Dissertations / Theses: 'VECM (Vector Error Correction Model)'

1

Silber, Frank. "Makroökonometrische Anpassungsanalyse im Vector-Error-Correction-Model (VECM) : Untersuchungen an ausgewählten Arbeitsmärkten /." Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/362076561.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Meki, Brian. "Examining long-run relationships of the BRICS stock market indices to identify opportunities for implementation of statistical arbitrage strategies." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4348.

Full text

Abstract:

>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Purpose:This research investigates the existence of long-term equilibrium relationships among the stock market indices of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). It further investigates cointegrated stock pairs for possible implementation of statistical arbitrage trading techniques.Design:We utilize standard multivariate time series analysis procedures to inspect unit roots to assess stationarity of the series. Thereafter, cointegration is tested by the Johansen and Juselius (1990) procedure and the variables are interpreted by a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Statistical arbitrage is investigated through the pairs trading technique.Findings:The five stock indices are found to be cointegrated. Analysis shows that the cointegration rank among the variables is significantly influenced by structural breaks. Two pairs of stock variables are also found to be cointegrated. This guaranteed the mean reversion property necessary for the successful execution of the pairs trading technique. Determining the optimal spread threshold also proved to be highly significant with respect to the success of this trading technique.Value:This research seeks to expand on the literature covering long-run co-movements of the volatile emerging market indices. Based on the cointegration relation shared by the BRICS, the research also seeks to encourage risk taking when investing. We achieve this by showing the potential rewards that can be realized through employing appropriate statistical arbitrage trading techniques in these markets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Mvita, Mpinda Freddy. "The impact of dividend policy on shareholders' wealth : evidence from the Vector Error Correction Model." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31010.

Full text

Abstract:

Dividend policy is widely researched in financial management, but determining whether it affects the market price per share is difficult. There has been much published on the subject, which presented theories such as the Modigliani, Miller, Gordon, Lintner, Walter and Richardson propositions and the relevance and irrelevance theories. However, little research has been done on the impact of dividend policy on shareholders’ wealth while considering the short- and long-run effects. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used to describe the short-run and long-run dynamics or the adjustment of the cointegrated variables towards their equilibrium values in South Africa. This study attempts to explain the effect of dividend policy on the market price per share. A sample of 46 companies listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) was selected for the period 1995-2010. Three variables were used, namely the market price per share, the dividend per share and the earnings per share. The market price per share was used as a proxy in measuring shareholders’ wealth and the dividend per share was used as a proxy in measuring the dividend policy. Fixed and random effects models were applied to panel data to determine the relation between dividend policy and market price per share. The fixed effects method was used to control the stable characteristics of the companies over a fixed period. The random effects model was applied when the companies’ characteristics differed. Results for both models indicated that dividend yield is positively related to market price per share, while earnings per share do not have a significant impact on the market price per share. To test the strength of the long-run relationship, the VECM was applied. The coefficient for dividend per share in the co-integrating equation was positive, while the coefficient for earnings per share was negative. This confirms previous research findings. The results suggest that there is a long-run relationship between dividend per share and market price per share. The Granger causality test indicates there is bi-directional Granger causality between market price per share and dividend per share in South Africa. Therefore dividend policy does have a significant long-run impact on the share price and therefore provides a signal about the company’s financial success.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Financial Management
Unrestricted

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Hadad, Junior Eli. "Um estudo econométrico do consumo e da renda agregados no Brasil." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2011. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/534.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eli Hadad Junior.pdf: 290403 bytes, checksum: 413b010b2b66c535b71df800b9626c61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-10
The dissertation analyzes data of the Brazilian household consumption and income between the years 1947 and 2009. The study aims to evaluate to what extent the aggregate consumption of Brazilian household may approximate be a random walk. The dissertation uses Johansen's cointegration techniques (1988, 1991) and super exogeneity tests as proposed by Engle and Hendry et al. (1983). The dissertation attempts to evaluate whether interventions that affect consumption will impact the dynamics of aggregate income. These interventions can occur through credit policies and tax changes, among other macroeconomic shocks. Finally, a decomposition is made following the methodology proposed by Gonzalo-Granger (1995) and evaluating the importance of shocks in permanent and temporary changes in consumption.
A dissertação analisa os dados de consumo e renda das famílias brasileiras entre os anos de 1947 e 2009. O trabalho visa avaliar em que medida o consumo agregado das famílias brasileiras pode ser bem aproximando a partir de um passeio aleatório puro. O trabalho utiliza técnicas de cointegração de Johansen (1988, 1991) e testes de super exogeneidade na forma proposta por Hendry, Engle et al. (1983). A dissertação procura avaliar se intervenções que afetam o consumo das famílias geram impacto na dinâmica da renda agregada das mesmas. Tais intervenções podem ser por políticas de crédito, alterações tributárias, choque macroeconômicos entre outras. Por fim uma decomposição entre fatores permanentes e transitórios será feita pela metodologia proposta por Gonzalo-Granger (1995) com o objetivo de avaliar-se a importância dos choques permanentes e transitórios para as variações do consumo.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Bohlandt, Florian Martin. "Single manager hedge funds - aspects of classification and diversification." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85859.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
A persistent problem for hedge fund researchers presents itself in the form of inconsistent and diverse style classifications within and across database providers. For this paper, single-manager hedge funds from the Hedge Fund Research (HFR) and Hedgefund.Net (HFN) databases were classified on the basis of a common factor, extracted using the factor axis methodology. It was assumed that the returns of all sample hedge funds are attributable to a common factor that is shared across hedge funds within one classification, and a specific factor that is unique to a particular hedge fund. In contrast to earlier research and the application of principal component analysis, factor axis has sought to determine how much of the covariance in the dataset is due to common factors (communality). Factor axis largely ignores the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix and orthogonal factor rotation maximises the covariance between hedge fund return series. In an iterative framework, common factors were extracted until all return series were described by one common and one specific factor. Prior to factor extraction, the series was tested for autoregressive moving-average processes and the residuals of such models were used in further analysis to improve upon squared correlations as initial factor estimates. The methodology was applied to 120 ten-year rolling estimation windows in the July 1990 to June 2010 timeframe. The results indicate that the number of distinct style classifications is reduced in comparison to the arbitrary self-selected classifications of the databases. Single manager hedge funds were grouped in portfolios on the basis of the common factor they share. In contrast to other classification methodologies, these common factor portfolios (CFPs) assume that some unspecified individual component of the hedge fund constituents’ returns is diversified away and that single manager hedge funds should be classified according to their common return components. From the CFPs of single manager hedge funds, pure style indices were created to be entered in a multivariate autoregressive framework. For each style index, a Vector Error Correction model (VECM) was estimated to determine the short-term as well as co-integrating relationship of the hedge fund series with the index level series of a stock, bond and commodity proxy. It was postulated that a) in a well-diversified portfolio, the current level of the hedge fund index is independent of the lagged observations from the other asset indices; and b) if the assumptions of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) hold, it is expected that the predictive power of the model will be low. The analysis was conducted for the July 2000 - June 2010 period. Impulse response tests and variance decomposition revealed that changes in hedge fund index levels are partially induced by changes in the stock, bond and currency markets. Investors are therefore cautioned not to overemphasise the diversification benefits of hedge fund investments. Commodity trading advisors (CTAs) / managed futures, on the other hand, deliver diversification benefits when integrated with an existing portfolio. The results indicated that single manager hedge funds can be reliably classified using the principal factor axis methodology. Continuously re-balanced pure style index representations of these classifications could be used in further analysis. Extensive multivariate analysis revealed that CTAs and macro hedge funds offer superior diversification benefits in the context of existing portfolios. The empirical results are of interest not only to academic researchers, but also practitioners seeking to replicate the methodologies presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Louw, Riëtte. "Forecasting tourism demand for South Africa / Louw R." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7607.

