Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vattenrening'
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Borgström, Roger, and Daniel Enesten. "Uv-ljus som vattenrening i kylanläggning." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-19096.
Full textThe objective with this project has been to purify water in the Aqua Interiör in Laholm proprietary water furniture using uv-light. These furnitures are rent out to customers to get moderately cold water, with or without sparkling. The water furnitures is directly connected to the water system. A problem with the water furniture is that it is not suitable for hospitals because there is an increased bacterial content in the water, however, below the prescribed limits. In hospitals there is a higher requirement for water quality. The objective with the uv-radiation is to solve this problem. A reactor has been developed in which the water is uv-radiated in a spiral made of quartz glass. A control system controls the radiation of the water and that no problem occurs during the radiation.A display with touch-function has been used to get an attractive way to present important information about lamp status and temperature inside the reactor. This is how the service personnel receive information on the lamp if it needs replacing or not. A log of the system was created to ensure that no unauthorized person would be able to delete the log data that is created. The touch-display made it a solid feeling of quality and new technology.The use of the uv filter has resulted in a positive result, with purified water. An ambition is that further development of this project will lead to a finished product that will be sold / out rented by Aqua Interiör i Laholm .
Suokko, Joel. "Vattenrening vid biltvätt : Exemplet Arla Foods i Kallhäll." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230777.
Full textThis thesis investigates some of the wastewater treatment methods that exist at car washes in Sweden. The main treatment methods that have been described are chemical, biological, electrochemical, hydrocyclone, ion exchange, filter and membrane treatment. The report aimed to find a cheap and environmentally friendly treatment option that requires little maintenance and could be used, at the truck wash at Arla Foods´ dairy in Kallhäll, to enable recirculation of water. A column experiment was also carried out in which the filter materials natural sand, Petrit E and ZinkStop were tested to determine their suitability to be used at vehicle washes. The experiment showed that Petrit E was the only material which managed to reduce the heavy metal concentrations below the current legal limits. However, the material was not believed to last as long as ZinkStop, which makes it less suitable than ZinkStop from an environmental and economic standpoint. ZinkStop also showed a good removal of most metals but did result in a high initial chromium emission. The sand had lower removal rates of most metals. To achieve low operational costs at Arla Foods’ dairy and to lower the consumption of chemicals a biological treatment system is recommended.
Rutqvist, Sanna. "Undersökning och utvärdering av effektiviserad fotokatalytisk vattenrening i Kenya." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-277143.
Full textWieslander, Jansson Axel. "En studie i vattenrening med elektrokoagulation : Koaguleringsförmågan hos utvalda föreningar." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-73528.
Full textWater- and energy consumption is one of humanities biggest current and future problems because of ever increasing global water consumption and because of better living conditions, increasing population and industrialization. Polluted water results in diseases, reduced life expectancy, sanitation and reduced overall health of those affected. Purifying water in an energy and environmentally effective way is therefore a must for a sustainable future. A study of the coagulation capabilities for a select number of organic compounds by electrocoagulation has been performed at Axolot Solutions AB. Axolot Solutions AB is a company developing electrochemical water treatment solutions, with a focus on the electrocoagulation process. The compounds that have been studied are sugars (raffinose, maltose, glucose, lactose), organic acids (formic acid, citric acid, hexanoic acid, butyric acid, octanoic acid), alcohols (1-propanol, 2-propanol), fatty acids (lecithin), others (formaldehyde, vanillin, nonylphenol, α-pinene). Industrial water coming from a debarking process was also investigated as well as two compounds that are often present in this type of water, xylan and lignin. The treatment efficiency was determined by measuring the COD values of the investigated water before and after the electrocoagulationprocess. Each compound was studied by using an iron anode and an aluminum anode at four different initial pH values: 4, 6, 7.5, 9. Different current densities were also studied for some of the investigated compounds. The results show no COD reduction for sugars, alcohols, organic acids and xylan. The process resulted in large reductions of the compounds lecithin (85.5%) and lignin (98.1%). A lesser reduction was found for the waters containing: nonylphenol (33.6%), α-pinene (42.1%) and barkwater (21.5%). A reduction of COD was also found in the water containing vanillin with an initial pH of 4 that was treated with an aluminum anode was affected. The most efficient setup for the investigated compounds varies. For that reason, no conclusion as to which initial pH and anode that should be for electrocoagulation processes in general can be drawn.
Alsen, Felicia. "Rening med UV-ljus : Utvärdering av Aquatron drickvatten." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6388.
Full textSjöblom, Åsa. "Wetlands as a means to reduce the environmental impact of mine drainage waters /." Linköping : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4708.
Full textHelenius, Emma. "Textil fotokatalytisk vattenreningsreaktor : Optimering av beredningsparametrar för titandioxidbeläggning på polyestersubstrat ämnad för vattenrening." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-16836.
Full textProgram: Textilingenjörsutbildningen
Undin, Klara. "Vattenrening i textilåtervinningsindustri : Reducering av nonylfenol, bromerade flamskyddsmedel och sulfat i re:newcells processvatten." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78765.
Full textClothes and textiles are increasingly produced and consumed causing a major impact on the environment, the climate and the earth's resources. One solution to the problem is to recycle clothes that are no longer used, which is what the company re:newcell does. This is a feasibility study aimed at investigating what purification methods re:newcell could implement to improve their water purification process in the future. Three substances not currently purified sufficiently were selected for the study: nonylphenol, brominated flame retardants and sulfate. A literature review on these substances and possible purification methods for them resulted in that the following methods were selected for the study: ozonation, biological purification and ion exchange. An experimental plan was developed with the aim of finding out (1) how previously reported ozone doses affected the nonylphenol content in re:newcell's water, (2) how much TOC an MBBR (moving body bioreactor) could reduce, (3) and whether the levels of brominated flame retardants and sulphate were possible to reduce in it, (4) the required size of the ion exchange filter in re:newcells process to reduce sulfateand (5) the order in which the purification steps should be implemented in future purification processes. Ozonation experiments were carried out at re:newcell's laboratory in Kristinehamn with a total of five different ozone doses tested. A biological MBBR was designed in a laboratory at Karlstad University, where two different hydraulic retention times were tested for reducing flame retardants, sulfate and TOC. Calculations on ion exchange filters were performed theoretically. An ozone dose of 0.45 mgO3/mgCOD produced a reduction of about 31% and 0.75 mgO3/mgCOD produced a 78% reduction at a nonylphenol content of 1100 µg / L The results from MBBR showed that bacteria thrived in re:newcell´s water and that they can reduce TOC by about 50 %. However, reduction of sulfate could be measured, suggesting that no anaerobic zone has occured. The content of PBDE was reduced by about 90% with a hydraulic retention time of 45 hours in MBBR, but whether it is due to degradation or adsorbation to the sludge is not determined. The calculation regarding the ion exchange filter show that the filter needs to be 5,7-15 m3 when regenerated once a day in re:newcell's current pilot scale process this method is therefore not considered appropriate for sulfate reduction for re:newcell. The future purification process is proposed to start with MBBR and subsequent sedimentation, followed by chemical precipitation, sedimentation / flotation, sand filter, ozonation and last activated carbon filter, but further studies are recommended regarding which order the purification steps should be implemented for optimal effect. Further studies on which ozone dose is required and which residence time is optimal in MBBR are also suggested.
Steen, Karl-Mikael. "Utvärdering av vattenrening och identifiering avförluster m a p energi vid Bravikens pappersmaskin 53." Thesis, Linköping University, Energy Systems, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-52048.
