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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Variety of goods

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Academic literature on the topic 'Variety of goods'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Variety of goods"

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Kahn, Barbara E. "Consumer variety-seeking among goods and services." Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2, no. 3 (July 1995): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-6989(95)00038-0.

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Klapper, Daniel, and Toker Doganoglu. "Product Variety and Competitive Pricing in Consumer Goods Markets." Marketing ZFP 28, JRM 1 (2006): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2006-jrm-1-5.

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Adomavicius, Gediminas, Jesse Bockstedt, and Shawn P. Curley. "Bundling Effects on Variety Seeking for Digital Information Goods." Journal of Management Information Systems 31, no. 4 (January 2015): 182–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2014.1001266.

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Casado-Izaga, F. Javier, and Ana I. Saracho. "Choice of Product Variety for the Durable-goods Monopolist." Journal of Economics 76, no. 1 (May 2002): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s712-002-8219-3.

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Bockstedt, Jesse C., and Kim Huat Goh. "Customized Bundling and Consumption Variety of Digital Information Goods." Journal of Management Information Systems 31, no. 2 (October 2014): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222310205.

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Cole, Matthew T., and Ronald B. Davies. "Royale with Cheese: Globalization, Tourism, and the Variety of Goods." Review of Development Economics 18, no. 2 (April 2, 2014): 386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12091.

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Hummels, David, and Peter J. Klenow. "The Variety and Quality of a Nation's Exports." American Economic Review 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 704–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201396.

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Large economies export more in absolute terms than do small economies. We use data on shipments by 126 exporting countries to 59 importing countries in 5,000 product categories to answer the question: How? Do big economies export larger quantities of each good (the intensive margin), a wider set of goods (the extensive margin), or higher-quality goods? We find that the extensive margin accounts for around 60 percent of the greater exports of larger economies. Within categories, richer countries export higher quantities at modestly higher prices. We compare these findings to some workhorse trade models. Models with Armington national product differentiation have no extensive margin, and incorrectly predict lower prices for the exports of larger economies. Models with Krugman firm-level product differentiation do feature a prominent extensive margin, but overpredict the rate at which variety responds to exporter size. Models with quality differentiation, meanwhile, can match the price facts. Finally, models with fixed costs of exporting to a given market might explain the tendency of larger economies to export a given product to more countries.

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Bing Hu, Fangzhou Li, and Meiyang Yuan. "Productivity Level, Export Variety of Differentiated Goods and Number of Export Destination Countries." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 5, no. 12 (July 31, 2013): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/aiss.vol5.issue12.15.

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Fatur, Peter, and Klemen Kavcic. "Influence of value chain redesign to variety/cost balance in consumer goods industry." International Journal of Business and Systems Research 6, no. 2 (2012): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbsr.2012.046351.

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Feenstra, Robert C., Mingzhi Xu, and Alexis Antoniades. "What is the Price of Tea in China? Goods Prices and Availability in Chinese Cities." Economic Journal 130, no. 632 (November 2020): 2438–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa066.

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Abstract We examine the price and variety of a sample of consumer goods at the barcode level in cities within China. Unlike the position in the United States, in China the prices of goods tend to be lower in larger cities. We explain that difference between the countries by the more uneven spatial distribution of manufacturers’ sales and retailers in China, and we confirm the pro-competitive effect of city size on reducing markups there. In both countries, there is a greater variety of goods in larger cities, but that effect is more pronounced in China. Combining the lower prices and greater variety, the price indexes in China for the goods we study fall with city size by around seven times more than in the United States.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Variety of goods"

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Rossetti, Joseph Anthony. "Product Variety in the U.S. Yogurt Industry." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu152407869932886.

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Barroso, João Barata Ribeiro Blanco. "Essays on international prices and the subjacent market structure." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/6898.

