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1

Trent, Region Seminar on Health Service Developments in the Decade Ahead (7th 1988 Leicester England). Medicine and management: Proceedings of the seventh Trent Region Seminar on Health Service Developments in the Decade Ahead : screening for colo-rectal cancer; therapeutic vascular embolisation; utilisation modelling; risk limitation in anasethesia; pain services. Published privately for the Trent Regional Health Authority, 1988.

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2

Ghazi, Arif H., and Obi Agu. Acute pain in peripheral vascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0018.

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Pain in vascular disease is often severe. Atherosclerosis is the commonest cause of ischaemic pain. Angioplasty, stents, and surgical revascularization should be attempted to treat the underlying cause. Pain relief is also aimed at neuropathic and sympathetic components of pain. In end stage ischaemic disease, amputation may be necessary often leading to long-term pain.
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3

Ford, Robert, and Kelli Owen. Vascular Access: A Journey of Pain Management. Gypsy Press, 2011.

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4

Effects of low-intensity, pain-free exercise on muscle metabolism in patients with peripheral vascular disease evaluated by ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy. 1992.

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5

Effects of low-intensity, pain-free exercise on muscle metabolism in patients with peripheral vascular disease evaluated by p31sP-NMR spectroscopy. 1992.

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6

Effects of low-intensity, pain-free exercise on muscle metabolism in patients with peripheral vascular disease evaluated by ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy. 1992.

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7

Effects of low-intensity, pain-free exercise on muscle metabolism in patients with peripheral vascular disease evaluated by ℗đ℗£P-NMR spectroscopy. 1992.

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8

Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Innovative Method in the Treatment of Pvd. Springer, 1994.

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9

McDougall, Robert. Management of Acutely Burned Children. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0025.

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The resuscitation of the child with burns poses a number of challenges to the anesthesiologist. It is vital that there is a systematic approach to managing the airway, breathing, and circulation. This requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of burn injury. Particular attention must be paid to the timing and technique of securing the airway. Appropriate vascular access and pain management are also of high priority in the burned child.
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10

Bowker, Lesley K., James D. Price, Ku Shah, and Sarah C. Smith. Cardiovascular. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738381.003.0010.

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This chapter provides information on the ageing cardiovascular system, chest pain, stable angina, acute coronary syndromes, myocardial infarction, hypertension, treatment of hypertension, presentation of arrhythmias, management of arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, rate/rhythm control in atrial fibrillation, stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, bradycardia and conduction disorders, common arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities, heart failure assessment, acute heart failure, chronic heart failure, dilemmas in heart failure, heart failure with preserved left ventricular function, valvular
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11

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Exon Publications, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36255/ehlers-danlos-syndrome.

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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a group of rare genetic disorders that affect connective tissue, leading to symptoms such as joint hypermobility, fragile skin, and potential vascular complications. This article provides detailed yet accessible information for individuals, families, and caregivers. It begins with an explanation of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, highlighting the importance of collagen and the role of genetic mutations in causing the condition. The article explores the types of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, including hypermobile, classical, and vascular forms, and describes their unique symptoms an
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12

Burgart, Alyssa M., and Louise K. Furukawa. Perioperative Care of Patients with Epidermolysis Bullosa. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0065.

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Inherited epidermolysis bullosa comprises a group of rare, serious conditions affecting multiple organ systems. While generally referred to as a dermatologic condition, any organ with an epithelial surface is affected, leading to serious extracutaneous manifestations. These have wide-ranging implications for anesthetic management, including airway management, vascular access, skin protection, and effective pain control. A successful and safe patient experience requires thoughtful evaluation, communication with a multidisciplinary team, anesthetic planning, intraoperative management, and postop
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13

Shaibani, Aziz. Numbness. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0023.

