Relevant bibliographies by topics / VARTM

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'VARTM'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "VARTM"

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KIM, YUN-HAE, JIN-HO SON, BYUNG-KUN CHOI, YOUNG-DAE JO, KUK-JIN KIM, and JOONG-WON HAN. "EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CFRP BY VARTM AND ITS APPLICATION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (2006): 3896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206040556.

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In the present study, we contrast the change of mechanical and physical properties between VaRTM (Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding) and hand lay-up process. In the results of mechanical tests, VaRTM specimen is stronger than hand lay-up specimen and hand lay-up specimen became delamination. In the results of physical tests, the resin content of VaRTM specimen is lower than hand lay-up specimen. On micrograph, the strength of specimen by VaRTM between fiber and resin is stronger than that of one by hand lay-up. And the specimen by hand lay-up contains more defects than one by VaRTM. So, VaRTM process can practically apply for automobile engine hood. This paper shows that VaRTM process is one of the most suitable processes for composite parts of automobile.
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Eum, Soo Hyun, Yun Hae Kim, Joong Won Han, et al. "A Study on the Mechanical Properties of the Honeycomb Sandwich Composites made by VARTM." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2746.

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To prove the suitability the honeycomb composites structure with VARTM, the mechanical properties of the skin materials and honeycomb composites structure were evaluated with the static strength tests. The mechanical properties of honeycomb composites structure made by VARTM were satisfied with the real using conditions instead of the composites structure made by autoclave process. Accordingly, the honeycomb sandwich composites made by VARTM is available for manufacturing various composites parts. VARTM was very effective method to manufacture the honeycomb sandwich composites. It was possible that the manufacturing process was changed from autoclave process to VARTM to solve the problems on the autoclave process.
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Correia, N. C., F. Robitaille, A. C. Long, C. D. Rudd, P. Sˇima´cˇek, and S. G. Advani. "Use of Resin Transfer Molding Simulation to Predict Flow, Saturation, and Compaction in the VARTM Process." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 2 (2004): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1669032.

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The present paper examines the analysis and simulation of the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process (VARTM). VARTM differs from the conventional resin transfer molding (RTM) in that the thickness of the preform varies during injection affecting permeability and fill time. First, a governing equation for VARTM is analytically developed from the fundamental continuity condition, and used to show the relation between parameters in VARTM. This analytical work is followed by the development of a numerical 1-D/2-D solution, based on the flow simulation software LIMS, which can be used to predict flow and time dependent thickness of the preform by introducing models for compaction and permeability. Finally, the results of a VARTM experimental plan, focusing on the study of the influence of outlet pressure on compaction and fill time, are correlated with both the analytical and the numerical work. The present work also proposes an explanation for the similarities between VARTM and RTM and shows when modeling VARTM and RTM can result in an oversimplification.
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Kim, Yun Hae, Dong Hun Yang, Chang Won Bae, et al. "Glass Fiber Permeability Using the VARTM Process." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1772–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1772.

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This study investigated a flow rate control system for the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Using Darcy’s equation, the permeability of multiaxial glass fiber composites is predicted and experimentally confirmed. The resin velocity vector is inversely proportional to the fiber mat length and resin viscosity, but proportional to the fiber mat permeability. In this study, the permeability of the preform and viscosity of the epoxy resin were measured using multiaxial glass fiber by VARTM. The permeability and time for impregnation differed according to the fiber direction in the VARTM process. The results indicated the need for further study of reinforcement fiber permeability in VARTM processing design.
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Wu, Da, Ragnar Larsson, and Mohammad S. Rouhi. "Modeling and Experimental Validation of the VARTM Process for Thin-Walled Preforms." Polymers 11, no. 12 (2019): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122003.

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In this paper, recent shell model is advanced towards the calibration and validation of the Vacuum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) process in a novel way. The model solves the nonlinear and strongly coupled resin flow and preform deformation when the 3-D flow and stress problem is simplified to a corresponding 2-D problem. In this way, the computational efficiency is enhanced dramatically, which allows for simulations of the VARTM process of large scale thin-walled structures. The main novelty is that the assumptions of the neglected through-thickness flow and the restricted preform deformation along the normal of preform surface suffice well for the thin-walled VARTM process. The model shows excellent agreement with the VARTM process experiment. With good accuracy and high computational efficiency, the shell model provides an insight into the simulation-based optimization of the VARTM process. It can be applied to either determine locations of the gate and vents or optimize process parameters to reduce the deformation.
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Kedari, Vishwanath R., Basil I. Farah, and Kuang-Ting Hsiao. "Effects of vacuum pressure, inlet pressure, and mold temperature on the void content, volume fraction of polyester/e-glass fiber composites manufactured with VARTM process." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 26 (2011): 2727–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998311415442.

