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Journal articles on the topic 'Vat photopolymerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 March 2023

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1

Li, Xiangjia, and Yong Chen. "Vat-Photopolymerization-Based Ceramic Manufacturing." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 30, no. 7 (July 2021): 4819–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05920-z.

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2

Shaukat, Usman, Elisabeth Rossegger, and Sandra Schlögl. "A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122449.

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Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.

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3

Rieger, Thomas, Tim Schubert, Julian Schurr, Andreas Kopp, Michael Schwenkel, Dirk Sellmer, Alexander Wolff, Juliane Meese-Marktscheffel, Timo Bernthaler, and Gerhard Schneider. "Vat Photopolymerization of Cemented Carbide Specimen." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 7631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247631.

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Numerous studies show that vat photopolymerization enables near-net-shape printing of ceramics and plastics with complex geometries. In this study, vat photopolymerization was investigated for cemented carbide specimens. Custom-developed photosensitive WC-12 Co (wt%) slurries were used for printing green bodies. The samples were examined for defects using quantitative microstructure analysis. A thermogravimetric analysis was performed to develop a debinding program for the green bodies. After sintering, the microstructure and surface roughness were evaluated. As mechanical parameters, Vickers hardness and Palmqvist fracture toughness were considered. A linear shrinkage of 26–27% was determined. The remaining porosity fraction was 9.0%. No free graphite formation, and almost no η-phase formation occurred. WC grain growth was observed. 76% of the WC grains measured were in the suitable size range for metal cutting tool applications. A hardness of 1157 HV10 and a Palmqvist fracture toughness of 12 MPam was achieved. The achieved microstructure exhibits a high porosity fraction and local cracks. As a result, vat photopolymerization can become an alternative forming method for cemented carbide components if the amount of residual porosity and defects can be reduced.

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Andreu, Alberto, Pei-Chen Su, Jeong-Hwan Kim, Chin Siang Ng, Sanglae Kim, Insup Kim, Jiho Lee, Jinhong Noh, Alamelu Suriya Subramanian, and Yong-Jin Yoon. "4D printing materials for vat photopolymerization." Additive Manufacturing 44 (August 2021): 102024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102024.

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5

Wilts, Emily M., Allison M. Pekkanen, B. Tyler White, Viswanath Meenakshisundaram, Donald C. Aduba, Christopher B. Williams, and Timothy E. Long. "Vat photopolymerization of charged monomers: 3D printing with supramolecular interactions." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 12 (2019): 1442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01792a.

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6

Vallabh, Chaitanya Krishna Prasad, Yue Zhang, and Xiayun Zhao. "In-situ ultrasonic monitoring for Vat Photopolymerization." Additive Manufacturing 55 (July 2022): 102801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102801.

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7

Nath, Shukantu Dev, and Sabrina Nilufar. "Performance Evaluation of Sandwich Structures Printed by Vat Photopolymerization." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081513.

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Additive manufacturing such as vat photopolymerization allows to fabricate intricate geometric structures than conventional manufacturing techniques. However, the manufacturing of lightweight sandwich structures with integrated core and facesheet is rarely fabricated using this process. In this study, photoactivatable liquid resin was used to fabricate sandwich structures with various intricate core topologies including the honeycomb, re-entrant honeycomb, diamond, and square by a vat photopolymerization technique. Uniaxial compression tests were performed to investigate the compressive modulus and strength of these lightweight structures. Sandwich cores with the diamond structure exhibited superior compressive and weight-saving properties whereas the re-entrant structures showed high energy absorption capacity. The fractured regions of the cellular cores were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Elastoplastic finite element analyses showed the stress distribution of the sandwich structures under compressive loading, which are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to compare the behavior of these structures under varying temperatures. All the sandwich structures exhibited more stable thermomechanical properties than the solid materials at elevated temperatures. The findings of this study offer insights into the superior structural and thermal properties of sandwich structures printed by a vat photopolymerization technique, which can benefit a wide range of engineering applications.

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8

Schwarzer-Fischer, Eric, Anne Günther, Sven Roszeitis, and Tassilo Moritz. "Combining Zirconia and Titanium Suboxides by Vat Photopolymerization." Materials 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092394.