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Sensory symptoms are the most common symptoms in neuromuscular clinics, yet it is difficult to capture them in videos unless they have a very specific pattern and/or they are associated with objective loss of sensation. Distal sensory loss is a common neuropathic finding. Sensory neuropathies may also present with ataxia or severe pain. Multifocal sensory loss is usually vascular (vasculitis, diabetic amyotrophy). Intercostal pain and numbness are due to radiculopathy (diabetic, zoster, or compressive radiculopathy). Thoracic and abdominal radiculopathies are often misdiagnoses as acute corona
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14

Daniel, Claire, Venki Sundaram, and Jimmy Uddin. Orbit. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199237593.003.0010.

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This chapter begins by discussing orbital anatomy and orbital history and examination, before covering the key clinical knowledge, namely orbital infections, orbital inflammatory disease, orbital vascular malformations, orbital tumours, thyroid eye disease, orbital fractures and trauma, and orbital surgery. The chapter concludes with five case-based discussions, on childhood proptosis, non-axial proptosis, traumatic proptosis, orbital pain, and diplopia following trauma.
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15

Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Emergency anaesthesia in the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0006.

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Emergency surgery in the elderly is needed even if elective surgery would not be considered. Often, it is due to trauma or to intra-abdominal, vascular, or neurosurgical emergencies. The time from onset of the cause of the emergency to operative treatment is directly related to complications and death. Delay to accurate diagnosis is common and may be masked by delirium. Sepsis, pain hypotension, and metabolic disorders may all trigger delirium. Resuscitation and optimization should be concurrent with operative management. Important factors considered include the possible cause of a fall (cardi
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16

Banerjee, Ashis, and Clara Oliver. Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786870.003.0006.

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Surgery is a large topic to cover and can include numerous presenting complaints. This chapter focuses on key aspects of surgical pathology, including the acute abdomen and differentiating the cause of abdominal pain for which there is a large differential. This chapter provides insight into the key aspects from history and examination to enable candidates to differentiate the cause of a patient presenting with abdominal pain, and thus answer an exam question. In addition, this chapter also covers vascular pathology such as dissection and ischaemic limbs, as well as common urological problems
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17

Shaibani, Aziz. Numbness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0023.

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Sensory symptoms are the most common symptoms in neuromuscular clinics, yet it is hard to capture them via video unless they have a very specific pattern and they are associated with objective loss of sensation. Distal sensory loss is a common neuropathic finding. It follows gloves and stocks distribution. Sensory neuropathies may present with ataxia which results in falls, or severe pain. Neuropathic pain with normal ankle reflexes and sural responses suggest small fiber neuropathy. Multifocal sensory loss is usually vascular. It can also be infectious (leprosy). Migratory neuritis is a poorl
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18

McDougall, Robert. Management of Acutely Burned Children. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0021.

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The general approach for a child who has suffered burns, as for any injured child, should be assessment and management of airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC). A child status post-burn injury may require immediate intubation due to smoke inhalation and ensuing respiratory distress. The resuscitation of the child with burn injury poses a number of challenges to the anesthesiologist and requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of this type of injury. Appropriate vascular access and pain management are also of high priority in this scenario. This chapter discusses the approach to resu
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19

Symon, Lindsay, Fabian Isamat, Antony Jefferson, and Friedrich Loew. Proceedings of the 8th European Congress of Neurosurgery Barcelona, September 6-11 1987: Intraoperative and Posttraumatic Monitoring and Brain Protection -- Cerebro-Vascular Lesions -- Intracranial Tumours -- Benign Intracranial Cystic Lesions, Hydrocephalus, CSF-Volumes -- Central Pain Syndromes. Springer, 2012.

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20

Heithaus, Robert Evans, Almas Syed, and Chet R. Rees. Slow and Steady Method for Advancing Devices Through Tight or Tortuous Anatomy. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0059.

