Journal articles: 'Variety of goods'

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Kahn, Barbara E. "Consumer variety-seeking among goods and services." Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2, no. 3 (July 1995): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-6989(95)00038-0.

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Klapper, Daniel, and Toker Doganoglu. "Product Variety and Competitive Pricing in Consumer Goods Markets." Marketing ZFP 28, JRM 1 (2006): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2006-jrm-1-5.

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Adomavicius, Gediminas, Jesse Bockstedt, and Shawn P. Curley. "Bundling Effects on Variety Seeking for Digital Information Goods." Journal of Management Information Systems 31, no. 4 (January 2015): 182–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2014.1001266.

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Casado-Izaga, F. Javier, and Ana I. Saracho. "Choice of Product Variety for the Durable-goods Monopolist." Journal of Economics 76, no. 1 (May 2002): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s712-002-8219-3.

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Bockstedt, Jesse C., and Kim Huat Goh. "Customized Bundling and Consumption Variety of Digital Information Goods." Journal of Management Information Systems 31, no. 2 (October 2014): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222310205.

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Cole, Matthew T., and Ronald B. Davies. "Royale with Cheese: Globalization, Tourism, and the Variety of Goods." Review of Development Economics 18, no. 2 (April 2, 2014): 386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12091.

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Hummels, David, and Peter J. Klenow. "The Variety and Quality of a Nation's Exports." American Economic Review 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 704–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201396.

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Large economies export more in absolute terms than do small economies. We use data on shipments by 126 exporting countries to 59 importing countries in 5,000 product categories to answer the question: How? Do big economies export larger quantities of each good (the intensive margin), a wider set of goods (the extensive margin), or higher-quality goods? We find that the extensive margin accounts for around 60 percent of the greater exports of larger economies. Within categories, richer countries export higher quantities at modestly higher prices. We compare these findings to some workhorse trade models. Models with Armington national product differentiation have no extensive margin, and incorrectly predict lower prices for the exports of larger economies. Models with Krugman firm-level product differentiation do feature a prominent extensive margin, but overpredict the rate at which variety responds to exporter size. Models with quality differentiation, meanwhile, can match the price facts. Finally, models with fixed costs of exporting to a given market might explain the tendency of larger economies to export a given product to more countries.

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Bing Hu, Fangzhou Li, and Meiyang Yuan. "Productivity Level, Export Variety of Differentiated Goods and Number of Export Destination Countries." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 5, no. 12 (July 31, 2013): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/aiss.vol5.issue12.15.

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Fatur, Peter, and Klemen Kavcic. "Influence of value chain redesign to variety/cost balance in consumer goods industry." International Journal of Business and Systems Research 6, no. 2 (2012): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbsr.2012.046351.

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Feenstra, Robert C., Mingzhi Xu, and Alexis Antoniades. "What is the Price of Tea in China? Goods Prices and Availability in Chinese Cities." Economic Journal 130, no. 632 (November 2020): 2438–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa066.

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Abstract We examine the price and variety of a sample of consumer goods at the barcode level in cities within China. Unlike the position in the United States, in China the prices of goods tend to be lower in larger cities. We explain that difference between the countries by the more uneven spatial distribution of manufacturers’ sales and retailers in China, and we confirm the pro-competitive effect of city size on reducing markups there. In both countries, there is a greater variety of goods in larger cities, but that effect is more pronounced in China. Combining the lower prices and greater variety, the price indexes in China for the goods we study fall with city size by around seven times more than in the United States.

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Qirjo, Dhimitri. "Love of Variety and Immigration." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 901–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0125.

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Abstract This paper develops a political-economic analysis of immigration in a host country that operates in a direct democracy regime. It shows that, in a monopolistic competitive environment with differentiated capital intensive goods, labor liberalization is more likely to come about in the societies that have more taste for variety. Moreover, in a host country with a strong preference for variety, workers and capital owners may share the same positive stance toward labor liberalization. It follows that the latter is impossible in a perfect competitive environment. Finally, in a dynamic inter-temporal setting with strategic voters, it demonstrates that the median voter is willing to accept fewer immigrants in the first period, in order to preserve her domestic political influence in the next period because of the naturalization of immigrants. In this way, the median voter maximizes her gains from immigration by accepting more immigrants in total.

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Ng, Irene, and Gerard Briscoe. "Value, Variety and Viability." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 3, no. 3 (July 2012): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2012070103.

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The authors propose that designing a manufacturer’s equipment-based service value proposition in outcome-based contracts is the design of a new business model capable of managing threats to the firm’s viability that can arise from the contextual variety of use that customers may subject the firm’s value propositions. Furthermore, manufacturers need to understand these emerging business models as the capability of managing both asset and service provision to achieve use outcomes with customers, including emotional outcomes such as customer experience. Service-Dominant logic proposes that all “goods are a distribution mechanism for service provision,” upon which they propose a value-centric approach to understanding the interactions between the asset and service provision, and suggest a viable systems approach towards reorganising the firm to achieve such a business model. Three case studies of B2B equipment-based service systems were analysed to understand customers’ co-creation activities in achieving outcomes, in which the authors found that the co-creation of complex multi-dimensional value could be delivered through the different value propositions of the firm catering to different aspects (dimensions) of the value to be co-created. The study provides a way for managers to understand the effectiveness (rather than efficiency) of firms in adopting emerging business models that design for value co-creation in what are ultimately complex socio-technical systems.