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The thesis uses international price data to identify parameters of trade models with imperfect competition, therefore allowing inference on exchange rate behavior, gains from trade and variety of domestic goods. First, we investigate Brazilian exporters pricing behavior over the long-run following destination specific exchange rate shocks. We find evidence of incomplete exchange-rate pass-through in the long-run, which supports the market structure explanations over short-run sticky-price explanations. Second, we calculate import price indexes and the implied welfare gains from new varieties of imported goods, based on disaggregated estimates of elasticity of substitution parameters. Finally, we qualify standard results in the literature that point to a reduction in domestic varieties after trade liberalization; domestic varieties may expand if we introduce an additional margin in firms‟ technology, such as intermediate goods or high skilled labor.
Esta tese utiliza a informação contida em preços internacionais para identificar parâmetros de modelos de comércio sob competição imperfeita, desta forma permitindo inferência sobre o comportamento das exportações, sobre os ganhos de troca da abertura comercial e sobre a variedade de bens produzidos domesticamente. Em primeiro lugar, investigamos o repasse cambial, no longo prazo, para os preços praticados por exportadores brasileiros. O foco no longo prazo permite controlar os efeitos da rigidez de preço no curto prazo, de maneira que o repasse incompleto evidencie competição imperfeita com preços flexíveis. Em segundo lugar, calculamos os ganhos de troca de novas variedades de bens importados baseando-nos em estimativas para as elasticidades de substituição desagregadas. Finalmente, qualificamos a ênfase da literatura de comércio em ganhos de eficiência no lugar de ganhos de variedade, demonstrando que a variedade de bens produzidos domesticamente se amplia após aberturas comerciais desde que as firmas tenham uma margem de decisão em bens intermediários ou na qualificação da mão de obra.

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Johnson, Heather. "Irreducible components of the restricted nilpotent commuting variety of G2, F4 and E6 in good characteristic." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/76230/.

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Let N1 denote the restricted nullcone of the Lie algebra g of a simple algebraic group in characteristic p>0, i.e. the set of x∈g such that x|p| = 0. For representatives e1,...,en of the nilpotent orbits of g we find the irreducible components of gei∩N1 for g = G2 and F4 in good characteristic p. We do the same for g = E6 with the exception of three nilpotent orbits. We use this information to determine the irreducible components of the restricted nilpotent commuting variety C1nil(g)= {(x,y) ∈ N1×N1 : [x,y] = 0} for g = G2 and F4. We do the same for g = E6 with the exception of when p=7 where we describe C1nil(g) as the union of an irreducible set of dimension 78 and one of dimension 76 which may or may not be an irreducible component.

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Klaar, Sandra, and Malin Klasson. "Se om din hund har varit en Good Boy med hjälp av glanceable feedback : En designforskning för att implementera glanceable feedback I aktivitetsenheter för hundar." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Avdelningen för design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-22076.

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Syftet med denna undersökning är att undersöka hur glanceable feedback kan implementeras i aktivitetsenheter för hundar för att skapa en bättre användarupplevelse och minska den teknologiska störningen i kommunikationen mellan människa och hund. Tidigare studier visar att utvecklingen hos aktivitetsenheter för hundar är långt ifrån lika framgångsrik jämfört med den för aktivitetsenheter för människor (Ramokapane, van der Linden & Zamansky, 2019; Väätäjä et al. 2018; Zamansky; et al. 2019). Väätäjä, et al. (2018) har påpekat vikten av att teknologin bakom aktivitetsenheten, så som mobiltelefoner, inte ska komma mellan hundägaren och hunden. Den får inte agera som ett störningsmoment som distanserar kommunikation eller interaktion mellan hund och människa (Väätäjä et al. 2018). Detta är idag oundvikligt i dagens aktivitetsenheter för hundar då användaren är helt beroende av mobiltelefonens tillhörande applikation (Väätäjä et al. 2018). Genom frågeställningen (Hur kan glanceable feedback appliceras i aktivitetsenhet för hundar för att ge hundägaren direkt information om hundens aktivitet?) undersöks hur glanceable feedback kan appliceras i aktivitetsenheter för hundar och undvika att kommunikation mellan hund och ägare störs med tekniken. Resultatet är aktivitetsenheten Good Boy. Enheten är försedd med en display och ett mekaniskt hjul som byter mellan de olika kategorierna distans/steg, puls/kroppstemperatur, info/kontaktuppgifter och led/lampa.
The purpose of this study is to investigate how glanceable feedback can be implemented in activity units for dogs to create a better user experience and reduce the technological disruption in human-dog communication. Previous studies show that the development of activity units for dogs is far from as successful as activity units for humans (Ramokapane, van der Linden & Zamansky, 2019; Väätäjä et al. 2018; Zamansky et al. 2019). Väätäjä, et al. (2018) have pointed out the importance of the technology behind the activity, such as the mobile phone, unit not coming between the dog owner and the dog. It must not act as a disturbance that distances communication or interaction between dog and human (Väätäjä et al. 2018). This is inevitable in today's activity units for dogs as the user is completely dependent on the mobile phone's associated application (Väätäjä et al. 2018). The question (How can glanceable feedback be applied in an activity unit for dogs to give the dog owner direct information on the dog's activity?) Investigates how glanceable feedback can be applied in activity units for dogs and avoid that communication between dog and owner is disturbed by technology. The result is the Good Boy activity unit. The unit is equipped with a display and a mechanical wheel that switches between the different categories distance / step, pulse / body temperature, info /contact information and LED/lamp.