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Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process is one of the liquid composite molding (LCM) processes aimed at producing high-quality composite parts. The void content and fiber volume fraction of a VARTM part can be affected by many parameters and is critical to the mechanical properties and the quality of the part. In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted with a heated dual pressure control VARTM setup for investigating the effects of vacuum pressure, inlet pressure, and mold temperature on the void content and fiber volume fraction of polyester/E-glass fiber composite. It was found that stronger vacuum and higher mold temperature can better control and increase the fiber volume fraction; however, such a combination of strong vacuum and high mold temperature may also require a reduced inlet pressure for minimizing the void content. The need of pressure reduction can be explained with the compatibility between Darcy's flow and capillary flow in the fiber preform and can be calculated based on the room temperature VARTM results. The experimental results suggest that high mold temperature, high vacuum, and appropriately reduced inlet pressure can produce a VARTM part with high fiber volume fraction and low void content.
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Chang, Chih-Yuan. "Numerical study of filling strategies in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 5 (2015): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0237.

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Abstract During the filling process of vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), the infusion pressure gradient causes the resin flow and preform thickness variation. Even after the resin infusion discontinues, the resin keeps on flowing until the unnecessary resin is removed. In this study, a one-dimensional flow model coupled to the preform deformation is numerically analyzed to assess the influences of various processing scenarios on the infusion and post-infusion stages. The numerical model is implemented using a finite difference method. Results show that two strategies effectively reduce the filling process. One is to infuse less excess resin and the other is to turn the inlet into the additional vent. For a typical process using a one-sided vent, the theoretically optimum scenario is to infuse the exact required resin volume into the preform. From a practical standpoint, excess resin infusion is inevitable and a robust scenario is proposed by integrating the concept of fully filled preform and two strategies. Additional cases are performed using a vacuum assisted compression RTM (VACRTM) process for comparison purposes. Through the numerical work, a tool for optimization of the VARTM process is provided to reduce the filling process, resin waste and variability in the final composite part.
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Ghose, Sayata, Kent A. Watson, Roberto J. Cano, et al. "High Temperature VARTM of Phenylethynyl Terminated Imides." High Performance Polymers 21, no. 5 (2009): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008309339935.

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Depending on the part type and quantity, fabrication of composite structures using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) can be more affordable than conventional autoclave techniques. Recent efforts have focused on adapting VARTM for the fabrication of high temperature composites. Due to their low melt viscosity and long melt stability, certain phenylethynyl terminated imides (PETI) can be processed into composites using high temperature VARTM (HT-VARTM). However, one of the disadvantages of the current HT-VARTM resin systems has been the high porosity of the resultant composites. For aerospace applications, the desired void fraction of less than 2% has not yet been achieved. In the current study, two PETI resins, LaRC PETI-330 and LaRC PETI-8 have been used to make test specimens using HT-VARTM. The resins were infused into ten layers of IM7-6K carbon fiber 5-harness satin fabric at 260 or 280 °C and cured at temperature up to 371 °C. Initial runs yielded composites with high void content, typically greater than 7% by weight. A thermogravimetric-mass spectroscopic study was conducted to determine the source of volatiles leading to high porosity. It was determined that under the thermal cycle used for laminate fabrication, the phenylethynyl endcap was undergoing degradation leading to volatile evolution. This finding was unexpected as high quality composite laminates have been fabricated under higher pressures using these resin systems. The amount of weight loss experienced during the thermal cycle was only about 1% by weight, but this led to a significant amount of volatiles in a closed system. By modifying the thermal cycle used in laminate fabrication, the void content was significantly reduced (typically ∼ 3% or less). The results of this work are presented herein.
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Yoon, Youngki, Seunghwan Chung, Woo Il Lee, and Byoungho Lee. "A Study on the Measurement Technique of Resin Flow and Cure during the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding Process using the Long Period Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor." Advanced Composites Letters 13, no. 5 (2004): 096369350401300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350401300503.

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Long Period Gratings (LPGs) are currently being used in various fibre-optic sensor implementations. In this study, Long Period Fibre Bragg Grating was applied to monitor the resin flow and the curing process in the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) process. The principle of measurement is explained. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, gratings are inserted into the glass mat to monitor the resin flow during VARTM process. Signal from the sensor is processed by an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). The curing reaction is also monitored using the same method. From the results, it is shown that the proposed LPGs sensor is effective in monitoring the resin flow as well as the curing reaction during VARTM process.
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Chang, Chih-Yuan, and Hung-Jie Lin. "Unsaturated polyester/E-glass fiber composites made by vacuum assisted compression resin transfer molding." Journal of Polymer Engineering 32, no. 8-9 (2012): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0071.

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Abstract A variant process incorporating the method of bag compression into resin transfer molding (RTM), called vacuum assisted compression RTM (VACRTM), has been developed to reduce the cycling period and improve the quality of the part. The process utilizes a flexible bag placed between the upper mold and the preform compared with RTM. By controlling the stretchable bag, the resin is easily introduced into the cavity filled with a loose preform. Then, ambient pressure is applied on the bag that compacts the preform and drives the resin through the remaining dry preform. The objective of this research is to explore the simplified VACRTM feasibility and investigate the effects of process variables, including resin temperature, resin infusion pressure, mold cavity height and cure temperature, on the mechanical strength of the part, by applying Taguchi’s method. The results show that VACRTM has advantages in terms of its being an easy and good seal among mold parts and the the lack of a need to clean the upper mold. The resin infusion pressure is a significant variable for improvement of the mechanical strength of the part. Optimal VACRTM reduces the filling time by 58% and increases the flexural strength by 10%, as compared with typical vacuum assisted RTM (VARTM).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "VARTM"

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Struzziero, Giacomo. "Optimisation of the VARTM process." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9271.

