 (September 10, 2018): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1669926.
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Many genetic and nongenetic causes for developmental delay in childhood could be identified. Often, however, the molecular basis cannot be elucidated. As next-generation sequencing is becoming more frequently available in a diagnostic context, an increasing number of genetic variations are found as causative in children with developmental delay.We performed trio exome sequencing in a girl with developmental delay and minor dysmorphological features. Using a filter for de novo variants, the heterozygous missense variant c.812A>T, p.(Glu217Val) was found in the candidate gene POU3F2 in our patient. POU3F2 plays an important role in neuronal differentiation and hormonal regulation. To date, it has not been associated with monogenic disorders. Studies on Pou3f2 knockout mice highlighted the importance of this protein in the development of the brain. Furthermore, microdeletions with an overlapping region including only POU3F2 and FBXL4 were linked to developmental delay in six unrelated families. Therefore, POU3F2 is a strong candidate gene for developmental delay, although functional assays proving this assumption still have to be done.
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Bapanpally, Chandra, Laura Montier, Shah Khan, Akif Kasra, and Sharon L. Brunelle. "SAS™ Molecular tests Escherichia coli O157 Detection Kit." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-325.
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Abstract The SAS™ Molecular tests Escherichia coli O157 Detection method, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method, performed as well as or better than the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference methods for ground beef, beef trim, bagged mixed lettuce, and fresh spinach. Ground beef (30% fat, 25 g test portion) was validated for 7–8 h enrichment, leafy greens were validated in a 6–7 h enrichment, and ground beef (30% fat, 375 g composite test portion) and beef trim (375 g composite test portion) were validated in a 16–20 h enrichment. The method performance for meat and leafy green matrixes was also shown to be acceptable under conditions of co-enrichment with Salmonella. Thus, after a short co-enrichment step, ground beef, beef trim, lettuce, and spinach can be tested for both Salmonella and E. coli O157. The SAS Molecular tests Salmonella Detection Kit was validated using the same test portions as for the SAS Molecular tests E. coli O157 Detection Kit and those results are presented in a separate report. Inclusivity and exclusivity testing revealed no false negatives and no false positives among the 50 E. coli O157 strains, including H7 and non-motile strains, and 30 non-E. coli O157 strains examined. Finally, the method was shown to be robust when variations to DNA extract hold time and DNA volume were varied. The method comparison and robustness data suggest a full 7 h enrichment time should be used for 25 g ground beef test portions.
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TESSI, MARIA A., MARIA S. SALSI, MARIA I. CAFFER, and MARIA A. MOGUILEVSKY. "Drug Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Chicken Carcasses." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.8.1001.
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The antibiotic resistance profiles and transferable R factors of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from 104 broiler carcasses taken from one processing plant were determined. Carcasses were sampled after immersion chilling. All samples were transported iced and immediately analyzed upon arrival to the laboratory. The resistance patterns of isolates to 12 antibiotics were determined (i.e., ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, trim-ethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, neomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, colistin, and nitrofurantoin). Isolates resistant to one or more antibiotics were utilized as donors of resistance to completely antibiotic-sensitive strains, an E. coli K-12, F−, J5, azide-resistant strain and a Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. Transfer of the different R plasmids was confirmed by the determination of the resistance patterns of the transconjugants. Of the 93 Salmonella and 71 E. coli strains isolated from these samples, the largest numbers were resistant to tetracycline (52.7% and 49.3%), sulfisoxazole (45.2% and 42.3%), and streptomycin (37.6% and 39.4%). Large percentages of the Salmonella (33.3%) and the E. coli (30.0%) strains transferred all or part of their resistance to E. coli K-12 in mixed cultures. Great variation was observed between different strains in the frequency at which they transferred resistance. Resistance to tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin was found to be conferred by 31.7%, 29.8%, and 21.6% of the 19 R factors identified. No transfer of resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, cephalothin, nitrofurantoin, and chloramphenicol was detected. When 30 antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains were cultured with a sensitive strain of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis,7 (23.3%) of the resistant strains were found capable of transferring R factors. Only 2 (6.7%) of the resistant strains could transfer R factors and unusual β-galactosidase activity.
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Liu, Li, and Ti Kun Shan. "Effect of Transformation on Springback for TRIP Steel Stamping." Advanced Materials Research 221 (March 2011): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.221.405.
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A relation between the Young’s modulus and the martensitic transformation during TRIP sheet steel stamping is investigated. A TRIP steel, TRIP600, is used to study the phenomenon. The transformation kinetics under different loading paths were gotten through simple-shear, uniaxial tension, plane strain and equibiaxial stretching tests. The Young’s modulus, which plays an important role in accurate springback prediction for TRIP steel sheet stamping, is changed with the martensitic transformation during TRIP steel deformation. To improve the accuracy of springback simulation, the constitutive model of the TRIP steel is developed considering the variation of the Young’s modulus with the martensitic transformation. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by the experimental results.
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Eckner, Ralf, and Lutz Krüger. "High Strain Rate Compression Testing of Hot-Pressed TRIP/TWIP-Matrix-Composites." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.113.