Full textThis Master degree project has been performed at the Braviken paper mill on papermachine 53 (PM53) which produces newsprint paper. The current economic situationhas contributed to declining demand for newsprint, which means it is extra important tobe competitive by high energy efficiency. Particularly as energy prices are expected torise when the economic growth returns.One way to increase energy efficiency is by reducing the water use in paper and pulpmills and consequently save energy through reduced heating of water. The thesis's maintask is to evaluate whether a water purification plant (microflotation plant) forpurification of process water in PM 53 is profitable. The microflotation plant enablesreuse of warm process water instead of losing the energy to receiving waters. The thesisalso aims at identifying other positions where losses occur.The water and energy flows within and around PM 53 are complex. A systemdescription and a flowchart have been established to create an overall picture of theflows. Further, a water balance of all the flows passing to and from PM 53 has beencreated. Also, based on the water balance and the temperatures of the flows, an energybalance has been established.The profitability of investing in a microflotation plant was evaluated using theknowledge gained while working with the system description, flowchart, water andenergy balance. The evaluation of the microflotation plant showed that it is not possibleto achieve good enough profitability in such an investment. The reason is that theinvestment cost is high while the reduction of steam consumption used for heating is toosmall.The evaluations of the microflotation plant lead to a deeper knowledge about thesystems used for heating of water. The deeper knowledge resulted in proposals withgreat savings potential, but with low investment costs. Those are:
- Eliminate a cooling water flow to the hot water tank
- Use water in two positions without additional heating
- Optimize the heat recovery towers by increasing the dew point
One of the other losses that were identified was a cooling water flow which is 48oC andtoday released into sewers. The cooling power of this cooling water flow is 720 kW andshould be used for heating.In addition to the measures mentioned in this report, there is great potential to reduceenergy use in the PM 53. To achieve this, lot of work is required. To begin with anaudit, of which temperatures and volume flows are required in all energy usingpositions in the PM 53, could be done. Furthermore, should all the energy losses (lowtemperature flows) leaving the PM 53 be identified. When the audit and identificationwork is performed the results can be used to match the revised requirements in variouspositions with the available low temperature flows.
Johansson, Elisabeth. "Constructed wetlands and deconstructed discourses : greenhouse gas fluxes and discourses on purifying capacities /." Linköping : Univ, 2002. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2002/arts253s.pdf.
Full textHolmerin, Isak. "Kvalitetssäkring av provtagningen vid Käppala reningsverk." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146823.
Full textGranbom, Anna. "Nitritomvandling vid Skebäck avloppsreningsverk." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-43578.
Full textPettersson, Frida, and Madelene Åsell. "Olika systemlösningar vid utbyte eller förnyelse av enskilt avlopp : En jämförelse mellan biologisk och kemisk vattenrening." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25142.
Full textIn Sweden we nowadays have rules that determine how our individual sewage must be dimensioned considering out coming emissions. Nearly half of the 700 000 existing properties using individual sewage have a system that isn’t approved. In Sweden the individual sewage systems releases as much phosphorus as the communal wastewater treatment plants according to Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (Marine and Water Authority). The communal authority in Sweden has been entrusted to carry out extended control of the private sewage system in effort to inform the problems with what the insufficient of wastewater treatment entails and in pursuit of "sustainable development". In guidance for decisions about what applies to the individual property, the communal authority in Sweden has applied the manual by Naturvårdsverkets allmänna råd (NFS 2006:7) (Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines) The purpose of this report is to study various methods of purification of individual sewer systems. A comparison between a couple of different techniques in chemical and biological treatment is going to be studied. The issue we will addressed in this report are following: Which of biological- or chemical technology water purification is from a sustainability perspective, the best solution when replacing or renovation is taken place of an individual sewer systems; - Which solution is most optimal where the normal level of protection required? - Which solution is most optimal where the high level of protection required? This study has several methods and instrument used to achieve the high reliability of the collected data. Literature studies, surveys, interviews, correspondences and analysis of these are instruments that largely have been used in the implementation. The compilation of the results from the surveys is presented in a pie chart. In normal protection level, we believe that the infiltration is the most optimal solution. At the high level, we believe that the vertical flow constructed wetland in combination with a pond is the most optimal solution.
Åsell, Madelene, and Frida Pettersson. "Olika systemlösningar vid utbyte eller förnyelse av enskilt avlopp : En jämförelse mellan biologisk och kemisk vattenrening." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25144.
Full textIn Sweden we nowadays have rules that determine how our individual sewage must be dimensioned considering out coming emissions. Nearly half of the 700 000 existing properties using individual sewage have a system that isn’t approved. In Sweden the individual sewage systems releases as much phosphorus as the communal wastewater treatment plants according to Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (Marine and Water Authority). The communal authority in Sweden has been entrusted to carry out extended control of the private sewage system in effort to inform the problems with what the insufficient of wastewater treatment entails and in pursuit of "sustainable development". In guidance for decisions about what applies to the individual property, the communal authority in Sweden has applied the manual by Naturvårdsverkets allmänna råd (NFS 2006:7) (Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines) The purpose of this report is to study various methods of purification of individual sewer systems. A comparison between a couple of different techniques in chemical and biological treatment is going to be studied. The issue we will addressed in this report are following: Which of biological- or chemical technology water purification is from a sustainability perspective, the best solution when replacing or renovation is taken place of an individual sewer systems; - Which solution is most optimal where the normal level of protection required? - Which solution is most optimal where the high level of protection required? This study has several methods and instrument used to achieve the high reliability of the collected data. Literature studies, surveys, interviews, correspondences and analysis of these are instruments that largely have been used in the implementation. The compilation of the results from the surveys is presented in a pie chart. In normal protection level, we believe that the infiltration is the most optimal solution. At the high level, we believe that the vertical flow constructed wetland in combination with a pond is the most optimal solution.
Lexing, Patrik. "Utökad förfällning vid Henriksdals reningsverk." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175407.
Full textHenriksdal wastewater treatment plant is one of the largest plants in Europe located underthe ground. The wastewater is treated mechanically, chemically and biologically. The basic concept for the biological treatment to work properly is that the amount ofmicroorganisms is kept at a high level. This is done by recirculating some of the sludge backto the biological pools. Periodically, when the flow into the plant is very high, the capacity ofthe biological step is not sufficient. At these times, there are currently two possible options:- Pretreated water is directed past the biological treatment to the sand filters.- Pretreated water is directed past the biological treatment and the sand filtersstraight out to the recipient. To solve these problems, Henriksdal is planning a reconstruction of the biological treatment.During the reconstruction, the capacity of the biological treatment is going to be even lessthan it is today. Hence there is an interest, at high flows, to increase the purification in the pre-precipitationstep with new types of precipitation chemicals. The aim of this project is to examine two different precipitation chemicals in lab- and in largescale. This was done by flocculation tests in the lab with a flocculator to determine thedosage for each chemical to be tested in large scale. The two chemicals that were testedwere iron chloride (PIX-111) and polyaluminiumchloride (PAX-21). The results from the labtests showed that an optimal dose for PIX was 0,12 ml PIX/l water.While the optimal dose for PAX was 0,10 ml PAX/l water. The results from the large scale test with PAX showed a high reduction in both turbidity andsuspended particles. The reduction of both was between 50-75 %. The results from the large scale test with PIX did not show as high reduction as that of PAX.The reduction of turbidity was around 20 %, with a maximum value of 36,6 %. The reductionof phosphate was between 70-80 %. During the project there were only a few days of high water flows and only PAX could betested during these conditions. Hence, the two chemicals cannot be compared accuratelyuntil also PIX is tested during high water flows
Skoog, Cecilia. "Hälsosäkert dricksvatten i nutid och framtid : rättsliga utmaningar med mikrobiologiska smittorisker." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-241802.
Full textÖstman, Per. "When Minor Ventures Matter : Aligning the strategies of a small business with the needs of humanitarian organizations on a global market." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell marknadsföring och industriell ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71624.
Full textFredin, Marcus. "Alger som energikälla - en svensk möjlighet." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Chemical Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-10157.
Full textExamensarbetet har gjorts i samarbete med SP, Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut. De vill genom denna rapport börja få svar på frågan, om det är lönsamt att odla alger till biodieselframställning under svenska förhållanden, för att sedan möjligen påbörja en forskning inom området.
Rapporten granskar till en början, via informationssökning, vad som är gjort tidigare och vilka företag och forskare som arbetar inom området idag. Därefter undersöks de steg som algerna genomgår för att bli biodiesel, det vill säga odling, skördning, utvinnande av algolja och slutligen framställningen av biodiesel ifrån algoljan.
Olika alger, utrustningar och metoder studeras och ekonomiska siffror sammanställs vad gäller produktionen av alg-biodiesel. Slutligen undersöks vilket intresse området har hos olika svenska företag. Problemområden tillsammans med effektiviseringar diskuteras.