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This study focuses on the development of a multi-objective optimisation methodology for the vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding composite processing route. Simulations of the cure and filling stages of the process have been implemented and the corresponding heat transfer and flow through porous media problems solved by means of finite element analysis. The simulations involved material sub-models to describe thermal properties, cure kinetics and viscosity evolution. A Genetic algorithm which constitutes the foundation for the development of the optimisation has been adapted, implemented and tested in terms of its effectiveness using four benchmark problems. Two methodologies suitable for multi-objective optimisation of the cure and filling stages have been specified and successfully implemented. In the case of the curing stage the optimisation aims at finding a cure profile minimising both process time and temperature overshoot within the part. In the case of the filling stage the thermal profile during filling, gate locations and initial resin temperature are optimised to minimise filling time and final degree of cure at the end of the filling stage. Investigations of the design landscape for both curing and filling stage have indicated the complex nature of the problems under investigation justifying the choice for using a Genetic algorithm. Application of the two methodologies showed that they are highly efficient in identifying appropriate process designs and significant improvements compared to standard conditions are feasible. In the cure process an overshoot temperature reduction up to 75% in the case of thick component can be achieved whilst for a thin part a 60% reduction in process time can be accomplished. In the filling process a 42% filling time reduction and 14% reduction of degree of cure at the end of the filling can be achieved using the optimisation methodology. Stability analysis of the set of solutions for the curing stage has shown that different degrees of robustness are present among the individuals in the Pareto front. The optimisation methodology has also been integrated with an existing cost model that allowed consideration of process cost in the optimisation of the cure stage. The optimisation resulted in process designs that involve 500 € reduction in process cost. An inverse scheme has been developed based on the optimisation methodology aiming at combining simulation and monitoring of the filling stage for the identification of on-line permeability during an infusion. The methodology was tested using artificial data and it was demonstrated that the methodology is able to handle levels of noise from the measurements up to 5 s per sensor without affecting the quality of the outcome.
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Nalla, Ajit R. "Closed-loop flow control approaches for VARTM." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 2.86 Mb., 89 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1430781.

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Kanz, Philippe. "Characterization of Textile Draping Behaviours for Composite Manufacturing Processes." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41864.

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Song, Xiaolan. "Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM): Model Development and Verification." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27168.

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In this investigation, a comprehensive Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) process simulation model was developed and verified. The model incorporates resin flow through the preform, compaction and relaxation of the preform, and viscosity and cure kinetics of the resin. The computer model can be used to analyze the resin flow details, track the thickness change of the preform, predict the total infiltration time and final fiber volume fraction of the parts, and determine whether the resin could completely infiltrate and uniformly wet out the preform. Flow of resin through the preform is modeled as flow through porous media. Darcy's law combined with the continuity equation for an incompressible Newtonian fluid forms the basis of the flow model. During the infiltration process, it is well accepted that the total pressure is shared by the resin pressure and the pressure supported by the fiber network. With the progression of the resin, the net pressure applied to the preform decreases as a result of increasing local resin pressure. This leads to the springback of the preform, and is called the springback mechanism. On the other side, the lubrication effect of the resin causes the rearrangement of the fiber network and an increase in the preform compaction. This is called the wetting compaction mechanism. The thickness change of the preform is determined by the relative magnitude of the springback and wetting deformation mechanisms. In the compaction model, the transverse equilibrium equation is used to calculate the net compaction pressure applied to the preform, and the compaction test results are fitted to give the compressive constitutive law of the preform. The Finite Element/Control Volume (FE/CV) method is adopted to find the flow front location and the fluid pressure. The code features the ability of simultaneous integration of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D element types in a single simulation, and thus enables efficient modeling of the flow in complex mold geometries. VARTM of two flat composite panels was conducted to verify the simulation model. The composite panels were fabricated using the SAERTEX multi-axial warp knit carbon fiber fabric and SI-ZG-5A epoxy resin. Panel 1 contained one stack of the carbon fabric, and Panel 2 contained four stacks of the fabric. The parameters verified included the flow front location and preform thickness change. For Panel 1, the flow front locations were accurately predicted while the predicted resin infiltration was much slower than measured for Panel 2. The disagreement is attributed to the permeability model used in the simulation, which failed to consider the interface flow in the unstitched preform containing more than one stack of the fabric under very low compaction force. The predicted transverse displacements agree well with the experimental measurement qualitatively, but not quantitatively. The reasons for the differences were discussed, and further investigations are recommended to develop a more accurate compaction model. The simulation code was also used to investigate the VARTM of a new form of sandwich structure with through-the-thickness reinforcements, which is being considered for use in primary aircraft structure. The infiltration of three foam core sandwich preforms with different stitch densities was studied. The objective of the study was to determine whether the preforms could be completely infiltrated and how the stitch density affects the infiltration process. The visualization experiments were conducted to verify the simulation. The model accurately predicted the resin infiltration patterns. The calculated filling times underpredicted experimental times by 4 to 14%. The model revealed the resin flow details and found that increasing the stitch spacing shortens the total filling time, but increases the nonuniformity of the flow front shape. Extreme nonuniformity of the flow front shape could result in the formation of the voids.<br>Ph. D.
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Neto, Antonio Aires Ferreira. "Desenvolvimento e caracterização experimental de um painel reforçado fabricado por VaRTM." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2011. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3002.