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A recently developed multi-ceramic additive manufacturing process (multi-CAMP) and an appropriate device offer a multi-material approach by vat photopolymerization (VPP) of multi-functionalized ceramic components. However, this process is limited to ceramic powders with a certain translucency for visible light. Electrically conductive ceramic powders are therefore ruled out because of their light-absorbing behavior and dark color. The goal of the collaborative work described in the article was to develop a material combination for this multi-material approach of the additive vat photopolymerization method which allows for combining electrical conductivity and electrical insulation plus high mechanical strength in co-sintered ceramic components. As conductive component titanium suboxides are chosen, whereas zirconia forms the mechanically stable and insulation part. Since titanium suboxides cannot be used for vat photopolymerization due to their light-absorbing behavior, titania is used instead. After additive manufacturing, the two-component parts are co-sintered in a reducing atmosphere to transform the titania into its suboxides and, thus, attaining the desired property combination. The article describes the challenges of the co-processing of both materials due to the complex optical properties of titania. Furthermore, the article shows successfully co-sintered testing parts of the material combination of zirconia/titanium suboxide which are made by assembling single-material VPP components in the green state and subsequent common thermal treatment. The results of microstructural and interface investigations such as electrical measurements are discussed.

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9

Sun, Ke, Xiaotong Peng, Zengkang Gan, Wei Chen, Xiaolin Li, Tao Gong, and Pu Xiao. "3D Printing/Vat Photopolymerization of Photopolymers Activated by Novel Organic Dyes as Photoinitiators." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101272.

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Even though numerous organic dyes which are used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization have been systematically investigated and collected in previous reviews, further designs of these chromophores and the developments in high-performance photoinitiating systems have emerged in recent years, which play the crucial role in 3D printing/Vat polymerization. Here, in this mini-review, various families of organic dyes that are used as newly synthesized photoinitiators/photocatalysts which were reported in literature during 2021–2022 are specified by their photoinitiation mechanisms, which dominate their performance during photopolymerization, especially in 3D printing. Markedly, visible light-induced polymerization could be employed in circumstances not only upon the irradiation of artificial light sources, e.g., in LEDs, but also in sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, a short overview of the achievements of newly developed mechanisms, e.g., RAFT, photoinitiator-RAFT, and aqueous RAFT using organic chromophores as light-harvesting compounds to induce photopolymerization upon visible light irradiation are also thoroughly discussed. Finally, the reports on the semiconducting nanomaterials that have been used as photoinitiators/photocatalysts during photopolymerization are also introduced as perspectives that are able to expand the scope of 3D printing and materials science due to their various advantages such as high extinction coefficients, broad absorption spectra, and having multiple molecular binding points.

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Zhang, Feng, Liya Zhu, Zongan Li, Shiyan Wang, Jianping Shi, Wenlai Tang, Na Li, and Jiquan Yang. "The recent development of vat photopolymerization: A review." Additive Manufacturing 48 (December 2021): 102423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102423.

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Sirrine, Justin M., Alisa Zlatanic, Viswanath Meenakshisundaram, Jamie M. Messman, Christopher B. Williams, Petar R. Dvornic, and Timothy E. Long. "3D Printing Amorphous Polysiloxane Terpolymers via Vat Photopolymerization." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 220, no. 4 (January 7, 2019): 1800425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201800425.

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Maturi, Mirko, Chiara Spanu, Natalia Fernández-Delgado, Sergio I. Molina, Mauro Comes Franchini, Erica Locatelli, and Alberto Sanz de León. "Fatty acid – functionalized cellulose nanocomposites for vat photopolymerization." Additive Manufacturing 61 (January 2023): 103342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103342.

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13

Pagac, Marek, Jiri Hajnys, Quoc-Phu Ma, Lukas Jancar, Jan Jansa, Petr Stefek, and Jakub Mesicek. "A Review of Vat Photopolymerization Technology: Materials, Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends of 3D Printing." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040598.

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Additive manufacturing (3D printing) has significantly changed the prototyping process in terms of technology, construction, materials, and their multiphysical properties. Among the most popular 3D printing techniques is vat photopolymerization, in which ultraviolet (UV) light is deployed to form chains between molecules of liquid light-curable resin, crosslink them, and as a result, solidify the resin. In this manuscript, three photopolymerization technologies, namely, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and continuous digital light processing (CDLP), are reviewed. Additionally, the after-cured mechanical properties of light-curable resin materials are listed, along with a number of case studies showing their applications in practice. The manuscript aims at providing an overview and future trend of the photopolymerization technology to inspire the readers to engage in further research in this field, especially regarding developing new materials and mathematical models for microrods and bionic structures.