Full text

Abstract:

Tourism is currently the third largest industry within South Africa. Many African countries, including South Africa, have the potential to achieve increased economic growth and development with the aid of the tourism sector. As tourism is a great earner of foreign exchange and also creates employment opportunities, especially low–skilled employment, it is identified as a sector that can aid developing countries to increase economic growth and development. Accurate forecasting of tourism demand is important due to the perishable nature of tourism products and services. Little research on forecasting tourism demand in South Africa can be found. The aim of this study is to forecast tourism demand (international tourist arrivals) to South Africa by making use of different causal models and to compare the forecasting accuracy of the causal models used. Accurate forecasts of tourism demand may assist policy–makers and business concerns with decisions regarding future investment and employment. An overview of South African tourism trends indicates that although domestic arrivals surpass foreign arrivals in terms of volume, foreign arrivals spend more in South Africa than domestic tourists. It was also established that tourist arrivals from Africa (including the Middle East), form the largest market of international tourist arrivals to South Africa. Africa is, however, not included in the empirical analysis mainly due to data limitations. All the other markets namely Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, South America and the United Kingdom are included as origin markets for the empirical analysis and this study therefore focuses on intercontinental tourism demand for South Africa. A review of the literature identified several determinants of tourist arrivals, including income, relative prices, transport cost, climate, supply–side factors, health risks, political stability as well as terrorism and crime. Most researchers used tourist arrivals/departures or tourist spending/receipts as dependent variables in empirical tourism demand studies. The first approach used to forecast tourism demand is a single equation approach, more specifically an Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model. This relationship between the explanatory variables and the dependent variable was then used to ex post forecast tourism demand for South Africa from the six markets identified earlier. Secondly, a system of equation approach, more specifically a Vector Autoregressive Model and Vector Error Correction Model were estimated for each of the identified six markets. An impulse response analysis was undertaken to determine the effect of shocks in the explanatory variables on tourism demand using the Vector Error Correction Model. It was established that it takes on average three years for the effect on tourism demand to disappear. A variance decomposition analysis was also done using the Vector Error Correction Model to determine how each variable affects the percentage forecast variance of a certain variable. It was found that income plays an important role in explaining the percentage forecast variance of almost every variable. The Vector Autoregressive Model was used to estimate the short–run relationship between the variables and to ex post forecast tourism demand to South Africa from the six identified markets. The results showed that enhanced marketing can be done in origin markets with a growing GDP in order to attract more arrivals from those areas due to the high elasticity of the real GDP per capita in the long run and its positive impact on tourist arrivals. It is mainly up to the origin countries to increase their income per capita. Focussing on infrastructure development and maintenance could contribute to an increase in future tourist arrivals. It is evident that arrivals from Europe might have a negative relationship with the number of hotel rooms available since tourists from this region might prefer accommodation with a safari atmosphere such as bush lodges. Investment in such accommodation facilities and the marketing of such facilities to Europeans may contribute to an increase in arrivals from Europe. The real exchange rate also plays a role in the price competitiveness of the destination country. Therefore, in order for South Africa to be more price competitive, inflation rate control can be a way to increase price competitiveness rather than to have a fixed exchange rate. Forecasting accuracy was tested by estimating the Mean Absolute Percentage Error, Root Mean Square Error and Theil’s U of each model. A Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model was estimated for each origin market as a benchmark model to determine forecasting accuracy against this univariate time series approach. The results showed that the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model achieved more accurate predictions whereas the Vector Autoregressive model forecasts were more accurate than the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model forecasts. Policy–makers can use both the SARIMA and VAR model, which may generate more accurate forecast results in order to provide better policy recommendations.
Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Tao, Juan. "A re-examination of the relationship between FTSE100 index and futures prices." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8071.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis examines the validity of the cost of carry model for pricing FTSE100 futures contracts and the relationship between FTSE100 spot and futures markets during two sub-periods characterised by different market trading systems employed by the LSE and LIFFE. The empirical work is carried out using three approaches to econometric modeling: a basic VECM for spot and futures prices, a VECM extended with a DCCTGARCH framework to account for the conditional variance-covariance structure for spot and futures prices and a threshold VECM to capture regime-dependent spot-futures price dynamics. Overall, both the basic VECM and the DCC-TGARCH analysis suggest that there are deviations from the cost of carry relationship in the first sub-sample when transactions costs in both markets are relatively high but that the cost of carry relationship tends to be valid in the second sub-sample when transactions costs are lower. This is further confirmed by the evidence of higher conditional correlations between the two markets in the second sub-sample as compared with the first, using the DCC-TGARCH analysis. This implies that the no-arbitrage cost of carry relationship between spot and futures markets is more effectively maintained by index arbitrageurs in the second period when market conditions are closer to perfect market assumptions, and hence the cost of carry model could be more reasonably used as a benchmark for pricing stock index futures. The threshold VECM analysis depicts regime-dependent price dynamics between FTSE100 spot and futures markets and leads to some interesting and important findings: arbitrage may not be practicable under some market conditions, either because it is difficult to find counterparties for the arbitrage transactions, or because there is significant risk associated with arbitrage; as a result, the cost of carry model may not always be suitable for pricing stock index futures. Furthermore, the threshold values yielded from estimating the threshold VECM reflect the average transaction costs for most arbitrageurs that are more reliable and fair than subjective estimations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ramanauskaitė, Giedrė. "Stress testing in credit risk analysis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080620_110415-38466.