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Silva, Sónia Sofia Mendes. "Perceções de comportamentos (Des)adequados e relacionamento com pares na escola: um estudo com alunos de 9º ano." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18734.

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Os comportamentos e as relações entre pares na escola são importantes para o desenvolvimento social e pessoal dos jovens. A influência exercida pelos pares pode ser positiva ou negativa. Esta investigação visa conhecer as perceções que os jovens têm sobre os comportamentos e relacionamentos adequados/desadequados entre pares. Participaram no estudo 16 estudantes do 9ºano, do sexo masculino, identificados como tendo bom/mau comportamento. A recolha dos dados foi realizada através de questionário constituído por questões abertas. Os dados foram tratados qualitativa e quantitativamente. Os bons e maus comportamentos são conceptualizados por relação com atitudes individuais e relacionais. A perceção dos professores sobre o comportamento dos jovens é diferente da perceção que estes têm do seu próprio comportamento. Os alunos consideram maioritariamente não serem influenciados pelos pares, nem exercerem influência sobre eles. A promoção do relacionamento entre pares é vista como passando pela realização de atividades especificas. O grupo de alunos identificado com mau comportamento apresenta menor variedade conceptual; ABSTRACT: The behaviors and relationships in peers at school are important to the social and personal development of young people. The influence exerted by peers can be positive or negative. This research aims to analyses the perception that young people have about the appropriate/inappropriate behaviors and relationships among peers. Sixteen male students of the 9thyear made part of this study, indentified with bad/good behavior. The data collection was made through questionnaires consisted of open questions. The data was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. The good and bad behaviors are conceptualized by individual and relational attitudes. The teachers’ perception of the behavior is different from the perception that the young people has of themselves. The majority of the students do not consider themselves as an influence to the peers, and not even the peers as an influence to them. The promotion of peer relationship is seen as through the realization of specific activities. The student group which was identified with bad behavior presents a lower conceptual variety.

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Yuan, Kuo-Chih, and 袁國芝. "Variety Effect of Nontradeable Goods." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32874556575865637928.

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Books on the topic "Variety of goods"

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Starr, Graeme. Variety and choice: Good schools for all Australians. Barton, A.C.T: Menzies Research Centre, 2010.

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When the shopping was good: Woolworths and the Irish main street. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2010.

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Marshall, Ken. Middlesbrough's good old days: The music hall theatres. Redcar: C. Book, 1988.

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Polo, Michele. Mercati, varietà ed informazione: Un'analisi teorica. Milano: EGEA, 1991.

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Walsh, Barbara. When the shopping was good: Woolworths and the Irish main street. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2011.

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Chipman, Jeremy. Good life San Francisco nightlife: Insider's guide to bars & clubs. San Francisco, Calif: Good Life Publications, 1998.

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Chipman, Jeremy. Good life San Francisco nightlife: Insider's guide to bars & clubs. San Francisco, Calif: Good Life Publications, 1998.

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Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasʹevich. Kn︠i︡azʹ tʹmy: Redak︠t︡sii i varianty romana "Master i Margarita". Sankt-Peterburg: Azbuka, 2011.

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On the commodity trail: The journey of a bargain store product from East to West. NewYork: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.

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Macoun, W. T. Importance of planting good seed potatoes for high yields: The quality of the seed planted is of more importance than the variety ... Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Variety of goods"

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DeAngelis, Bryan, Anne Birch, Peter Malinowski, Stephan Abel, Jeff DeQuattro, Betsy Peabody, and Paul Dinnel. "A Variety of Approaches for Incorporating Community Outreach and Education in Oyster Reef Restoration Projects: Examples from the United States." In Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves, 335–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96776-9_18.

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Heshmatisafa, Saeid, and Marko Seppänen. "API Utilization and Monetization in Finnish Industries." In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops, 23–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58858-8_3.

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Abstract Many companies have followed the trend toward exposing their business assets through open (i.e., Web) application programming interfaces (APIs). However, these firms appear to have adopted API technology largely to meet their customers’ needs and demands. The pressures on industries to develop, implement, and maintain API products and services can prevent companies from gaining a greater awareness of API development’s benefits. Firms may thus miss out on related monetary or non-monetary exploitation of their business assets. This study explored the status of the API economy and development among Finnish industries. The dataset comprised publicly available information from 226 private and public organizations representing a variety of industries, such as industrial, consumer goods, and services sectors. The current status of API readiness, types, protocols, and monetization models is presented to provide a more comprehensive overview.