Resultatet är ett flödesschema över en önskemodell för svenska förhållanden. Flödesschemat innehåller de lösningar och metoder som förväntas ha stor potential, dock så fastslås det inte att det skulle vara den enda lösningen. Höjdpunkterna i denna modell är användandet av en mixotrof alg som odlas i slutna bioreaktorer. Algerna ska få en ökad tillförsel av koldioxid ifrån till exempel kraftvärmeverk tillsammans med glycerol, vilket gynnar tillväxten med möjligen upp till tretton gånger. Glycerol är en biprodukt vid biodieselframställning vilket därmed kommer att göra det till ett billigt näringsmedium vid mixotrof växt. Även värme är en restprodukt som tillförs algerna ifrån kraftverket. Denna metod kommer samtidigt fungera som koldioxidrening och kväveoxidrening för kraftvärmeverket.
Rapporten visar även på att övergött vatten, innehållande fosfor och kväve, kan renas med algerna och detta tillförs med fördel till de slutna bioreaktorerna.
Skördning av algerna görs genom flotation med löst syre eller genom att störa koldioxidflödet. Både syre och koldioxid kan tillföras ifrån andra steg i flödesschemat. Oljan extraheras fördelaktligen ifrån algerna med hjälp av produkten biodiesel och oljan omvandlas därefter till mer biodiesel genom transesterifiering med hjälp av mikrovågor.
Resultatet visar också att alg- biomassan kan användas till att framställa en rad olika restprodukter, där djurfoder, föda till tredje världen, bioplast och andra biobränslen är de mest intressanta.
Rapporten visar på ett stort intresse ifrån olika aktörer inom bland annat flygindustrin, kärnkraftverk, oljebolag och energibolag i Sverige.
Nilsson, David. "Energieffektiv utformning av luftaren airTURBO 101." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-395.
Full textFöretaget Eden Aquatech har utvecklat en ytluftare som heter airTURBO 101. Luftare används för att syresätta vatten i bassänger och dammar inom biologisk vattenrening. AirTURBO 101 skapar med hjälp av en impeller en vattenvirvel som transporterar ner luft under vattenytan. Impellern är nedsänkt i vattnet och är omsluten av en plastcylinder. I nuvarande utformning tar sig vattnet in i cylindern genom en krans av hål i cylinderns vägg. Detta examensarbete har undersökt originalutformningen samt en alternativ utformning då vattnet fick rinna över cylinderkanten, ett så kallat överfall. Två överfallscylindrar testades; en med samma inloppsarea som hålcylindern och en som hade större inloppsarea. Dessa tre cylindrar har testats och jämförts för att ta reda på vilken som har den högsta syresättningshalten i förhållande till energiförbrukningen.
De parametrar som undersöktes var strömningen inuti cylindern, energiförbrukningen, kontaktytan mellan luft och vatten inuti cylindern samt syresättningshastigheten. Samtliga experiment utfördes med skalmodeller av airTURBO 101.
Inledande försök visade att virvlarna för samtliga cylindrar var instabilare än förväntat.
Undersökningen av strömningen inuti cylindrarna visade att ingen av utformningarna kunde garantera en kontinuerlig kontakt mellan det inkommande vattnet och luftvirveln.
Energiförbrukningen visade sig vara likvärdig för de olika cylindrarna. Överfallscylindern med stort inlopp var marginellt bättre än de övriga.
Kontaktytan kunde inte beräknas på grund av brister i den framtagna matematiska formeln. Dessutom var virvlarna för instabila för en visuell avbildning.
Vid mätningarna av syresättningshastigheten fick de olika cylindrarna liknande resultat vid samma motoreffekt. En fördubbling av effekten gav däremot en betydande hastighetsökning. Även i detta fall var överfallscylindern med stort inlopp något bättre än de övriga.
En slutsats man kan dra av detta arbete är att överfallscylindern med stort inlopp är något bättre än de andra modellerna.
En annan slutsats är att huvuddelen av syreöverföringen inte sker i kontaktytan mellan luft och vatten i virveln utan snarare i den kontaktyta som skapas av impellern. Fortsatt utveckling av denna luftare bör koncentreras runt impellerns utformning. Luftbubblorna som skapas i impellern bör vara så små som möjligt.
Eden Aquatech has developed a surface aerator called airTURBO 101. Aerators are used to oxygenate water in basins and ponds within biological wastewater treatment. AirTURBO 101 consists of a submerged impeller that creates a vortex which transports air below the surface. The impeller is surrounded by a plastic cylinder. In the present design of the aerator, incoming water penetrates the cylinder through a circle of holes in the wall of the cylinder. This study has examined the original cylinder and an alternate design, where the cylinders where totally submerged and the water could pour over the brim. Two cylinders with submerged brim were tested. One had the same inlet area as the original cylinder and the other had a larger inlet area. These three cylinders has been tested and compared to find out which one has the highest oxygenation rate proportionately to the energy consumption.
The following parameters were examined: the water motion inside the cylinders, energy consumption, the interface between air and water inside the cylinders and the oxygenation velocity. All experiments were carried out using scale models of airTURBO 101.
Initial experiments showed that the vortices for all cylinders were more unstable than expected.
The examinations of the water motion inside the cylinders showed that none of the designs could guarantee a continuous contact between the incoming water and the air.
The energy consumption turned out to be similar for the different cylinders. The submerged cylinder with large inlet had slightly lower energy consumption than the other.
The interface between water and air could not be calculated due to shortages in the specially developed mathematical formula. A visual depiction was not possible since the vortices were too unstable.
When measuring the velocity of oxygenation the different cylinders had similar results at a constant power. When the power was doubled a considerable increase of velocity occurred. Also during these experiments the submerged cylinder with large inlet turned out to be slightly better than the other.
One conclusion is that the submerged cylinder with large inlet is somewhat better than the other cylinders.
Another conclusion is that the main part of the aeration does not occur in the interface between water and air in the vortex, but rather in the interface created by the impeller itself. Further development of this aerator should focus on the design of the impeller. The air bubbles created in the impeller should be as small as possible.
Fransson, Sandra. "Inverkan av anjoner på MIEX® reningsförmåga." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100589.
Full textThe cities of Stockholm and Uppsala take its drinking water from lake Mälaren and its tributaries. An increase in concentration of carbon in water is likely to follow a warmer and more humid climate, which may be a future scenario. This may lead to that the current methods of purification that are used today are going to be insufficient and have to be developed further. Organic matter in drinking water can cause a variety of problems such as disinfection by-products, biological growth in distribution systems and also odor, bad taste and unwanted color. A promising method of reducing organic matter from drinking water has proved to be the anion exchange process MIEX® (Magnetic Ion Exchange resin process). The purpose with this project was to examine MIEX® capacity of reducing dissolved organic matter (DOC) from water in presence of anions (Cl-, HCO3- and SO42-). This was done through performing experiments with water containing different combinations of above-mentioned anions. The main objective was to create a model in PHREEQC from experimental data such as TOC/DOC, anions, alkalinity, pH and UV-absorbance. These parameters determine the concentration of chemical compounds in a solvent. The values could be used to calculate how the different anions bind to MIEX®. MIEX® ability to purify dissolved organic matter from water deteriorate when high concentrations of sulfate ions are present in the solvent. The sulfate ions and the organic matter contest about positions on the ion-exchanger and the equilibrium will displace and more organic carbon will be left in the water. To evaluate how much Cl- and HCO3- that binds to MIEX® requires further experiments since sufficient data to validate the result is unavailable. A mathematical model in PHREEQC showed that sulfate binds almost 3,5 times stronger to MIEX® than DOC. If the concentration of DOC is low, the reaction rate will increase compared to if the concentration of DOC is high.
Abrahamsson, Sara. "Reduktion av organiskt material med MIEX®." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146196.
Full textThe lake Mälaren is the main source of drinking water in Stockholm and Uppsala. The concentration of organic carbon varies from year to year in Mälaren and may affect, during the water purification, the drinking water resulting undesirable smell, taste and color. Another part of the problem is formation of disinfection byproducts (DPB) and transportation of toxic substances. The concentration of organic carbon in Mälaren will probably increase due to issues such as global warming. Increasing concentration of organic carbon results in harder difficulties for purification in water treatment facilities. Therefore accurate water treatment processes have to be developed considered the higher future treatment demand. A promising alternative is the anion exchange process called MIEX® (Magnetic Ion Exchange resin process) which is a process for water containing dissolved organic materials. The purpose of the project was to investigate MIEX® treatment for removal of dissolved organic matter (DOC). The aim was to find an optimal contact time and the right number of bed volumes for treatments in a water treatment facility. The aim also involved an evaluation of selectivity for fluorescence and UV-absorbing (254 nm) groups of DOC. The main conclusions of the project are that a contact time of 15 minutes and 400-1000 bed volumes should be treated in a water treatment facility. MIEX® seems to be selective for terrestrial and humified material of DOC as well as aromatic groups of DOC.