Full text

Abstract:

The supervising institutions do not give to commercial banks indications what models have to be used for stress testing. This research was done in order to find out which mathematical/statistical models are and can be used in credit risk stress testing. Credit risk is one of the biggest financial risks that every bank faces. Stress testing is a tool of credit risk assessment that helps to estimate the consequences of the events that have really small probability to happen but if they occur, banks can have significant losses. This study determined that the most plausible event is adverse macroeconomic conditions. For this reason, models that include macroeconomic impact were presented. Vector autoregression and vector error correction model were tested using the empirical data received from Swedish central bank, Swedish statistics and Eurostat. For financial stability it is worth using vector autoregression or vector error correction model as they describe the macroeconomic environment in the most suitable way and they are appropriate for shock analysis by showing how the impact of any factor can change the whole system. Structure: introduction, main part (credit risk, methods and empirical analysis), publication, conclusions, references. Thesis consists of: 50 p. text without appendices, 13 pictures, 11 tables, 26 bibliographical entries. Appendices included.
Kredito įstaigų priežiūros institucijos nepateikia komerciniams bankams kokius metodus jie turėtų naudoti testavime nepalankiomis sąlygomis. Tiriamasis darbas buvo atliktas tuo tikslu, kad būtų išsiaiškinta kokie matematiniai ir statistiniai metodai yra ir gali būti naudojami kredito rizikos vertinime testuojant nepalankiomis sąlygomis. Kredito rizika yra viena iš didžiausių finansinių rizikų su kuria bankai susiduria. Testavimas nepalankiomis sąlygomis yra kredito rizikos vertinimo įrankis, padedantis nustatyti įvykių, kurių realizavimosi tikimybės yra mažos, tačiau jiems įvykus, bankai patirtų reikšmingus nuostolius, pasekmes. Šis tyrimas nustatė, jog labiausiai tikėtinas įvykis gali būti ypatingai nepalankios ekonominės sąlygos. Dėl šios priežasties darbe yra pristatyti metodai, kurie įvertina makroekonominių veiksnių įtaką. Vektorinė autoregresija ir vektorinis paklaidų korekcijos modelis buvo patikrinti naudojant Švedijos centrinio banko, Švedijos statistikos departamento ir Eurostat empirinius duomenis. Finansinio stabilumo įvertinimui vertėtų naudoti vektorinį autoregresijos ar vektorinį paklaidų korekcijos modelius, nes šie modeliai geriausiai aprašo ekonominę aplinką bei yra labai tinkami šokų analizei, kadangi įvertina bet kurio veiksnio įtaką visai sistemai. Struktūra: įvadas, pagrindinė dalis (kredito rizika, metodai ir empirinė analizė), publikacija, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Tiriamasis darbas sudarytas iš: 50 psl. teksto be priedų, 13 paveikslų, 11... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Molin, Simon. "House Price Dynamics in Sweden : Vector error-correction model." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172367.

Full text

Abstract:

Movements in house prices can have effects on individuals, financial markets, and the whole economy. After the rapid increase in house prices worldwide since the mid-1990s and after the financial crisis in 2008, many studies have investigated house price dynamics. Furthermore, real house prices in Sweden have increased by more than 200 % since the mid-1990s up until today. This study takes a closer look at the fundamental determinants of house prices to investigate both the long- and short-run dynamics of Swedish house prices. The method of use includes a vector error-correction model, which exposes both long- and short-run dynamics of house prices. The long-run results show that Swedish house prices are currently not overvalued. Furthermore, in the short-run, the results suggest that house prices adjust to their equilibrium level with 7,9 % in each quarter.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Tunehed, Per. "Is the Swedish housing market overvalued? : An analysis using a Vector error correction model." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185129.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis attempts to answer if a bubble is growing on the Swedish housing market. This is done by assessing the extent to which supply and demand – represented by fundamentals – can explain the rise on the Swedish housing market. Empirically, this is done by estimating a Vector error correction model using quarterly data stretching from Q1 2000 to Q4 2019. The model uses house prices as its dependent variable and disposable income, interest rate, construction costs, financial assets, and employment as independent variables. The study finds that there is a long-run relationship between house price and the independent variables, and that this long-run relationship can explain the increase in house prices that has been seen in Sweden over the last two decades, and that this suggests that a housing bubble is unlikely. Furthermore, the model finds that, in the long-run, house prices are positively associated with financial assets, and negatively associated with disposable income, interest rates, construction costs and employment rate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Dahlberg, Magnus, and Gombrii Anders. "Vart är kronan på väg? : Utmaningen med växelkursprognoser - en jämförelse av prognosmodeller." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-439138.