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Beck, Valentin, Henning Hahn, and Robert Lepenies. "Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Poverty Measurement, Epistemic Injustices and Social Activism." In Philosophy and Poverty, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31711-9_1.

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AbstractAs we enter the 2020s, global poverty is still a grave and persistent problem. Alleviating and eradicating poverty within and across the world’s societies requires a thorough understanding of its nature and extent. Although economists still standardly measure absolute and relative poverty in monetary terms, a consensus is emerging that poverty is a socially relational problem involving deprivations in multiple dimensions, including health, standard of living, education and political participation. The anthology Dimensions of Poverty advances the interdisciplinary debate on multidimensional poverty, and features contributions from leading international experts and early career researchers (including from the Global South). This introductory chapter gives an overview of formative debates, central concepts and key findings. While monetary poverty measures are still dominant in public and academic debate, their explanatory power has been drawn into question. We discuss relevant criticisms before outlining the normative concepts that can inform both multidimensional poverty and monetary measures, including basic capabilities, basic needs and social primary goods. Next, we introduce several influential multidimensional poverty indices, including the Human Development Index and the Multidimensional Poverty Index. The anthology shows in detail how such measures can be improved, from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. It shows that there are different methods of poverty research that require further investigation, including participatory studies, (value) surveys, public consensus building, the constitutional approach, and financial diaries. Finally, we show that there is an ongoing problem of epistemic asymmetries in global poverty research, and discuss responsibility for addressing poverty, including the responsibilities of academics. The remainder of the chapter is dedicated to a more detailed preview of the volume’s 20 contributions, which are assembled along the following five themes: (I) poverty as a social relation; (II) epistemic injustices in poverty research; (III) the social context of poverty; (IV) measuring multidimensional poverty; and (V) country cases.

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Cramer, Christopher, John Sender, and Arkebe Oqubay. "High-Yielding Variety Policies in Africa." In African Economic Development, 241–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832331.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 highlights policy priorities capable of generating large productivity improvements, balance of payments improvements, and big increases in employment, especially for rural women. Growth, structural transformation, and welfare improvements in African economies require a sustained high investment rate, led by public sector spending to maximize crowding in of private investment; they require state support for the development of ‘national champion’ firms (and farms); they cannot be sustained without a massive export drive; investment needs to be encouraged in specific kinds of labour-intensive economic activities. This ‘possibilist’ strategy depends developing capabilities for monitoring performance and disciplining recipients of state resources; among the relevant targets for firms are measures to encourage the effective organization and voice of the workers they employ. The strategy also has to include policies to expand the non-inflationary supply of basic wage goods, including intervention to manage grain prices.

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Diamond, Arthur M. "The Benefits: Process Innovations." In Openness to Creative Destruction, 63–74. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190263669.003.0005.

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Process innovations mainly benefit consumers by reducing prices of services and of new and old goods, which benefits aspiring ordinary citizens more than the privileged rich. The interchangeable parts of the American system of manufacturing (famously demonstrated at Britain’s Crystal Palace in Victorian England) reduced the costs of many goods, bringing them within the reach of the working class. Process innovations are often financed by rich venturesome consumers who buy expensive early versions of new goods. Besides lowering costs, process innovations also increase the variety, convenience, and quality of goods. Important process innovations include Fritz Haber’s inventing a way to create fertilizer from air; Henry Ford’s adaptation of the assembly line to reduce the costs of manufacturing cars; Sam Walton’s logistical, information technology and managerial innovations to reduce the costs of retailing; and Jeff Bezos’s Internet process innovations to increase the variety, convenience, and speed of delivery of retail goods.

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Yerznkyan, B. H., and K. A. Fontana. "Goods Specificity and Their Safeguards." In Theory and Practice of Institutional Reforms in Russia: Collection of Scientific Works. Issue 49, 6–21. CEMI Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33276/978-5-8211-0785-5-6-21.

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The article emphasizes that there is currently in general a consensus on the fact that there is a wide variety of goods, but there is no consensus on the choice of the only acceptable approach to their classification for all. Among the approaches, we can note those based on a dichotomy (either private or public goods) and a continuum (there are no clear boundaries between private and public goods and all their intermediate variants). The article focuses on the first approach in order to make the visual representation of goods more simplified and intuitive. With this in mind, theoretical approaches to the classification of goods with an emphasis on public interest in some of them, which causes the need for guardianship (patronization) over them, are studied. The starting point is a simple contractual scheme of Williamson, adapted to solve the problem of specificity, however not of assets, but of goods, meaning primarily private and public goods. The traditional expression of this problem is the «freerider» problem, when the need for a public good is not supported by the desire to pay for it. Public goods, whether merit (positive externalities, for example) or demerit (negative externalities), need protective mechanisms, such as patronization – from the state and/or society. Some features of patronized goods and safeguards, or mechanisms for their protection are discussed. It is particularly emphasized that public goods and goods that are likened to them in some sense exist in a certain dynamic institutional environment, the quality of which largely depends on the adequate choice of institutions that can reinforce each other or weaken them if they are not adequately chosen. The mentioned goods are analyzed on the example of water resources, whose specificity, in particular, is manifested in the fact that decision-makers and local authorities can use automatic irrigation systems to produce social (collective, locally public) goods, for example, urban green landscape. In this sense, such systems, being private goods, can act as factors of production of social goods.

