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1
Quadflieg, Sven, Klaus Neuburg, and Simon Nestler, eds. (Dis)Obedience in Digital Societies. transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839457634.
Full textAbstract:
Algorithms are not to be regarded as a technical structure but as a social phenomenon - they embed themselves, currently still very subtle, into our political and social system. Algorithms shape human behavior on various levels: they influence not only the aesthetic reception of the world but also the well-being and social interaction of their users. They act and intervene in a political and social context. As algorithms influence individual behavior in these social and political situations, their power should be the subject of critical discourse - or even lead to active disobedience and to the need for appropriate tools and methods which can be used to break the algorithmic power.
2
Yurchuk, Ol'ga, Ol'ga Ul'yanina, Yuliya Tukfeeva, et al. Professional activity of a teacher-psychologist: organizational basis and work protocols: methodological recommendations. Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02123-1.
Full textAbstract:
The methodological recommendations consider a wide range of aspects concerning the organizing of psychological and pedagogical support for participants in educational relations. The list of normative legal documents regulating the activity of an educational psychologist (psychologist in the field of education) is presented. Goals and objectives, main types and directions of teacher-psychologist’s activity are given. Forms of reporting documentation based on the results of the professional activity of an educational psychologist (psychologist in the field of education) are presented. The algorithm of interaction between an educational organization and a psychological-medical-pedagogical commission, the algorithm of interdepartmental interaction in case of an emergency involving minors are described.
 The recommendations make it possible to develop unified approaches to psychological and pedagogical support for participants in educational relations and to optimize the activities of an educational psychologist (psychologist in the field of education) by enriching and standardizing methodological tools. Interaction algorithms can be used to organize joint activities of various experts in order to guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of students and other participants in educational relations.
 The publication is intended for educational psychologists, employees and heads of centers for psychological, pedagogical, medical and social assistance. It can be useful for teaching staff, researchers, and administrative and managerial staff in the field of education.
3
Kirsanov, Mihail. Flat farms. Deflections and oscillation frequencies. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2173835.
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For various schemes of flat regular statically definable farms, the handbook provides formulas for the dependence of the first natural oscillation frequency on the number of panels. An algorithm for deriving the desired analytical dependencies in the Maple computer mathematics system is given. Formulas for deflection and forces in the rods of trusses under the influence of gravity of the masses located at the nodes are given. It is intended for engineers, researchers, students and postgraduates of technical universities.
4
van Es, Karin, and Nanna Verhoeff. Situating Data. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722971.
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Taking up the challenges of the datafication of culture, as well as of the scholarship of cultural inquiry itself, this collection contributes to the critical debate about data and algorithms. How can we understand the quality and significance of current socio-technical transformations that result from datafication and algorithmization? How can we explore the changing conditions and contours for living within such new and changing frameworks? How can, or should we, think and act within, but also in response to these conditions? This collection brings together various perspectives on the datafication and algorithmization of culture from debates and disciplines within the field of cultural inquiry, specifically (new) media studies, game studies, urban studies, screen studies, and gender and postcolonial studies. It proposes conceptual and methodological directions for exploring where, when, and how data and algorithms (re)shape cultural practices, create (in)justice, and (co)produce knowledge.
5
Biryulin, Vladimir, Aleksey None, Dar'ya Kudelina, Oleg Larin, and Anton Tancyura. Relay protection and automation systems elektroenergeticheskim. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1058880.
Full textAbstract:
The manual includes basic information about the element base of relay protection and automation, principles of operation and circuit implementation of various types of relay protection and automation systems, algorithms of calculation of parameters of the action of relay protection and automation.
 Designed for students in specialty "power and electrical engineering", as well as professionals involved in the design and operation of relay protection and automation of electric power systems.
6
Pokamestov, Il'ya, Anna Gamilovskaya, Mihal Lednev, Viktoriya Frolova, and Grigoriy Chvanov. Refinancing of trade loans - technologies and financial models. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2144525.
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The monographs outline the theoretical and methodological foundations of refinancing trade loans, researching technologies and financial models of such transactions in the innovative economy of various sectors. The features of trade loans, methods of assessing and managing risks in operations of this kind and combating fraud in the trade finance system are highlighted. Rating models and risk management algorithms are used in this area, in particular in factor transactions and functionality.
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Mandra, Yuliya, Elena Semencova, Sergey Griroriev, et al. MODERN METHODS OF COMPLEX TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH HERPES SIMPLEX LIPS. TIRAZH Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/textbook_5dfa340500ebf6.85792235.
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The training manual is devoted to the problem of herpetic infection in dentistry and was developed taking into account world scientific and clinical practice, experience working on clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, as well as experimental, laboratory and clinical data obtained by the authors. This manual presents materials related to modern ideas about the etiology and pathogenesis of herpetic infection, modern diagnostic methods are highlighted, and current complex treatment algorithms are proposed, and clinical cases are presented. Recommended as a guide for practitioners of various specialties, clinical residents, senior students.
8
Peschanskiy, Aleksey. Semi-Markov models of prevention of unreliable single-channel service system with losses. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1870597.
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The monograph examines various maintenance strategies of a single-channel system with losses and unreliable recoverable service device under the assumption of a general type of random variables describing random processes occurring in the system. The apparatus for constructing models of the functioning of the system are semi-Markov processes with a measurable phase space of states and phase enlargement algorithms. Stationary probabilistic and economic indicators of the system are explicitly determined and the tasks of optimal frequency of maintenance of the device are solved.
 For researchers, engineers and specialists in the field of metamathematic theory of reliability, system analysis. It can be useful for graduate students and students of relevant specialties of technical universities and universities.
9
Pitelinskiy, Kirill, and Aleksandr Borodin. Simulation modeling of sociotechnical systems: fundamentals of queuing theory. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1856786.