Full text

Abstract:

Riksbanken har under senaste åren blivit kritiserade för deras bristande prognoser av svenska valutakurser. I denna uppsats undersöks det om slumpvandring (RW) är den mest framgångsrika prognosmodellen eller om alternativa ekonometriska prognosmodeller (AR, VAR och VECM) kan estimera framtida växelkurser mer korrekt på kort sikt, ett kvartal fram, och medellång sikt, fyra kvartal fram. I dessa prognosmodeller behandlas fem Svenska makroekonomiska variabler som endogena; KPI, BNP, arbetslöshet, 3 månaders statsobligationer (T-bonds), samt en exogen variabel, Amerikansk-BNP. Den data som används är kvartalsdata från första kvartalet 1993 till andra kvartalet 2020 för respektive variabel. Resultaten från studie visar på att RW är mer ackurat än de multivariata modellerna (VAR och VECM) på både kort sikt och medellång sikt. Residualerna utvärderas genom att kolla på rotmedelkvadratfel (RMSE) från respektive prognos.
In recent years, the Riksbank has been criticized for their underperforming forecasts of Swedish exchange rates. This thesis examines whether the random walk (RW) is the most successful forecasting model when forecasting the exchange rate (SEK / USD) or whether alternative economic forecasting models (AR, VAR and VECM) can estimate future exchange rates more accurately. Both in the short and medium term, one respectively four quarters ahead. In these forecast models, five Swedish macroeconomic variables are treated as endogenous; CPI, GDP, unemployment, three-month Treasury-bonds (T-Bonds), and an exogenous variable, US GDP. The data used is quarterly data from the first quarter of 1993 to the second quarter of 2020 for each variable. Results from the study show that RW is more accurate than the multivariate models (VAR and VECM) in both the short and medium term. The residuals are evaluated by looking at root mean square error (RMSE) from the respective forecast.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Nastansky, Andreas, Alexander Mehnert, and Hans Gerhard Strohe. "A vector error correction model for the relationship between public debt and inflation in Germany." Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/5024/.

Full text

Abstract:

In the paper, the interaction between public debt and inflation including mutual impulse response will be analysed. The European sovereign debt crisis brought once again the focus on the consequences of public debt in combination with an expansive monetary policy for the development of consumer prices. Public deficits can lead to inflation if the money supply is expansive. The high level of national debt, not only in the Euro-crisis countries, and the strong increase in total assets of the European Central Bank, as a result of the unconventional monetary policy, caused fears on inflating national debt. The transmission from public debt to inflation through money supply and long-term interest rate will be shown in the paper. Based on these theoretical thoughts, the variables public debt, consumer price index, money supply m3 and long-term interest rate will be analysed within a vector error correction model estimated by Johansen approach. In the empirical part of the article, quarterly data for Germany from 1991 by 2010 are to be examined.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Behar, Alberto. "Estimating elasticities of demand and supply for South African manufactured exports using a vector error correction model." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10118.

Full text

Abstract:

Bibliography: leaves 82-83.
Elasticities of demand and supply for South African manufactured exports are estimated using the co-integrating vector autoregression / vector error correction model approach in order toaddress simultaneity and non-stationarity issues. Demand is highly price-elastic, ranging from-3 to -6. The price elasticity of supply is 1. Competitors' prices and world income are an important determinant of demand, but domestic capacity utilization is not an important determinant of export supply.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Persson, Rickard. "The short and long-term interdependencies between stock prices and dividends: A panel vector error correction approach." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-255666.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines the short and long-term interdependencies between stock prices and dividends. I utilize firm level data from FTSE ALL SHARE from 1990-2014 and apply panel vector error correction model estimated with Engle & Grangers (1987) two-step procedure. The results show that there is a bi-directional long-term relationship between stock prices and dividends, i.e. an adjustment process is at work when a disequilibrium occurs. I also find a bi-directional short-term relationship. This paper also shows that Lintners model and the present value model are relevant frameworks in stock valuations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Calson-Öhman, Frida. "The effect of increased e-commerce on inflation." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35495.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this essay is to answer the following questions: Has the increased e-commerce had a negative impact on the inflation, and is the effect decreasing? and: Is there a long term and/or short term effect by the increased e-commerce on the inflation? To answer the first question a fixed effects regression model is applied, based on panel data for 28 European countries for the time period 2006-2017. The regression obtains results that support the hypothesis that the increased e-commerce has had a negative effect on inflation. Furthermore, the result indicates that the effect is decreasing. The second question is answered with the help of an Error Correction Model and time series data for Sweden during the period 2006-2017. The result shows that there is an error correction towards a long run equilibrium and the short term estimates indicate that there is a negative short term effect of the increased e-commerce on inflation. These results are in line with the hypothesis of this essay as well as previous studies that have examined similar questions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Fonseca, Eder Lucio da. "Modelo de cointegração variando com o tempo: abordagem via ondaletas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45133/tde-26032017-175337/.