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Metal matrix composites with ceramic reinforcements such as particles or fibers have come into focus during the past decades due to rising requirements on engineering materials. In this work, composite materials out of high-alloy CrMnNi-steel matrices with varying Ni-contents (3 wt.% and 9 wt.%) and 10 vol.% Mg-PSZ were processed by hot-pressing. The variation in Ni-content resulted in a change in stacking fault energy (SFE) which significantly influenced the deformation mechanisms. The mechanical behavior of the developed composites was investigated in a wide strain rate range between 0.0004 s-1 and 2300 s-1 under compressive loading. This was done by a servohydraulic testing system, a drop weight tower, and a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar for the high strain rates. To study the influence on the deformation mechanisms such as martensitic transformations and/or twinning, interrupted tests were also carried out at 25 % compressive strain. Subsequent microstructural examinations were done by a magnetic balance to measure the quantity of α’-martensite as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show an increase of strength and strain hardening with decreasing SFE of the matrix due to increased α’-martensite formation. The addition of the Mg-PSZ particles resulted in further strengthening over almost the entire deformation range for all investigated composites. At high strain rates quasi-adiabatic heating suppressed the martensite transformation and reduced the strain hardening capacity of the matrix. Nonetheless the particle reinforcement retains its strengthening effect.
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Zrník, Jozef, Ondrej Muránsky, Ondrej Stejskal, and Peter Horňak. "Thermomechanical Processing Controlling the Austenite Transformation in Si – Mn TRIP Steel." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.41.
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The paper deals with the deformation and transformation behaviour of thermomechanically (TM) treated low alloyed Si-Mn TRIP steel. The aim of this work was to investigate the contribution of the factors governing the deformation and transformation process of conditioned austenite. Variation in strain and temperature parameters of TM treatment of TRIP steel samples resulted in formation of different complex microstructures. The deformation behaviour of TRIP specimens of different multiphase structures was tested in incremental neutron diffraction in situ tensile testing. It was proved that neutron diffraction technique is very convenient method for retained austenite (RA) transformation of the retained austenite with respect to monitoring of transformation quantification of retained austenite and rising internal stress in structural phases.
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Fujii, Hiroshi, Keisuke Nonaka, Mai F. Minamikawa, Tomoko Endo, Aiko Sugiyama, Kosuke Hamazaki, Hiroyoshi Iwata, Mitsuo Omura, and Takehiko Shimada. "Allelic composition of carotenoid metabolic genes in 13 founders influences carotenoid composition in juice sac tissues of fruits among Japanese citrus breeding population." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): e0246468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246468.
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To enrich carotenoids, especially β-cryptoxanthin, in juice sac tissues of fruits via molecular breeding in citrus, allele mining was utilized to dissect allelic variation of carotenoid metabolic genes and identify an optimum allele on the target loci characterized by expression quantitative trait (eQTL) analysis. SNPs of target carotenoid metabolic genes in 13 founders of the Japanese citrus breeding population were explored using the SureSelect target enrichment method. An independent allele was determined based on the presence or absence of reliable SNPs, using trio analysis to confirm inheritability between parent and offspring. Among the 13 founders, there were 7 PSY alleles, 7 HYb alleles, 11 ZEP alleles, 5 NCED alleles, and 4 alleles for the eQTL that control the transcription levels of PDS and ZDS among the ancestral species, indicating that some founders acquired those alleles from them. The carotenoid composition data of 263 breeding pedigrees in juice sac tissues revealed that the phenotypic variance of carotenoid composition was similar to that in the 13 founders, whereas the mean of total carotenoid content increased. This increase in total carotenoid content correlated with the increase in either or both β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin in juice sac tissues. Bayesian statistical analysis between allelic composition of target genes and carotenoid composition in 263 breeding pedigrees indicated that PSY-a and ZEP-e alleles at PSY and ZEP loci had strong positive effects on increasing the total carotenoid content, including β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin, in juice sac tissues. Moreover, the pyramiding of these alleles also increased the β-cryptoxanthin content. Interestingly, the offset interaction between the alleles with increasing and decreasing effects on carotenoid content and the epistatic interaction among carotenoid metabolic genes were observed and these interactions complexed carotenoid profiles in breeding population. These results revealed that allele composition would highly influence the carotenoid composition in citrus fruits. The allelic genotype information for the examined carotenoid metabolic genes in major citrus varieties and the trio-tagged SNPs to discriminate the optimum alleles (PSY-a and ZEP-e) from the rest would promise citrus breeders carotenoid enrichment in fruit via molecular breeding.
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de Montaudouin, J., N. Reveles, and M. J. Smith. "Computational aeroelastic analysis of slowed rotors at high advance ratios." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1201 (March 2014): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000009131.