Van, de Griend Martijn Johannes. "Tandsbyns avloppsreningsverk : Förstudie om effektivisering och åtgärdsprotokoll ur ett BOD perspektiv." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25153.
Full textBjelkenfors, Isabelle. "Rening av spolvatten i dynasandfilter." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-13455.
Full textThe water treatment plant in Mölndal has a maximum capacity of 200 liters/second (720 m3/h). The main step in the process consists of 20 DynaSand filters, which are continuous sand filters with an area of 5 m2. Just before the DynaSand filters a dose of coagulant, PAX-XL-100 (polyaluminium chloride), is added, to create flocks that are then collected in the filter. At the water treatment plant in Mölndal they want to take care of the flushing water that runs through the DynaSand filters and wash the contaminated sand. This flushing water represents about 13% of the stream in the process. To prevent sending the flushing water down the drain, it is cleaned by adding another flocculant, Magnafloc (see attachment). The flocks created are then settled in lamella. From lamella, about 1% of the water goes down the drain and the cleaned flushing water is then returned to the raw water intake. Soon, the water capacity of the water treatment plant in Mölndal must be increased to provide water to the increasing population of the city of Mölndal. A reconstruction of the plant is planned and hopefully an alternative way of purification of the flush water through the lamella-sedimentation will be found, since the addition of Magnaflock is not preferable. In this pilot study the feasibility to clean the flush water by adding an extra cushion sand filter is tested. The idea is that dirty water will make flocks again with PAX, the same coagulant which is already added before the main filters. This pilot study will be the basis for the decision, whether or not, DynaSand filters will be used in the future for the best purification of the flushing water. To get an idea of how the flocculation of the flush water works purely chemically, the flocculation experiments were first conducted in a laboratory, and then in pilot scale. However, it turned out that there are many operation problems can occur at the pilot scale, which made the evaluation of the results difficult.
Nilsson, Linnea. "Utredning av rökgaskondensatrening vid kraftvärmeverket i Sandviken." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24218.
Full textArvidsson, Diana, Emma Cederwall, Sofia Litsmark, Birgitta Sjödell, Johan Wilson, and Myrlund Anna Östrand. "Digidrick : Utvärdering av behov och begränsningar för digitala lösningar i svenska vattenverk." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323005.
Full textWiklund, Patrik. "Kretsloppsanpassat energi- och avloppssystem för ett fritidshus." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-95877.
Full textLundberg, Malin, and Maja Blomqvist. "Textil fotokatalys : biomimetik med textila processer." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-230.
Full textBjörklund, Joanna. "Förbättrad Slamavvattning : En analys av polymerdoseringens påverkan på sluttorrhalten." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-73132.
Full textWater used in the pulp and paper industry needs to be purified and through that forms different types of sludge. Large amounts of chemicals are used for dewatering sludge and the process is often expensive. However, it is an important process within wastewater treatment. Skoghall’s mill wants to incinerate as much sludge as possible on site to produce energy, which requires a relatively high dry content of the sludge. In this work, the improvement possibilities have been examined by analyzing different parameters. For example, the amount of suspended solids, flows, sludge ratios and operation of the screw presses. Part of the purpose of the work was to assess the accuracy of the installed measuring instruments Acospector Acoustic Chemometer which measures dry content in the process by using acoustic spectroscopy. The measured dry content was compared to values measured by lab at the same position and the conclusion was that all five instruments were able to follow the lab values quite well. Though it was ACO 4 that measures mixed sludge consisting of biological and chemical sludge which showed the best results. The aim of the work was to reduce the polymer dosage before the screw presses in order to save money. Parameters were compared to the final dry content after the presses by correlation analysis among other methods. The results showed that, by polymer dosing based on the dry content of mixed sludge, consisting of biological and chemical sludge, together with the flow, large amounts of polymers could be saved. Also, about 219 000 – 274 000 SEK could be saved during the months May and April 2018, when using a batch of 8 kgpolymers/tondry matter mixed sludge. The final dry content after the screw presses showed a correlation to sludge ratios where it was favorable with a high ratio of fiber sludge and a lower ratio of mixed sludge (biological and chemical sludge). The final dry matter after the newest screw press were favored by a low level of sludge in the press and a high moment. The older press showed a higher final dry content with a lower speed. Continued work could be to test the proposal of polymer dosage in the actual process.
Sahlin, Anneli. "Långsamfilter - faktorer som inverkar/påverkar drifttiden." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för Lärarutbildning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-7458.
Full textSelöfalk, Sara. "Avställning av luftad damm : Nedbrytning av organiskt material med hänsyn till årstidsvariation." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-386.
Full textSom följd av utökat tillstånd för produktion vid Billerud AB:s pappersbruk, Gruvön, i Grums har bruket byggt en ny avloppsreningsanläggning med flerstegsrening. Den tidigare reningsanläggningen, en luftad damm belägen i Ålviken i anslutning till Vänern, kommer därmed att stängas. Syftet med föreliggande rapport har därför varit att undersöka huruvida dammen behöver hållas aktiv genom luftning en tid framöver för att gynna nedbrytning av organiskt material samt undvika uppkomsten av illaluktande gaser.
Nedbrytningshastigheten har studerats med hjälp av glödförlust, COD-tester och alkalinitet. COD-testerna genomfördes enligt ampullmetoden Hach-Lange i miljölabbet vid Gruvöns bruk. Alkaliniteten har bestämts genom titrering av svavelsyra.
Försöken gjordes under en tidsperiod på tre månader. Slam hämtades från tre provpunkter i dammen och delades upp i en anläggning för aerobisk nedbrytning samt för anaerobisk nedbrytning. De resultat som framkom vid undersökningarna var att nedbrytningen i samtliga provpunkter sker långsamt. Genom linjärregression har tiden för nedbrytningen beräknats. För att bryta ner det organiska materialet i dammen skulle det, enligt den här metoden, ta ca 3 år för den anaeroba processen samt 15 år för den aeroba processen. Den stora tidsskillnaden här emellan beror till stor del på var i dammen slammet är upphämtat.
Att stänga av luftarna i dammen efter att avloppsvattenflödet stängts av innebär energimässiga och ekonomiska vinster. Den anaeroba nedbrytningen som följer därefter kommer då att skapa illaluktande gaser såsom svavelväte och metangas.
As a result of increased permission to produce paper and paper pulp at the paper mill Gruvön AB in Grums the mill has built a multiple step waste water treatment construction. The previous treat construction was an aerated lagoon located in Vänern which now will be shut down. The aim of this report is to examine whether this aerated lagoon needs to be aereated to keep the decomposition of the organic material and/or to avoid origin of odours.
The decomposition rate is studied by loss on ignition, COD-tests and alcalinity. The COD-tests was performed in the environmental lab at Gruvön by the ampoule method according to Hach-Lange. The alcalinity was determined by titration with sulfuric acid.
The experiments were performed during a period of three months. Sludge was collected from three test points from the lagoon. The sludge was then separated into one construction to measure the aerobic decomposition and one to measure the anaerobic decomposition. The results show that the decomposition rate is low. The decomposition rate has been evaluated by linear regression. This method indicates that it would take about three years for the anaerobic process and about 15 years for the aerobic process to degrade all the organic compound. The difference in time between the two processes is probably dependent on for example the test points localization in the lagoon.
To turn off the aerators of the lagoon could save energy and gain economical profits. The anaerobic decomposition that begins after closing down the aerators could result in creation of chemical odours such as hydrogen sulphide and methane.
Persson, Mattias. "Kostnad-nytta-analys för tungmetallrening av tvätthallsslam i fullskala." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173314.