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The textbook forms an idea of various principles and technologies of management of economic and technological systems and processes. A comparative analysis of the principles of construction and synergetic management of various organizational structures is given; the theoretical foundations of the theory of queuing and statistical methods used to build economic and mathematical models. The theoretical material is accompanied by the solution of examples and questions for self-examination. The practical application of algorithmic and software useful for the analysis of statistical characteristics of data arrays studied by means of simulation modeling is considered.
 Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 For students studying in the fields of "Economics" and "Management".
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Nazarov, Dmitriy, and Anton Kopnin. Information technologies in professional activity: data mining and business analytics. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2110964.
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The textbook offers a comprehensive look covering a wide range of topics related to the role of information technology in the modern world. Starting with an overview of the history of information technology and its evolution, the book introduces the reader to professions in the field of information and digital technologies, emphasizing them in various professional fields. The content of the textbook includes a detailed analysis of key concepts such as Data Science, Data Mining and Machine Learning, and their role in healthcare, law, education, science and business. The textbook provides a detailed overview of Data Science methods and algorithms, including teaching methods with and without a teacher, as well as specific methods such as Dematel. In the section on business intelligence tools, special attention is paid to Yandex Cloud DataLens, its data analysis functionality, and practical recommendations on registration, the use of intelligent detection of patterns in data, visualization and the development of analytical panels are provided. The section of the textbook devoted to the R and Python programming languages contains recommendations on the use of the R and Python programming languages for statistical data analysis, a description of the main data types, operations, and specific algorithms used for analytical purposes. This section provides a quick guide on how to use the RStudio and PyCharm tools. The final section is devoted to the application of data analysis tools in real projects, providing the reader with the opportunity to immerse themselves in the world of data processing using advanced technologies and techniques. The presentation of the material of each chapter is accompanied by control questions and tests to consolidate the theoretical material, located at the end of the chapter. This textbook will be an indispensable resource for students, professionals and researchers who want to deeply understand and apply information and digital technologies in their professional activities.
11
Kravchenko, Igor', Maksim Glinskiy, Sergey Karcev, Viktor Korneev, and Diana Abdumuminova. Resource-saving plasma technology in the repair of processing equipment. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1083289.
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In the monograph methodological bases of selection of method of coating, design of technological processes of hardening and recovery of the wearing surfaces of parts using a systems engineering analysis and information support technologist. The mathematical model of plasma spraying of materials with different thermal conductivity and methods criteria for evaluation of technical and technological opportunities of a plasma coating method. Describes the methods and results of experimental studies, the analysis of the conditions and causes of loss of efficiency of processing equipment APK. The proposed scientific and methodical approach to the justification of expediency of the recovery and strengthening of the working bodies and parts expensive imported technological equipment. The proposed mathematical model describing the physical processes in plasma coating for various applications. The structure of the algorithm for solving the task of hardening and recovery of worn parts plasma methods on the basis of the integrated CAE system.
 This monograph is intended for employees of scientific research institutions, specialists of machine-building production and enterprises of technical service, as well as teachers, postgraduates and students of agricultural engineering areas of training.
12
Tyukavin, Aleksandr. Fundamentals of pathology. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1242551.
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The textbook reveals the concepts of health and disease, presents modern ideas about the causes and conditions of the occurrence of actual types of pathology. The importance of molecular genetic factors of heredity and reactivity in the formation of typical pathological processes is shown. The main regularities and features of manifestations of organ and system dysfunction in various types of pathology are described. Special attention is paid to the causes and mechanisms of development of socially significant diseases of the heart and blood vessels, brain, respiratory organs and other vital systems of the body. A separate section of the textbook provides up-to-date information on first aid. The criteria of safe conditions for first aid are described; the main clinical manifestations of emergency conditions in accidents, injuries, poisoning and diseases are described. A list of first aid measures for life-threatening conditions is presented.
 The cloud service contains a video of the basic algorithm for conducting cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pharmacy or office.
 It is written in accordance with the program of the academic discipline "Fundamentals of Pathology" in the specialty 33.02.01 "Pharmacy" and refers to the educational and methodological publications of the cycle of general professional disciplines for students of pharmaceutical technical schools.
13
Cevelev, Aleksandr. Inventory and procurement management (rail transport). INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. https://doi.org/10.12737/2080065.
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The textbook outlines theoretical and practical issues of methodology of logistics and logistics of railway transport supply. The issues of practical activity of determining the need for material and technical resources of the track economy, inventory management and procurement, forecasting inventory volumes, as well as the introduction of a lean production system in the supply economy of the open Joint Stock company "Russian Railways" (JSC "Russian Railways"), aimed at providing unified approaches to the organization of the development and implementation of lean projects, are considered in detail production. Examples of calculating the estimated effect of optimizing the cost of purchasing goods, works and services are given. Based on the results of theoretical research on the logistics of railway transport, the program of measures for the development of the process approach and business intelligence systems has been updated, various methods for improving operational efficiency in the supply system have been identified, the concept of using artificial intelligence in Russian Railways has been formed, as well as various algorithms for calculating indicators of the procurement and supply process. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state standards of higher education. For students studying in the specialties "Corporate Management", "Economics", "Logistics and supply chain management" and those interested in the economics of railway transport and supply logistics, it will also be useful to managers and specialists of JSC "Russian Railways".
14
Sunteev, Anton. Management of internal reserves to reduce the cost of engineering products. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141766.