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Abstract The aerodynamic and aeroelastic behaviour of a rotor become more complex as advance ratios increase to achieve high-speed forward fight. As the rotor blades encounter large regions of cross and reverse flows during each revolution, strong variations in the local Mach regime are encountered, inducing complex elastic blade deformations. In addition, the wake system may remain in the vicinity of the rotor, adding complexity to the blade loading. The aeroelastic behaviour of a model rotor with advance ratios ranging from 0·5 to 2·0 has been evaluated with aerodynamics provided via a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Significant radial blade-vortex interaction can occur at a high advance ratio; the advance ratio at which this occurs is dependent on the rotor configuration. This condition is accompanied by high vibratory loads, peak negative torsion, and peak torsion and in-plane loads. The high vibratory loading increases the sensitivity of the trim model, so that at some high advance ratios the vibratory loads must be filtered to achieve a trimmed state.
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Stremlau, Matthew, Michel Perron, Sohanya Welikala, and Joseph Sodroski. "Species-Specific Variation in the B30.2(SPRY) Domain of TRIM5α Determines the Potency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Restriction." Journal of Virology 79, no. 5 (March 1, 2005): 3139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.5.3139-3145.2005.
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ABSTRACT Retroviruses encounter dominant postentry restrictions in cells of particular species. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is blocked in the cells of Old World monkeys by TRIM5α, a tripartite motif (TRIM) protein composed of RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil, and B30.2(SPRY) domains. Rhesus monkey TRIM5α (TRIM5αrh) more potently blocks HIV-1 infection than human TRIM5α (TRIM5αhu). Here, by studying chimeric TRIM5α proteins, we demonstrate that the major determinant of anti-HIV-1 potency is the B30.2(SPRY) domain. Analysis of species-specific variation in TRIM5α has identified three variable regions (v1, v2, and v3) within the B30.2 domain. The TRIM5α proteins of Old World primates exhibit expansion, duplication, and residue variation specifically in the v1 region. Replacement of three amino acids in the N terminus of the TRIM5αhu B30.2 v1 region with the corresponding TRIM5αrh residues resulted in a TRIM5α molecule that restricted HIV-1 nearly as efficiently as wild-type TRIM5αrh. Surprisingly, a single-amino-acid change in this region of TRIM5αhu allowed potent restriction of simian immunodeficiency virus, a phenotype not observed for either wild-type TRIM5αhu or TRIM5αrh. Some of the chimeric TRIM5α proteins that are >98% identical to the human protein yet mediate a strong restriction of HIV-1 infection may have therapeutic utility. These observations implicate the v1 variable region of the B30.2(SPRY) domain in TRIM5αrh antiviral potency.
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Alkama, R., B. Decharme, H. Douville, M. Becker, A. Cazenave, J. Sheffield, A. Voldoire, S. Tyteca, and P. Le Moigne. "Global Evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP Continental Hydrological System. Part I: Comparison to GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates and In Situ River Discharges." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 583–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1211.1.
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Abstract In earth system models, the partitioning of precipitation among the variations of continental water storage, evapotranspiration, and freshwater runoff to the ocean has a major influence on the terrestrial water and energy budgets and thereby on simulated climate on a wide range of scales. The evaluation of continental hydrology is therefore a crucial task that requires offline simulations driven by realistic atmospheric forcing to avoid the systematic biases commonly found in global atmospheric models. Generally, this evaluation is done mainly by comparison with in situ river discharge data, which does not guarantee that the spatiotemporal distribution of water storage and evapotranspiration is correctly simulated. In this context, the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere–Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (ISBA-TRIP) continental hydrological system of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques is evaluated by using the additional constraint of terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations derived from three independent gravity field retrievals (datasets) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). On the one hand, the results show that, in general, ISBA-TRIP captures the seasonal and the interannual variability in both TWS and discharges. GRACE provides an additional constraint on the simulated hydrology and consolidates the former evaluation only based on river discharge observations. On the other hand, results indicate that river storage variations represent a significant contribution to GRACE measurements. While this remark highlights the need to improve the TRIP river routing model for a more useful comparison with GRACE [Decharme et al. (Part II of the present study)], it also suggests that low-resolution gravimetry products do not necessarily represent a strong additional constraint for model evaluation, especially in downstream areas of large river basins where long-term discharge data are available.
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Baumgart, Christine, Christian Weigelt, Christos G. Aneziris, and Lutz Krüger. "Mechanical properties of high-density TRIP steel honeycomb structures with varying cell profiles under different loading conditions." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818303014.
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As the mechanical properties of honeycomb structures are influenced by several parameters, detailed analysis is necessary before their potential application in transportation industry components. Previous Finite Element Model (FEM)-based numerical analysis demonstrated that variation in cell geometry affects the achievable strength level and, thus, the energy absorption capability. According to this FEM study, the Kagome geometry – an ordered sequence of hexagons and triangles – exhibits properties that are particularly promising when compared to the square-celled structures investigated to date. When the load is applied parallel to the channel axis (the out-of-plane direction), the increment of strength is comparatively low, whereas in the in-plane direction (loading orthogonal to the channel axis), the dissipated specific energy can reach almost double that of the square-celled structure. In this study, the results of static and dynamic compression tests – performed in the out-of-plane and in-plane modes – are presented to examine the influence of strain rate and loading direction on the characteristic deformation stages of squarecelled and Kagome structures. Particular attention is paid to deformation induced martensite formation in the cell wall material, indicating the TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) effect as a function of applied cell geometry, strain rate and loading direction.