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de Camargo, Italo, João Fiore Parreira Lovo, Rogério Erbereli, Eduardo Bock, and Carlos Fortulan. "Fabrication of ceramics using photosensitive slurries: A comparison between UV-casting replication and vat photopolymerization 3D printing." Processing and Application of Ceramics 16, no. 2 (2022): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac2202153c.

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The development of photosensitive ceramic slurries for vat photopolymerization (stereolithography or digital light processing) has received much effort in recent years. However, many of these ceramic suspensions have high viscosity and they are suitable for use only on equipment, specialized in ceramic additive manufacturing. In this work, ceramic manufacturing using photocurable slurries was tested in a low-cost vat photopolymerization printer and in silicone moulds for UV-casting replication, with the latter approach still scarcely explored in the literature. Both processes were able to produce ceramic parts. The UV-casting replication was able to work with more viscous photocurable ceramic slurries and proved more suitable for the manufacturing of ceramic parts with larger cross-sections, providing pieces with improved flexural strength to those produced by additive manufacturing. This work presents the possibility of UV-casting photosensitive slurries to manufacture ceramics, an approach that could be easily adopted without high equipment costs.

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15

Aznarte Garcia, Elisa, Ahmed Jawad Qureshi, and Cagri Ayranci. "A study on material-process interaction and optimization for VAT-photopolymerization processes." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 9 (November 12, 2018): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2017-0195.

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Purpose This paper aims to present an investigation of material-process interaction of VAT-photopolymerization processes. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effect of different printing factors on the tensile properties, such as elastic modulus, of 3D printed specimens. Design/methodology/approach To perform this study, Design of Experiments is used by the use of Taguchi’s techniques. The relationship between each factor and the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress and strain at break is obtained. Furthermore, the total print time is analyzed with respect to the obtained properties. Findings The study indicates that part orientation, exposure time to the UV light and layer thickness are the most important factors affecting the investigated properties. At the same time, it was found that the highest mechanical properties can be obtained with the shortest printing times. A comprehensive list of factors available on the slicing software and other factors, like the orientation of the part or its position, is investigated. Future studies including post curing and chemical characteristics based on the obtained results are necessary. Originality/value As a result of this research, it is outlined that using design for additive manufacturing for vat-photopolymerization, especially on DLP processes, 3D printing methods can be stablished. Furthermore, it outlines the possibility of tailoring mechanical properties of printed parts as a function of print parameters and print time. Considering the limited amount of information available in the open literature, the results presented in this paper are of great interest for researchers in the field of VAT-photopolymerization.

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Chartrain, Nicholas A., Christopher B. Williams, and Abby R. Whittington. "A review on fabricating tissue scaffolds using vat photopolymerization." Acta Biomaterialia 74 (July 2018): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.010.

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17

Straathof, Michiel H., Chris A. Driel, Joost N. J. Lingen, Bastiaan L. J. Ingenhut, A. Tessa Cate, and Hessel H. Maalderink. "Development of Propellant Compositions for Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 45, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201900176.

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18

Bachmann, Joel, Elisabeth Gleis, Stefan Schmölzer, Gabriele Fruhmann, and Olaf Hinrichsen. "Photo-DSC method for liquid samples used in vat photopolymerization." Analytica Chimica Acta 1153 (April 2021): 338268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338268.

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19

Bao, Yinyin. "Recent Trends in Advanced Photoinitiators for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 43, no. 14 (July 2022): 2270042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.202270042.

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20

Nohut, Serkan, and Martin Schwentenwein. "Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials: A Review." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6010017.