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Brighouse, Harry, and Adam Swift. "Introduction." In Family Values. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691126913.003.0008.

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The family poses two challenges to any theory of social justice. The egalitarian challenge focuses on the distribution of goods and opportunities between children born into different families. We can conceive those goods in a variety of ways. Economists tend to focus on expected income over the life-course; sociologists investigate chances of social mobility; philosophers typically think in more abstract terms such as resources or opportunities for well-being. But however we frame or measure the inequality, it is clear that children born into different families face unequal prospects....

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Kramer, Randall A., and Narendra Sharma. "Tropical Forest Biodiversity Protection: Who Pays and Why." In Last Stand. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095548.003.0012.

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People value biodiversity found in tropical rain forests for a variety of utilitarian, aesthetic, moral, ecological, and socioeconomic reasons (Botkin and Talbot, 1992). For instance, traditional medicines derived from plant and animal species found in the tropics provide health services to rural and urban populations; about 25 percent of the pharmaceutical products produced in the United States are associated with plants (WRI et al., 1992). Genetic materials extracted from plant and animal species have contributed to the development of commercial agricultural products (e.g., new varieties of wheat, maize, and rice) that are more resistant to pests and diseases. And nature tourism, often associated with protected wildlife habitats, has become an important source of income, generating about $ 12 billion annually in worldwide earnings (Lindberg, 1991). There are important socioeconomic and political considerations in the valuation of biological resources and the protection of biodiversity. First, the benefits that result from biodiversity have spatial and temporal dimensions. The ecological services linked with biodiversity, such as clean air and water, and the use of genetic material and ingredients extracted from plants, animals, and microorganisms, occur at different places and at different times, often beyond the “economic time scale” of individuals. Second, biodiversity has characteristics of a public good locally arid nationally and may be considered a “global environmental good” in an international context. The benefits of public goods flow to all people regardless of whether they have paid for the good, which means that public goods suffer from the problem of “free riders.” In a national context, economists have long focused attention on the difficulty of financing public goods and have generally concluded that such goods will be underprovided by markets. In the international context, the provision and financing of public goods is even more problematic. These characteristics make management of biodiversity institutionally complex and create problems in defining property rights. Third, conservation of biodiversity can create significant nonuse values. By its very existence, biodiversity can generate economic value without requiring actual use and can provide value by leaving open the option of future use.

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Davis, Ralph. "The Nearby and Northern European Trades." In The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 195–218. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497384.003.0010.

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This chapter provides a thorough exploration of trade between Britain and Northern Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It studies the bulk rates of goods imported and exported; the way trade operations differed depending on the goods involved; and the variety in shipping across regional ports. It documents how the coal, wine, timber, and corn trades operated in Northern Europe and Britain. It compares British shipping with neighbouring French, Dutch, and Baltic shipping. It concludes by stating that Baltic products were of increasing demand during the period, and that Anglo-Baltic trade grew at the expense of Dutch-Baltic trade, which damaged Anglo-Dutch relations.

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Wolf, Susan. "Good-for-Nothings." In The Variety of Values, 67–86. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332803.003.0006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Variety of goods"

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Jing, Xi. "Expanding Variety of Products vs Intermediate Goods." In 2012 International Conference on Business Computing and Global Informatization (BCGIN). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bcgin.2012.225.

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Wen, Hao, Haifeng Yan, and Yalan Zhang. "Multimodal Transport Path Optimization Modeling of a Single Variety of Goods." In Fifth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479384.037.

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Johnson, Michael D., William J. Sawaya, and Malini Natarajarathinam. "A Methodology for the Comprehensive Assessment of International Procurement Costs." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70462.