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Pereloma, Elena V., Lai Chang Zhang, Klaus Dieter Liss, Ulf Garbe, Jonathan Almer, Thomas Schambron, Hossein Beladi, and Ilana B. Timokhina. "Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Retained Austenite Stability during In Situ Tensile Testing Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction of NbMoAl TRIP Steel." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.741.
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In this work we compare and contrast the stability of retained austenite during tensile testing of Nb-Mo-Al transformation-induced plasticity steel subjected to different thermomechanical processing schedules. The obtained microstructures were characterised using optical metallography, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The transformation of retained austenite to martensite under tensile loading was observed by in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction at 1ID / APS. It has been shown that the variations in the microstructure of the steel, such as volume fractions of present phases, their morphology and dimensions, play a critical role in the strain-induced transition of retained austenite to martensite.
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Lonczynski, Thomas, and Laura Cowin. "The Validation of the SIMUL-qPCR Salmonella Assay for AOAC Research Institute Performance Tested MethodsSM Certification (Certificate No. 042001)." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 104, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 1119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsab029.
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Abstract Background The Simultaneous Multiplex (SIMUL) Real-Time PCR (qPCR) Salmonella Assay is a quick, reliable method for detecting Salmonella species in environmental and food samples. The assay multiplexes several targets in one run to identify Salmonella species. For most matrixes, the assay uses buffered peptone water for enrichment purposes. However, the assay can be used in conjunction with the SIMUL-qPCR Top 7 STEC Assay for raw beef trim and raw ground beef when proprietary media (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Recovery and Enrichment Broth or EREB) has been used. This media is optimized for single-step enrichment and recovery of enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Salmonella in those matrixes. Objective This report details the method validation study to validate raw beef trim, raw ground beef, fresh raw ground poultry, ready-to-eat cooked poultry, dry pet food, pasteurized liquid eggs, peanut butter, frankfurter/sausage, poultry carcass rinse, and environmental surface sponges and swabs for stainless steel, plastic, rubber, ceramic tile, and sealed concrete. Method Matrix studies, inclusivity/exclusivity, product consistency/stability, and robustness testing were conducted to assess the method’s performance. Results Inclusivity/exclusivity testing showed the SIMUL-qPCR Salmonella Assay was able to detect Salmonella strains while excluding the non-Salmonella isolates. There were no statistically significant differences found between the candidate and reference methods in the matrix studies. Small variations in critical test parameters (enrichment time, extraction reagent volume, and extracted sample volume) didn’t adversely affect the assay’s performance, and stability testing indicated consistent results for at least one year. Conclusions The data presented demonstrate the SIMUL-qPCR Salmonella Assay is a reliable method for detecting Salmonella. Highlights The SIMUL-qPCR Salmonella Assay is validated to detect Salmonella in a variety of matrices in as little as 16 hours in Buffered Peptone Water. The assay can also be used in conjunction with the SIMUL Top 7 Assay to test for both Salmonella and the Top 7 Shiga toxin producing E. coli using a single enrichment in EREB media.
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Ligarreto M., Gustavo, Angélica Ballén P., and Doris Huertas B. "Evaluación de las características cuantitativas de 25 accesiones de maíz (lea mays L.) de la zona andina." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 2, no. 2 (June 30, 1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol2_num2_art:165.
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<p>Con el objeto de evaluar morfológicamente 25 accesiones de maíz (Zea mays L.) de la zona andina, consignadas en el Banco de Germoplasma de ICA-CORPOICA, se aplicó una metodología propuesta por el Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT ) que emplea 27 descriptores relacionados con la planta, la mazorca y el grano. El maíz se sembró en surcos de 10m de longitud, con uno a cinco surcos por parcela para cada accesión. En cada una de las parcelas se evaluaron 10 plantas en plena competencia para los caracteres varietales en estudio. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadísticas simples: desviación estándar, coeficientes de variación y correlaciones; para clasificar las accesiones se usaron análisis multivariados de variables canónicas y análisis de conglomerados (cluster). Los resultados mostraron que las primeras cinco variables canónicas explicaron el89% de la variación total; las variables con mayor contribución fueron peso de la mazorca, número de granos por 100 gramos, número de granos por hilera, altura de la planta, ancho de la lámina foliar y posición de la mazorca. Del análisis de agrupamientos, realizado mediante graficación en un plano cartesiano con base en las dos primeras variables canónicas, se pudo inferir que existe diversidad genética en las accesiones de maíz evaluadas, lo cual permitió clasificar las mismas en 7 grupos uniformes según las características morfológicas discriminantes y su lugar de origen.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Quantitative evaluation of 25 Andean maize accessions</strong></p><p>An experiment was carried out at the Tibaitatá Research Center of Corpoica located in Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia at 2600 masl. The objective was to evaluate the quantitative variation exhibited by a collection of 25 Andean maize accessions, using 27 descriptors proposed by CYMMYT, which comprise the whole plant, the ear and kern el characteristics. Ten plants by access ion were used, to evaluate the variables. Simple statistics were applied to the recorded variables, including means, standard deviation, variation coefficients and linear correlation analysis. Canonical and cluster analysis were also applied to classify the accessions. Eightynine percent of the total variation was explained by the first five canonical variables. The highest contribution to súch variation was accounted by the following variables: ear weight, l00 kernel weight, kernel number per ear row, plant height, foliage width and ear position in the plant. Cluster analysis of the first two canonical variables indicated the existence of seven groups, related to morphological variability and place of origin of the materials under evaluation.</p><p> </p>
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Baruch, Omer, and Khalil Kashkush. "Analysis of copy-number variation, insertional polymorphism, and methylation status of the tiniest class I (TRIM) and class II (MITE) transposable element families in various rice strains." Plant Cell Reports 31, no. 5 (December 20, 2011): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-011-1209-5.