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Este trabalho estuda as propriedades mecânicas de um painel com um reforçador longitudinal integrado, fabricado por VaRTM, sujeito a um carregamento de compressão no sentido do reforçador. Para isso, ensaios mecânicos, sustentados por normas internacionais, foram realizados em corpos de prova, extraídos de posições pré-determinadas ao longo do comprimento de infusão, para a obtenção das propriedades mecânicas do material, tais como resistência à compressão, resistência ao cisalhamento interlaminar e comportamento em impacto fora do plano, e ensaios de caracterização do material, como fração volumétrica de fibras e ultrassom, de forma que fosse possível validar o método de fabricação, comparando as propriedades mecânicas obtidas nos ensaios com os resultados encontrados na literatura. Ao final, é mostrado que o processo é válido para a fabricação de componentes em compósito. Porém, é dependente de variáveis de processo como, por exemplo, a temperatura de cura da resina, que influencia diretamente na resistência à compressão do material. O painel reforçado também apresentou um desempenho sob carregamento de compressão satisfatório, o que valida a sua produção pelo processo em questão.
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Kim, Peter Jong Ho. "Development and validation of simulation software for RTM and VARTM processes." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28526.

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Liquid Composite Moulding (LCM) identifies a group of composite manufacturing processes which have become conventional choices in industry due to their versatility and economic advantages. Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) and Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) have established themselves as the two main LCM options. In this thesis, a Finite Difference Method (FDM) approach is developed and implemented for predicting the flow of resin during the filling stage of RTM and VARTM. For RTM filling simulation, the discretized partial differential equations are stored in a matrix and solved using a standard numerical solution approach of Lower-Upper Decomposition. For VARTM filling simulation, solutions are obtained using an iterative method. These two different approaches were used as a result of physical differences between the two manufacturing processes, and also for investigation purposes. The RTM simulation software is capable of simulating flat moulds of any shape and the user can define any positions for the multiple inlet ports and multiple outlet vents. The user controls all the critical parameters for the process such as permeability, viscosity and porosity. Impermeable walls can be inserted in any position in order to simulate complex geometries. The distribution of resin pressure in the cavity can be seen in color scale as well as in actual numbers along with the fill time. Validation of the software was performed by running several RTM experiments and comparing the experimental and simulated flow patterns, as well as the fill times. The VARTM simulation software is developed in 1D where the important parameters such as permeability and porosity behave as variables. The governing equations are developed and discretized. The 1D solution is compared visually and numerically other results obtained from a creditable source.
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Caldwell, Mary Kathryn. "Characterization of Epoxy-hybrid nano-particle Resins for ambient cure VARTM Processes." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04232007-163012/.

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This thesis presents the mechanical characterization of fire resistant epoxy-hybrid resin systems suitable for ambient cure VARTM processes. Several new epoxy-hybrid nano-particle resins were developed and tested for use in large scale composite structures. Based on the viscosity, Tg, and cure time requirements twelve of these resins systems were pre-selected for mechanical testing. Neat resin castings were tested in tension to determine the elastic modulus, tensile strength and maximum elongation. From these results, six of the resin systems were further cast in unidirectional glass fiber laminates. Transverse tension and short beam shear testing was performed on all laminates to determine the mechanical properties of the glass/epoxy systems. Two of the epoxy-hybrid resin systems showed promising behaviors, having a higher transverse modulus and ultimate strength than the original benchmark vinyl-ester resin. Additionally, fiber Bragg grating sensors were embedded in one benchmark vinyl-ester laminate and one epoxy-hybrid laminate during the cure cycle. Taking advantage of both the extrinsic and intrinsic properties of these sensors, residual strains, temperature changes, and degree of cure of the resin were monitored. In addition to having a higher modulus of elasticity and ultimate strength, these new epoxy-hybrid nano-particle resin laminates showed minimal temperature increases during cure and smaller residual strains than the comparable vinyl-ester resin laminates.
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Sayre, Jay Randall. "Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) Model Development, Verification, and Process Analysis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27034.