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As the economy becomes more globalized and competitive, firms are manufacturing goods in a wider variety of locations. This may be to reduce costs by moving to a low cost country or to place production closer to potential customers. What is often lacking in these decisions is a holistic assessment of the costs associated with production location decisions. Too often the assessment is focused only on a limited set of cost factors (e.g., direct manufacturing and shipping) and does not take into account the dynamic nature of some costs. To address these limitations a comprehensive cost model to assess the cost of procuring goods from alternative locations is presented. A methodology is detailed for monetizing the numerous costs associated with international procurement. An illustrative case study analyzing the procurement of goods from two locations in Mexico and one in the US is detailed. Results of the case show that the non-direct manufacturing costs associated with procurement (e.g., inventory holding costs and shipping) can be greater than direct manufacturing costs. The effects of fuel and labor cost sensitively on the alternative locations is also detailed.

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Wang, Steve Hsueh-Ming, and Teresa J. Williams. "Feasibility Analysis of Using Local Remanufactured Products: A Case Study of Industrial Starters and Alternators." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9397.

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Reported by the U.S. International Trade Commission, production of remanufactured goods had a total annual amount of approximately $43 billion and accounted for about 2% of total manufacturing annual sales from 2009–2011. The remanufacturing industry of motor vehicle parts was the third largest of the remanufacturing sectors and had a production of remanufactured goods with an annual total of approximately $6.2 billion in 2011. Reliable replacement engine parts for heavy duty equipment in Alaska are a high need. Remanufactured engine parts are one way to fulfill that need. While remanufactured industrial starters and alternators are available in Alaska they are currently remanufactured out of state and shipped to a local Anchorage, Alaska business to be sold. The purpose of this paper is to determine what the best method of obtaining industrial starters and alternators is. To that end a variety of forecasting analysis is performed using data from an Anchorage, Alaska business. The results indicate that while remanufacturing industrial starters and alternators in Anchorage, Alaska is possible, there are some problems such as core availability and employee utilization that need to be overcome in order to make it a viable option.

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Prusak, Zbigniew. "Simplified Method of Calculating Assembly Time." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dfm-34172.

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This paper presents a simplified method for functional evaluation of parts and subsequent combination and elimination of parts with redundant and unnecessary functions. The method uses a simple spreadsheet-based tool that has proven to be an effective aid during design review and brainstorming sessions. Also presented is a simple method of initial assessment of manual assembly times. The assessment is performed by taking into account basic factors influencing part recognition, handling, manual assembly workspace and putting the parts together. Usefulness of both tools has been initially tested on a wide range of assembly configurations, from a variety of simple consumer goods to aerospace components. Both tools can also be presented as checklists thus having a ready-to-use cookbook appearance, which was particularly valued by manufacturing engineers making quick on-the-floor assessments.

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Roy, Joyashree, Joyashree Roy, Satabdi Datta, Satabdi Datta, Preeti Kapuria, Preeti Kapuria, Indrila Guha, et al. "COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND CHANGING ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b431533f48a.

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The wide variety of economic activities, which prevail along the coasts, has either direct or indirect connectivity with the coastal ecosystems through its provisioning of a diverse range of goods and services. However, these systems are permanently under pressure due to natural and anthropogenic threats. This field based study documents the changing pattern of economic activities along selected coastal stretches in South Asia at Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Economic activities vary with coastal ecosystem types and service flows there from. Field study sites were identified based on multiple meetings and discussions with the policy makers in each of the countries and they continued to be the part of scientific discussions within ecology-economy framework through the project lifetime. In depth enquiry and analysis were carried out to understand perception of various economic stakeholder groups to natural and anthropogenic threats in the coastal regions and resultant vulnerability and risks. Often threats get intensified by rapid urbanization triggered by changing pattern of coastal economy due to tourism expansion and modernization of traditional activities.

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Roy, Joyashree, Joyashree Roy, Satabdi Datta, Satabdi Datta, Preeti Kapuria, Preeti Kapuria, Indrila Guha, et al. "COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND CHANGING ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9499474bf5.93776083.

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The wide variety of economic activities, which prevail along the coasts, has either direct or indirect connectivity with the coastal ecosystems through its provisioning of a diverse range of goods and services. However, these systems are permanently under pressure due to natural and anthropogenic threats. This field based study documents the changing pattern of economic activities along selected coastal stretches in South Asia at Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Economic activities vary with coastal ecosystem types and service flows there from. Field study sites were identified based on multiple meetings and discussions with the policy makers in each of the countries and they continued to be the part of scientific discussions within ecology-economy framework through the project lifetime. In depth enquiry and analysis were carried out to understand perception of various economic stakeholder groups to natural and anthropogenic threats in the coastal regions and resultant vulnerability and risks. Often threats get intensified by rapid urbanization triggered by changing pattern of coastal economy due to tourism expansion and modernization of traditional activities.