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Hu, Teh-wei, Ming Li, and Shangjin Wei. "Household Durable Goods Ownership in Tianjin, China." China Quarterly 120 (December 1989): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000018464.

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The consumption structure in China has undergone a dramatic change since the economic reform started in late 1979. Durable goods ownership, an important aspect of overall consumption, has experi enced an even greater change both in variety and quantity. Analyses of general consumption in China are found in Lardy, Van der Gaag, Hu et al. and Zhang et al.1 Quantitative analysis devoted solely to durable goods consumption in Chinese cities has rarely been undertaken.

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K, Jayanthi, and G. Rajendran. "Examining Variety Seeking Behavior–A Study With Reference to Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)." Journal of Food Products Marketing 20, no. 3 (April 21, 2014): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2012.739119.

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Andhika, Lesmana Rian. "PUBLIC GOODS BUKANKAH UNTUK RAKYAT?" Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v8i1.697.

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Public goods no longer were defined theoretically, public goods should be enjoyed by the public for free. This research article would like to give an overview of the management of public goods not only provided by the Government but the private sector also can perform its functions to produce public goods. The phenomenon occurs, the public good has been privatized, the game monopoly and cartels a threat and could increase poverty. The specific purpose of this research focuses on the management of public goods reviewed from the aspect of public policy which comes from a variety of scientific literature. The method in this research article systematic reviews technique, trying to identify all the written evidence exists regarding research themes. The results of this study revealed that the management of public goods cannot be fully enjoyed by the public for free, the practice of cheating took advantage of being a homework assignment for the government to act gives strict sanctions, reducing the privatization of public goods by the private sector.

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Li, Lin, Chang Ji Shan, and Yi Duo Bian. "Hydraulic Parts Designed for Bulky Goods Hydraulic Jacking Subsystem." Advanced Materials Research 968 (June 2014): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.968.244.

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In this paper, the major design is the jacking of bulky goods, jacking subsystem of translation system and traction cylinder in translation subsystem. The control of hydraulic system makes bulky goods reach a height, which are drawn by the traction hydraulic cylinder on anchor or sliding load car to load or unload the ship. This equipment can effectively reduce the transportation cost and it can be used to unload a variety of bulky goods.

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Santos, Victor, Mauro Sampaio, and Dario Henrique Alliprandini. "The impact of product variety on fill rate, inventory and sales performance in the consumer goods industry." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 31, no. 7 (April 22, 2020): 1481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-06-2019-0213.

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PurposeThe impact of product variety decisions on fill rate, inventory and sales performance in a consumer goods company has been examined. From a marketing perspective, it is possible to leverage sales, reach new segments and consequently increase competitiveness when there is a greater product variety on the market. However, operations and logistics professionals indicate potential impacts on the supply chain, such as production, storage and distribution complexity. The nature of the product variety-cost-sales performance relationship is not clear, and empirical evidence about whether and how operations cost and sales performance increases with variety is inconclusive.Design/methodology/approachThe multiple linear regression and the Tobit regression techniques were applied over a seven-year horizon of data from a business intelligence platform of a consumer goods company.FindingsOur results show that sales performance is negatively associated with product variety. The total effect of product variety on sales performance has been examined, including both the direct effect and the indirect effect through inventory and fill rate. Therefore, the findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of product variety on operations and sales performance.Originality/valueSeveral studies have researched the impact of product variety on fill rate, inventory and sales performance separately; however, the research of the impact and the relationship of these factors is scarce and limited.

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Klapper, Daniel. "An econometric analysis of product variety impact on competitive market conduct in consumer goods markets." OR Spectrum 27, no. 4 (August 2005): 583–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00291-005-0206-x.

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RAVN, MORTEN O., STEPHANIE SCHMITT-GROHÉ, and MARTÍN URIBE. "MACROECONOMICS OF SUBSISTENCE POINTS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 12, S1 (April 2008): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100507070095.

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This paper explores the macroeconomic consequences of preferences displaying a subsistence point. It departs from the existing related literature by assuming that subsistence points are specific to each variety of goods rather than to the composite consumption good. We show that this simple feature makes the price elasticity of demand for individual goods procyclical. As a result, markups behave countercyclically in equilibrium. This implication is in line with the available empirical evidence.

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Franco Punzo, Lionello. "Public goods as drivers of growth and development." Desenvolvimento em Debate 6, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51861/ded.dmdo.2.005.

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This paper frames a broader reconstruction of the evolution of our understanding of the dynamics of an economy through the role assigned to a variety of Pure and Non Pure Public Goods(NPPGs) as development drivers and value creators. It outlinesthe convergence of two distinct, though major theoretical traditions: the theories of growth/development, on one side, and the debate over role and efficiency of State/Vertical Integrated Firms v/s Market in the provision of goods. Coase (1932) put forward a theory of why either one prevails, as a function of a broad category of transaction costs.