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Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) processes are becoming promising technologies in the manufacturing of primary composite structures in the aircraft industry as well as infrastructure. A great deal of work still needs to be done on efforts to reduce the costly trial-and-error methods of VARTM processing that are currently in practice today. A computer simulation model of the VARTM process would provide a cost-effective tool in the manufacturing of composites utilizing this technique. Therefore, the objective of this research was to modify an existing three-dimensional, Resin Film Infusion (RFI)/Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) model to include VARTM simulation capabilities and to verify this model with the fabrication of aircraft structural composites. An additional objective was to use the VARTM model as a process analysis tool, where this tool would enable the user to configure the best process for manufacturing quality composites. Experimental verification of the model was performed by processing several flat composite panels. The parameters verified included flow front patterns and infiltration times. The flow front patterns were determined to be qualitatively accurate, while the simulated infiltration times over predicted experimental times by 8 to 10%. Capillary and gravitational forces were incorporated into the existing RFI/RTM model in order to simulate VARTM processing physics more accurately. The theoretical capillary pressure showed the capability to reduce the simulated infiltration times by as great as 6%. The gravity, on the other hand, was found to be negligible for all cases. Finally, the VARTM model was used as a process analysis tool. This enabled the user to determine such important process constraints as the location and type of injection ports and the permeability and location of the high-permeable media. A process for a three-stiffener composite panel was proposed. This configuration evolved from the variation of the process constraints in the modeling of several different composite panels. The configuration was proposed by considering such factors as: infiltration time, the number of vacuum ports, and possible areas of void entrapment.<br>Ph. D.
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Proulx, Francois. "Investigation of VARTM Resin Flow Through 3D Near Net-Shape Aerospace Preforms." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35534.

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The manufacturing of complex aerospace carbon epoxy components remains dominated by processes involving prepreg cured in autoclaves. This manufacturing route is expensive, not only because prepreg precursor materials have short shelf lives and require refrigerated storage, but also because large autoclaves carry very high operating costs and are in very intensive usage, with limited worldwide availability. Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) is an interesting alternative for the manufacturing of near net-shape components as it reduces the costs related to material storage and removes the need for autoclave cure. The production of parts with complex geometry using VARTM is highly influenced by the kinetics of resin flow into preforms upon infusion, and on optimization of the infusion system for speed, consistency and robustness. In this work, the permeability of carbon fibre textile stacks and of equivalent glass fibre stacks was probed in manufacturing replicate trials, with the aim of bettering the production process. Trials were conducted using a substitute silicon oil infused through glass fibre and carbon preforms to enable capture of the evolving flow fronts on camera. The trials covered the effects of preform geometry, port and vent location, and stitching on resin flow. Tooling necessary for conducting the trials was designed and built. The timing of operations was determined in order to optimise the manufacturing process.
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El-Chiti, Fadi. "Experimental Variability of E-Glass Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites Fabricated by VARTM/Scrimp." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/El-ChitiF2005.pdf.

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Books on the topic "VARTM"

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Tāmōtaran̲, Kāñcan̲ā. Varam. Kavitā Papḷikēṣan̲, 2000.

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Caṇmukacuntaram, Cu. Varam. Kāvyā, 1999.

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Tiyākaliṅkam, I. Varam. Mitra Ārṭs & Kiriyēṣan̲s, 2009.

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Tiyākaliṅkam, I. Varam. Mitra Ārṭs & Kiriyēṣan̲s, 2009.

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Vartabédian, Midas. Varta photographe. Créaphis, 2005.

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Tēvapārati. Nāḷai varum. Tēvapārati Nūlakam, 1991.

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Ramaṇi, Vimalā. Kātal varam. Mayilavan̲ Patippakam, 1990.

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Jekanātan̲, Kāvalūr Es. In̲i varum nāṭkaḷ. Centil Patippakam, 1985.

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Pālacuppiramaṇiyan̲, Ti. Mar̲aintu varum marapukaḷ. Vijayā Patippakam, 2003.

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Tāṭcāyaṇi. Iḷavēn̲il mīṇṭum varum. Mīra Patippakam, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "VARTM"

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Thiagarajan, A., K. Jagadish Chandra Bose, K. Velmurugan, and V. S. K. Venkatachalapathy. "Study on Tensile Strength of GFRP Nanocomposites by VARTM." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6374-0_41.

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Aoki, Yuichiro, Yoshiyasu Hirano, Sunao Sugimoto, Yutaka Iwahori, Yosuke Nagao, and Takeshi Ohnuki. "Durability and Damage Tolerance Evaluation of VaRTM Composite Wing Structure." In ICAF 2011 Structural Integrity: Influence of Efficiency and Green Imperatives. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1664-3_45.

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Gajjar, Tushar, Dhaval Shah, Shashikant Joshi, and Kaushik Patel. "Investigation on Dimensional Accuracy for CFRP Antenna Reflectors Using Autoclave and VARTM Processes." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9072-3_58.

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Eum, Soo Hyun, Yun Hae Kim, Joong Won Han, et al. "A Study on the Mechanical Properties of the Honeycomb Sandwich Composites made by VARTM." In Key Engineering Materials. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-978-4.2746.

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Kuratani, Yasunari, Kentaro Hase, Takahiro Hosomi, et al. "Expert vs. Elementary Skill Comparison and Process Analysis in VaRTM-Manufactured Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites." In Digital Human Modeling. Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management: Human Modeling. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21073-5_14.

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Kumbhani, Chandresh B., Harshit K. Dave, and Himanshu V. Patel. "Impact and Flexural Testing of Jute and Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites Fabricated by VARTM Process." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9117-4_30.

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Peralta-Zurita, Diana Belén, Diego Jimenez-Pereira, Jaime Vinicio Molina-Osejos, and Gustavo Adolfo Moreno-Jiménez. "Permeability Characterization of a Composite Reinforced Material with Fiberglass and Cabuya by VARTM Process. Case Hybrid Material." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72212-8_2.