Full textThis thesis is done in cooperation with SRV Återvinning AB which is a recycling company. SRV has a new plant to clean THS. THS is oily water from car washes, sludges from manholes and oil separators. THS polluted with heavy metals. Henriksdals sewage treatment plant receives the cleaned THS water. It is desirable to reduce six heavy metals in this inflow. The sewage treatment plant in Henriksdal is ReVAQ certified. The ReVAQ certification is to ensure that sludge produced in a ReVAQ certified plant is of very high quality and can be used as fertilizer on arable land. The six priority metals are: lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury and zinc. Two of the new treatment steps are included in this study: normalization with sulfuric acid and metal precipitation with an organic sulfide, Na3T. DOE (Design of Experiments) were conducted in the THS facility to examine the effectiveness of the two new treatment steps. Further experiments was carried out to see how an increased feed affects the purification of THS and also to confirm that it is not necessary to add Na3T. The content of the metals in the purified water was lower than the requirements stated by Stockholm Vatten for process water from industries and the annually release of metal was lower than the requirements of an adjudication proclaimed in the Swedish Environmental Court ( Case 5717-07), even if Na3T is not used. If Na3T is not used an environmental benefit is obtained due to reduced chemical transports and smaller amount of chemicals need to be made. If the received THS becomes more polluted or more difficult to treat, depending on the other content, than the so far received THS, it may be necessary to add Na3T to reduce the metals to the desired level. The normalization step was not working satisfactory, probably due to that the pH-value cannot be kept low enough in the purification step. To replace the dosage pump or to use more concentrated sulfuric acid in order to improve the normalization step is not seen to be worth the effort. The concentrations of lead and cadmium in the purified water from THS have several times been below the limit of quantification, LOQ, (0.2 μgPb / l and 0.02 μgCd / l). Na3T can be needed if the cadmium content of incoming THS would increase drastically because cadmium does not form a hydroxide precipitation. It was not possible to prove that the normalization step contributed to a reduction of the chromium content in the THS-water, but the DOE showed that the amount of chromium was decreased if Na3T is used. The chromium content in the outgoing THS-water is below the requirements although no Na3T is added. In the experiments the purification of copper was good, the change in concentration was around 99 % and therefore the process does not need to be fine-tuned to reduce the amount of copper. The concentrations of mercury in all experiments have been below the limit of quantification (0.1 gHg /literTHS). It is good for everybody (carwash owners, SRV, Henriksdal sewage treatment plants and arable land) that the incoming content of mercury was so low that it was not possible to quantify. Zinc was the metal which was most affected by a lower pH in the normalization step. Although a higher pH was used the content of zinc in outgoing THS-water fulfilled the current requirements. The greatest working environmental risk for the workers in the plant is the risk of being exposed by chemicals. The risks for being exposed to chemicals in the THS-facility have been reduced and emergency equipment is easily accessible in the facility. The filling of Na3T was done in a different way than for the other bulk chemicals. The procedure increases the risk of chemical exposure and is both problematic and requires more staff. The chemical costs for Na3T, if used, is about 100 000 SEK per year and the cost for sulfuric acid is about 110 000 SEK per year, depending on the alkalinity and the chosen pH value in the normalization step. The risk of using chemicals is estimated to be a bit more than 12 000 SEK annually for Na3T and just under 154 000 SEK annually for the sulfuric acid. The total volume of water sent to Henriksdal in 2013 was 329 000 m3. If the THS-facility works at its dimensioned flow rate, the volume to Henriksdal is increased by approximately 18 000 m3 per year. But since the THS-stream is cleaner and about one twentieth of the other streams a larger metal reduction could be achieved by treating the other water streams more efficient.
GUSTAFSSON, ELIN, and MICHAELA LJUNGDAHL. "Alger på Textil." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18046.
Full textProgram: Textilingenjörsutbildningen
Fredricsson, Emil, Oscar Axelsson, Anna Winstedt, Anastasia Novikova, and Disa Barkefors. "Hantering av mikroplaster i industriprocesser : En studie vid Sandvik Coromants skärtillverkning i Gimo." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444019.
Full textPavlovic, Vladana. "Jämförelse av olika jonbytarmassor för avskiljning av NOM via suspenderat jonbyte." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266154.
Full textNatural organic matter, NOM, originates from degraded plants, algae and microorganisms. Due to climate change the level of NOM has increased in Lake Mälaren. In drinking water production, NOM can give taste, colour and odor problems in the water, form disinfectant products, lead to fouling of membranes and carbon filters as well as increase the risk of biological growth. Norrvatten uses water from Lake Mälaren to produce drinking water. They examine the SIX® process to separate NOM from water. SIX® is based on water flowing through a contact tank that contains suspended ion exchange resins which bind to NOM. After the contact tank, the ion exchange resins settle in a lamella separator before it is regenerated and returned to the contact tank. The purpose of this thesis was to compare different ion exchange resins for removal of NOM from water. The parameters which were compared are sedimentation properties, concentration of total and dissolved organic carbon, UV-absorbance, alkalinity, concentration of competing anions, and SUVA (UV absorbance divided by DOC-concentration) in the ion exchange treated water. Water from three different parts of Lake Mälaren was used as they have different SUVA- values and TOC-content. In addition, water was used from the sand filtration step in the Görväln water treatment plant since it has a low SUVA-value and a high sulphate concentration. The ion exchange resin of the SIX® pilot plant was compared with new ion exchange resin to see how its performance changed over time. The aim was to investigate whether there were other ion exchange resins that could perform better than LEWATIT® S 5128, which is the ion exchange resin that is currently used in the SIX®-pilot plant at Görvälnverket. The aim was also to investigate whether the SIX®-process can withstand changes in water composition, and how the performance of LEWATIT® S 5128 has changed over time. The ion exchange resins that were analyzed were S5128, MPSR7, SCAV3, S6368, S5528 and the resin that is currently used in the pilot plant. The resins were poured into a beaker of water and stirred using a flocculator. The water was then sent to chemical analysis. In order to investigate the sedimentation properties, an arrangement was built that resembled a lamella separator and an ocular assessment of the ion exchange resins' settling properties was made. All ion exchange resins had a higher DOC-reduction than S5128. However, S5128 has good desorption and sedimentation properties, which is important for the SIX®-process. Desorption was not tested in this project and thus it is difficult to determine which ion exchange resin was the best option. However, it would have been interesting to investigate MPSR7 and S6368A in pilot scale as these two resins had good chemical performance. However, MPSR7 is not mechanically stable and should be examined to see if it is more mechanically stable when air is used for mixing. SCAV3 performed well chemically but had poor sedimentation properties, S5528 did not perform well chemically but had good sedimentation properties, moreover it was similar to S5128. SCAV3 and S5128 are therefore not interesting alternatives for further studies in pilot scale. Despite different SUVA-values, the ion exchange resins performed similarly when treating the different types of water. The DOC-reduction did not differ very much in the different types of water. The difference in DOC-removal is likely to depend more on varying DOC-levels than varying SUVA-values. This means that the SIX®-process could withstand changes in the water composition when it comes to NOM-removal. The sand filter water had the lowest percentage of DOC-reduction, which is explained by the fact that the high sulphate content caused the ion exchange resins to bind more readily to sulphate than to DOC. When comparing new and used S5128, the affinity for all ions decreased, thus also for DOC. However, the DOC-removal was small compared to the alkalinity removal which was twice as low, which is an advantage for the SIX®-process.
Larsson, Kim, and Emil Karlsson. "St1 Refinery - Biotreater : Optimering och utvecklingsmöjligheter med hänseende till miljön." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14976.
Full textOlsson, John. "Förbättrad vattenanvändning på Björnekulla Fruktindustrier AB : för ökad lönsamhet och bättre miljö." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för Lärarutbildning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-8074.
Full textThorstensson, David. "Är återanvändning av renat avloppsvatten lösningen på Halmstad kommuns årliga vattenbrist?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40174.
Full textSjöblom, Åsa. "Wetlands as a means to reduce the environmental impact of mine drainage waters." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4708.
Full textYang, Linda, and Robert Liao. "Water Purification : Research on the Energy Supply of Air Gap Membrane Distillation for Access to Clean Water." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-282905.