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Berg, Julie, and Clifford Shearing. "Governing-through-Harm and Public Goods Policing." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 679, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218778540.

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Among scholars of law and crime and practitioners of public safety, there is a pervasive view that only the public police can or should protect the public interest. Further, the prevailing perception is that the public police predominantly governs through crime—that is, acts on harms as detrimental to the public good. We argue that governing harm through crime is not always the most effective way of producing public safety and security and that the production of public safety is not limited to public police forces. An approach of governing-through-harm that uses a variety of noncrime strategies and private security agents as participants in public safety is often more effective—and more legitimate—than the predominant governing-through-crime approach. We reflect on case studies of noncrime intervention strategies from the Global South to bolster the case for decoupling the link between the public police and public goods. A new theoretical framing needs to be pursued.

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BAZZAN, A. L. C., and V. F. ARGENTA. "EVOLVING NETWORKS PROMOTES COOPERATION IN PUBLIC GOODS GAMES." Advances in Complex Systems 15, no. 05 (July 2012): 1250027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525912500270.

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Evolution of cooperation has attracted considerable attention but so far no definitive answer exists. Probably each kind of problem has specific answers. This paper deals with evolution of cooperation in public goods games. We use random Boolean networks to formalize the non-local influence of K agents over a given agent. This formalism allows the representation of a variety of network regulation mechanisms by means of (i) different topologies and (ii) Boolean functions that do the regulation proper. However, random functions and connections do not necessarily lead to cooperation. Thus, it is necessary to find what kind of network structure is prone to promote cooperation. We employ an evolutionary approach to show that evolving the topologies and the random functions leads to much fitter structures.

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Oktarina, Rienna, Senator Nur Bahagia, Lucia Diawati, and Krishna S. Pribadi. "Identification of Minimum Standards in Emergency Goods for Earthquake Relief in Indonesia." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0545.

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Our purpose in this paper is to determine the minimum standards of emergency goods to be made available to persons adversely affected by earthquakes to implement quick, accountable emergency response activities. Our results show the minimum standards for emergency earthquake relief goods well-suited to Indonesia’s local population. Our results are expected to be used to help define the types of emergency goods required following a disastrous earthquake. Our research includes information about a variety of emergency goods determined through questionnaires distributed to the earthquake-affected persons once designated as internally displaced persons (IDPs). Those answering questionnaires were asked to rate the importance of goods based on their experience during postearthquake evacuation.

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Vaz, Anthony, and Shaheen Mansori. "Target Days versus Actual Days of Finished Goods Inventory in Fast Moving Consumer Goods." International Business Research 10, no. 6 (May 3, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n6p19.

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In a bid to maximize corporate profits, many multi-national corporations and even small medium enterprises create many products and place them on shelves at hypermarkets or supermarkets. We can observe an abundance of stock keeping units on shelves as well as observe a variety of such finished goods held by various fast moving consumer goods industries in the home appliance, beverage, canned food, clothes, soft-drinks, cordials and confectionery product ranges, just to name a few. From supplier, manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler and retailer, it appears that there is a constant flow of new products and stock keeping units held for these fast moving consumer goods. We can say that we humans are a rather wasteful species because a large proportion of products become obsolete or slow moving over time and organizations push products into the marketplace to gain competitive advantage and optimize profits. Hence, there is need to address this issue in the field of Supply Chain Management because resources on this planet are limited and we humans live in a very fragile planet. Yet, as population grows, we humans have become used to this over-abundance even though the resources within this planet are becoming more and more scarce. Consumption levels have increased with population growth and with capitalist thinking, virtually anybody can develop businesses that will create products to meet human needs. In the field of Supply Chain Management, managers set polices on when to order and how much to order and the average inventory that results from these inventory replenishment policies become targets. This paper attempts to compare target days of inventory with actual days of inventory held in warehouses for a single organization with many warehouses/ stock keeping units, in an attempt to understand further approaches that can be used to improve inventory waste within supply chains.

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Koohi-Kamali, Feridoon. "The Adult Goods Approach To Child Gender Bias: Evidence From Iran." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 27, no. 4 (June 20, 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v27i4.4654.

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<span>This paper provides non-parametric evidence, from an Iranian budget survey, of the child gender effects on adults consumption. The outcome is contrary to the commonly-held opinion that the adults goods approach is not effective in revealing the presence of such effects. The evidence of pro-boy bias obtained in this study appears almost unchanged when examined against a variety of controls.</span>

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Choi, Hyung Sun. "MONEY, CREDIT, AND LIMITED PARTICIPATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, no. 5 (June 24, 2011): 616–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000192.