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Thay, V., N. Tuvaan, H. Nakamura, and T. Matsui. "Study on Repair and Strengthening of Steel Girder End with Section Loss Using CFRP Members Bonded by VaRTM Technique." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8079-6_158.

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Cruz, Aristides I. "Genu Varum." In Essential Orthopedic Review. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78387-1_130.

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Ferrick, Michael R. "Genu Varum." In Orthopedic Surgery Clerkship. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52567-9_130.

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Conference papers on the topic "VARTM"

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Correia, N. C., F. Robitaille, A. C. Long, C. D. Rudd, P. Sˇima´cˇek, and S. G. Advani. "Use of Resin Transfer Molding Simulation to Predict Flow, Saturation and Compaction in the VARTM Process." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39696.

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Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) and Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) are among the most significant and widely used Liquid Composite manufacturing processes. In RTM preformed-reinforcement materials are placed in a mold cavity, which is subsequently closed and infused with resin. RTM numerical simulations have been developed and used for a number of years for gate assessment and optimization purposes. Available simulation packages are capable of describing/predicting flow patterns and fill times in geometrically complex parts manufactured by the resin transfer molding process. Unlike RTM, the VARTM process uses only one sided molds (tool surfaces) where performs are placed and enclosed by a sealed vacuum bag. To improve the delivery of the resin, a distribution media is sometimes used to cover the preform during the injection process. Attempts to extend the usability of the existing RTM algorithms and software packages to the VARTM domain have been made but there are some fundamental differences between the two processes. Most significant of these are 1) the thickness variations in VARTM due to changes in compaction force during resin flow 2) fiber tow saturation, which may be significant in the VARTM process. This paper presents examples on how existing RTM filling simulation codes can be adapted and used to predict flow, thickness of the preform during the filling stage and permeability changes during the VARTM filling process. The results are compared with results obtained from an analytic model as well as with limited experimental results. The similarities and differences between the modeling of RTM and VARTM process are highlighted.
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Tate, Jitendra S., and Ajit D. Kelkar. "Fatigue Behavior of VARTM Manufactured Biaxial Braided Composites." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43850.

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Braided composites have good properties in mutually orthogonal directions, more balanced properties than traditional tape laminates, and have potentially better fatigue and impact resistance due to the interlacing. Another benefit is reduced manufacturing cost by reducing part count. Because of these potential benefits braided composites are being considered for various applications ranging from primary/secondary structures for aerospace structures [1]. These material systems are gaining popularity, in particular for the small business jets, where FAA requires taken off weights of 12,500 lb. or less. The new process, Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM), is low cost, affordable and suitable for high volume manufacturing environment. Recently the aircraft industry has been successful in maufacturing wing flaps, using carbon fiber braids and epoxy resin and the VARTM process. To utilize these VARTM manufactured braided materials to the fullest advantage (and hence to avoid underutilization), it is necessary to understand their behavior under different loading and environmental conditions. This will reduce uncertainty and hence reduce the factor of safety in the design. Any typical structural member made of composite material is subjected to different types of loading such as static, impact, cyclic causing fatigue, and environmental effects such as change in temperature and exposure to moisture and other corrosives. It is well known that cyclic loading reduces the strength of a material and its useful life or, the fatigue strength of a material is lower than its static strength. This is true of all materials—metals, plastics, composite materials, etc. In structural applications, fatigue loading is unavoidable especially in aerospace and ground transportation applications. This research addresses the tensiontension fatigue behavior of biaxial braided composites.
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Pishvar, Maya, Mehrad Amirkhosravi, and M. Cengiz Altan. "Applying Magnetic Consolidation Pressure During Cure to Improve Laminate Quality: A Comparative Analysis of Wet Lay-Up and Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Processes." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72019.

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This paper presents the application of a new technique, Magnet Assisted Composite Manufacturing (MACM), to enhance the quality of composite laminates fabricated by wet lay-up/vacuum bag (WLVB) and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). Towards this goal, a set of high-power, Neodymium permanent magnets, which are placed on a magnetic tool plate, is applied on the vacuum bag/lay-up. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of MACM, six-ply random mat, E-glass/epoxy composite laminates are produced under four processing scenarios: (i) Conventional WLVB; (ii) WLVB with magnetic consolidation; (iii) Conventional VARTM; and (iv) VARTM with magnetic consolidation. Applying magnetic consolidation pressure is found to be a convenient and efficient method for enhancing the overall quality of the laminates fabricated by WLVB and VARTM. For instance, in WLVB-MACM process, fiber volume fraction improves by 98% to 49% and void content reduces from 5% to less than 1.5% compared to conventional WLVB. These two factors lead to substantially increased mechanical properties of the WLVB-MACM laminates to a level comparable to those achieved by the higher-cost VARTM-MACM process.
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Kuratani, Yasunari, Kentaro Hase, Takahiro Hosomi, Tomoe Kawazu, Tadashi Uozumi, and Akihiko Goto. "Workers’ Eye Movements During the Manufacturing of VaRTM Preforms." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52598.