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Advancing vascular sheaths, catheters, balloons, stent grafts, or drainage catheters can prove difficult in tight or tortuous anatomy, leading to prolonged procedure and fluoroscopy time. Overcoming the static forces of friction requires greater magnitude of force compared to the kinetic forces of friction. Static forces of friction can result in catheter or device kinking, particularly in tight or tortuous anatomy. By applying slow, steady force (as opposed to multiple isolated applications of force) in a manner described in this chapter, one can advance a device in a slow and steady manner,
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21

Jones, Bryn. Complications of total knee replacement. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008007.

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♦ 81–89% overall patient satisfaction following total knee replacement♦ 1 in 8 patients experience unexplained postoperative pain♦ Obesity, increasing age, and medical comorbidities increase the risk of postoperative complications♦ Prosthetic infection rate at 1 year is 1–2%♦ Preoperative range of movement often determines postoperative range♦ Low risk of acute vascular event and neurological and ligamentous injury♦ Duration and method of venous thromboprophylaxis remains controversial♦ Periprosthetic femoral and tibial fractures require stabilisation. Fixation of periprosthetic patella fractu
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22

Katirji, Bashar. Case 13. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0017.

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Thoracic outlet syndrome remains a controversial syndrome despite being described more than a century ago. This syndrome has neurogenic, vascular, and disputed types. True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is relatively rare syndrome often associated with a cervical rib or cervical band. Symptoms include pain, hand and forearm numbness, and hand weakness and atrophy. The true neurogenic disorder has classical electrodiagnostic presentations. This case highlights the anatomy of the brachial plexus and distinguishes true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome from carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital
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23

Nagpal, Ameet, and Brad Wisler. Thoracic Spinal Stenosis. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0011.

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Thoracic spinal stenosis is an uncommon pathologic condition of the spine. This chapter reviews its etiology, epidemiology, anatomic features, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Four of the main causes of thoracic spinal stenosis are ossification of the ligamentum flavum, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, thoracic disc herniation, and thoracic spondylosis. Even rarer secondary causes include generalized skeletal disorders, metabolic and endocrine disorders of the spine, neoplastic lesions, and vascular malformations. The chapter presents a brief review of the currently avai
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24

Altshuler, David, Jason A. Heth, and Nicholas J. Szerlip. Skull Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0023.

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The diagnostic and treatment approach for patients with skull lesions begins with a thorough history and physical and careful attention to anatomic localization. The patient’s history and exam findings can inform a preliminary differential diagnosis, which may be broadly divided into benign and malignant processes. Based on a preliminary assessment, appropriate neuro-imaging involving magnetic resonance, computed tomograph, and/or vascular modalities may be pursued. Characteristic image findings may further refine a differential. While conservative management may be indicated for the most assu
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25

Sivak, Erica, Marcus Malek, and Denise Hall-Burton. Hirschsprung Disease. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0037.

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Hirschsprung disease is characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the enteric nervous system. Inability to pass meconium in the neonatal period, enterocolitis, bowel obstruction, or chronic constipation in older infants and children may be the presenting symptoms. Once diagnosed, surgical intervention is always required. Successful resection of all portions of aganglionic intestine may be accomplished through multiple surgical techniques. Depending upon the surgical approach required, regional anesthesia may be indicated to assist with pain control postoperatively. This chapter describ
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26

Aina, Titilopemi A. O., and Miguel Prada. Kidney Transplantation. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0024.

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Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) can be managed with kidney transplantation, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis. The most common organ transplanted in the United States is the kidney. Kidney transplantation surgery can be divided into the following stages: incision/dissection of vessels, cross-clamping vessels, vascular anastomosis, unclamping of vessels, ureter anastomosis to bladder, and closing. The size of recipient and donor kidneys as well as the size of recipient blood vessels will determine the position of graft implantation—either intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal. At t
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27

Hakim, Alan J., and Rodney Grahame. Hypermobility syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0159.