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The monograph presents current trends in the management of internal reserves to reduce the cost of production of machine-building enterprises. The approaches of various scientists to the interpretation of the concept of "enterprise reserve" are analyzed. The classification of the types of reserves of the enterprise is given and supplemented by the classification of the resources that form the reserve. Methodological support for the management of internal reserves for reducing the cost of industrial products and methods for identifying them are presented. A technology for studying the cost of production of machine-building enterprises is proposed. The analysis of the state and trends of development of machine-building enterprises of the Russian Federation is carried out and the key problems are identified. The practice of organizing the processes of managing internal reserves to reduce the cost of production at machine-building enterprises is presented. The factors of influence on the change in the cost of production are estimated using factor and correlation-regression analyses. A system for managing internal reserves for reducing the cost of production is formed and the stages and principles of its construction are given. A program of measures to manage internal reserves to reduce the cost of machine-building products and an algorithm for identifying them have been developed.
 For students, researchers and practitioners.
15
Oreshina, Marina, and Andrey Garnov. Information management technologies in the context of digital transformation. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2186397.
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The textbook provides a general description of the processes of collecting, transmitting, and storing information using information management systems in organizations and enterprises, and discusses information processing methods and tools, including data visualization using the Yandex DataLens service. The creation of a complex of interrelated models of information processes is considered, the development of methods that allow automated solutions to various problems of an applied nature is presented, ways and means of implementing information technologies are shown: methodological, informational, mathematical, algorithmic, technical and programmatic. The basic concepts of modeling information systems and processes are defined, the classification and types of models of information management systems are given. The issues of information system security are considered. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. It is intended for students studying in the fields of 09.03.03 "Applied Informatics", 01.04.05 "Statistics" and 10.03.01 "Information Security".
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Chistyakova, Guzel, Lyudmila Ustyantseva, Irina Remizova, Vladislav Ryumin, and Svetlana Bychkova. CHILDREN WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE FORMATION OF NEONATAL PATHOLOGY. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/monography_62061e70cc4ed1.46611016.
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The purpose of the monograph, which contains a modern view of the problem of adaptation of
 children with extremely low body weight, is to provide a wide range of doctors with basic information
 about the clinical picture, functional activity of innate and adaptive immunity, prognostic criteria
 of postnatal pathology, based on their own research. The specific features of the immunological
 reactivity of premature infants of various gestational ages who have developed bronchopulmonary
 dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of newborns (RN) from the moment of birth and after reaching
 postconceptional age (37-40 weeks) are described separately. The mechanisms of their implementation
 with the participation of factors of innate and adaptive immunity are considered in detail. Methods
 for early prediction of BPD and RN with the determination of an integral indicator and an algorithm
 for the management of premature infants with a high risk of postnatal complications at the stage
 of early rehabilitation are proposed. The information provided makes it possible to personify the
 treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures in premature babies. The monograph is intended for
 obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, allergists-immunologists, doctors of other
 specialties, residents, students of the system of continuing medical education.
 This work was done with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science, grant of
 the President of the Russian Federation No. MK-1140.2020.7.
17
Minobrnauki, Rossiyskoy. Finance and Financial analysis. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1242227.
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The textbook systematizes basic knowledge in the field of finance, financial analysis and financial management, presented in their direct relationship and significance from the point of view of evaluation, diagnosis, forecasting and monitoring of the continuity of the organization's activities. It includes seven chapters grouped into three sections. The first section is devoted to the theoretical foundations of the organization's financial management, stakeholders and sources of the organization's activities. The second section discusses the basics of financial analysis, providing knowledge of the main directions, information base and methods of financial analysis, as well as allowing them to be applied reasonably, calculate and evaluate analytical indicators, determine the impact of globalization processes, various macro-and microfactors on the financial condition of the organization. The third section contains the basics of financial management, providing an understanding of the essence of the financial mechanism of the organization and algorithms for justifying decisions in the field of financial management.
 It complies with the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation and provides the formation of basic competencies in the field of finance, financial management and financial analysis.
 For bachelor's, specialist's and master's students studying in the field of Economics, the system of additional professional education, training centers for advanced training of auditors and other financial market specialists, as well as for individual preparation of applicants for qualification certification and passing qualification exams.
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Varlamov, Oleg. Mivar databases and rules. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1508665.
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The multidimensional open epistemological active network MOGAN is the basis for the transition to a qualitatively new level of creating logical artificial intelligence. Mivar databases and rules became the foundation for the creation of MOGAN. The results of the analysis and generalization of data representation structures of various data models are presented: from relational to "Entity — Relationship" (ER-model). On the basis of this generalization, a new model of data and rules is created: the mivar information space "Thing-Property-Relation". The logic-computational processing of data in this new model of data and rules is shown, which has linear computational complexity relative to the number of rules. MOGAN is a development of Rule - Based Systems and allows you to quickly and easily design algorithms and work with logical reasoning in the "If..., Then..." format. An example of creating a mivar expert system for solving problems in the model area "Geometry"is given. Mivar databases and rules can be used to model cause-and-effect relationships in different subject areas and to create knowledge bases of new-generation applied artificial intelligence systems and real-time mivar expert systems with the transition to"Big Knowledge". 
 The textbook in the field of training "Computer Science and Computer Engineering" is intended for students, bachelors, undergraduates, postgraduates studying artificial intelligence methods used in information processing and management systems, as well as for users and specialists who create mivar knowledge models, expert systems, automated control systems and decision support systems. 
 Keywords: cybernetics, artificial intelligence, mivar, mivar networks, databases, data models, expert system, intelligent systems, multidimensional open epistemological active network, MOGAN, MIPRA, KESMI, Wi!Mi, Razumator, knowledge bases, knowledge graphs, knowledge networks, Big knowledge, products, logical inference, decision support systems, decision-making systems, autonomous robots, recommendation systems, universal knowledge tools, expert system designers, logical artificial intelligence.
19
Albrecht, Eduardo. Political Automation. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197696989.001.0001.