Full textVattenstress ett pågående problem på många ställen i världen medan efterfrågan på rent och säkert dricksvatten växer på grund av den ökande befolkningen. I många utvecklingsländer är vattenförsörjningen ofta förorenade med arsenik, fluor osv. Det är därför viktigt att inse att vattenbrist och föroreningar inte bara rör en sektor utan många. HVR Water Purification AB utvecklade en prototyp för vattenrening - ELIXIR 500 - med hjälp av luftspaltmembrantekniken (eng: air gap membrane distillation och implementeras redan i Odisha, Indien, med målet att förse 200 liter rent vatten dagligt. Denna avhandling syftar till att uppskatta de framtida energikällorna för att tillhandahålla denna prototyp och utforska möjligheterna att endast använda förnybara energikällor ur tekniska, ekonomiska och miljömässiga perspektiv. Dessa uppnås genom att först identifiera de olika energimöjligheter i Odisha, Indien, följt av beräkningar om utförbarhet för varje vald lösning och slutligen en analys av resultaten. Bland energikällorna elnät, vind, sol, diesel generator och sol-diesel hybrid system har visat sig att energikällan till prototypen som levereras av elnätet som kostar 0.057 USD per liter vatten som det billigaste alternativet, men det är inte möjligt på grund av bristen på elektrifiering från det lokala elnätet. Å andra sidan är det hybridiserade energiskombinationen med solkrafts och diesel det billigaste alternativet om förnybara energikällor ska integreras, resultatet visade att vara 0.11 USD per liter vatten.
Rickman, Algot. "Validering av ny vattenrenings teknik." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254795.
Full textAccess to clean water is the fundamental human right. With climate change responsible for the alterations of patterns of rain across the globe, there is an increasing shortage of drinking water during summer in Sweden. Water desalination of the Baltic sea could solve many of the problems associated with shortages but reverse osmosis processes are not very efficient and have all associated problems of fouling due to the membranes, apart from being quite expensive. Membrane free capacitive desalination can be a viable alternative alleviate to many of these problems. However, the operations of the devices at varying temperatures need to be studied to find out the suitability of such systems for implementation in field applications across the world. Thus, the main focus of this project is to evaluate the practical operation of capacitive deionization (CDI) devices at different operating temperatures and to analyse the resulting behavior obtained. The aim was to setup a test bench to automatically record desalination (through the monitoring of ion-conductivity changes in water) and analyse the data so obtained. Experiments were performed with saline water (1000 ppm sodium chloride) at 20 \degree C, 40 \degree C and 60 \degree C using a flow through/flow between CDI system utilizing activated carbon flexible electrodes. Experiments were both carried out with 1.6 V applied potential, representing expected real-world use, and 1 V in an effort to minimise electrolytic reactions (since water splits at ~1.23 V). Maximum salt removal per pass through the capacitor was measured to be 1% (20 °C), 1.4% (40 °C) and 1.1% (60 °C) at 1.6 V and 0.52% (20 °C), 0.51% (40 °C) and 0.45% (60 °C) at 1 V, respectivly. Rate of salt removal was also measured, resulting in higher temperature giving higher rates of absorption, which indeed could be an advantage for the membrane less-CDI since desalination efficiency dramatically reduces in membrane based processes like reverse osmosis at higher temperatures.
Garis, Sargon. "Sedimentation of stormwater from construction activities." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-224318.
Full textWater management in infrastructure projects is an important topic since it could affect the surrounding environment in a negative way. In projects with contaminated land, the water could contain everything from metals to polyaromatic hydrocarbons which entails difficulties in managing. The water can be formed partly by rainwater that falls on the construction site or by excavation below the water level. The water pollution is caused by excavation, foundation, grouting, concrete castings and rock blasting. This water is known as stormwater discharges from construction activities. The aim of the thesis is to investigate how the selection and application of methods for stormwater management from construction activities can be simplified and optimized in order to suit Swedish conditions. Further the aim is to evaluate how the information available about different techniques relates to how the contractors work in practice under some conditions. The thesis consists of three parts. The first part theoretical description of Swedish laws and requirements dealing with stormwater discharge from construction activities, common purification methods that are used and management of stormwater discharge in the state Washington. The second part is a case study with a study visit at the construction site of Marieholmförbindelsen. The third part consists of analytical calculations and comparisons to measured data. The results show that regular containers should only be used to sediment sand particles since the surface area is limited which gives a reduced sedimentation time. They also have a limited flow capacity, which must be followed to work properly. The requirement of self-monitoring and maintenance for the contractor should be increased. In other cases, with smaller particles to settle such as silt, regular containers should not be used greater than as a pre-sedimentation step. The results also show that for sedimentation of particles smaller than medium silt it is necessary with a residence time of minimum 10 hours. This means that for the soil type fine silt, which has a particle range between 0.0063mm-0.002mm, the residence time can differs between 10-100 hours. For the soil type clay this would mean a residence time of at least 100 hours which equals more than 4 days. By using traditional sedimentation as purification technique one would either need a huge sedimentation area or a very small flow. Either of these solutions is unreasonable due to economic aspects, space limitations and efficiency. Based on the results and conclusions, the following recommendations can be proposed: •Regular containers demands a high maintenance and self-monitoring, and isn’t recommended to use in greater occurrence than as a pre-sedimentation step for particles smaller than course silt, which has a particle diameter between 0.02-0.063mm. •Use a holistic approach by creating clear guidelines for the contractors. •Use the hydraulic efficiency, λ, to ensure a proper configuration and a good separation capacity.
Kalibbala, Herbert Mpagi. "Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Control of Trihalomethanes Formation in Water Treatment." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102091.
Full textVulkanaska, pimpsten och Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) undersöktes som inhemska material for borttagande av naturligt organiskt material (NOM) i Kampala och Masaka reningsverk i Uganda. Koagulation och filtreringsexperiment gjordes med hjalp av råvatten i Kampala (Ggaba) och Masaka (Boma)reningsverk, som ingår i Nationella Vatten- och avloppsreningsverk, ett företag i Uganda. En bedömning av de två anläggningarna gjordes och det visade sig stå inför olika utmaningar på grund av de olika råvattnens karaktär. Den här studien genomfördes för att söka lämpliga processer för behandling av anpassade till förhållandena vid respektive anläggning samt för att undvika eller minimera uppkomsten av olika klorerade biprodukter. Resultatet från studien visade att det fanns problem både när det gäller design och arbetsrutiner på reningsverket Ggaba med ett behov att ändra filtrerings- och klarningsenheternaI Masaka ökade förkloreringsprocessen den totala mängden trihalometaner med 4000 %. Karakteriseringen av naturligt organiskt material (NOM) visade på en stor andel hydrofilt material och att ingen förändring av det organiska materialets karaktär skedde längs den undersökta processenheten. Å andra sidan visade både laboratorieförsök och experiment i pilotanläggningen att lovande resultat. Ett enkelt horisontellt flöde genom ett grovt filter i pilotanläggningen i Masaka resulterade i 89% mindre järn och 27% mindre NOM. Med en kombination av pimpsten och väteperoxid i filtret var avlägsnandet av löst organiskt material(DOC) från vattnet 68%. Resultaten från batchexperiment (jar test) i laboratoriet visade också lovande resultat för aluminium tillsammans med en koagulant extraherad med natriumklorid från Moringa oleifera (MOC-SC), som ett första steg för vatten från sumpmark med höga halter av järn och organiskt material. Således visar resultaten att det går att undvika bildandet av höga halter av trihalometan (THM) genom genom tillämpning av grovfitrering med väteperoxid i stället för förkloreringsprocessen. Utvärderingen av vulkanaskans egenskaper visade att vulkanaskan uppfyller kraven på ett filtermaterial och resultaten från pilotanläggningen visade att det är ett lämpligt material i ett filtreringssystem med två media. Den utnyttjade delen av filtret var 2,5 gånger längre i körningen med dubbla medier jämfört med ett medium.
QC 20120910
MAKERERE – Sida/SAREC RESEARCH COLLABORATION
Sjölund, Johanna. "Hur hanteras algblomning i dricksvattentäkt – en undersökning av algblomning i Bondsjön, Härnösands kommun, och förslag till åtgärder." Thesis, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-379737.
Full textÖsterdahl, Mathias. "Water treatment at personal level : An examination of five products intended for a small scale, personal point-of-use." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-30793.