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Many companies are currently researching VaRTM molding method for practical application in the composite material industry, such as in wind-powered power generating equipment, boats and ships, and aircrafts because it can produce moldings with complicated shapes or large sizes, does not require a large amount of business investments, and can make molding cost efficient. However, it is difficult discovering the optimal conditions for molding, as VaRTM molding requires perform manufacturing process which makes the fiber base material fit into a three-dimensional shape by applying pressure and heat. It is said that the accuracy of the preform affects the mechanical properties of the molding product. In recent years, despite continued investigations into the automated manufacturing of preforms, the majority of preforms are still manufactured by the hands of workers, causing the accuracy of the preform to be dependent on the ability of the worker. In this research, we made three subjects with varying number of years’ experience create preforms and produce a VaRTM molding. Conducting an interlaminar shear strength test on the molding products revealed that they had a higher intensity in order of the most years of experience to least. In order to identify the reason why the accuracy in creating a preform is dependent on the ability of the worker, we informed all of the subjects of the work process beforehand, made them use the same tools and fiber base materials, and investigated the differences in manufacturing method and manufacturing techniques caused by the workers’ number of years of experience. Differences were observed in the expert and non-experts from an overall image of the subjects when working, such as how they handled the tools (iron), their posture when layering, how they exerted strength into layering, etc. We also measured the subjects’ eye movements, focusing on where they were looking. Rather than analyzing the amount of time and the movements of their entire bodies in each work process, instead, we focused on the movements of their line of sight when working. Thus, we compared where each of the subjects was watching and the order in which they watched them. Furthermore, as well as the movement of their line of sight, we also focused on how they moved their hands when conducting the work and investigated the coordination of all of the subjects when working. Based on the fact that there were differences in the accuracy of the preforms, it is clear that manufacturing preforms is not a general concept in which the technique is handed down. While optimizing the creation of systems, work instruction manuals and tools which produce exactly the same accuracy, regardless of the worker manufacturing the preform, we will continue to conduct research that leads to the development of automated production technology.
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Fuqua, Michael, and James L. Glancey. "A Port Injection Process for Improved Resin Delivery and Flow Control in Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14422.

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Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) is used to produce high quality composite parts at lower cost than other manufacturing methods. However, traditional VARTM injection methods are incapable of accounting for variations in preform permeability within a mold. As a result, creating complex components is a labor intensive and expensive process often requiring a trial and error approach to insure complete infusion of the preform fibers. To address this limitation, a new system for delivering resin to a VARTM mold using a series of ports in the tooling surface rather than traditional injection lines has been developed. A port injection process has been designed that utilizes a closed loop control system of ports and sensors built into the mold. Finite element models of this new process indicate complete infusion can consistently be achieved, even for mold lay-ups with large variations in permeability. Results indicate the system is capable of identifying and accounting for preform variability, and correctly delivering resin to low permeability regions usually unfilled with conventional VARTM. In addition, this new technique significantly reduces lay-up time and total time to infuse a part. Experiments with a prototype lab-scale mold have been used to validate the performance of this new injection process. Unlike a conventional VARTM setup, the innovative port injection process can deliver resin to any location within the mold, thus reducing the potential for dry regions and improving part quality and consistency.
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Adhikari, Debabrata, and Suhasini Gururaja. "Transient Analysis of In-Plane and Through Thickness Flow During VARTM in the Presence of HPM." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37628.

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Modeling resin flow for a Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) process involves developing an approach for coupled flow-compaction, porosity-permeability, resin-cure and stress-development phenomena. In the present work, a modified transient incompressible resin flow model has been developed for VARTM without considering the constant flow rate assumption. The use of High Permeability Medium (HPM) during VARTM results in a through-thickness flow in addition to in-plane flow developing due to the pressure gradient. Results have been validated with existing literature. Fill time comparisons for with and without HPM cases have been presented. Some preliminary results of 2D plane flow have also been obtained which show promise in replicating the physics of vacuum assisted resin infusion composite manufacturing process.
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Sugimoto, Sunao, Yuichiro Aoki, Yoshihiro Hirano, and Yosuke Nagao. "A Study of Quality Assurance of VaRTM Composite Wing Structure." In 48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-2338.

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Robinson, M. J., and J. B. Kosmatka. "Embedding viscoelastic damping materials in low-cost VARTM composite structures." In Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Kon-Well Wang. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.600421.

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Mohamed, M., R. R. Vuppalapati, S. Hawkins, K. Chandrashekhara, and T. Schuman. "Impact Characterization of Polyurethane Composites Manufactured Using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88267.

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Glass fiber reinforced composites are finding various applications due to their high specific stiffness/strength, and corrosion resistance. Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is one of the commonly used low cost composite manufacturing processes. Polyurethane (PU) resin system has been observed to have better mechanical properties and higher impact strength when compared to conventional resin systems such as polyester and vinyl ester. Until recently, PU could not be used in composite manufacturing processes such as VARTM due to its low pot life. In the present work, a thermoset PU resin systems with longer pot life developed by Bayer MaterialScience is used. Glass fiber reinforced PU composites have been manufactured using one part PU resin system. Performance evaluation was conducted on these composites using tensile, flexure and impact tests. Finite element simulation was conducted to validate the mechanical tests. Results showed that PU composites manufactured using novel thermoset PU resins and VARTM process will have significant applications in infrastructure and automotive industries.
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Nalla, Ajit R., and James L. Glancey. "Closed Loop Control of Resin Flow in VARTM Using a Multi-Segment Injection Line and Real-Time Adaptive, Model-Based Control." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81767.