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An asset market segmentation model is constructed to study the distributional effects of monetary policy when economic individuals can choose means of payment among alternatives. In equilibrium, monetary policy has two distributional effects: a direct effect and an indirect effect through the choice of means of payment. When the government injects money, some purchase a greater variety of goods with cash whereas others purchase a greater variety of goods with credit. Credit can dampen fluctuations in consumption arising from monetary policy. The optimal money growth rate can be positive or negative. The Friedman rule is not optimal in general.

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Frey, Ulrich J. "Crowdfunding – revealing preferences for environmental goods." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 30, no. 3 (April 8, 2019): 538–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-05-2018-0086.

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PurposeA major problem in environmental economics is to estimate the monetary value of non-market goods. This is especially relevant for environmental goods. To assess their non-use value, different approaches have been used measuring stated and revealed preferences. However, both methodologies are associated with criticism. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method to estimate non-use values of environmental goods, i.e., to calculate revealed preferences in crowdfunded projects.Design/methodology/approachSince millions of individuals invest in various crowdfunded projects, the willingness to pay (WTP) can be robustly derived for any kind of project. Here, data on 19 projects on three endangered species are collected from various crowdfunding platforms.FindingsWith the new method introduced to estimate the monetary value of non-market goods, the WTP could be determined for a number of projects. Across projects, the average WTP per person is $42 for dolphins, $45 for falcons and $38 for butterflies. This new approach is validated by comparing these values to a meta-analysis of contingent valuation studies reporting on average $42 for dolphins, $37 for falcons and $24 for butterflies.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this study is the small number of projects which are for demonstration only.Practical implicationsValidating this method by a comparison with a meta-analysis of contingent valuation shows that estimating WTP via crowdfunding may serve as a new instrument. Given the large number of subjects and diversity of projects in crowdfunding, a robust WTP could be derived for many topics in the future.Originality/valueA new method to estimate the monetary value of non-market goods is introduced. Estimating the WTP via crowdfunded projects makes it possible to measure revealed preferences for a large variety of environmental and other projects.

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Millard, Matt. "Challenging institutions: Getting goods or getting your own institution?" Journal of Regional Security 11, no. 2 (2016): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11643/issn.2217-995x162spm71.

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I present a discussion of the current state of liberal internationalism as it relates to international organisations. I maintain that the literature focuses too much on liberal internationalism instead of non-liberal internationalism. This is problematic because non-liberal states are increasingly becoming important players in the international system, as is the case with Russia and China. I argue that non-liberal states have a variety of approaches in their dealings with international institutions that can enable them to maximise their net gains from institutions. These are: 1) keep using the liberal institution, 2) utilise institutional ala cartism (forum shopping), 3) create an anti-liberal institution, or 4) opt out of institutions altogether. Scholars and practitioners alike should acknowledge that international institutions can be a vehicle whereby non-liberal states maximise their power and diminish the power and influence of liberal states.

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Zhang, Qi, Yuanqiao Wen, Chunhui Zhou, Hai Long, Dong Han, Fan Zhang, and Changshi Xiao. "Construction of Knowledge Graphs for Maritime Dangerous Goods." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2019): 2849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102849.

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Dangerous goods occupy an important proportion in international shipping, and government and enterprises pay a lot of attention to transport safety. There are a wide variety of dangerous goods, and the knowledge involved is extensive and complex. Organizing and managing this knowledge plays an important role in the safe transportation of dangerous goods. The knowledge graph is a mass of brand-new knowledge management technologies that provide powerful technical support for integrating domain knowledge and solving the problem of the “knowledge island.” This paper first introduces the knowledge of maritime dangerous goods (MDG); constructs a three-layer knowledge structure of MDG, dividing this knowledge into two categories; uses ontology to express the concepts, entities, and relations of MDG; and puts forward the representation methods of the conceptual layer and entity layer and designs them in detail. Finally, the knowledge graph of maritime dangerous goods (KGMDG) is constructed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the knowledge visualization, retrieval, and automatic judgment of segregation requirement based on KGMDG. It is proved that KGMDG does not only help to simplify the retrieval process of professional knowledge and to promote intelligent transportation but is also conducive to the sharing, dissemination, and utilization of MDG knowledge.

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Afdalia, Nadhira, Chalarce Totanan, and Yuldi Mile. "ANALISIS PENENTUAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI (HPP) PADA USAHA KECIL MENENGAH (UKM) NARASA ABADI PALU." SIMAK 18, no. 01 (May 31, 2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35129/simak.v18i01.113.

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Narasa Abadi Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs) is one of the developing SMEs in the city of Palu. SMEs Narasa abadi producing a variety of snack. The calculation of the Cost Of Goods Manufactured carried out by SMEs is generally still very simple. This study aims to analyze the Cost Of Goods Manufactured in Narasa Abadi because of the importance of determining the Cost Of Goods Manufactured as information for determining selling prices. Based on the results of the analysis of Narasa Abadi still calculating the Cost Of Goods Manufactured in a simple way, information on Cost Of Goods Manufactured used by the Narasa Abadi is not appropriate so that it will affect the selling price and other important decisions

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Page, Ian B. "Why Do Distilleries Produce Multiple Ages of Whisky?" Journal of Wine Economics 14, no. 01 (January 10, 2019): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2018.54.