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Hypermobility-related syndromes constitute a family of heritable disorders of connective tissue (HDCT) that derive from abnormalities affecting genes that encode for the connective tissue matrix proteins such as collagen, fibrillin, and tenascin. They range from such commonplace though poorly recognized conditions such as the joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) to the better-known, if more rare, eponymous syndromes such as Marfan's syndrome (MFS) and the different types of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). The more common presentations are with skin pathology (bruising, scaring), joint or spina
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28

Banerjee, Amitava, and Kaleab Asrress. Screening for cardiovascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0351.

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Screening involves testing asymptomatic individuals who have risk factors, or individuals who are in the early stages of a disease, in order to decide whether further investigation, clinical intervention, or treatment is warranted. Therefore, screening is classically a primary prevention strategy which aims to capture disease early in its course, but it can also involve secondary prevention in individuals with established disease. In the words of Geoffrey Rose, screening is a ‘population’ strategy. Examples of screening programmes are blood pressure monitoring in primary care to screen for hyp
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29

Wilton, Niall, Brian J. Anderson, and Bruno Marciniak. Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology in paediatric anaesthesia. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman and Neil S. Morton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0069.

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Anaesthesia for children is tempered by changes that occur during both growth and development. Drug dose is affected by size and clearance maturation processes as well as the changing body composition that occurs with age. All organ systems undergo these maturation changes and most are complete within the first few years of life. Normal physiological variables in infancy and childhood are quite different from adults. The central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems are particularly important. Cerebral immaturity and plasticity impacts sensitivity to drugs, pain responses, and behav
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30

Levi, Allan D., ed. Goodman's Neurosurgery Oral Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190636937.001.0001.

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The purpose of this book is to educate and prepare neurosurgery candidates for the American Board of Neurological Surgery Oral Board Examination. The book begins by describing the format of the Oral Board Examination in the United States in its current format. It then examines some of the concepts and techniques in the question-and-answer process that forms the major premise of the Oral Board Examination. The book chapters that follow are divided into the neurosurgery subspecialty areas, including brain tumors, vascular, endovascular, cranial trauma, pain, epilepsy and functional, spine, perip
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31

Levi, Allan D., ed. Goodman's Neurosurgery Oral Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190055189.001.0001.

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This book will educate and prepare neurosurgery candidates who are preparing for the Neurosurgery Oral Board exam. The book begins by initially describing the format of the new oral board exam in the United States. It will then examine some of the concepts and techniques in the question–answer process that forms the major premise of the oral board exam. The book chapters to follow are then divided into the neurosurgery subspecialty areas including spine, peripheral nerve, brain tumors, cerebral vascular and endovascular, functional/pain, pediatrics, etc. Each chapter contains 3 to 7 case prese
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32

Kahn, S. Lowell, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani, eds. Interventional and Endovascular Tips and Tricks of the Trade. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.001.0001.

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Through 105 highly-illustrated chapters, Interventional and Endovascular Tips and Tricks of the Trade equips interventional radiologists, surgeons, and cardiologists with unique techniques for solving complex clinical problems that may arise during both vascular and non-vascular procedures. The techniques are presented as succinct steps with particular attention paid to applications, challenges, potential pitfalls, and steps of the procedure. The accessible outline format and illustrative case examples optimize learning, patient selection, and outcomes. Suggested further readings and reference
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33

Clebone, Anna, Barbara Burian, Keith J. Ruskin, and Barbara Burian, eds. Pediatric Anesthesia Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685188.001.0001.

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Pediatric Anesthesiology Procedures is intended as a ready resource of common procedures in Pediatric Anesthesiology for both experts and novices. It will be useful to both those with extensive training and experience as well as beginners and those with distant experience or training. A wealth of knowledge in the human factors of procedure design and use has been applied throughout to ensure that desired information can be easily located, that steps are clearly identified and comprehensible, and that additional information of high relevance to procedure completion is co-located and salient. Th
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34

Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0118_update_001.