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Hindell, Mark A., Bernie J. McConnell, M. A. Fedak, David J. Slip, Harry R. Burton, Peter JH Reijnders, and Clive R. McMahon. "Environmental and physiological determinants of successful foraging by naive southern elephant seal pups during their first trip to sea." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 1807–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-154.
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The ability to forage successfully during their first trip to sea is fundamental to the ultimate survival of newly weaned southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). However, there is considerable variation in the body mass and fat content of seal pups at weaning, which results in some individuals having larger energy and oxygen stores than others, which may confer advantages on them. The diving behaviour of 21 newly weaned seals was studied using satellite relayed data loggers. Seals were captured at Macquarie Island in December 1995 and 1996, approximately 4 weeks after weaning. Two groups of seals were specifically targeted: a heavy group from the top quartile of weaning masses (n = 6) and a light group from the lower quartile (n = 15). Most of the seals made dives in excess of 100 m depth and 5 min before final departure from the island. However, for the first 60-80 d, all of the seals exhibited behaviour quite distinct from the patterns reported for older conspecifics, and made relatively shallow (100 ± 39 m; mean ± SD) and short (5.7 ± 1.23 min) dives. During this time the seals spent 74.3 ± 12.6% of each day diving, and the depth of the dives did not follow any diurnal pattern. The diving behaviour of all seals changed abruptly when they started on their return to land. During this time their behaviour was more like that of adults: they made deeper (159 ± 9 m) and longer dives (9.01 ± 1.69 min) than previously, and the dives showed a strong diurnal pattern in depth. There is no obvious explanation for this change in behaviour, although its abrupt nature suggests that it is unlikely to have been due to physiological changes in the seals. The size of the seals at weaning was an important influence on diving behaviour. Heavy weaners made significantly deeper (130 ± 40 m) and longer dives (7.36 ± 0.55 min) than light weaners (88 ± 32 m and 5.04 ± 0.64 min, respectively). This indicates that smaller seals are constrained to some extent by their physiological capabilities, which perhaps requires some individuals to adopt different foraging strategies.
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Cloke, Jonathan, Sharon Matheny, Michelle Swimley, Robert Tebbs, Angelia Burrell, Jonathan Flannery, Benjamin Bastin, et al. "Validation of the Applied Biosystems RapidFinder Shiga Toxin–Producing E. coli (STEC) Detection Workflow." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 1537–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0235.
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Abstract The Applied Biosystems™ RapidFinder™ STEC Detection Workflow (Thermo Fisher Scientific) is a complete protocol for the rapid qualitative detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 and the “Big 6” non-O157 Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotypes (defined as serogroups: O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145). The RapidFinder STEC Detection Workflow makes use of either the automated preparation of PCR-ready DNA using the Applied Biosystems PrepSEQ™ Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit in conjunction with the Applied Biosystems MagMAX™ Express 96-well magnetic particle processor or the Applied Biosystems PrepSEQ Rapid Spin kit for manual preparation of PCR-ready DNA. Two separate assays comprise the RapidFinder STEC Detection Workflow, the Applied Biosystems RapidFinder STEC Screening Assay and the Applied Biosystems RapidFinder STEC Confirmation Assay. The RapidFinder STEC Screening Assay includes primers and probes to detect the presence of stx1 (Shiga toxin 1), stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), eae (intimin), and E. coli O157 gene targets. The RapidFinder STEC Confirmation Assay includes primers and probes for the “Big 6” non-O157 STEC and E. coli O157:H7. The use of these two assays in tandem allows a user to detect accurately the presence of the “Big 6” STECs and E. coli O157:H7. The performance of the RapidFinder STEC Detection Workflow was evaluated in a method comparison study, in inclusivity and exclusivity studies, and in a robustness evaluation. The assays were compared to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG) 5.09: Detection, Isolation and Identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Meat Products and Carcass and Environmental Sponges for raw ground beef (73% lean) and USDA/FSIS-MLG 5B.05: Detection, Isolation and Identification of Escherichia coli non-O157:H7 from Meat Products and Carcass and Environmental Sponges for raw beef trim. No statistically significant differences were observed between the reference method and the individual or combined kits forming the candidate assay using either of the DNA preparation kits (manual or automated extraction). For the inclusivity and exclusivity evaluation, the RapidFinder STEC Detection Workflow, comprising both RapidFinder STEC screening and confirmation kits, correctly identified all 50 target organism isolates and correctly excluded all 30 nontarget strains for both of the assays evaluated. The results of these studies demonstrate the sensitivity and selectivity of the RapidFinder STEC Detection Workflow for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 and the “Big 6” STEC serotypes in both raw ground beef and beef trim. The robustness testing demonstrated that minor variations in the method parameters did not impact the accuracy of the assay and highlighted the importance of following the correct incubation temperatures
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Ferreira, Catarina, Joana Paupério, and Paulo Célio Alves. "The usefulness of field data and hunting statistics in the assessment of wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) conservation status in Portugal." Wildlife Research 37, no. 3 (2010): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09137.