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Mullineux, Glen, Jason Matthews, and Tony Medland. "Constraint-Based Design Support for the Improved Erection of Packaging." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87196.

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Within the consumer goods industry, cartons are a common way to package a variety of products. Although the primary function of the packaging is to protect the product, it is also used as an advertising tool to promote the product. This, in conjunction with environmental pressures to reduce the amount of packaging, often leads to redesigns of the shape and size of the packaging. When such new designs are required, it becomes necessary to simulate their erection to ensure that this functions correctly. In this paper a constraint-based technique is employed to model the carton and to provide such a simulation. It is also possible to model the mechanisms used to erect cartons using the same techniques and hence simulate and improve the way in which carton faces are driven and guided. The techniques are also investigated in their ability to fold origami boxes. It is discovered that the form of the constraints used may need to change during the process, when previous folding operations limit subsequent possible motions.

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AMIROV, Marat, Igor SERZHANOV, Farid SHAYKHUTDINOV, and Nicolay SEMUSHKIN. "MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ARABLE FARMING IN THE FOREST-STEPPE BELT OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.254.

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The article presents results of studies of influence of controlled and environmental factors on production process of different varieties of spring wheat carried out in different soil and climatic conditions of Middle Volga region. The forest-steppe area of the Volga region is one of regions of Russia favorable for spring wheat growing by its natural and climatic conditions. Unbalance of nutrition elements in soil, acid soil and predominantly heavy-textured soil hamper the yield growth. Out of all factors vital for plants (light, heat, moisture and nutrition elements) under consideration, providing plants with nutrition elements and moisture are those limiting high crop yields. he objective of our studies is increasing the crop yield with the simultaneous decrease of the produced goods cost makes it necessary to calculate in advance the possible yield level depending on the influence of different factors: environmental, crop variety and etc. The aim of our studies was to develop methods of growing high yield and high quality crops of different varieties of wheat adjusted for conditions of the forest-steppe black soil in the Volga region. Methods of research using field and laboratory tests, the method of state variety tests of agricultural cultures, phenoldisulfonic acid method, finite difference method, disperse analysis method. A set of observations, records and analysis was carried out during the experiments with implementation Russian methodological guidelines and National State Standards. Statistical processing of the yield data, economic and energy estimates was carried out by the methods recommended by Russia Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Economy and Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Having carried out the analysis of natural resources and genetic potential of the wheat varieties, systems of plant nutrition optimization and influence of their predecessors, we have obtained new data about possibility of increasing the spring durum wheat arable area. We have shown the role of different forms of using nitrogenous fertilizers (on the background of phosphorus – potassium ones) in the increase of productivity and improvement of the spring wheat grain quality. An established optimal norm for Gramma variety spring spelt corn seeding has been established for the conditions of the grey forest soil in the Fore-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan and the influence of their nutrition on yield has been found.

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Hansen, Andreas, Edwin Kreuzer, and Christian Radisch. "Handling of Partially Filled Tank Containers by Means of Cranes." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24160.

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Tank containers are widely used to transport a variety of liquid goods such as food products, oil, and different kinds of fuel including liquefied natural gas. Due to the unpredictable dynamic behavior of partially filled tank containers, regulations limit the containers to be either almost full (> 80%) or almost empty (< 20%), when handled by cranes. In order to provide arguments to ease these restrictions, the system is analyzed and control methods for assisting the crane operator are proposed. We deduce a very accurate and computationally favorable mathematical description of the coupled crane and fluid dynamics. The fluid is modeled by a potential flow approach resulting in a low dimensional approximation of the liquid dynamics. Coupling the fluid dynamic model with the load system model of a container crane leads to a nonlinear formulation of the overall system. The state estimation algorithm exclusively relies on the measured rope forces as well as the known motion parameters of the trolley and the rope winches. A nonlinear state feedback controller based on sliding modes for underactuated systems provides a stabilizing control signal for the system. Experimental results for validation of the model, the observer, and the control design are included.

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Reports on the topic "Variety of goods"

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O'Connell, Martin, and Xavier Jaravel. Inflation spike and falling product variety during the Great LockdownThe COVID-19 pandemic led many countries to implement social distancing, lockdowns and travel restrictions, which have resulted in a collapse in the world economy unprecedented in peacetime. Although the real-time effects of the ‘Great Lockdown’ on employment and consumer expenditure have been widely documented, much less is known about how the crisis is impacting inflation. In this paper, we use comprehensive scanner data from the United Kingdom to measure inflation for fast-moving consumer goods during the Great Lockdown in real time. Institute for Fiscal Studies, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2020.bn0292.