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Abstract Governments, once staffed exclusively with human bureaucrats, now routinely use AI-based software to gather information about citizens and make decisions that impact their lives. In many nations, AI determines the level of privacy a person can enjoy, how far they can travel, what public benefits they may receive, and what they can and cannot say publicly. This amounts to a phenomenon of political automation rapidly materializing globally and begs the question: What input do citizens have in how these machines think? The book explores this question in various domains—including policing, national security, and international peacekeeping. Via interviews with individuals active in civil society groups across several geographic contexts, the book seeks to achieve an understanding of popular attempts to interact with this novel form of algorithmic governance. It emerges that if citizens wish to have rights and representation in a future increasingly characterized by political automation, then a new institution is needed. The book proposes the idea of a Third House, a virtual chamber that legislates exclusively on AI in government decision-making and is based on principles of direct democracy. Digital citizens, AI powered replicas of ourselves, would act as our personal representatives to this Third House a virtual chamber that legislates exclusively on AI in government decision-making and is based on principles of direct democracy, unlike existing upper and lower houses that are representative. Digital citizens, AI powered replicas of ourselves, would act as our personal emissaries to this Third House. Deploying political automation without such an institution will result in the gradual sunsetting of participatory systems of government, and perhaps of yet more significant concern, the start of an era in which citizens, having abdicated governance in favor of AI without clear mechanisms for oversight, find they no longer need to trust their conscience on matters of public policy.
20
Cvetkov, Viktor. Basics of complexity theory. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2110856.
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The monograph reveals the basics of complexity theory and methods for assessing complexity. The concept of complexity consideration is based on the analysis of complexity as a common attribute in processes and systems. The monograph describes the main methods for assessing different types of complexity. The concept of considering complexity in this monograph is also based on the fact that complexity is a comparative characteristic. It is given on a relative scale of difficulty. Therefore, complexity must be defined on a relative scale of “simplicity-complexity.” This concept motivates the consideration and analysis of the concept of “simplicity” as a complement to the concept of “complexity”. These concepts set the scale of complexity. The monograph provides a comparative analysis of the related concepts of simplicity and complexity. Three methods for assessing complexity are described: expert assessment of complexity, assessment of complexity using mathematical metrics, comparative assessment of complexity based on the theory of comparative analysis. The monograph contains a taxonomy of the main types of complexity. The content of the main types of complexity is revealed in detail: descriptive complexity, system complexity, modeling complexity, computational complexity. algorithmic complexity, deterministic complexity. Specific cognitive difficulties are described in detail. For cognitive complexity, special assessment methods are used. An interpretation of the concept of cognitive filter is given. Complexity is associated with the concept of complex systems. In most monographs on complex systems, the complexity aspect has not been considered or is viewed in a simplified manner. This monograph examines complexity as a characteristic of complex systems and the basis for their classification. Emergence is described as a characteristic of the complexity of systems and complex processes. The monograph contains a taxonomy of complex systems with characteristics of the complexity of different systems. Complex data systems have been explored. An analysis of organizational complex systems is given. Various types of complex ergatic systems have been described. An analysis of complex technical systems is given. Self-developing complex systems are described. autopoiesis of a complex organizational and technical system has been studied as a principle of systems development. Cyber-physical systems are described as an example of the development of complex systems. The monograph is intended for specialists in the field of computer science, systems analysis, artificial intelligence and philosophy of information.
21
Liljefors, Max, Gregor Noll, and Daniel Steuer, eds. War and Algorithm. Rowman & Littlefield International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881816315.
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New military technologies are animated by fantasies of perfect knowledge, lawfulness, and vision that contrast sharply with the very real limits of human understanding, law, and vision. Thus, various kinds of violent acts are proliferating while their precise nature remains unclear. Especially man–machine ensembles, guided by algorithms, are operating in ways that challenge conceptual understanding. War and Algorithm looks at the increasing power of algorithms in these emerging forms of warfare from the perspectives of critical theory, philosophy, legal studies, and visual studies. The contributions in this volume grapple with the challenges posed by algorithmic warfare and trace the roots of new forms of war in the technological practices and forms of representation of the digital age. Together, these contributions provide a first step toward understanding—and resisting—our emerging world of war.
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Levitin, Anany, and Maria Levitin. Algorithmic Puzzles. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199740444.001.0001.
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While many think of algorithms as specific to computer science, at its core algorithmic thinking is defined by the use of analytical logic to solve problems. This logic extends far beyond the realm of computer science and into the wide and entertaining world of puzzles. In Algorithmic Puzzles, Anany and Maria Levitin use many classic brainteasers as well as newer examples from job interviews with major corporations to show readers how to apply analytical thinking to solve puzzles requiring well-defined procedures. The book's unique collection of puzzles is supplemented with carefully developed tutorials on algorithm design strategies and analysis techniques intended to walk the reader step-by-step through the various approaches to algorithmic problem solving. Mastery of these strategies--exhaustive search, backtracking, and divide-and-conquer, among others--will aid the reader in solving not only the puzzles contained in this book, but also others encountered in interviews, puzzle collections, and throughout everyday life. Each of the 150 puzzles contains hints and solutions, along with commentary on the puzzle's origins and solution methods. The only book of its kind, Algorithmic Puzzles houses puzzles for all skill levels. Readers with only middle school mathematics will develop their algorithmic problem-solving skills through puzzles at the elementary level, while seasoned puzzle solvers will enjoy the challenge of thinking through more difficult puzzles.
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Yeung, Karen, and Martin Lodge, eds. Algorithmic Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838494.001.0001.