Full textVatten, och i synnerhet rent vatten är livsavgörande för människor och har en grundlig hälsoeffekt med en förmåga att reducera hälsoåkommor. Paradoxalt nog är vatten samtidigt ett transportmedium för ämnen som orsakar sjukdomar. Vatten kan orsaka sjukdom och illamående både från distributionen av patogena ämnen in i människokroppen men också om intaget av vatten inte är tillräckligt för kroppen, vilket kan leda till uttorkning med stora komplikationer. Idag drabbas vissa områden av katastrofer och olyckor i varierande form. När sådana kriser och katastrofer sker, blir ofta infrastruktur skadad eller förstörd vilket kan medföra att tillgången till rent vatten hotas. Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap (MSB) är en myndighet i Sverige, med uppgift att utveckla social kapacitet för att motverka och hantera nödsituationer, olyckor och kriser. Myndigheten stödjer olika aktörer när en kris eller olycka uppstår, både utomlands och på nationell nivå. Personalen som stödjer på plats i en kriszon arbetar ibland under extrema förhållanden där basala nödvändigheter, som t.ex. tillgången till mat och rent vatten kan vara en bristvara. För att säkerhetsställa att personalen som arbetar på dessa platser kan fortsätta att lösa sin uppgift utan att riskera sitt eget välbefinnande på grund av vattenbrist eller andra vattenrelaterade sjukdomar, kan olika metoder för vattenrening på personlig nivå användas. I den här studien valdes fem olika produkter avsedda för personlig vattenrening ut; klordioxid i tablettform, klordioxid i vätskeform, Katadynflaskan, Lifesaverflaskan och UV-lampan SteriPEN. Dessa produkter utnyttjar olika tekniker för att rena vatten och säkerhetsställa tillgången av rent vatten under utsatta situationer. Målet med den här studien är att skapa en informationsbas som underlag för MSB att använda sig av när de väljer vattenreningsmetod för kommande internationella insatser. Fem produkter utvärderats därför utifrån fyra parametrar; reningskapacitet, handhavande, miljöpåverkan och ekonomisk aspekt. Studien visade att det inte var någon enskild produkt som genomgående var bäst utifrån alla parametrar, de hade alla sina för och nackdelar. Produkten som överlag fick bäst resultat genom studien var SteriPEN men det utifrån att produkten används under tio insatser eller mer. Om en produkt endast ska användas under ett fåtal insatser är klordioxid i vätskeform att föredra. På platser där råvattnet är skarpt kontaminerat kan en kombination av två olika produkter vara aktuell, rekommenderat är att kombinera klordioxid i vätskeform med SteriPEN, draget som slutsats av resultatet av denna studie. Det här är en kvalitativ studie och resultatet grundar sig på litteratur, analysresultat från laboratorietester samt egna mätningar och beräkningar. Faktiska tester i fält är nödvändiga för att vidare utvärdera produkterna. Det viktiga är att produkten faktiskt fungerar praktiskt baserat på förhållandena MSB arbetar under så att hjälparbetare verkligen använder produkten för att rena kontaminerat vatten och inte avstår att använda produkten på grund av att den inte är kompatibel med arbetsförhållandena. Om produkten inte används på grund av den anledningen ska den inte användas i fält då den utsätter hjälparbetarnas hälsa för risk.
2016-12-01
Charlson, Alexandra. "Reduktion av föroreningar i processvatten från en äggfabrik i Brasilien : Kväve- och fosforrening i anlagda våtmarker." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25916.
Full textProcessvatten från livsmedelsindustrier och anläggningar med animalieproduktion har högakoncentrationer av organiskt material, suspenderat material och närsalter (Kadlec & Wallace,2008). Förr släpptes mycket processvattnet direkt ut till närliggande dammar, floder ellerbäckar. I moderna tider finns riktvärden satta från till exempel svenska Naturvårdsverket och det brasilianska miljödepartementet, CONSEMA, som gör att processvattnet måste förbehandlas innan det kan släppas till recipienten. Våtmarker har visat sig vara ett bra val av reningsmetod när det kommer till rening av bland annat kväve, fosfor, BOD5 och TSS(Camino et al., 2011; Johansson, 2014; Knight et al., 2000; Lin et al., 2005; Mantovi et al.,2003). De olika typer av anlagda våtmarker har för- och nackdelar, till exempel har vissa typer en högre nitrifikationsprocess och andra har en högre denitrifikationsprocess. Genom attkänna till vilka för- och nackdelar de olika typer av anlagda våtmarker har går det att skräddarsy ett behandlingssystem som uppfyller de specifika reningsändamålen för just det processvattnet. Syftet med detta arbete är att avgöra hur pass effektiv NaturOvos våtmarkreducerar föroreningar, att får en bättre förståelse av olika typer av anlagda våtmarker samt deras kväve- och fosforreningsprocesser. NaturOvos äggfabrik ligger i Salvador do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasilien. Under juni år 2013 byggdes en horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) våtmark för att öka kväve- och fosforrening av processvattnet från fabriken. Behandlingssystemet består av en aktivslamanläggning bestående av två luftningsbassänger och två sedimenteringstankar, en uppehållsbassäng och en HSSF våtmark. Recipienten är en närliggande damm. Behandlingsvattnet som renas genom systemet innehåller processvatten och vatten som används vidrengöring av fabriken. Obehandlat vatten direkt från fabriken har ett medelvärde på2 606 mg/l för BOD5, 46,60 mg/l för TP, 318,3 mg/l för TKN och 1 112 mg/l för TSS. Provtagning av inflödes- och utflödesvatten har skett tre gånger per månad från oktober 2013 till april 2014. Medelvärdesresultat av retention i våtmarken är följande; BOD5 42 ± 351 %,TP 66 ± 9,7 %, TN 42 ± 13 % och TS -11 ± 30 %. Jämfört med andra studier (Camino et al.,2011; Johansson, 2014; Knight et al., 2000; Lin et al., 2005; Mantovi et al., 2003) är retentionav kväve och fosfor hög, men retentionen av BOD5 och TS är låg. Förbättringsförslag för att öka reningen i våtmarken redovisas i diskussionen.
Smiyanov, Nikita, and Fabian Galli. "Jämförelse av olika alternativ för rening av dricksvatten i utvecklingsländer." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228874.
Full textThis examination task will highlight different options for water purification, which is humanity's most important condition for life. The purpose is to investigate different alternatives for water purification and create a manual on how well these are suitable for location and association. The aim of the work is to investigate what different methods of water purification are available today, evaluate sustainability indicators based on social, economic and environmental assessments, to prepare cost estimates for the different methods and provide alternatives for water treatment which are already in use and therefore the report will determine which those are and where they exist, and how well they work in each place and under what conditions.
Smiyanov, Nikita, and Fabian Galli. "Jämförelse av olika alternativ för rening av dricksvatten i utvecklingsländer." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229854.
Full textThis examination task will highlight different options for water purification, which is humanity's most important condition for life. The purpose is to investigate different alternatives for water purification and create a manual on how well these are suitable for location and association. The aim of the work is to investigate what different methods of water purification are available today, evaluate sustainability indicators based on social, economic and environmental assessments, to prepare cost estimates for the different methods and provide alternatives for water treatment which are already in use and therefore the report will determine which those are and where they exist, and how well they work in each place and under what conditions.
Wedrén, Malin. "Insamling, rening och användning av vatten i den hållbara hemträdgården." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Mathematics, Natural and Computer Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5951.
Full textUtan vatten inget liv. Människor är beroende av rent vatten för sin överlevnad. I många länder orsakar idag bristen på rent vatten sjukdomar och för tidig död. Världens problem med sötvatten i form av brist och svåra föroreningar orsakade av människan kan te sig kolossala. Befolkningsökning och ändrade levnadssätt påverkar. Industrier och jordbruk har stor påverkan men också den enskilda människans vattenanvändning har betydelse.
I Sverige tycks den allmänna inställningen vara att vi inte har ett problem med vårt användande av vatten. Men vid en närmare undersökning av vårt innanhav Östersjöns problem med exempelvis övergödning och syrebrist och utsläppen av näringsämnen ifrån våra enskilda avlopp kan man ställa sig frågande. Även svenskens nyttjande av grundvattenreserver kan te sig olämpligt utifrån ett ekologiskt hållbart perspektiv. Att sedan detta vatten renas till dricksvattenkvalitet för att sedermera användas till att vattna fuktälskande växter som är planterade i gassande sol i en sandig torr jord kan vara förbryllande. Medvetenhet utifrån det lilla perspektivet, till exempel den svenska hemträdgården, kan vara åskådligt. Samtidigt kan det kanske också bidra till en i framtiden miljövänligare politik där målet är att rent sötvattnen skall finnas tillgängligt för alla i ett långt perspektiv.