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AbstractVintage goods are a unique set of goods that accrue value over time. Unlike producers for many other vintage goods, Scottish distilleries often mature their stocks to different ages and sell a product line that varies significantly in quality. This article develops a theoretical model to examine this maturation strategy and identify market conditions under which a distillery would produce multiple ages of whisky. An empirical analysis of distilleries’ product lines confirms results from the model and highlights the determinants of variety and substitutability between brands. (JEL Classifications: D43, L13, L66)

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Shabanov, Viktor Lennarovich. "The Life Quality of the Russian Rural and Urban Population: a Comparative Analysis of Certain Aspects." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 10 (October 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2020.10.1.

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The paper analyzes the life quality of the rural and urban population of Russia. The purpose of the study is to obtain quantitative estimates of the prox-imity of the main aspects of the life quality in the city and the countryside. The empirical base is the microdata of statistical observations of Rosstat at the end of 2018. The life quality is determined through a combination of financial capabilities and needs of the individual, as well as the state of the external environment. The financial condition of an individual characterizes the possibility of consum-ing a good, which may not be realized due to the absence or non-articulation of the corresponding need. The state of the external environment charac-terizes the physical (technical) availability of goods, their variety and quality. It is shown the availability of benefits to the rural population associated with the quality of housing and the environment that is higher than in the city. A high level of consumption of a number of expensive goods and services (TVs, mobile phones, cars) has been established, which, however, is combined with their lower quality and less variety of choices (brands). It is shown that the limited physical (technical) accessibility of modern innovative goods and services is overcome more difficult and slower, and in the foreseeable future it is impossible to expect a convergence of the life quality in cities and villages in this aspect.

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Carlos, Ann M., and Frank D. Lewis. "TRADE, CONSUMPTION, AND THE NATIVE ECONOMY: LESSONS FROM YORK FACTORY, HUDSON BAY." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1037–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701042073.

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Like Europeans and colonists, eighteenth-century Native Americans were purchasing a greatly expanded variety of goods. As fur prices rose from 1716 to 1770, there was a shift in expenditures from producer and household goods to tobacco, alcohol, and other luxuries by Indians who traded furs at the Hudson's Bay Company's York Factory post. A consumer behavior model, using company accounts, shows that Indians bought more European goods in response to higher fur prices and, perhaps more importantly, increased their effort in the fur trade. These findings contradict much that has been written about Indians as producers and consumers.

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Hampton, Jean. "Free-Rider Problems in the Production of Collective Goods." Economics and Philosophy 3, no. 2 (October 1987): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100002911.

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There has been a persistent tendency to identify what is called “the freerider problem” in the production of collective (or public) goods with the prisoner's dilemma. However, in this article I want to challenge that identification by presenting an analysis of what are in fact a variety of collective action problems in the production of collective goods. My strategy is not to consult any intuitions about what the free-rider problem is; rather I will be looking at the problematic game-theoretic structures of various situations associated with the production of different types of collective goods, thereby showing what sorts of difficulties a community concerned with their voluntary production would face. I call all of these dilemmas free-rider problems because in all of them certain individuals find it rational to take advantage of others' willingness to contribute to the good in a way that threatens its production. Some readers may feel that the term ‘free-rider problem’ is so identified with the prisoner's dilemma that my extension of the term in this way “jars”; if so, I invite them to coin another word for the larger phenomenon. My aim is not to engage in linguistic analysis but to attempt at least a partial analysis of the complicated structure of collective good production.

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Carlos, Ann M., and Frank D. Lewis. "Marketing in the Land of Hudson Bay: Indian Consumers and the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670–1770." Enterprise & Society 3, no. 2 (June 2002): 285–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700011678.

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The Hudson's Bay Company traded European goods for furs that were hunted, trapped, and brought down to the Bayside posts by Native Americans. The process of exchange was deceptively simple: furs for goods. Yet behind this simple process lies a series of decisions on the part of the company about which goods to provide, what levels of quality to provide, and what price to set. We examine the marketing strategies used by the Hudson's Bay Company and the role played by Native traders. We find that Native Americans were demanding consumers, concerned not only with the quantity of goods they received but also with their quality and variety. In a world where neither side could coerce the other, Natives' preferences were paramount.

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Bellino, Antonella, and Giuseppe Celi. "The Role of Migration in the Variety and Quality of Trade: Evidence from Germany." German Economic Review 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12083.

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AbstractWe explore the migration-trade nexus in the case of Germany over the period 2000-09, disentangling the two dimensions of intra-industry trade (vertical and horizontal). We find that immigration is positively and significantly related to intraindustry trade. However, the magnitude and statistical significance of migration’s impact on trade are considerably higher for horizontal intra-industry trade and increase with the difference in the level of development between Germany and the partner countries. This pattern is consistent with the view that information flows between migrant communities and their country of origin may be more important for consumer goods (where trade in varieties prevails) and that this information effect is more important if trading countries are very different.