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Algorithms have become a central theme in contemporary policy and public discussion. The varied and potentially profound social implications of our increasing reliance on algorithms in daily life has attracted considerable interest in recent years, especially with the rising awareness of ‘big data’ and predictive analytics. One of the most vivid examples is the widespread concern about the use of algorithms to manipulate information and affect political life, at least since the US elections and the Brexit referendum. This book offers a critical exploration of algorithmic regulation, understood both as a means of coordinating and regulating social action and decision-making, as well as the need for institutional mechanisms through which the power of algorithms and algorithmic systems might themselves be regulated.
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Spiegel, Laurie. Thoughts on Composing with Algorithms. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.26.
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In this chapter Laurie Spiegel, a pioneer of algorithmic logic in music composition, considers various reasons to use algorithms, including their function as descriptors, generators and adjuncts to creative musical practises. Self-simulation (notably, of decision making processes) is juxtaposed against the sonification of external information and various other uses of algorithms are also described. Human input may be minimal or extensive for the logic used to specify parameters of individual sonic events, variations in global informational entropy, inherent structuring or to achieve variation of material. Spiegel values algorithms particularly to allow her to ‘inhabit the state of flow’ of music by freeing her to focus on selected aspects of composing while handing off other aspects to automated procedures. The chapter includes descriptions of the kinds of uses of algorithmic logic that have contributed to the composition of specific musical works.
25
Bucher, Taina. Life at the Top. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190493028.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Algorithms play a fundamental role in governing the conditions of the intelligible and the sensible online. If users provide the data, the techniques, and procedures to make sense of it, to navigate, assemble, and make meaningful connections among individual pieces of data is increasingly being delegated to various forms of algorithms. In the case of the world’s biggest and most used social media platform, Facebook, algorithmic mechanisms shape the concerted distribution of people, information, actions, and ways of seeing and being seen. The chapter investigates how this kind of algorithmic intervention into people’s information-sharing practices takes place and what are the principles and logics of Facebook’s algorithmic governance. Through an analysis of the algorithmic logics structuring the flow of information and communication on Facebook’s news feed, the argument is made that the regime of visibility constructed imposes a perceived threat of invisibility on the part of the participatory subject.
26
Kockelman, Paul. Algorithms, Agents, and Ontologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190636531.003.0007.
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This chapter details the inner workings of spam filters, algorithmic devices that separate desirable messages from undesirable messages. It argues that such filters are a particularly important kind of sieve insofar as they readily exhibit key features of sieving devices in general, and algorithmic sieving in particular. More broadly, it describes the relation between ontology (assumptions that drive interpretations) and inference (interpretations that alter assumptions) as it plays out in the classification and transformation of identities, types, or kinds. Focusing on the unstable processes whereby identifying algorithms, identified types, and evasive transformations are dynamically coupled over time, it also theorizes various kinds of ontological inertia and highlights various kinds of algorithmic ineffability. Finally, it shows how similar issues underlie a much wider range of processes, such as the Turing Test, Bayesian reasoning, and machine learning more generally.
27
Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Numerical quadrature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the numerous applications of numerical quadrature (integration) in classical mechanics, in semiclassical approaches to quantum mechanics, and in statistical mechanics; and then describes several ways of implementing integration in C++, for both proper and improper integrals. Various algorithms are described and analyzed, including simple classical quadrature algorithms as well as those enhanced with speedups and convergence tests. Classical orthogonal polynomials, whose properties are reviewed, are the basis of a sophisticated technique known as Gaussian integration. Practical implementations require the roots of these polynomials, so an algorithm for finding them from three-term recurrence relations is presented. On the computational side, the concept of polymorphism is introduced and exploited (prior to the detailed treatment later in the text). The nondimensionalization of physical problems, which is a common and important means of simplifying a problem, is discussed using Compton scattering and the Schrödinger equation as an example.
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Michel, Bierlaire. Optimization: Principles and Algorithms. EPFL Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55430/6116v1mb.
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Every engineer and decision scientist must have a good mastery of optimization, an essential element in their toolkit. Thus, this articulate introductory textbook will certainly be welcomed by students and practicing professionals alike. Drawing from his vast teaching experience, the author skillfully leads the reader through a rich choice of topics in a coherent, fluid and tasteful blend of models and methods anchored on the underlying mathematical notions (only prerequisites: first year calculus and linear algebra). Topics range from the classics to some of the most recent developments in smooth unconstrained and constrained optimization, like descent methods, conjugate gradients, Newton and quasi-Newton methods, linear programming and the simplex method, trust region and interior point methods. Furthermore elements of discrete and combinatorial optimization like network optimization, integer programming and heuristic local search methods are also presented. This book presents optimization as a modeling tool that beyond supporting problem formulation plus design and implementation of efficient algorithms, also is a language suited for interdisciplinary human interaction. Readers further become aware that while the roots of mathematical optimization go back to the work of giants like Newton, Lagrange, Cauchy, Euler or Gauss, it did not become a discipline on its own until World War Two. Also that its present momentum really resulted from its symbiosis with modern computers, which made it possible to routinely solve problems with millions of variables and constraints. With his witty, entertaining, yet precise style, Michel Bierlaire captivates his readers and awakens their desire to try out the presented material in a creative mode. One of the outstanding assets of this book is the unified, clear and concise rendering of the various algorithms, which makes them easily readable and translatable into any high level programming language. ''This is an addictive book that I am very pleased to recommend.'' Prof. Thomas M. Liebling
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Petersen, Jennifer. How Machines Came to Speak. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021827.