I denna litteraturstudie, möjligheten till en rationell vattenanvändning i den privata hemträdgården ur ett ekologiskt hållbart perspektiv. Flertalet olika metoder att hushålla med vatten och att tillvarata, rena och använda sig av nederbörd och gråvatten belyses. Resultatet är indelat i två delar; hushållning och rening. I den första redogörs på vilka sätt en effektivisering av vattenanvändandet kan gå till. Lättast och effektivast görs detta genom att dra ner på förbrukningen. Detta går enkelt att göra med några få tekniker. Till exempel att bättra på jordstruktur med organisktmaterial, att placera växter på platser som liknar deras naturliga habitat, minska avdunstning och forma platsen så att nederbörd kan ledas dit den behövs. Att se över hur extrabevattning ska tillämpas på effektivast sätt samt vilken vattenkälla detta vatten kommer ifrån tillhör också detta hushållande stycke. I den andra delen redogörs för olika metoder som kan tillämpas i en trädgård för att rena grå- och dagvatten så att trädgårdens naturliga potential till att vara en del av jordens naturliga kretslopp främjas. Lättast görs detta genom en begränsning av föroreningar redan vid deras källa. Därefter kan infiltrationsytor, infiltrationsplanteringar, biodiken, gröna tak, dammar, konstruerade våtmarker, rotzoner, UV-ljus och aquakulturer vara mer eller mindre användbara metoder som kan tillämpas i hemträdgården.
Vattenfrågan bör klarläggas redan vid planeringen av byggnader och trädgård. Varje tomt måste sättas in i sitt sammanhang då dessa unika med speciella förutsättningar och problem. Hemträdgården är en utmärkt plats för experiment och utvecklingsarbete av ett hållbart vattenanvändande.
Without water there would be no life on earth. People depend of clean water for their survival. Today in many countries the lack of clean water is causing disease and premature death. World problems with fresh water in the form of shortage and severe pollution caused by humans may seem colossal. Industries and agriculture have a major impact but also the individual’s water-use has consequences.
In Sweden the public opinion seems to be that we do not have a problem with our use of water. But with a closer look on facts that is not the case. For example our inland sea, Östersjön, and our contribution to its problems with euthrophication, lack of oxygen with the spillage of nutrients from the sewers and agriculture. Also the Swedish use of ground water may seem inappropriate in an ecological sustainable perspective. What is even more puzzling is that this water gets cleaned to a drinking water quality and then gets used for watering plants in the garden or to wash the car. Consciousness from the small perspective (as the Swedish private garden) can contribute to a future environmentally friendly politic that will lead to a sustainable water-use in a long perspective.
With this paper I would like to demonstrate, in a literature study, the possibility of a rational water-use in the private home garden from an ecological sustainable perspective. Different methods of economising the water-use, gathering and cleaning stormwater and greywater will be illustrated. The result part will be divided into two parts; economization of water and cleaning of water.
The first part describes the ways in which an efficiency of water-use can be preceded. The easiest way this is done is to cut down the consumption of water. This can easily be done with a few techniques. For example to improve the soil structure with organic material, placing of plants in places that resemble their natural habitat, reduction of evaporation and shaping pf the site so that precipitation can be managed where it is needed. Also to in which way irrigation is applied in the most efficient way and from which source this water is taken is presented in this part. The second part describes different methods of cleaning grey- and stormwater so the home garden’s natural potential to be a part of the earth’s natural rhythm is promoted.
Most easily this is done by stopping the pollution at the source. After that infiltration areas, bioswales, green roofs, ponds, constructed wetlands, reed beds, UV light and aquacultures can be more or less potential methods to be applied in the home garden.
Water issues should be clarified already at the design process with homes and gardens. Each plot and garden is unique with its particular conditions and problems. Therefore needs every case to be seen in its particular context in order to obtain the optimal solution for that particular place.The home garden is a suitable place for experimental development of a sustainable water-use.
Arvsell, Karin. "Termofil aerob rening av skogsindustriellt avloppsvatten : Ett försteg till en luftad damm." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33030.
Full textThe production of pulp and paper requires a large amount of energy and also large amounts of water which, by advantage, can be taken from a nearby lake or river. The wastewater passes through several different purification steps, such as mechanical, chemical and biological treatment before being reintroduced to the recipient. During aerobic biological treatment, a degradation and oxidation of the organic material occurs and is performed by microorganisms which require oxygen. Aeration consumes about half of the external plant's total energy and is aggravated by extractives present in the trees. At Stora Enso Skoghall mill an aerated pond is used as biological treatment, but there are troubles to get the oxygen to last for the entire pond. If a pre-treatment is placed before the pond this would be able to reduce the substances which demands oxygen. The implementation of the pre-treatment would be a MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) containing carriers and where thermophilic bacteria form biofilms. The experimental setups were built up in a laboratory at the University of Karlstad. The aerated ponds would resemble the aerated pond at Skoghall mill, with an identical retention time and contain equivalent microorganisms. The wastewater was continuously pumped into the experimental setups and was received from Skoghall mill and contained only CTMP water and CTMP mixed with water from the bleach plant and evaporation plant. As evaluation of the experiments analyzes of COD, TOC, SS, SVI, surface tension, extractives and microscopy were done. The results showed a relatively uniform COD and TOC reduction for the aerated ponds at around 70 %, which is comparable with the real pond at Skoghall mill. For the thermophilic MBBR with a temperature of 45° C and with probe 10-water, a capacity of reduction at 30 - 40% was noticed. The result with water containing only CTMP showed a reduction of 30%. Measurements of surface tension and extractives show if the concentration of extractives is decreasing in the thermophilic pre-treatments and also in the aerated ponds, which indicates a more effective oxygenation of the water. It was also found that the biofilm in the thermophilic stages are very sensitive and relatively easy to decimate if the conditions for the thermophilic bacteria are not optimal or if the incoming water contains any toxic substance. The sludge in all aerated ponds consisted of bacteria, protozoa and metazoa. The reference pond showed large and dense flocks while for the ponds that were preceded by thermophilic MBBR indicated less sludge and less dense flocks. For pond containing CTMP-water the flocks were small, but in addition, floating sludge was detected and foam problems arose.
Skirfors, Oscar. "Using bioaugmentation to enhance the denitrification process in a treatment plant for landfill leachate." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278592.
Full textDet har varit olagligt att deponera hushållsavfall i Sverige sedan 2005, den stora mängd avfall som deponerats innan dess fortsätter dock att utgöra ett miljöproblem, främst genom genereringen av lakvatten. Den här studien fokuserade på möjligheten att förbättra denitrifikationen i ett reningsverk för lakvatten genom bioaugmentation. Två stammar tillhörande Brachymonas denitrificans, och Comamonas denitrificans, samt en kommersiell bakterieblandning från ClearBlu Environmental® innehållande bland andra Pseudomonas putida AD 21 och Psedomonas flourescens, undersöktes som möjliga kandidater. Ammonium-, nitrat- och nitritkoncentrationer mättes i odlingsstudier i labbskala och i en pilotstudie för att undersöka nitrifikation och denitrification. Pilotstudien utfördes i en luftad och en o luftad konfiguration utomhus i mitten av maj 2020, med lakvatten från reningsverket under en 10 dagars period. C. denitrificans och B. denitrificans klarade båda av att anpassa sig till tillväxt i lakvatten. Tillsats av dessa arter ledde till en ökning i nitratreduktionshastighet i början av pilotexperimentet men gav ingen total minskning av nitratmängden. Den sammanlagda slutkoncentrationen av ammonium-, nitrat- och nitritkväve var 6,7% lägre än i kontrollen när en kultur argumenterad med den kommersiella bakteriemixen användes i den luftade konfigurationen. Mängden reducerat nitrat ökade med 32% när en kultur augmenterad med den kommersiella mixen användes i den oluftade konfigurationen. En möjlig förklaring är att vissa stammar i mixen klarade av att tillgodogöra sig svårnedbrytbara kolföreningar i lakvattnet eller att ration mellan reducerat nitrat mot konsumerat organiskt kol var högre än i det ursprungliga microbsamhället.