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Abdulova, Svetlana Yurievna, and Olga Anatolievna Gavrilova. "Study of forming regional consumer goods basket." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-1-68-77.

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The article touches upon the problem of forming the consumer goods basket, which is an important social factor determining the living cost of the population. Analysis of the methods of calculating the consumer goods basket in the Russian Federation and in the Astrakhan region has shown that food products make up 50% of it, which is 2.5 times higher than their share in consumer goods baskets of economically developed countries. In terms of the variety of products and services, the consumer goods basket in Russia is a clear outsider: it contains 156 items against 350 - 475 items in Western Europe and the United States. It can be considered a consumer goods basket of the poor, because it only provides an opportunity to survive in conditions of austerity. The comparative analysis of food products included in the basket of the Astrakhan region and recommended by the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation revealed significant deviations from the rational consumption standards. Their observance will increase the living cost of different categories of population in the region from 4.5% to 20% and require an increase in regional budget expenditures for providing social support measures by 15%. It has been inferred that the dual role of the food basket in the economy is explained by two opposite goals: social and budgetary. The goals of social development dictate the establishment of the volume of food consumption in accordance with scientific recommendations. The goals of budget savings lead to underestimation of the basket cost due to using a limited number of cheap products and an incomplete list of goods and services for normal human life. It is necessary to review the composition of the consumer goods basket in favor of a healthier and more useful set of products, expanding the range of non-food items and the list of services. The expansion of the consumer basket can become an effective factor in the growth of consumption volumes, the growth of business income, taxes and the state budget, reach the higher living standards in accordance with the requirements of the social market economy

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Cobb, Matthew Adam. "THE RECEPTION AND CONSUMPTION OF EASTERN GOODS IN ROMAN SOCIETY." Greece and Rome 60, no. 1 (March 12, 2013): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383512000307.

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The Roman Empire received goods from eastern lands through a variety of overland routes crossing the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia, and through seaborne trade via the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In particular, the sea routes that utilized the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean enabled a significant volume of goods to be imported from the East on ships that may often have been of several hundred tons' capacity. The scale of the trade was significant enough for Pliny to claim that 100 million sesterces were being sent annually to India, China, and Arabia. The veracity of these figures has come in for some debate, especially with the publication of a document known as the Muziris Papyrus, which reveals that a shipment of nard, ivory, and textiles received at one of the Egyptian Red Sea ports in the second centuryadwas valued at the equivalent of roughly 7 million sesterces. It is nevertheless clear, particularly from the archaeological and numismatic evidence, that Roman trade with the East peaked in the first and second centuriesad,followed by subsequent decline and a limited revival in the Late Roman period.

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Menidjel, Choukri, Abderrezzak Benhabib, and Anil Bilgihan. "Examining the moderating role of personality traits in the relationship between brand trust and brand loyalty." Journal of Product & Brand Management 26, no. 6 (September 18, 2017): 631–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-05-2016-1163.

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Purpose The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate both the relationships among brand satisfaction, trust and loyalty and the moderating effects of personality traits, namely, consumer innovativeness, variety-seeking and relationship proneness, in the context of fast-moving consumer goods. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using a survey of 443 consumers. Structural equation modeling, specifically partial least squares regression, was used to test the theoretical model. Findings The findings indicate that brand loyalty is the most affected (both directly and indirectly) by satisfaction through the mediation of brand trust in both product categories studied. Moreover, variety-seeking behavior negatively moderates the relationship between brand trust and brand loyalty for fruit juices. Research limitations/implications This research was conducted in the context of fast-moving consumer goods within a limited geographical region. Future research could apply this model to different contexts and countries. Practical implications Companies that produce fast-moving consumer goods are advised to consider the important role of satisfaction in the generation of trust, which leads to brand loyalty. Originality/value This study proposes and tests a theoretical model that is more comprehensive than the models used in previous studies because it investigates the relationships among satisfaction, trust, loyalty and personality traits. It is the first attempt to examine the moderating effects of consumer innovativeness, variety-seeking and relationship proneness on the relationship between brand trust and loyalty.

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Appelqvist, Patrik, Flora Babongo, Valérie Chavez-Demoulin, Ari-Pekka Hameri, and Tapio Niemi. "Weather and supply chain performance in sport goods distribution." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 44, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-08-2015-0113.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study how variations in weather affect demand and supply chain performance in sport goods. The study includes several brands differing in supply chain structure, product variety and seasonality. Design/methodology/approach – Longitudinal data on supply chain transactions and customer weather conditions are analysed. The underlying hypothesis is that changes in weather affect demand, which in turn impacts supply chain performance. Findings – In general, an increase in temperature in winter and spring decreases order volumes in resorts, while for larger customers in urban locations order volumes increase. Further, an increase in volumes of non-seasonal products reduces delays in deliveries, but for seasonal products the effect is opposite. In all, weather affects demand, lower volumes do not generally improve supply chain performance, but larger volumes can make it worse. The analysis shows that the dependence structure between demand and delay is time varying and is affected by weather conditions. Research limitations/implications – The study concerns one country and leisure goods, which can limit its generalizability. Practical/implications – Well-managed supply chains should prepare for demand fluctuations caused by weather changes. Weekly weather forecasts could be used when planning operations for product families to improve supply chain performance. Originality/value – The study focuses on supply chain vulnerability in normal weather conditions while most of the existing research studies major events or catastrophes. The results open new opportunities for supply chain managers to reduce weather dependence and improve profitability.