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Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) offer discrete or continuously changing properties/compositions over the volume of the parts. The widespread application of FGMs was not rapid enough in the past due to limitations of the manufacturing methods. Significant developments in manufacturing technologies especially in Additive Manufacturing (AM) enable us nowadays to manufacture materials with specified changes over the volume/surface of components. The use of AM methods for the manufacturing of FGMs may allow us to compensate for some drawbacks of conventional methods and to produce complex and near-net-shaped structures with better control of gradients in a cost-efficient way. Vat Photopolymerization (VP), a type of AM method that works according to the principle of curing liquid photopolymer resin layer-by-layer, has gained in recent years high importance due to its advantages such as low cost, high surface quality control, no need to support structures, no limitation in the material. This article reviews the state-of-art and future potential of using VP methods for FGM manufacturing. It was concluded that improvements in printer hardware setup and software, design aspects and printing methodologies will accelerate the use of VP methods for FGMs manufacturing.

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Martinez Maciel, Ana C., Alexis Maurel, Sreeprasad T. Sreenivasan, and Eric MacDonald. "3D Printing of Lithium-Ion Battery Components Via Vat Photopolymerization." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02155mtgabs.

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22

Diptanshu, Guanxiong Miao, and Chao Ma. "Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of ceramics: Effects of fine powder." Manufacturing Letters 21 (August 2019): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2019.07.001.

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23

Vidakis, Nectarios, Markos Petousis, Nikolaos Michailidis, Vassilis Papadakis, Apostolos Korlos, Nikolaos Mountakis, and Apostolos Argyros. "Multi-Functional 3D-Printed Vat Photopolymerization Biomedical-Grade Resin Reinforced with Binary Nano Inclusions: The Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers and Antimicrobial Nanoparticle Agents." Polymers 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091903.

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This study introduced binary nanoparticle (NP) inclusions into a biomedical-grade photosensitive resin (Biomed Clear-BC). Multi-functional, three-dimensional (3D) printed objects were manufactured via the vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (AM) technique. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as one dimensional (1D) nanomaterial have been utilized for the mechanical reinforcement of the resin, while three different spherical NPs, namely copper NPs (nCu), copper oxide NPs (nCuO), and a commercial antimicrobial powder (nAP), endowed the antimicrobial character. The nanoparticle loading was kept constant at 1.0 wt.% to elucidate any synergistic effects as a function of the filler loading. Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the chemical/spectroscopic and thermal properties of the different manufactured samples. Scanning electron microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed the morphology of the samples. Mechanical properties revealed the reinforcement mechanisms, namely that BC/CNF (1.0 wt.%) exhibited a 102% and 154% enhancement in strength and modulus, respectively, while BC/CNF(1.0 wt.%)/AP(1.0 wt.%) exhibited a 95% and 101% enhancement, as well as an antibacterial property, which was studied using a screening agar well diffusion method. This study opens the route towards novel, multi-functional materials for vat photopolymerization 3D printing biomedical applications, where mechanical reinforcement and antibacterial performance are typically required in the operational environment.

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Salmi, Mika. "Additive Manufacturing Processes in Medical Applications." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010191.

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Additive manufacturing (AM, 3D printing) is used in many fields and different industries. In the medical and dental field, every patient is unique and, therefore, AM has significant potential in personalized and customized solutions. This review explores what additive manufacturing processes and materials are utilized in medical and dental applications, especially focusing on processes that are less commonly used. The processes are categorized in ISO/ASTM process classes: powder bed fusion, material extrusion, VAT photopolymerization, material jetting, binder jetting, sheet lamination and directed energy deposition combined with classification of medical applications of AM. Based on the findings, it seems that directed energy deposition is utilized rarely only in implants and sheet lamination rarely for medical models or phantoms. Powder bed fusion, material extrusion and VAT photopolymerization are utilized in all categories. Material jetting is not used for implants and biomanufacturing, and binder jetting is not utilized for tools, instruments and parts for medical devices. The most common materials are thermoplastics, photopolymers and metals such as titanium alloys. If standard terminology of AM would be followed, this would allow a more systematic review of the utilization of different AM processes. Current development in binder jetting would allow more possibilities in the future.

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Fang, Zizheng, Runzhi Lu, Jiada Chen, Qian Zhao, and Jingjun Wu. "Vat photopolymerization of tough glassy polymers with multiple shape memory performances." Additive Manufacturing 59 (November 2022): 103171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103171.

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Wang, Jia-Chang, Manuel Ruilova, and Sheng-Jen Hsieh. "A web-based platform for automated vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing process." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 119, no. 3-4 (November 23, 2021): 2721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08318-2.