Full text

Abstract:

Duas ou mais séries não estacionárias são cointegradas se existir uma relação de equilíbrio de longo prazo entre elas. Nas últimas décadas, o interesse na literatura sobre o tema cointegração aumentou de maneira expressiva. Os modelos tradicionais supõem que o vetor de cointegração não varia ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, existem evidências na literatura de que esta suposição pode ser considerada muito restritiva. Utilizando o conceito de ondaletas, propomos um modelo de correção de erros vetorial em que é permitido ao vetor de cointegração variar ao longo do tempo. Diferente de trabalhos similares, é permitido ao vetor de cointegração variar suave ou abruptamente, dependendo da família de ondaletas considerada. Experimentos de Monte Carlo foram utilizados para estudar os quantis e o poder do teste de razão de verossimilhanças entre as hipóteses de cointegração usual e a de cointegração variando com o tempo. Os experimentos sugerem que o teste possui poder contra alternativas que variam ao longo do tempo. Foi demonstrada a capacidade do modelo em lidar satisfatoriamente com séries cointegradas simuladas, que apresentavam mudança de regime para o vetor de cointegração. O modelo foi empregado ainda para testar a validade da hipótese de paridade de poder de compra entre Estados Unidos e doze países da Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OECD): Canadá, Japão e mais dez países europeus. Assim como em trabalhos similares, foram verificadas evidências de cointegração variando com o tempo entre os países. Foram utilizados valores-p bootstrap para verificar a significância da estatística do teste.
Two or more non-stationary time series are cointegrated if there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between them. In recent decades, interest in the literature on the subject of cointegration increased expressively. Traditional models that address this issue assume that the cointegration vector does not vary over time. However, there is evidence in the literature that this assumption can be considered very restrictive. Using the concept of wavelets, we propose a vector error correction model in which is allowed to the cointegration vector vary over time. Unlike similar works, the cointegration vector is allowed to vary smoothly or abruptly, depending on the considered family of wavelets. Monte Carlo experiments were used to study the quantiles and the power of the likelihood ratio test of the hypotheses of usual cointegration versus the time-varying cointegration. The experiments suggest that the test has power against alternatives that vary over time. It was demonstrated the ability of the model to deal satisfactorily with simulated cointegrated series, which presented regime change for the cointegration vector. The model was also used to test the validity of the Purchasing Power Parity hypothesis between United States and twelve countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Canada, Japan and ten other European countries. As in similar works, evidence of time-varying cointegration was verified among countries. Bootstrap p-values were used to verify the significance of the likelihood ratio of the test.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Frei, Lukas. "The Markov-switching vector error correction model: dynamics, bayesian inference, and application to the spot and forward Swiss Franc, US Dollar exchange rates." Berlin dissertation.de, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989281892/04.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Frei, Lukas. "The Markov-switching vector error correction model : dynamics, Bayesian inference, and application to the spot and forward Swiss franc/US dollar exchange rates /." Berlin : dissertation.de, 2008. http://www.dissertation.de/buch.php3?buch=5540.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Bazarcheh, Shabestari Negin. "Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth : Sweden's case." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35502.

Full text

Abstract:

The main purpose of this study is to examine the causal relations between energy use, CO2 emissions and economic growth for Sweden. Vector Error Correction model with annual data from 1970 to 2016 has been used in order to determine potential causality between the variables. The empirical findings indicate that in the long-run, causality relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth cannot be rejected and it is bidirectional. This means that energy is a determining factor for economic growth in Sweden and that applying policies in order to reduce the CO2 emissions has slowed down economic growth in Sweden. This finding is consistent with the Feedback Hypothesis. But in the short-run no causality was found between energy and economic growth. According to Granger causality test results, bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and energy consumption cannot be rejected in the short-run. Variables’ trends show that in the period under study, energy consumption and economic growth have moved in the same direction; meaning that higher energy consumption has led to higher economic growth. At the same time, lower CO2 emissions have been accompanied by higher economic growth. There is also short-run causality running from capital to economic growth according to VECM results. It can be suggested to the policy makers that in order to maintain economic growth and reduce environmental degradation, energy consumption should be shifted gradually from nonrenewable sources to renewable ones so to avoid decrease in economic growth and ensure lower levels of CO2 emissions in the long-run.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Tasnim, Sumaya. "Renewable Energy Consumption and Foreign Direct Investment : Bangladesh's Case." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-43739.

Full text

Abstract:

FDI investment is a vital factor for the developing countries economic growth. Apart from working as a catalyst of increasing total output level, FDI is a source of clean energy, technology transfer and energy efficiency. There have been very limited studies on the impact of FDI on renewable energy consumption in the context of Bangladesh. In fact, to my best knowledge there hasn’t been any studies on Bangladesh regarding this relationship with recent data available. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to reveal the relationship between FDI and renewable energy consumption in Bangladesh with annual Data spanning from 1980 to 2016. Johansen’s cointegration test showed that variables are cointegrated in the long run. Through Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the paper shows there is short run and long run causality between FDI and Renewable Energy Consumption and the causality is negative. Granger causality test reveals that the direction of causality is running from FDI to Renewable Energy Consumption. Policies regarding attracting more sectoral FDI should be considered to improve investment scenario in Renewable energy sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Demeš, Jiří. "Ekonometrická analýza vývoje inflace v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4847.

Full text

Abstract:

The degree work is focused on analysis of inflation with help of suitable econometric models. Inflation with it's forms and possibilities of measuring is described at the beginning of the paper. There is mentioned an importance of monitoring and analysing inflation in view of Czech national bank. Consequently there are described characteristics of time series, which are important from viewpoint of construction of econometric models. Next part of this paper is focused on characterization of econometrics models. At first there is vector autoregression model, in this connection there is discussed the essence of Granger causality and impulse reaction. There are also noticed both error correction model and vector error correction model. The empirical part of degree work involves the use of these models on selected macroeconomic time series of the Czech republic. The objective is to analyze the relationship between inflation and other individual macroeconomic quantities. There is established the optimal vector autoregressive model and the results of Granger causality and impulse reaction are interpretated. Both error correction model and vector error correction model examining cointegration are also applied.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Van, Heerden Petrus Marthinus Stephanus. "The relationship between the forward– and the realized spot exchange rate in South Africa / Petrus Marthinus Stephanus van Heerden." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4511.