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To improve process controllability during VARTM, a new resin injection line was designed and tested. The injection line, which consists of multiple segments each independently operated, allows for the control of resin flow to different locations within the mold. Simulation of different injection line configurations for various mold geometries is studied. Performance of a prototype line is quantified with a laboratory size mold used to demonstrate the potential value and benefits of this approach. Specific performance metrics, including resin flow front controllability, total injection time and void formation are used to compare this new approach to conventional VARTM injection methods. Computer-based closed loop controller strategies are designed that use point sensor feedback of resin location. In addition, an adaptive control algorithm that uses a finite element model to provide real-time updates of the injection line configuration is presented. Experimental validation of two different control strategies is presented, and demonstrates that real-time, model-based control is possible in VARTM.
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Reports on the topic "VARTM"

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Mallon, P. J., M. A. Dweib, S. Ziaee, A. Chatterjee, and J. W. Gillespie. VARTM & RTM Processing of PBT & PA Thermoplastic Composites. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada408706.

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Hellström, Lisa, and Linda Beckman. Att främja hälsa och förebbygga ohälsa bland ungdomar : En nationell och internationell kartläggning över initiativ och insatser. Malmö universitet, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771103.

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Med denna rapport vill vi förmedla hopp till unga, öka kunskapen, med-vetenheten och minska skammen kring psykisk ohälsa. Unga uttrycker själva att de vill ha mer kunskap om psykisk hälsa och skolan lyfts ofta som en bra plattform. Många unga vet inte vart de ska vända sig för att få hjälp med psykiska besvär och de har behov av att bli lyssnade på. När-varande vuxna som lyssnar behövs, dock saknar många vuxna kunskap om psykiska besvär och diagnoser kopplat till psykisk ohälsa.Psykisk hälsa bland unga är en viktig samhällsfråga som de senaste åren har fått mer uppmärksamhet i samhällsdebatten. Flera satsningar har gjorts av civilsamhällesaktörer och offentliga aktörer. Samtidigt visar den internationella kartläggningen att det är svårt att påvisa långsiktiga effek-ter av alla de satsningar som görs. Det kan finnas flera orsaker till detta. Det finns dock insatser som verkar mer lovande och här finns en möjlighet för beslutsfattare att göra skillnad för ungas psykiska hälsa. Förutom att bespara unga onödigt lidande är dessa insatser ofta samhällsekonomisktkostnadseffektiva, eftersom de på sikt leder till minskat vårdsökande och bättre förutsättningar för unga att klara skolan och i förlängningen arbets-livet. Sådana satsningar går även i linje med Barnkonventionen artikel 24 om alla barns rätt till bästa möjliga hälsa, som sedan 2020 är lag i Sverige. Utifrån kartläggningen har vi följande rekommendationer 1. Rusta unga med färdigheter om psykisk ohälsaUnga bör få tillgång till de kunskaper och färdigheter som enligt forsk-ning visat sig lovande för att främja psykisk hälsa och förebygga ohälsa. Internationellt ges flera av dessa insatser inom ramen för sko-lan. De behöver utveckla sina färdigheter i hur man tolkar och förstår sina egna känslor och sin kropp och vad som är vanlig livssmärta, hur man kan hantera den och när man behöver kontakta vården. Därför bör ett nationellt initiativ som når alla barn tas för att främja barn och ungas kunskap och färdigheter om psykisk hälsa för att rusta dem för livet. Det bör även inkludera information om vart man kan vända sig om man behöver ytterligare stöd eller vård. Unga ska vara delaktiga i utformningen av ett sådant initiativ. 2. Ge vuxna kunskap och verktyg om psykisk hälsa – för att underlätta stöd till ungaBarn och unga behöver närvarande vuxna som har förmågan att lyssna, fånga upp och vägleda dem. Det är inte ovanligt att vuxna i barns och ungas närhet upplever osäkerhet och saknar kunskap om psykiska besvär och diagnoser. Därför behöver vuxna, framförallt föräldrar och yrkes-verksamma som jobbar nära unga, få bättre kunskap och verktyg för hur de ska möta unga på ett bättre sätt. Satsningar på att höja föräldrars kun-skap om psykisk hälsa bör göras, exempelvis i form av föräldrastödspro-gram och folkbildning. Lärare bör även ges grundläggande kunskaper om psykisk hälsa inom ramen för lärarutbildningen. 3. Insatser bör följas upp under en längre tidInsatser för att främja psykisk hälsa bör planeras, implementeras och ut-värderas med långtidsuppföljningar (&gt;12 månader). Detta för att bättre kunna bedöma de långsiktiga effekterna och för att kunna utveckla och anpassa insatserna efterhand.
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