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Wilts, Emily M., Aleena Gula, Corey Davis, Nicholas Chartrain, Christopher B. Williams, and Timothy E. Long. "Vat photopolymerization of liquid, biodegradable PLGA-based oligomers as tissue scaffolds." European Polymer Journal 130 (May 2020): 109693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109693.

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Clay, Anthony M., Joshua R. Mitchell, Zachary R. Boelter, and John J. La Scala. "Superior Properties through Feedstock Development for Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Biobased Feedstocks." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 4843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174843.

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Vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (Vat AM) technologies have found niche industrial use being able to produce personalized parts in moderate quantity. However, Vat AM lacks in its ability to produce parts of satisfactory thermal and mechanical properties for structural applications. The purpose of this investigation was to develop high-performance resins with glass transition temperatures (Tg) above 200 °C for Vat AM, evaluate the properties of the produced thermosets and establish a structure–property relationship of the thermosets produced. Herein, we have developed SLA-type resins that feature bio-derived monomer hesperetin trimethacrylate (HTM) synthesized from the flavonone hesperetin. Diluents 4-acryloyl morpholine, styrene, 4-methyl styrene and 4-tert butylstyrene (tbutylsty) were photocured with HTM as the monomer and all produced thermosets with Tg values above 200 °C. Investigations of suitable crosslinkers urethane dimethacrylate, the vinyl ester CN 151 and Ebecryl 4859 (Eb4859) showed that each crosslinker displayed different benefits when formulated with HTM as the monomer and tbutylSty as the diluent (HTM:crosslinker:tbutylSty with mass ratio 2:1:2). The crosslinker CN 151 produced the thermoset of greatest onset of thermal decomposition temperature (T0) of 352 °C. Eb4859 produced the thermoset of highest tensile strength, 19 ± 7 MPa, amongst the set of varied crosslinkers. The formulation featuring UDM (HTM:UDM:tbutysty) offered ease of processing and was seemingly the easiest to print. Investigations of reactive diluent showed that styrene produced the thermoset of the highest extent of cure and the overall highest tensile strength, 25 ± 5 MPa, while tbutylSty produced the thermoset with the greatest Tan-δ Tg, 231 °C. HTM was synthesized, formulated with diluents, crosslinkers and initiators. The HTM resins were then 3D printed to produce thermosets of Tg values greater than 200 °C. The polymer properties were evaluated and a structure–reactivity relationship was discussed.

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Pazhamannil, Ribin Varghese, and P. Govindan. "Current state and future scope of additive manufacturing technologies via vat photopolymerization." Materials Today: Proceedings 43 (2021): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.225.

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Cao, Yueqi, Xiaojing Xu, Zheng Qin, Chong He, Liwen Yan, Feng Hou, Jiachen Liu, and Anran Guo. "Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of thermal insulating mullite fiber-based porous ceramics." Additive Manufacturing 60 (December 2022): 103235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103235.

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Peterson, Gregory I., Johanna J. Schwartz, Di Zhang, Benjamin M. Weiss, Mark A. Ganter, Duane W. Storti, and Andrew J. Boydston. "Production of Materials with Spatially-Controlled Cross-Link Density via Vat Photopolymerization." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 42 (October 11, 2016): 29037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b09768.

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Meenakshisundaram, Viswanath, Logan D. Sturm, and Christopher B. Williams. "Modeling A Scanning-Mask Projection Vat Photopolymerization System For Multiscale Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 279 (May 2020): 116546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116546.

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Westbeek, S., J. J. C. Remmers, J. A. W. van Dommelen, and M. G. D. Geers. "Multi-scale process simulation for additive manufacturing through particle filled vat photopolymerization." Computational Materials Science 180 (July 2020): 109647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2020.109647.

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Naik, Dayakar L., and Ravi Kiran. "On anisotropy, strain rate and size effects in vat photopolymerization based specimens." Additive Manufacturing 23 (October 2018): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.021.

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Xu, Han, Shuai Chen, Fuyuan Luo, Huachao Mao, and Yong Chen. "A numerically controlled shape memory alloy wire bending process using vat photopolymerization." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 56 (August 2020): 1322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.04.027.

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Sameni, Farzaneh, Basar Ozkan, Sarah Karmel, Daniel S. Engstrøm, and Ehsan Sabet. "Large Scale Vat-Photopolymerization of Investment Casting Master Patterns: The Total Solution." Polymers 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 4593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214593.