Full text

Abstract:

The inability to effectively hedge against unfavourable exchange rate movements, using the current forward exchange rate as the only guideline, is a key inhibiting factor of international trade. Market participants use the current forward exchange rate quoted in the market to make decisions regarding future exchange rate changes. However, the current forward exchange rate is not solely determined by the interaction of demand and supply, but is also a mechanistic estimation, which is based on the current spot exchange rate and the carry cost of the transaction. Results of various studies, including this study, demonstrated that the current forward exchange rate differs substantially from the realized future spot exchange rate. This phenomenon is known as the exchange rate puzzle. This study contributes to the dynamics of modelling exchange rate theories by developing an exchange rate model that has the ability to explain the realized future spot exchange rate and the exchange rate puzzle. The exchange rate model is based only on current (time t) economic fundamentals and includes an alternative approach of incorporating the impact of the interaction of two international financial markets into the model. This study derived a unique exchange rate model, which proves that the exchange rate puzzle is a pseudo problem. The pseudo problem is based on the generally excepted fallacy that current non–stationary, level time series data cannot be used to model exchange rate theories, because of the incorrect assumption that all the available econometric methods yield statistically insignificant results due to spurious regressions. Empirical evidence conclusively shows that using non–stationary, level time series data of current economic fundamentals can statistically significantly explain the realized future spot exchange rate and, therefore, that the exchange rate puzzle can be solved. This model will give market participants in the foreign exchange market a better indication of expected future exchange rates, which will considerably reduce the dependence on the mechanistically derived forward points. The newly derived exchange rate model will also have an influence on the demand and supply of forward exchange, resulting in forward points that are a more accurate prediction of the realized future exchange rate.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Risk management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Lackson, Daniel Mudenda. "Pollution, Electricity Consumption, and Income in the Context of Trade Openness in Zambia." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124715.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and tests for causality using Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). There is evidence of long-run relationships in the three models under consideration. The Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) finds no evidence to support the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Zambia in the long-run. The evidence from the long-run suggests an opposite of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), in that the results indicate a U-shaped curve relationship between income and carbon emission. The conclusion on causality based on the VECM is that there is evidence of neutrality hypothesis between either total electricity and income or between industrial electricity and income in the short-run Additionally, there is evidence of conservation hypothesis in the context of residential and agricultural electricity consumption.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Oliveira, Jimmy Lima de. "Estimando o impacto do estoque de capital publico sobre o PIB per capita na presenÃa de mudanÃa estrutural." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1347.

Full text

Abstract:

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
O presente trabalho estima a elasticidade produto-gasto pÃblico para economia brasileira, no perÃodo de 1950 a 2003, utilizando um modelo vetorial de correÃÃo de erro (VECM) para controlar possÃveis mudanÃas estruturais nas sÃries. Quando existem mudanÃas estruturais, os vÃrios testes estatÃsticos de Dickey-Fuller sÃo viesados em direÃÃo da nÃo rejeiÃÃo de uma raiz unitÃria. Este viÃs significa que o teste de Dickey-Fuller Ã viesado em direÃÃo da hipÃtese nula de uma raiz unitÃria, mesmo se a sÃrie Ã estacionÃria dentro de cada subperÃodo. Sem controlar para mudanÃas estruturais, os testes de cointegraÃÃo podem apresentar resultados enganosos, e as estimativas obtidas podem ser viesadas.
Aiming to estimate the elasticity product-public expenditure to the Brazilian economy, during the period 1950-2003, it was used a vector error correction model (VECM) to control for possible structural changes in the series. When structural changes were observed, many of the Dickey-Fuller statistic tests are biased towards the non-rejection of the existence of a unit root. This bias means that the Dickey-Fuller test is biased towards the null hypothesis of unit root, even if the series is stationary within each sub period. Without controlling for structural changes, the cointegration tests may present deceiving results and the estimates obtained may be biased.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Jia, Mo (Maggie). "Housing market, banking sector and macroeconomy in China." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/279056.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis contains three main parts. In the first part, we adapt a model developed for the US economy to the unique Chinese economic and institutional context. The uniqueness is mainly from two perspectives: the dual-channel housing financing system in China and the existence of the shadow banking sector (which differs from the shadow banking in developed economies) in China’s housing market. It would be difficult to obtain a clear picture of the Chinese housing market and macroeconomy without a thorough understanding of these two characteristics. This is due to the crucial role played by shadow banking and other informal finance institutions within the context of China in both the development and purchase of housing, in supporting productive economic activities in general, and that the housing market is in turn intricately connected to the health of the Chinese economy, being a key ‘barometer’. The second part of the research is the quantification of the determinants of the scale of shadow banking in China. The quantification is crucial since policy makers need to be aware of how sensitive shadow banking is to various factors. We develop a theoretical framework to explain the evolution of the scale of shadow banking in China. As part of this research, we investigate whether the real interest rate of household saving deposits, the required reserve ratio and bank loans to business and household are the main factors in explaining the evolution of China’s shadow banking. In the third part of research, we employ a credit risk and macroeconomic stress test to investigate the vulnerability of the commercial banks in China. Our originality here is the integration of both the role of shadow banking and housing market related loans in the commercial banks’ stress test scenarios at the macro level. Since a systematic analysis regarding the effect of changes in the macroeconomy and housing market on the credit risk of commercial banks in China is scarce, we use bank stress tests to analyse the credit risk in terms of the non-performing loans ratio of commercial banks in China; this is in response to changes in the macroeconomic factors and housing market. We address the role of the variation of the scale of shadow banking in China in terms of its contribution to the credit risk because of its uncertainty and close link with the commercial banks. Stress tests often focus on a single bank or financial institution yet we apply the same principles to examine the financial system as a whole in China, which would allow us to quantify the systemic risk in the entire Chinese financial system; and which variables, especially shadow banking contribute to the risks and by how much. This thesis contributes to the understanding of how China’s dual-channel housing finance system and shadow banking affect the evolution of house prices; and also, the main driving factors of the scale of China’s shadow banking and whether the housing market related loans and shadow banking pose risks to commercial banks. Possible research questions raised by the main findings of this thesis will enrich the debate on China’s housing market, shadow banking and regular banks, especially at a time when China is reforming its economic structure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Kilic, Esen. "An Empirical Analysis Of The Relationship Between Financial Deepening And Economic Growth: The Case Of Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609913/index.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aims to investigate the direction of the relationship between financial deepening and economic growth after the completion of financial liberalization in Turkey. In order to do this, an unbalanced panel data set of 49 OECD and emerging countries for 1953-2005 period is examined with Granger causality and panel data estimation techniques. In the light of panel data analysis results, quarterly Turkish time series data for 1987-2006 period is examined by using Granger causality, cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) procedures. Although the unbalanced panel data analysis reveals a relationship that is from financial deepening to economic growth, country specific Granger causality analysis employed with the panel data gives the opposite relationship for Turkey. Moreover, it is observed that quarterly time series data analysis mainly gives a relationship that is from economic growth to financial deepening.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Fonseca, Mateus Ramalho Ribeiro da. "Política monetária em um contexto de metas de inflação, câmbio flexível e mobilidade de capitais : uma investigação teórica, histórica e empírica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/183071.