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Context. The wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a keystone species from the Iberian Peninsula that has suffered a strong decline in Spain during the past decades. Data on historical and current population trends in Portugal are virtually non-existent. Aims. To investigate changes in rabbit abundance at the national level so as to inform conservation status assessments, and to evaluate the usefulness of hunting bags as a rabbit abundance index. Methods. Field surveys based on latrine counts in linear transects were performed in two periods (1995 and 2002) to assess variation in population abundance. Hunting bags were also analysed for the same period to verify whether these data showed the same trends. General trends of rabbit abundance were estimated using TRIM software. Key results. Field data revealed that most of the sampling units across Portugal have low abundances, despite the observation of local high-density spots. A population reduction of 27% was estimated. Although some fluctuations were observed in hunting bags, global results obtained from these data suggest a slightly increasing trend in rabbit abundance. Conclusions. A discrepancy between field data and hunting statistics was observed. Because hunting bags may be influenced by sporadic management operations undertaken by hunters and the lack of systematic procedures in data collection, we believe that hunting statistics are not representative of real changes in rabbit populations. Thus, observed reduction in rabbit abundance estimated by field data, combined with the high initial morbidity due to rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) after 1988 and the potential for continuing decline in population trends because of other factors, led to an inference of a reduction of >30% in rabbit abundance in Portugal during the past decade. Implications. Taking into account the estimated reduction, the species’ biology and socioeconomic implications, wild rabbit in Portugal was listed in 2005 in the Near Threatened category under IUCN criteria. Because of its ecological and economic importance, this classification prompted the definition of several conservation actions aimed at the recovery of the species in Portugal.
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Pedinotti, V., A. Boone, B. Decharme, J. F. Crétaux, N. Mognard, G. Panthou, F. Papa, and B. A. Tanimoun. "Evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP continental hydrologic system over the Niger basin using in situ and satellite derived datasets." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 26, 2012): 1745–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1745-2012.
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Abstract. During the 1970s and 1980s, West Africa has faced extreme climate variations with extended drought conditions. Of particular importance is the Niger basin, since it traverses a large part of the Sahel and is thus a critical source of water for an ever-increasing local population in this semi arid region. However, the understanding of the hydrological processes over this basin is currently limited by the lack of spatially distributed surface water and discharge measurements. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of the ISBA-TRIP continental hydrologic system to represent key processes related to the hydrological cycle of the Niger basin. ISBA-TRIP is currently used within a coupled global climate model, so that the scheme must represent the first order processes which are critical for representing the water cycle while retaining a limited number of parameters and a simple representation of the physics. To this end, the scheme uses first-order approximations to account explicitly for the surface river routing, the floodplain dynamics, and the water storage using a deep aquifer reservoir. In the current study, simulations are done at a 0.5 by 0.5° spatial resolution over the 2002–2007 period (in order to take advantage of the recent satellite record and data from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses project, AMMA). Four configurations of the model are compared to evaluate the separate impacts of the flooding scheme and the aquifer on the water cycle. Moreover, the model is forced by two different rainfall datasets to consider the sensitivity of the model to rainfall input uncertainties. The model is evaluated using in situ discharge measurements as well as satellite derived flood extent, total continental water storage changes and river height changes. The basic analysis of in situ discharges confirms the impact of the inner delta area, known as a significant flooded area, on the discharge, characterized by a strong reduction of the streamflow after the delta compared to the streamflow before the delta. In the simulations, the flooding scheme leads to a non-negligible increase of evaporation over large flooded areas, which decreases the Niger river flow by 15% to 50% in the locations situated after the inner delta as a function of the input rainfall dataset used as forcing. This improves the simulation of the river discharge downstream of the delta, confirming the need for coupling the land surface scheme with the flood model. The deep aquifer reservoir improves Niger low flows and the recession law during the dry season. The comparison with 3 satellite products from the Gravity Recovery and Climated Experiment (GRACE) shows a non negligible contribution of the deeper soil layers to the total storage (34% for groundwater and aquifer). The simulations also show a non negligible sensitivity of the simulations to rain uncertainties especially concerning the discharge. Finally, sensitivity tests show that a good parameterization of routing is required to optimize simulation errors. Indeed, the modification of certain key parameters which can be observed from space (notably river height and flooded zones height changes and extent) has an impact on the model dynamics, thus it is suggested that improving the model input parameters using future developments in remote sensing technologies such as the joint CNES-NASA satellite project SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography), which will provide water heights and extentat land surface with an unprecedented 50–100 m resolution and precision.