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The material properties and processing of investment casting patterns manufactured using conventional wax injection Molding and those manufactured by vat photopolymerization can be substantially different in terms of thermal expansion and mechanical properties, which can generate problems with dimensional accuracy and stability before and during ceramic shelling and shell failures during the burn-out of the 3D printed casting patterns. In this paper and for the first time, the monofunctional Acryloyl morpholine monomer was used for 3D printing of casting patterns, due to its thermoplastic-like behavior, e.g., softening by heat. However, the hydrophilic behavior of this polymer led to an incorporation of up to 60 wt% of Hexanediol diacrylate, to control the water absorption of the network, which to some extent, compromised the softening feature of Acryloyl morpholine. Addition of a powdered wax filler resulted in a delayed thermal decomposition of the polymer network, however, it helped to reduce the thermal expansion of the parts. The dimensional accuracy and stability of the wax-filled formulation indicated an excellent dimensional tolerance of less than ±130 µm. Finally, the 3D printed patterns successfully went through a burn out process with no damages to the ceramic shell.

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Shah, Mussadiq, Abid Ullah, Kashif Azher, Asif Ur Rehman, Wang Juan, Nizami Aktürk, Celal Sami Tüfekci, and Metin U. Salamci. "Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing of polymer nanocomposites: current trends and applications." RSC Advances 13, no. 2 (2023): 1456–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06522c.

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The synthesis and manufacturing of polymer nanocomposites have garnered interest in recent research and development because of their superiority compared to traditionally employed industrial materials.

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Wang, Chengyun, Huaqiang Gong, Han Wu, Qingxin Jin, Wei Wei, Jiahua Liang, Bingheng Lu, Shenggui Chen, and Yu Long. "Optimized sintering strategy for lunar regolith simulant particles bound via vat photopolymerization." Materials Chemistry and Physics 297 (March 2023): 127393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127393.

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39

Fiedor, Paweł, Maciej Pilch, Patryk Szymaszek, Anna Chachaj-Brekiesz, Mariusz Galek, and Joanna Ortyl. "Photochemical Study of a New Bimolecular Photoinitiating System for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing Techniques under Visible Light." Catalysts 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030284.

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In this work, we presented a new bimolecular photoinitiating system based on 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives as visible photosensitizers of diphenyliodonium salt. Real-time FTIR and photo-DSC photopolymerization experiments with a cycloaliphatic epoxide and vinyl monomers showed surprisingly good reactivity of the bimolecular photoinitiating systems under UV-A, as well as under visible light sources. Steady-state photolysis, fluorescence experiments, theoretical calculations of molecular orbitals, and electrochemical analysis demonstrated photo-redox behavior as well as the ability to form initiating species via photo-reduction or photo-oxidation pathways, respectively. Therefore, the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives were also investigated as a type II free-radical photoinitiator with amine. It was confirmed that the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives, in combination with different types of additives, e.g., amine as a co-initiator or the presence of onium salt, can act as bimolecular photoinitiating systems for cationic, free-radical, and thiol-ene photopolymerization processes by hydrogen abstraction and/or electron transfer reactions stimulated by either near-UV or visible light irradiation. Finally, the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives were selected for 3D printing rapid prototyping experiments. Test objects were successfully printed using purely cationic photosensitive resin, created on a 3D printer with a visible LED light source.

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Yadav, Pradeep Kumar, and Jitendra Bhaskar. "Surface Performance Analysis of in House Developed Digital Light Processing based 3D Printer." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 8, no. 4 (2020): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.842022.

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Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that is utilized to produce parts by means of the photopolymerization process in which resin is cured by UV light. Vat photo-polymerization is a type of AM. it's a liquid bath of a polymeric resin which is cured layer by layer through precise control with the assistance of stepper motor UV light. Printing time, layer thickness, and lumens of the light play a crucial role within the printing. A series of specimens was designed, printed, and tested. Total printing time, layer thickness, and layer exposure time were examined. We utilized a 365 nm frequency of photopolymer vat. This paper studied printing parameters like surface roughness, printing speed and role of layer size, etc. It has found that if the printing speed 250 mm/min then the surface quality will be better otherwise surface roughness will increase if it will be greater than 250 mm/min.