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Buathong, Thananon, Anna Dimitrova, Paolo Miguel M. Vicerra, and Montakarn Chimmamee. Years of Good Life: An illustration of a new well-being indicator using data for Thailand. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.dat.1.

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While Thailand has achieved high levels of economic growth in recent decades, poverty at the local level has been increasing. Indicators of human development at the national level often mask the differences in well-being across communities. When responding to the need for sustainable development research, the heterogeneity of a population should be emphasised to ensure that no one is left behind. The Years of Good Life (YoGL) is a well-being indicator that demonstrates the similarities and differences between subpopulations in a given sociocultural context over time. The data used in this analysis were collected from Chiang Rai and Kalasin, which are provinces located in regions of Thailand with high poverty rates. Our main results indicate that the remaining years of good life (free from physical and cognitive limitations, out of poverty and satisfied with life) at age 20 among the sample population were 26 years for women and 28 years for men. The results varied depending on the indicators applied in each dimension of YoGL. Our analysis of the YoGL constituents indicated that cognitive functioning was the dimension that decreased the years of good life the most in the main specification. This study demonstrates the applicability of the YoGL methodology in investigating the wellbeing of subpopulations.

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Hodgdon, Taylor, Anthony Fuentes, Jason Olivier, Brian Quinn, and Sally Shoop. Automated terrain classification for vehicle mobility in off-road conditions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40219.

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The U.S. Army is increasingly interested in autonomous vehicle operations, including off-road autonomous ground maneuver. Unlike on-road, off-road terrain can vary drastically, especially with the effects of seasonality. As such, vehicles operating in off-road environments need to be in-formed about the changing terrain prior to departure or en route for successful maneuver to the mission end point. The purpose of this report is to assess machine learning algorithms used on various remotely sensed datasets to see which combinations are useful for identifying different terrain. The study collected data from several types of winter conditions by using both active and passive, satellite and vehicle-based sensor platforms and both supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms. To classify specific terrain types, supervised algorithms must be used in tandem with large training datasets, which are time consuming to create. However, unsupervised segmentation algorithms can be used to help label the training data. More work is required gathering training data to include a wider variety of terrain types. While classification is a good first step, more detailed information about the terrain properties will be needed for off-road autonomy.

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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.

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Gates, Allison, Michelle Gates, Shannon Sim, Sarah A. Elliott, Jennifer Pillay, and Lisa Hartling. Creating Efficiencies in the Extraction of Data From Randomized Trials: A Prospective Evaluation of a Machine Learning and Text Mining Tool. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodscreatingefficiencies.

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Background. Machine learning tools that semi-automate data extraction may create efficiencies in systematic review production. We prospectively evaluated an online machine learning and text mining tool’s ability to (a) automatically extract data elements from randomized trials, and (b) save time compared with manual extraction and verification. Methods. For 75 randomized trials published in 2017, we manually extracted and verified data for 21 unique data elements. We uploaded the randomized trials to ExaCT, an online machine learning and text mining tool, and quantified performance by evaluating the tool’s ability to identify the reporting of data elements (reported or not reported), and the relevance of the extracted sentences, fragments, and overall solutions. For each randomized trial, we measured the time to complete manual extraction and verification, and to review and amend the data extracted by ExaCT (simulating semi-automated data extraction). We summarized the relevance of the extractions for each data element using counts and proportions, and calculated the median and interquartile range (IQR) across data elements. We calculated the median (IQR) time for manual and semiautomated data extraction, and overall time savings. Results. The tool identified the reporting (reported or not reported) of data elements with median (IQR) 91 percent (75% to 99%) accuracy. Performance was perfect for four data elements: eligibility criteria, enrolment end date, control arm, and primary outcome(s). Among the top five sentences for each data element at least one sentence was relevant in a median (IQR) 88 percent (83% to 99%) of cases. Performance was perfect for four data elements: funding number, registration number, enrolment start date, and route of administration. Among a median (IQR) 90 percent (86% to 96%) of relevant sentences, pertinent fragments had been highlighted by the system; exact matches were unreliable (median (IQR) 52 percent [32% to 73%]). A median 48 percent of solutions were fully correct, but performance varied greatly across data elements (IQR 21% to 71%). Using ExaCT to assist the first reviewer resulted in a modest time savings compared with manual extraction by a single reviewer (17.9 vs. 21.6 hours total extraction time across 75 randomized trials). Conclusions. Using ExaCT to assist with data extraction resulted in modest gains in efficiency compared with manual extraction. The tool was reliable for identifying the reporting of most data elements. The tool’s ability to identify at least one relevant sentence and highlight pertinent fragments was generally good, but changes to sentence selection and/or highlighting were often required.

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