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In How Machines Came to Speak Jennifer Petersen constructs a genealogy of how legal conceptions of “speech” have transformed over the last century in response to new media technologies. Drawing on media and legal history, Petersen shows that the legal category of speech has varied considerably, evolving from a narrow category of oratory and print publication to a broad, abstract conception encompassing expressive nonverbal actions, algorithms, and data. She examines a series of pivotal US court cases in which new media technologies—such as phonographs, radio, film, and computer code—were integral to this shift. In judicial decisions ranging from the determination that silent films were not a form of speech to the expansion of speech rights to include algorithmic outputs, courts understood speech as mediated through technology. Speech thus became disarticulated from individual speakers. By outlining how legal definitions of speech are indelibly dependent on technology, Petersen demonstrates that future innovations such as artificial intelligence will continue to restructure speech law in ways that threaten to protect corporate and institutional forms of speech over the rights and interests of citizens.
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Ramli, Razamin, Haslinda Ibrahim, and Tze Shung Lim. Solving a bus driver scheduling problem: A genetic algorithm approach. UUM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474311.
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Many transport companies face problems in regulating their transport services due to various challenges and issues. These problems affect the quality of the services provided especially in a university campus environment, where students heavily depend on the university transport services for their daily commuting.What are the problems faced by the management of the campus transport company? What are the issues raised by the drivers operating the on-campus buses?Hence, in assisting the management of the transport company the authors have identified the inefficiency of their bus driver scheduling system as one of the main problems, which needed to be tackled.For that reason, the authors developed an efficient bus driver scheduling model based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach.The GA model is able to provide some resolutions and insight in relation to these inquiries: What are the constraints being considered in this bus driver scheduling problem?How were the drivers break times being distributed in this GA approach?How was the time taken to generate an efficient schedule?
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Levtov, Yuli. Algorithmic Music for Mass Consumption and Universal Production. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.15.
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This chapter explores algorithmic music and the software tools used to create it from the perspective of media that allow it to be distributed to mass audiences, such as smartphone apps, web-based experiences, and dedicated software packages. Different types of listener input and interaction for various algorithmic music formats are analysed, and examples of each are given. Advantages and disadvantages of various distribution platforms, both present and historic, are explored, and critical reaction to this wide body of work is also reviewed. Conclusions are drawn that the field is still relatively nascent, with advances in consumer technology being a main driver for innovation in this area of music distribution and creation.
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Yakovlev, Evgeniy, Evgeniy Gnevyshev, and Alexey Davydov. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS, MODERN METHODS FOR STUDYING PATHOGENESIS AND MEDICAL REHABILITATION OF CERVICO-THORACIC DORSOPATHIES. Strategy of the Future, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37468/book_190723.
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The monograph contains basic information about modern concepts of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of dorsopathy. Original research data from biomechanical analysis and three-dimensional computer modeling of the cervical spine under loads are presented that make it possible to simulate various options for biomechanics to predict the course of dorsopathy and thereby determine the rehabilitation potential in this category of patients. The features of clinical and neurological symptoms and the algorithm for the differential diagnosis of dorsopathy of cervicothoracic localization are described in detail. The main directions of medical rehabilitation are considered and an algorithm for restorative treatment of patients with dorsopathy is proposed, and a comparative analysis of standard and original methods of restorative treatment is presented.
 The monograph is recommended for neurologists, neurosurgeons, orthopedic traumatologists, specialists in physical and rehabilitation medicine, physical therapy, physiotherapists, as well as for students enrolled in advanced training cycles in medical rehabilitation.
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Newman, Mark. Network search. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0018.
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This chapter gives a discussion of search processes on networks. It begins with a discussion of web search, including crawlers and web ranking algorithms such as PageRank. Search in distributed databases such as peer-to-peer networks is also discussed, including simple breadth-first search style algorithms and more advanced “supernode” approaches. Finally, network navigation is discussed at some length, motivated by consideration of Milgram's letter passing experiment. Kleinberg's variant of the small-world model is introduced and it is shown that efficient navigation is possible only for certain values of the model parameters. Similar results are also derived for the hierarchical model of Watts et al.
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Wlaź, Paweł. Symulacje Monte Carlo. Teoria i zastosowania. Politechnika Lubelska, 2025. https://doi.org/10.35784/9788379476404.
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This academic script is based on notes from lectures and laboratories for the subject Monte Carlo Method, which is taught at the first‐cycle studies in the field of mathematics at the Lublin University of Techno‐ logy. The script discusses methods of generating pseudorandom sam‐ ples from various distributions, methods of measuring accuracy and reducing variance, calculations using the quasi‐Monte Carlo method, calculations related to stochastic processes and Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.
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Plinere, Darja. Development of a Multi-agent System for Supply Chain Management Efficiency Improvement. RTU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934226915.
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The aim of the doctoral thesis is to develop an approach to the multi-agent system development that ensures the improvement of supply chain management efficiency. The developed approach allows creating a multi-agent system that can be used for various supply chain participants, as it reviews main supply chain processes and tasks to be solved. Various inventory management methods were used in the developed multi-agent system: forecasting algorithms, ABC analysis, and inventory replenishment point determination. Production scheduling and rescheduling were also used in the multi-agent system to reduce the total production time.
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Licardo, Marta, Jasminka Mezak, and İlke Evin Gencel. Teaching for the Future in Early Childhood Education. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.pef.2.2023.
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The monograph focuses on the teaching and learning of children in early childhood education. The international monograph includes contributions by authors from three countries, highlighting different perspectives on contemporary teaching and learning specific to ECE. The monograph is based on the collaboration of researchers from different universities in the Erasmus+ Algolittle project, who have explored important contemporary concepts of teaching in ECE, such as how to develop algorithmic thinking in preschool children, how to teach algorithmic thinking to ECE students, and the relevance of such cognitive skills for future knowledge. The monograph goes beyond the scope of the project by incorporating new scientific findings related to the implementation of various concepts in learning and teaching preschool children, such as executive functions, algorithmic thinking, creativity, problem-based thinking, integration of teaching from different domains, distance learning, specific pedagogical practices, thus presenting a wide range of topics relevant for the development of learning and teaching in early childhood education now and in the future.