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Bowers, Lauren N., Aleksandr B. Stefaniak, Alycia K. Knepp, Ryan F. LeBouf, Stephen B. Martin, Anand C. Ranpara, Dru A. Burns, and M. Abbas Virji. "Potential for Exposure to Particles and Gases throughout Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Processes." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081222.

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Vat photopolymerization (VP), a type of additive manufacturing process that cures resin to build objects, can emit potentially hazardous particles and gases. We evaluated two VP technologies, stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP), in three separate environmental chambers to understand task-based impacts on indoor air quality. Airborne particles, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and/or specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored during each task to evaluate their exposure potential. Regardless of duration, all tasks released particles and organic gases, though concentrations varied between SLA and DLP processes and among tasks. Maximum particle concentrations reached 1200 #/cm3 and some aerosols contained potentially hazardous elements such as barium, chromium, and manganese. TVOC concentrations were highest for the isopropyl alcohol (IPA) rinsing, soaking, and drying post-processing tasks (up to 36.8 mg/m3), lowest for the resin pouring pre-printing, printing, and resin recovery post-printing tasks (up to 0.1 mg/m3), and intermediate for the curing post-processing task (up to 3 mg/m3). Individual VOCs included, among others, the potential occupational carcinogen acetaldehyde and the immune sensitizer 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (pouring, printing, recovery, and curing tasks). Careful consideration of all tasks is important for the development of strategies to minimize indoor air pollution and exposure potential from VP processes.

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Maurel, Alexis, Ana C. Martinez Maciel, Stephane Panier, Sylvie Grugeon, Loic Dupont, Sreeprasad T. Sreenivasan, and Eric MacDonald. "Lithium-Ion Battery 3D Printing: From Thermoplastic Material Extrusion to Vat Photopolymerization Process." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02130mtgabs.

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43

Santos, Ericles Otávio, Pedro Lima Emmerich Oliveira, Thaís Pereira de Mello, André Luis Souza dos Santos, Carlos Nelson Elias, Sung-Hwan Choi, and Amanda Cunha Regal de Castro. "Surface Characteristics and Microbiological Analysis of a Vat-Photopolymerization Additive-Manufacturing Dental Resin." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020425.

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The wide application of additive manufacturing in dentistry implies the further investigation into oral micro-organism adhesion and biofilm formation on vat-photopolymerization (VP) dental resins. The surface characteristics and microbiological analysis of a VP dental resin, printed at resolutions of 50 μm (EG-50) and 100 μm (EG-100), were evaluated against an auto-polymerizing acrylic resin (CG). Samples were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope, a scanning white-light interferometer, and analyzed for Candida albicans (CA) and Streptococcus mutans (SM) biofilm, as well as antifungal and antimicrobial activity. EG-50 and EG-100 exhibited more irregular surfaces and statistically higher mean (Ra) and root-mean-square (rms) roughness (EG-50-Ra: 2.96 ± 0.32 µm; rms: 4.05 ± 0.43 µm/EG-100-Ra: 3.76 ± 0.58 µm; rms: 4.79 ± 0.74 µm) compared to the CG (Ra: 0.52 ± 0.36 µm; rms: 0.84 ± 0.54 µm) (p < 0.05). The biomass and extracellular matrix production by CA and SM and the metabolic activity of SM were significantly decreased in EG-50 and EG-100 compared to CG (p < 0.05). CA and SM growth was inhibited by the pure unpolymerized VP resin (48 h). EG-50 and EG-100 recorded a greater irregularity, higher surface roughness, and decreased CA and SM biofilm formation over the CG.

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Hafkamp, Thomas, Gregor van Baars, Bram de Jager, and Pascal Etman. "A feasibility study on process monitoring and control in vat photopolymerization of ceramics." Mechatronics 56 (December 2018): 220–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2018.02.006.

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45

Aduba, Donald C., Evan D. Margaretta, Alexandra E. C. Marnot, Katherine V. Heifferon, Wyatt R. Surbey, Nicholas A. Chartrain, Abby R. Whittington, Timothy E. Long, and Christopher B. Williams. "Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of acid-cleavable PEG-methacrylate networks for biomaterial applications." Materials Today Communications 19 (June 2019): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.01.003.

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Weems, Andrew C., Kayla R. Delle Chiaie, Rachel Yee, and Andrew P. Dove. "Selective Reactivity of Myrcene for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing and Postfabrication Surface Modification." Biomacromolecules 21, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01125.