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Truchon, Michel. "Un modèle de prix de type intersectoriel pour le Québec." Articles 51, no. 3 (July 15, 2009): 434–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800632ar.

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Abstract This paper presents a price model of the Input-Output variety. This model computes the changes in the production costs and the prices of goods resulting from changes in the prices of primary factors and imports and changes in indirect taxes. It assumes that all such changes are transmitted in whole and without delay to the users of goods. It is very close in spirit to the price model developed by Statistics Canada but it offers more general possibilities than the latter.

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Gui, Benedetto. "Exchanges? Encounters! a Note on Economics and Interpersonal Relations." Group Analysis 37, no. 1 (March 2004): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316404040991.

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In this paper, the author focuses on personalized interactions, or ‘encounters’, that are presented as peculiar productive processes producing – among more usual outputs such as transactions – ‘relational goods’. This theoretical framework allows us to push the economic discourse deeper into a variety of social and economic phenomena: the examples presented include work teams, company social events, migration and volunteering. Last, consideration of relational goods and assets questions both the usual meaning of efficiency and the behaviours recommended to achieve it.

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Maruszewska, Ewa Wanda, Marzena Strojek-Filus, and Zita Drábková. "Information About Cost of Goods Produced and its Usefulness for Production Engineers – A Case of SME." Management Systems in Production Engineering 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mspe-2017-0039.

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AbstractThe article stresses the consequences of simplifications implemented in the measurement process of goods produced that are of crucial importance to production engineers in SME. The authors show the variety of possibilities that might be used by financial employees together with probable outputs in terms of valuation distortions. Using the case study the authors emphasis the importance of close cooperation of production engineers with finance professionals as out-puts of finance departments consist an important input for decision-making process of production managers. Further-more, demonstrated deficiencies in terms of methods applicable in financial reporting for measurement of the value of goods produced indicate the need for incorporation more financial and non-financial data in the process of judgments about the final cost of goods produced as simplifications applied in SME distort financial information provided to production engineers.

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Jung, Yongseung, Soyoung Kim, Doo Yong Yang, and Tack Yun. "Are Asian Business Cycles Different?" Asian Economic Papers 12, no. 3 (October 2013): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00224.

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This paper studies the unusual features of emerging economy business cycles in Asia. When we assess whether approaches from the previous literature can explain Asian business cycles, we conclude that standard models based on permanent growth shocks do not replicate key features of Asian business cycles. The evidence suggests that different transmission mechanisms explain the connections between consumption, net exports, and export or import in Latin America and Asia. For evidence of a special transmission mechanism, we study durable goods business cycles in Asia (Korea), noting that strong pro-cyclical durable goods consumption may be explained by the export-income channel coupled with market laddering by which firms have expanded the variety and quality of their durable goods production.

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Tian, Tian, Yi He, and Er Hua He. "Low Cost System Design for Identification and Anti-Counterfeiting of Goods Using RFID Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 1692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.1692.

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This paper proposes a system design for identification and anti-counterfeiting of goods using RFID technology. The system consists of RFID reader, antenna and tags, since most application systems are cost sensitive, different protocols are compared and then ISO/IEC 15693 is selected as communication protocol. By tuning the value of Q and by matching the resonance for both reader and tags, the systems performance has enhanced a lot especially for the distance of read and write. To search RFID tags easily, 16 slots anticollision is adopted and gives a command design flow. For the anti-counterfeiting, EAS method is used, by setting the related memory bit, EAS function is activated and can protect goods from stealing. Such system has a variety of applications such as libraries, asset management, logistics and so on.

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SHISHKIN, ANASTASIA, MADINA SADYGOVA, MARIA BELOVA, and TATYANA KIRILLOVA. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF RESOURCE-SAVING PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BAKED GOODS WITH AMARANTH FLOUR." Journal of Engineering Studies and Research 26, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/jesr.v26i3.224.