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Frost, Hannah R., Mark R. Davies, Valérie Delforge, Dalila Lakhloufi, Martina Sanderson-Smith, Velusamy Srinivasan, Andrew C. Steer, et al. "Analysis of Global Collection of Group A Streptococcus Genomes Reveals that the Majority Encode a Trio of M and M-Like Proteins." mSphere 5, no. 1 (January 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00806-19.
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ABSTRACT The core Mga (multiple gene activator) regulon of group A Streptococcus (GAS) contains genes encoding proteins involved in adhesion and immune evasion. While all GAS genomes contain genes for Mga and C5a peptidase, the intervening genes encoding M and M-like proteins vary between strains. The genetic make-up of the Mga regulon of GAS was characterized by utilizing a collection of 1,688 GAS genomes that are representative of the global GAS population. Sequence variations were examined with multiple alignments, and the expression of all core Mga regulon genes was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in a representative strain collection. In 85.2% of the sampled genomes, the Mga locus contained genes encoding Mga, Mrp, M, Enn, and C5a peptidase proteins. These isolates account for 53% of global infections. Only 9.1% of genomes did not contain either an mrp or an enn gene. The pairwise identity within Enn (68.6%) and Mrp (83.2%) protein sequences was higher than within M proteins (44.7%). Gene expression varied between strains tested, but high expression was recorded for all genes in at least one strain. Previous nomenclature issues were clarified with molecular gene definitions. Our findings support a shift in focus in the GAS research field to further consider the role of Mrp and Enn in virulence and vaccine development. IMPORTANCE While the GAS M protein has been the leading vaccine target for decades, the bacteria encode many other virulence factors of interest for vaccine development. In this work, we show that emm-like genes are encoded in a remarkable majority of GAS genomes and expressed at a level similar to that for the emm gene. In collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, we developed molecular definitions of the different emm and emm-like gene families. This clarification should abrogate mistyping of strains, especially in the area of whole-genome typing. We have also updated the emm-typing collection by removing emm-like gene sequences and provided in-depth analysis of Mrp and Enn protein sequence structure and diversity.
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J., Ashok Raj, Anirudhan Pottirayil, and Satish V. Kailas. "Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Pin Against SS316L Disk at Constant Contact Pressure." Journal of Tribology 139, no. 2 (August 11, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4033363.
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Ti-6Al-4V pins were slid against SS316L disks in pin-on-disk arrangement using pins of different diameters; with the contact pressure maintained the same for all experiments under ambient and vacuum conditions. Characterization of the tribological samples was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The tribological behavior was found to be governed by strain rate response (SRR), tribo-oxidation (TO), formation of a mechanically mixed layer (MML), and frictional heating which can affect each of the above factors. For a particular set of experiments (ambient/vacuum), variation of wear-rate with respect to sliding speed were found to follow the heat flux in each set. Propensity of this material to undergo softening due to frictional heating and strain rate effects is reflected in the tribological response.
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Coll Macià, Moisès, Laurits Skov, Benjamin Marco Peter, and Mikkel Heide Schierup. "Different historical generation intervals in human populations inferred from Neanderthal fragment lengths and mutation signatures." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (September 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25524-4.
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AbstractAfter the main Out-of-Africa event, humans interbred with Neanderthals leaving 1–2% of Neanderthal DNA scattered in small fragments in all non-African genomes today. Here we investigate what can be learned about human demographic processes from the size distribution of these fragments. We observe differences in fragment length across Eurasia with 12% longer fragments in East Asians than West Eurasians. Comparisons between extant populations with ancient samples show that these differences are caused by different rates of decay in length by recombination since the Neanderthal admixture. In concordance, we observe a strong correlation between the average fragment length and the mutation accumulation, similar to what is expected by changing the ages at reproduction as estimated from trio studies. Altogether, our results suggest differences in the generation interval across Eurasia, by up 10–20%, over the past 40,000 years. We use sex-specific mutation signatures to infer whether these changes were driven by shifts in either male or female age at reproduction, or both. We also find that previously reported variation in the mutational spectrum may be largely explained by changes to the generation interval. We conclude that Neanderthal fragment lengths provide unique insight into differences among human populations over recent history.
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Di Girolamo, Giovanni, Marcello Massaro, Emanuela Piscopiello, Emanuela Pesce, Ciro Esposito, Leander Tapfer, and Marco Vittori Antisari. "Strain Sensitivity in Ion-implanted Polymers." MRS Proceedings 1134 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1134-bb08-13.