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Pekša, Jānis. Modular Implementation of Autonomous Decision Making Algorithms in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227943.
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are large modular enterprise applications designed for most enterprise business processes. They are mainly intended for transaction processing. ERP systems are used to implement the company's business processes; to implement, modify and maintain ERP systems successfully, one needs to know the company's business processes (BPs). BPs is a set of activities, the execution of which results in the desired result. Events trigger the execution of the BP. Business activities are performed by employees who represent various functional areas of the company. Enterprise applications provide BP implementation. ERP systems are typically used to implement internal company processes. The basic processes of the ERP are finance, logistics, human resources, and others. The modules of the ERP system are production planning, materials management, sales and distribution, financial accounting, management accounting, and human resource management. In the Thesis a framework that allows reducing the integration of forecasting methods in ERP systems has been developed. A standard integration method has been designed and developed, ensuring a simplified integration process in ERP systems.
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Bayer, Judit, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, and Lorna Woods, eds. Perspectives on Platform Regulation. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748929789.
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Online social media platforms set the agenda and structure for public and private communication in our age. Their influence and power is beyond any traditional media empire. Their legal regulation is a pressing challenge, but currently, they are mainly governed by economic pressures. There are now diverse legislative attempts to regulate platforms in various parts of the world. The European Union and most of its Member States have historically relied on soft law, but are now looking to introduce regulation. Leading researchers of the field analyse the hard questions and the responses given by various states. The book offers legislative solutions from various parts of the world, compares regulatory concepts and assesses the use of algorithms.
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Ahn, Sungyong. Internet-ontologies-Things. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501399275.
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This book argues how power mobilizes various algorithmic and ontological objects—from a smartwatch to a smart building—to identify a greater number of hidden problems within the physical domains of the IoT, from the wearer’s body to her smart city. The Internet of Things is the vast system of devices, objects, non-human animals, and people that collect and transfer data via a wireless network that does not require human interaction. It is now common in software studies to think of algorithmic objects, like the ‘things’ in the Internet of Things, as ontological agents as much as we humans are. While recent post-humanist philosophies, such as speculative realism and its object-oriented ontology, have supported this methodological elevation of objects to autonomous and sentient beings, this philosophical discourse is overlooked as well as the transformation that has happened to the materiality of our everyday lives embedded with these smart objects. From this changing infrastructure, Internet-ontologies-Things discovers the new form of economic and political power whose algorithmic governance finds its justification from our newly-cultivated paranoia about unknown computational problems.
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Wiltshire, Caroline R. Emergence of the Unmarked in Indian Englishes with Different Substrates. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.007.
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This study uses data from Indian English as a second language, spoken by speakers of five first languages, to illustrate and evaluate the role of the emergence of the unmarked (TETU) in phonological theory. The analysis focusses on word-final consonant devoicing and cluster reduction, for which the five Indian first languages have various constraints, while Indian English is relatively unrestricted. Variation in L2 Indian Englishes results from both transfer of L1 phonotactics and the emergence of the unmarked, accounted for within Optimality Theory. The use of a learning algorithm also allows us to test the relative importance of markedness and frequency and to evaluate the relative markedness of various clusters. Thus, data from Indian Englishes provides insight into the form and function of markedness constraints, as well as the mechanisms of Second Language Acquisition (SLA).
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Rajakumar, P. S., S. Geetha, and T. V. Ananthan. Fundamentals of Image Processing. Jupiter Publications Consortium, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47715/jpc.b.978-93-91303-80-8.
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"Fundamentals of Image Processing" offers a comprehensive exploration of image processing's pivotal techniques, tools, and applications. Beginning with an overview, the book systematically categorizes and explains the multifaceted steps and methodologies inherent to the digital processing of images. The text progresses from basic concepts like sampling and quantization to advanced techniques such as image restoration and feature extraction. Special emphasis is given to algorithms and models crucial to image enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and application. In the initial segments, the intricacies of digital imaging systems, pixel connectivity, color models, and file formats are dissected. Following this, image enhancement techniques, including spatial and frequency domain methods and histogram processing, are elaborated upon. The book then addresses image restoration, discussing degradation models, noise modeling, and blur, and offers insights into the compelling world of multi-resolution analysis with in-depth discussions on wavelets and image pyramids. Segmentation processes, especially edge operators, boundary detections, and thresholding techniques, are detailed in subsequent chapters. The text culminates by diving deep into the applications of image processing, exploring supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering algorithms, and various classifiers. Throughout the discourse, practical examples, real-world applications, and intuitive diagrams are integrated to facilitate an enriched learning experience. This book stands as an essential guide for both novices aiming to grasp the basics and experts looking to hone their knowledge in image processing. Keywords: Digital Imaging Systems, Image Enhancement, Image Restoration, Multi-resolution Analysis, Wavelets, Image Segmentation, Feature Extraction, SIFT, SURF, Image Classifiers, Supervised Learning, Clustering Algorithms.
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Sobey, Christopher. Orofacial Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0023.
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Management of orofacial pain in the general population can be a challenging and demanding undertaking due to the complex neurological anatomy and close proximity to vital structures. Differentiating various syndromes and origins of pain can prove difficult; thus, specific emphasis on establishing the correct diagnosis is of the utmost importance in formatting a successful treatment plan. The questions in this chapter delve into the presentations, physical exam findings, diagnostic testing, psychological effects, and evidence-based medical and interventional treatment algorithms of both common and less common craniofacial pain disorders. This chapter covers pathophysiology of the neurological, biomechanical, and central causes of facial pain.