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Amaranth is a promising raw ingredients enriching bakery products, in the work used grade “Flight” Saratov breeding. The article discusses the effect of amaranth flour and the type of liquid that goes into the dough baking on the baking properties of the semi-finished product and the quality of the finished products from wheat flour with a satisfactory quality gluten. The moisture, acidity, porosity, structural and mechanical properties, gas-forming ability, lift and fermentation activity were investigated. For the manufacture of comparable samples used wheat flour, presented on the market of Saratov. Amaranth seeds of the variety “Flight” in the amount of 7, 10, 15 and 20 %. Analysis of the effect of amaranth flour on the structural and mechanical properties of the dough showed that adding 7% or more of amaranth flour significantly reduces the spreading of the dough. The index of fermentation activity of semi-finished products with the share of amaranth flour 20%, 15%, 10% and 7% was significantly higher than the control, at the beginning of fermentation. The introduction of amaranth flour in an amount of 7 to 20 % had a significant impact on the gas-forming ability of the wheat-amaranth dough and was characterized by an intense, “explosive” beginning of fermentation and a fairly rapid decline in fermentation intensity over time, especially in a sample with a share of amaranth flour 7 %. Kneading on goat milk whey had a positive effect on the studied parameters. According to the research results, the expediency of using flour from amaranth variety Flying in the technology of bakery products made from wheat flour with a satisfactory weak gluten in quality to give them functional properties has been proved. Based on the mathematical model, the optimal parameters of the process are determined: the amount of amaranth flour in the recipe for buns is 15 %, fermentation time - 85 min, dough kneading liquid - goat milk serum.

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Weigert, Michael, and Rolf Kümmerli. "The physical boundaries of public goods cooperation between surface-attached bacterial cells." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1858 (July 12, 2017): 20170631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0631.

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Bacteria secrete a variety of compounds important for nutrient scavenging, competition mediation and infection establishment. While there is a general consensus that secreted compounds can be shared and therefore have social consequences for the bacterial collective, we know little about the physical limits of such bacterial social interactions. Here, we address this issue by studying the sharing of iron-scavenging siderophores between surface-attached microcolonies of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Using single-cell fluorescence microscopy, we show that siderophores, secreted by producers, quickly reach non-producers within a range of 100 µm, and significantly boost their fitness. Producers in turn respond to variation in sharing efficiency by adjusting their pyoverdine investment levels. These social effects wane with larger cell-to-cell distances and on hard surfaces. Thus, our findings reveal the boundaries of compound sharing, and show that sharing is particularly relevant between nearby yet physically separated bacteria on soft surfaces, matching realistic natural conditions such as those encountered in soft tissue infections.

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DOMASZK, ARKADIUSZ. "The religious vow of poverty in relation to an issue of ecclesiastical goods." Prawo Kanoniczne 57, no. 1 (March 8, 2014): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2014.57.1.04.

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Religious life is a testimony of faith and trust in God. It also proves the possibility of living and breathing spiritual values and having a healthy distance to the possession of material goods. A religious profession, which is very complex, causes consequences specified in canon law. A religious vow of poverty excludes religious’ independence in making various decisions, which could have reference to material goods. The subordination also concerns daily life of the community and the individual religious. The fundamental idea of the vow of poverty is common for professed temporarily, as well as perpetually. The distinction may result from different traditions of institutes.Religious institutes are public legal persons in the Church, therefore material goods belonging to them are according to canon law, ecclesiastical goods. In this context, there is an issue of relation between individual religious and Church property. When a particular religious holds a variety of functions and offices all the more his decisions relate to Church property. This applies mainly to religious superiors and stewards. Then, everything that a religious acquires or receives as: salary, donation, allowance or insurance, etc. is handed over to the institute, so at the same time becomes Church property. The decisions that he should or could take, and apply to assets held before the beginning of religious life, could potentially enrich the goods of the institute - only when his instructions concern waiving goods for the institute. Also it is applicable if his income from the property is donated to the order. Own religious law regulates matters of a relation between religious and material goods religious relations to material goods in detail.

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Brezovnik, Boštjan. "Topical Issues on the Legal Regulation of the Public Enterprise in Slovenia." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 2 (September 8, 2009): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/80.

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When national authorities decide what activities will be needed to provide public goods and to what extent, they must also make a decision on the modes of allocation and distribution of public goods (which are the objects of public service provision) among users. In the practice of the EU Member States, a variety of diverse public service provision systems can be found. They vary between the public sector and the market, and they include numerous and highly diverse organisational forms of public service provision. A public enterprise is one of them. In the Slovenian legal regulation, a variety of problems arise due to the deficiencies in the existing public enterprise organisation. These problems mostly result from some public enterprise status issues regulated under private law. The biggest problem of statutory regulation of the public enterprise status in Slovenia is certainly the absence of a special organisational model of the public enterprise. KEYWORDS: • public services • public enterprise • legal framework • Slovenia

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Nakamura, Daisuke. "Alternative Spatial Structure for Sustainable Rural Economy." International Regional Science Review 41, no. 1 (June 10, 2016): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017616650001.

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In developed countries with declining population growth, sustainable rural economic growth is a problematic issue that is made more difficult by severe international cost-saving competition. Well-organized spatial and economic systems may play a key role in solving this specific problem. These systems can be achieved by spatial reorganization and agglomeration economies in less congested rural areas. However, rural areas typically have lower levels of social welfare partly as a result of the limited variety of goods and services, which further reduces centripetal forces on population and economic activity. Accordingly, in rural areas, it may be important to organize a spatial structure that sustains the distribution of a variety of goods and services in insufficient economies of scale and scope by coordinating a common local central place as an interregional spatial framework. This article examines a location model for forming an intermediate hierarchical center to maintain both efficiency and equity for economic agents in rural areas.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Variety of goods'

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