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In all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, regular monitoring of serum markers of CKD-mineral and bone disorder, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase, is recommended. Target ranges for these markers are endorsed by guidelines. The principles of therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism include control of hyperphosphataemia, correction of hypocalcaemia, use of vitamin D sterols, use of calcimimetics, and parathyroidectomy. of hyperphosphataemia is crucial and may be achieved by means of dietary P rest
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35

Ong, Albert C. M., and Timothy Ellam. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0307_update_001.

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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is responsible for up to 10% of prevalent patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is characterized by the enlargement of multiple bilateral renal cysts, present in almost all patients by their fifth decade. Loin pain is a common symptom that may be caused by cyst growth, intracyst haemorrhage, nephrolithiasis, or infection. Gross haematuria is also a common feature, but usually settles spontaneously. Excretory impairment develops after extensive cystic change has occurred and progresses to ESRD in half of all affected patients by th
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36

Mills, Gary H. Pulmonary disease and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0082.

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Respiratory adverse events are the commonest complications after anaesthesia and have profound implications for the recovery of the patient and their subsequent health. Outcome prediction related to respiratory disease and complications is vital when determining the risk:benefit balance of surgery and providing informed consent. Surgery produces an inflammatory response and pain, which affects the respiratory system. Anaesthesia produces atelectasis, decreases the drive to breathe, and causes muscle weakness. As the respiratory system ages, closing capacity increases and airway closure becomes
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37

Link, Heather M., and Eva K. Pressman. Approach to Delivery in the Patient with Neurologic Disease. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0031.

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This chapter focuses on delivery considerations for patients with intracranial masses, spinal cord injuries, CNS vascular abnormalities, and neuromuscular disorders. Special attention is paid to issues regarding pre-delivery planning, optimal timing of delivery, preferred mode of delivery, initial assessment on labor and delivery, and postpartum considerations. For patients with neurologic disorders in pregnancy data regarding optimal mode of delivery is often limited due to the rare nature of some conditions. This chapter highlights the most recent evidence and strongly emphasizes the need fo
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38

Dasgupta, Bhaskar. Polymyalgia rheumatica. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0134.

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This chapter reviews advances in pathogenesis; European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) classification criteria with clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound criteria for classification as polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR); the heterogeneity and overlap between PMR, inflammatory arthritis, and large-vessel vasculitis as illustrated by representative cases; recent guidelines on early and correct recognition, investigations, and management of PMR; the scope of disease-modifying agents; socio-economic impact, outcomes, and patient experience in PMR. It also discusses
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Eleftheriou, Despina, and Paul A. Brogan. Paediatric vasculitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0136.

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Systemic vasculitis is characterized by blood vessel inflammation which may lead to tissue injury from vascular stenosis, occlusion, aneurysm, and/or rupture. Apart from relatively common vasculitides such as Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and Kawasaki's disease (KD), most of the primary vasculitic syndromes are rare in childhood, but are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. New classification criteria for childhood vasculitis have recently been proposed and validated. The cause of most vasculitides is unknown, although it is likely that a complex interaction between environmen
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40

Supply of Blood for Transfusion in Latin America and Caribbean Countries 2016-2017. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275121719.

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Blood transfusions are necessary to improve or save the lives of children with severe anemia, mothers in obstetric emergencies, patients with hemoglobinopathies, cancer patients, transplant patients, patients with chronic age-related diseases, such as bleeding caused by vascular problems and orthopedic surgeries, people injured in accidents, among other causes. Supply and access to safe blood for transfusions are closely related to the organization and degree of development of blood services, with the governance and participation of society through voluntary unpaid donation. Since 2004, the Pa
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41

Smith, Denise L., and Bo Fernhall. Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781718243859.

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Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, systematically details the effects of acute and chronic exercise training on each component of the cardiovascular system: the heart, the vasculature, and the blood (including blood clotting factors). Students and professionals working within exercise science and related health professions will gain a comprehensive understanding of the cardiovascular system and learn how to apply this knowledge to their work. Advanced Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, highlights the complex interaction of the components of the cardio
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