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Amilevičius, Darius, Andrius Utka, Aistė Meidutė, and Jūratė Ruzaitė. DIGIRES COVID-19 ML Dataset v.1. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/20.500.12259/252155.
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DIGIRES COVID-19 ML dataset v.1 is a tab-separated (.tsv) file prepared for training machine learning algorithms. The training dataset was compiled from various internet public Lithuanian media sources. It contains 351 records and has the following attributes: "Title": the title of a news article "Text": the text of the article "Label": a label that marks the article as 1: unreliable; 0: reliable 1) "unrealiable" marks articles, which were identified by professional fact checkers as fake news; 2) "reliable" marks trustworthy articles. Classes Labels Word tokens Reliable: 175 67902 Unreliable: 176 118747 Total 351 186649.
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Simpson, H. Blair. Overview of the Treatment of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0036.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic and disabling disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 2% to 3%. This chapter briefly introduces the different treatment strategies for OCD and provides a treatment algorithm for use in clinical practice. It discusses aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), including variants such as exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), as well as clinical considerations. It also covers pharmacotherapy for OCD, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and various augmentation strategies for them such as CBT and antipsychotics. There are sections addressing treatment of children and adolescents, and other treatments for OCD such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or surgery. Subsequent chapters review these different treatment strategies in more detail and are referred to throughout this chapter.
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Badano, Luigi P., Roberto M. Lang, and Alexandra Goncalves. Three-dimensional echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0007.
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The advent of fully-sampled matrix array transthoracic transducers has enabled advanced digital processing and improved image formation algorithms and brought three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) technology into clinical practice. Currently, 3DE is recognized as an important echocardiographic technique, demonstrated to be superior to two-dimensional echocardiography in various clinical scenarios. This chapter focuses on the technology of 3DE matrix transducers, physics of 3D imaging, data set acquisition (multiplane, real-time, full-volume, zoom, and colour), and display (volume rendering, surface rendering and multislice) modalities. The chapter also addresses the issues of training in 3DE, and main clinical indications and reporting of transthoracic and transoesophageal 3DE.
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Hilliges, Otmar. Input Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0004.
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Sensing of user input lies at the core of HCI research. Deciding which input mechanisms to use and how to implement them such that they work in a way that is easy to use, robust to various environmental factors and accurate in reconstruction of the users intent is a tremendously challenging problem. The main difficulties stem from the complex nature of human behavior which is highly non-linear, dynamic and context dependent and can often only be observed partially. Due to these complexities, research has turned its attention to data-driven techniques in order to build sophisticated and robust input recognition mechanisms. In this chapter we discuss the most important aspects that constitute data-driven signal analysis approaches. The aim is to provide the reader with an overall understanding of the process irrespective of the exact choice of sensor or machine learning algorithm.
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Phan-Thien, Nhan, and Sangtae Kim. Microstructures in Elastic Media. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090864.001.0001.
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This monograph describes various methods for solving deformation problems of particulate solids, taking the reader from analytical to computational methods. The book is the first to present the topic of linear elasticity in mathematical terms that will be familiar to anyone with a grounding in fluid mechanics. It incorporates the latest advances in computational algorithms for elliptic partial differential equations, and provides the groundwork for simulations on high performance parallel computers. Numerous exercises complement the theoretical discussions, and a related set of self-documented programs is available to readers with Internet access. The work will be of interest to advanced students and practicing researchers in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, applied physics, computational methods, and developers of numerical modeling software.
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Nadler, Anthony M. Popularizing News 2.0. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040146.003.0005.
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This chapter examines attempts to popularize and democratize news online through collaborative filtering. Collaborative filtering offers a means to replace the role of professional editors in setting the news agenda and deciding which stories deserve the most prominence. Instead of professional editors, collaborative filtering relies on algorithms to sort, rank, and prioritize the news based on the activity of large groups of web users. Various news sites have added some aspect of collaborative filtering, but the chapter focuses on social news sites (Reddit, Newsvine, and Slashdot) because they allow their users to make conscious voting choices about which stories should be most prominent. These sites epitomize the defining characteristics of the social Web and apply them to news.
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Gorwa, Robert. Poland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0005.
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This chapter provides the first overview of political bots, fake accounts, and other false amplifiers in Poland. Based on extensive interviews with political campaign managers, journalists, activists, employees of social media marketing firms, and civil society groups, the chapter outlines the emergence of Polish digital politics, covering the energetic and hyper-partisan “troll wars,” the interaction of hate speech with modern platform algorithms, and the recent effects of “fake news” and various sources of apparent Russian disinformation. The chapter then explores the production and management of artificial identities on Facebook, Twitter, and other social networks—an industry confirmed to be active in Poland—and assesses how they can be deployed for both political and commercial purposes. Overall, the chapter provides evidence for a rich array of digital tools that are increasingly being used by various actors to exert influence over Polish politics and public life.
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Zahn, Roland, and Alistair Burns. Dementia disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779803.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a brief overview of the different forms of dementia syndromes and provides a simple algorithm for initial differential diagnosis. Rapidly progressive dementias have to be excluded which require specific investigations to detect Creutzfeldt–Jakob as well as inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A lead symptom-based approach in patients with slowly progressive cognitive and behavioural impairments without neurological symptoms is applied: progressive and primary impairments in recent memory are characteristic of typical Alzheimer’s dementia, primary behavioural changes point to the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, primary impairments of language or speech are distinctive for progressive aphasias, fluctuating impairments of attention are a hallmark of Lewy body dementia, whereas primary visuospatial impairments suggest a posterior cortical atrophy. The chapter further discusses updated vascular dementia guidelines and DSM-5 revisions of defining dementia. Current diagnostic criteria for the different dementias are referenced and the role of neuroimaging is illustrated.