Full text

Abstract:

A presente tese tenta avaliar a política monetária sob o Regime de Metas de Inflação (RMI), num contexto de flexibilidade cambial e integração financeira. No campo teórico, este trabalho avalia no primeiro ensaio, os aspectos teóricos do RMI e também do Novo Consenso Macroeconômico (NCM), assim como a crítica pós-keynesiana ao NCM. Na sequência, avalia-se a evolução do debate acerca da política monetária após a Crise Financeira Internacional, assim como os aspectos teóricos da integração financeira global e dos Ciclos Financeiros Globais, e suas consequências para a condução da política monetária. No aspecto histórico, avalia-se brevemente no segundo ensaio, o comportamento das principais variáveis macroeconômicas concernentes a política monetária, taxa de câmbio e crescimento econômico, assim como, os arranjos institucionais do RMI de cada país, evidenciando suas principais diferenças. O Brasil tem um dos RMI mais rígidos e as maiores taxas de juros entre os países analisados. No âmbito empírico, realizou-se três exercícios econométricos distintos. O primeiro, por meio do modelo VEC, comparam-se a eficiência do RMI brasileiro com outros 12 países selecionados, no que diz respeito ao controle inflacionário, ao repasse cambial e do crescimento econômico. O Brasil, assim como outros países em desenvolvimento, tem um dos RMI mais ineficientes, com evidencias da presença de price-puzzle, além de apresentar um elevado repasse cambial para o nível de preços e ter impactos no crescimento econômico. O segundo exercício econométrico buscou-se analisar a não-linearidade da política monetária brasileira com relação ao repasse cambial para o nível de preços, utilizando o modelo MS-VAR. O modelo mostrou fortes evidências empíricas de que há repasse cambial tanto em momentos de apreciação, quanto de depreciação cambial, configurando assim, uma política monetária com dois regimes cambiais. O terceiro exercício busca evidenciar, por meio do modelo VEC, os impactos que a integração financeira global, tem na condução da política monetária brasileira. Encontrou-se indícios de que a taxa de câmbio opera entre os ciclos financeiros globais e o nível de preços da economia brasileira, mostrando, assim, que a política monetária sob o RMI, tendo como base altas taxas de juros, é ineficiente. Tais fatos sugerem que a taxa de câmbio tem um papel fundamental no controle da inflação e no desempenho do próprio RMI; todavia, há a necessidade de uma reavaliação da política cambial que vêm sendo adotada no Brasil para além do papel de mecanismo de controle de preços.
This study aims to evaluate the monetary evolution of the Inflation Target Regime (IT) in a context of exchange rate flexibility and financial integration. In the theoretical field, this work was evaluated in the first essay, the theoretical questions of the IT and also of the New Macroeconomic Consensus (NMC), as well as a post-Keynesian criticism to NMC. Following an assessment of the monetary policy debate following an International Financial Crisis, as well as the financial issues for the financial and global integration of Global Financials, and their consequences for the generation of monetary policy. The evaluation of the risk in the historical statistics, the evaluation of the risk changes the monetary changes, the risk must change the expansion policies, and the risk must have different conditions. Brazil has one of the most rigid ITs and the main interest rates among the analyzed countries. In the empirical context, the different econometric exercises are carried out. The first one, through the VEC model, compares the efficiency of the Brazilian IT with 12 other selected countries, than respect for inflationary control, exchange rate transfers and economic growth. Brazil, like other developing countries, has more inefficient IT, with evidence of the presence of price-puzzles, as well as a high exchange rate repayment for the price level and the impacts on economic growth. The second econometric exercise sought to analyze the non-linearity of the Brazilian monetary policy in relation to the pass-through to the price level, using the MS-VAR model. The model of empirical demonstrations that there is to change both in moments of appreciation and the exchange depreciation, thus forming a monetary policy with two exchange rate regimes. The third study seeks the evidence, through the VEC model, of the impacts that global financial integration has on Brazilian monetary policy. We find that the indexes of an exchange rate between the cycles and the level of prices of the Brazilian economy, thus showing a monetary policy on the IT, based on interest rates, is inefficient. Such facts should that an exchange rate has a key role in controlling the rate and performance of the IT itself; however, there is a reappraisal of the exchange rate policy that has been adopted in Brazil beyond the role of the price control mechanism.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Fernandes, Pedro Manuel Ribeiro. "The role of banks in economic growth : an empirical application to Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19408.