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Guerra Silva, Rafael, María Josefina Torres, and Jorge Zahr Viñuela. "A Comparison of Miniature Lattice Structures Produced by Material Extrusion and Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132163.

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In this paper, we study the capabilities of two additive manufacturing technologies for the production of lattice structures, namely material extrusion and vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing. A set of polymer lattice structures with diverse unit cell types were built using these additive manufacturing methods and tested under compression. Lattice structures built using material extrusion had lower accuracy and a lower relative density caused by the air gaps between layers, but had higher elastic moduli and larger energy absorption capacities, as a consequence of both the thicker struts and the relatively larger strength of the feedstock material. Additionally, the deformation process in lattices was analyzed using sequential photographs taken during the compression tests, evidencing larger differences according to the manufacturing process and unit-cell type. Both additive manufacturing methods produced miniature lattice structures with similar mechanical properties, but vat polymerization should be the preferred option when high geometrical accuracy is required. Nevertheless, as the solid material determines the compressive response of the lattice structure, the broader availability of feedstock materials gives an advantage to material extrusion in applications requiring stiffer structures or with higher energy absorption capabilities.

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Sun, Ke, Shaohui Liu, Corentin Pigot, Damien Brunel, Bernadette Graff, Malek Nechab, Didier Gigmes, et al. "Novel Push–Pull Dyes Derived from 1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-1,3(2H)-dione as Versatile Photoinitiators for Photopolymerization and Their Related Applications: 3D Printing and Fabrication of Photocomposites." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101196.

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A series of eleven push–pull chromophores with specific structures have been designed for the free radical polymerization of acrylates, but also for the fabrication of photocomposites and 3D-printed structures. New photoinitiating systems comprising the different push–pull dyes showed excellent photochemical reactivities at 405 nm. Notably, polymerization reactions could be initiated with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which constitute a unique opportunity to promote the free radical polymerization under mild conditions, i.e., low light intensity (e.g., sunlight) and under air. Photopolymerization is an active research field, and push–pull dyes have already been investigated for this purpose. Besides, it remains of crucial interest to investigate new reactive structures capable of efficiently initiating photopolymerization reactions. The plausible potential of these structures to act as efficient photoinitiators in vat photopolymerization (or 3D printing) and fabrication of photocomposites prompts us to select eleven new push–pull dyes to design multi-component photoinitiating systems activable with LEDs emitting at 405 nm. Precisely, a tertiary amine, i.e., ethyl dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB) used as an electron/hydrogen donor and an iodonium salt used as an electron acceptor were selected to behave as powerful co-initiators to construct three-component photoinitiating systems (PISs) with the different push–pull dyes. Among these new PISs, dye 8 and 9-based PISs could efficiently promote the free radical photopolymerization of acrylates upon exposure to a LED emitting at 405 nm also upon sunlight irradiation, highlighting their huge performance. Photoinitiating abilities could be explained on the basis of steady state photolysis experiments. Fluorescence measurements and electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping experiments were also performed to obtain a deeper insight into the chemical mechanisms supporting the polymerization reaction and determine the way the initiating species, i.e., the radicals, are observed. Finally, two investigated dye-based PISs were applied to the fabrications of photocomposites. Three-dimensional patterns with excellent spatial resolutions were generated by the laser writing technique to identify the effects of photopolymerization of acrylates both in the absence and presence of fillers (silica). Interestingly, comparison between the 3D objects fabricated by the PISs/monomer systems and the PISs/monomer/filler photocomposites indicates that the newly designed photocomposites are suitable for practical applications.

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Camargo, Italo Leite de, Mateus Mota Morais, Carlos Alberto Fortulan, and Marcia Cristina Branciforti. "A review on the rheological behavior and formulations of ceramic suspensions for vat photopolymerization." Ceramics International 47, no. 9 (May 2021): 11906–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.031.

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Zhao, Wenyu, Ziya Wang, Jianpeng Zhang, Xiaopu Wang, Yingtian Xu, Ning Ding, and Zhengchun Peng. "Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Advanced Soft Sensors and Actuators: From Architecture to Function." Advanced Materials Technologies 6, no. 8 (April 28, 2021): 2001218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.202001218.

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