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AbstractIon implantation process was used to fabricate ultra-thin conducting films in inert polymers and to tailor the surface electrical properties for strain gauge applications. To this aim, polycarbonate substrates were irradiated at room temperature with low energy Cu+ ions of 60 keV at 1 μA/cm2 and with doses ranging from 1×1016 to 1×1017 ions/cm2. XRD and TEM measurements on the nanocomposite surfaces demonstrated the spontaneous precipitation of Cu nanocrystals at 1×1016 ions/cm2 fluence. These nanocrystals were located at about 50 nm - 80 nm below the polymer surface in accordance with TRIM calculations. Optical absorption spectra exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 2 eV, in accordance with the formation of Cu nanoparticles. For doses of 5×1016 ions/cm2 the formation of a continuous nanocrystalline Cu subsurface film occurred and a well pronounced SPR peak was observed. Otherwise, for higher doses (1×1017 ions/cm2) a damaged and structurally disordered film was obtained and the SPR peak was smeared out. Electrical conductivity measurements clearly indicated a reduced electrical resistance for the samples implanted with a doses up to 5×1016 ions/cm2, whereas higher doses (1×1017 ions/cm2) resulted detrimental for the electrical properties, probably due to the radiation induced damage. The dependence of electrical resistance from surface load was evaluated during compression tests up to 3 MPa. A significant linear variation of the electrical resistance with the surface load was found and could be related to the changes in the spatial distribution of nanoparticles inside the copper film.
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Asadi-Aghbolaghi, Masoumeh, Beata Dedicova, Sonali Sachi Ranade, Kim-Cuong Le, Farzad Sharifzadeh, Mansoor Omidi, and Ulrika Egertsdotter. "Protocol development for somatic embryogenesis, SSR markers and genetic modification of Stipagrostis pennata (Trin.) De Winter." Plant Methods 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00768-9.
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Abstract Background Stipagrostis pennata (Trin.) De Winter is an important species for fixing sand in shifting and semi-fixed sandy lands, for grazing, and potentially as a source of lignocellulose fibres for pulp and paper industry. The seeds have low viability, which limits uses for revegetation. Somatic embryogenesis offers an alternative method for obtaining large numbers of plants from limited seed sources. Results A protocol for plant regeneration from somatic embryos of S. pennata was developed. Somatic embryogenesis was induced on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3 mg·L–1 2,4-D subsequently shoots were induced on MS medium and supplemented with 5 mg·L–1 zeatin riboside. The highest shoots induction was obtained when embryogenic callus derived from mature embryos (96%) in combination with MS filter-sterilized medium was used from Khuzestan location. The genetic stability of regenerated plants was analysed using ten simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers from S. pennata which showed no somaclonal variation in regenerated plants from somatic embryos of S. pennata. The regenerated plants of S. pennata showed genetic stability without any somaclonal variation for the four pairs of primers that gave the expected amplicon sizes. This data seems very reliable as three of the PCR products belonged to the coding region of the genome. Furthermore, stable expression of GUS was obtained after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using a super binary vector carried by a bacterial strain LBA4404. Conclusion To our knowledge, the current work is the first attempt to develop an in vitro protocol for somatic embryogenesis including the SSR marker analyses of regenerated plants, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of S. pennata that can be used for its large-scale production for commercial purposes.
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Boshra, Islam K., Guo Lin, and Ahmed Elbeih. "Influence of different crosslinking mixtures on the mechanical properties of composite solid rocket propellants based on HTPB." High Performance Polymers, July 16, 2020, 095400832094035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008320940359.
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The crosslinking agent is a vital key which affects the mechanical properties of composite solid rocket propellants (CSRPs). Under this scheme, the effect of crosslinking mixtures (CMs) based on trimethylolpropane (TMP) as a triol crosslinker and butanediol (BD) as a chain extender on CSRPs based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene was investigated. A series of 27 propellant compositions was formulated to study the mechanical properties of the prepared CSRPs. The effect of changing the weight ratio of TMP to BD in the CM was studied. In addition, the influence of increasing the percentage of CM (from 0% to 0.5%) in the prepared samples was investigated. Also, the effect of the CM on CSRPs containing different curing ratio of NCO/OH = 0.7, 0.75, and 0.8 was studied to generate the largest possible strain-ability with high strength over different levels of curing conditions. The mechanical characteristics (tensile strength and strain) of the prepared CSRPs have been measured and plotted versus CM content, NCO/OH and TMP:BD ratio. Generally, the addition of CM leads to a remarkable enhancement in the propellant mechanical properties. Samples containing TMP:BD (2:1) provide the highest strength while samples containing TMP:BD (1:2) show the highest strain over all the NCO/OH ratios. Formulations with TMP:BD (1:1) give high strength with moderate strain. Variation in CM content has a remarkable influence on the mechanical properties of CSRPs. A wide range of tensile strength and strain were obtained from this study to offer variety of results suitable for different applications in the CSRPs technology.