Full text

Abstract:

Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira
Esta dissertação avalia o contributo dos bancos para o crescimento económico em Portugal desde a adopção do Euro, usando testes de cointegração e causalidade, bem como funções de resposta a impulsos. Usando rácios de passivos líquidos (depósitos) dos bancos e empréstimos em percentagem do PIB nominal como medidas do desenvolvimento financeiro, encontramos forte evidência de que o crescimento económico exerce um impacto positivo no desenvolvimento financeiro, de acordo com Demetriades e Hussein (1996). Concluiu-se também que os empréstimos bancários não aumentam o produto real no longo e no curto prazo, também de acordo com Demetriades e Hussein (1996). Ao invés disso, estes têm um efeito negativo no PIB real per capita. Esses resultados corroboram a visão defendida por Robinson (1952), como citado em King e Levine (1993a) e Lucas (1988), de que o financiamento apenas evolui em resposta aos desenvolvimentos da economia.
This dissertation evaluates the role of banks in economic growth in Portugal since the adoption of the Euro, using cointegration and causality tests, as well as impulse response functions. Using ratios of banks? liquid liabilities (deposits) and loans to nominal GDP as a measure of financial development, we find strong evidence of economic growth exerting a positive impact on financial development, in line with Demetriades and Hussein (1996). It was also concluded that bank lending does not boost real output both in the long-run and in the short-run, also in line with Demetriades and Hussein (1996). Instead, it has a negative effect on real per capita GDP. These results support the view championed by Robinson (1952), as cited in King and Levine (1993a), and Lucas (1988), that finance only evolves in response to developments in the economy.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Kučera, Lukáš. "Investice v transmisním mechanismu cílování inflace." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264703.

Full text

Abstract:

The dissertation thesis is devoted to the topic of investment with emphasis on their position within the transmission mechanism of inflation targeting. It discusses starting-points of inflation targeting regime, individual transmission channels of monetary policy including their connections, and routes through which the central bank may influence the investment. There are analyzed selected investment theories and other theoretical models that are associated with the investment. Factors, whose changes may induce changes in investment, are derived using the intersection of these two analyzed aspects. They are variables, which flow from a theoretical analysis of transmission channels, as well as variables, that are not directly accented within these channels, but they can be affected by the central bank. Even factors, that are not within the competence of the central bank, are included among the variables. Using available data, sources of investment variability are verified on data for the Czech Republic. Basic empirical analysis of time series and correlation analysis are performed and the vector error correction model is compiled.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Akin, Serdar. "Do Riksbanken produce unbiased forecast of the inflation rate? : and can it be improved?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-58708.

Full text

Abstract:

The focus of this paper is to evaluate if forecast produced by the Central Bank of Sweden (Riksbanken) for the 12 month change in the consumer price index is unbiased? Results shows that for shorter horizons (h < 12) the mean forecast error is unbiased but for longer horizons its negatively biased when inference is done by Maximum entropy bootstrap technique. Can the unbiasedness be improved by strict ap- pliance to econometric methodology? Forecasting with a linear univariate model (seasonal ARIMA) and a multivariate model Vector Error Correction model (VECM) shows that when controlling for the presence of structural breaks VECM outperforms both prediction produced Riksbanken and ARIMA. However Riksbanken had the best precision in their forecast, estimated as MSFE

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Subramaniam, Vijayaratnam. "AGRICULTURAL INTERSECTORAL LINKAGES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/771.

Full text

Abstract:

The transition from communism to capitalism at the end of the last century was one of the most significant events in the world economy since industrialization. During the latter part of the 1980s, people the Central and Eastern European countries and former Soviet Republics opted for a change from highly distorted command economic system to a market driven economic system. Privatization and liberalization policies led to major changes in the commodity mix and volume of agricultural production, consumption and trade. However, the changes and the impacts varied among countries as they followed different transition strategies. This study investigated the impact of market liberalization on the agricultural sector, as well as how the inter-sectoral linkages among the agricultural, industrial and service sectors responded in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary using time-series analysis. The study estimated an econometric model that incorporates the linkages among the sectors using a Vector Error Correction Model. The procedure identified long-run and short-run relationships for each country. The results showed that a sector can have a negative linkage to other sectors in the short-run; however, that does not mean that the linkage will be negative in the long-run. Impulse response functions were constructed to determine how a system reacts to a shock in one of the endogenous variable in a model. The study explored how a shock in the agricultural sector was absorbed by the other sectors in the economy, and how a shock in the other sectors was absorbed by the agricultural sector, in all four countries. The responses reflected how the variables are interrelated within a country, and how the shocks are transferred through different linkages over a long period of time. Such dynamic analysis was used to identify the total impacts of different policy alternatives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Sayin, Ipek. "Modelling Electricity Demand In Turkey For 1998-2011." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615515/index.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis estimates the quarterly electricity demand of Turkey. First of all proper seasonal time series model are found for the variables: electricity demand, temperature, gross domestic product and electricity price. After the right seasonal time series model are found Hylleberg, Engle, Granger and Yoo (1990) test is applied to each variable. The results of the test show that seasonal unit roots exist for the electricity price even it cannot be seen at the graph. The other variables have no seasonal unit roots when the proper seasonal time series model is chosen. Later, the cointegration is tested by looking at the vector autoregressive model. As the cointegration is seen vector error correction model is found. There is long-run equilibrium when the price is the dependent variable and independent variable is gross domestic product. Temperature is taken as exogenous variable and demand is not statistically significant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Nastansky, Andreas, and Hans Gerhard Strohe. "Konsumausgaben und Aktienmarktentwicklung in Deutschland : ein kointegriertes vektorautoregressives Modell." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5377/.

Full text

Abstract:

Vektorfehlerkorrekturmodelle (VECM) erlauben es, Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Veränderungen mehrerer potenziell endogener Variablen simultan zu modellieren. Die Idee, ein langfristiges Gleichgewicht gleichzeitig mit kurzfristigen Veränderungen zu modellieren, lässt sich vom Eingleichungsansatz des Fehlerkorrekturmodells (ECM) zu einem Mehrgleichungsansatz für Variablenvektoren (VECM) verallgemeinern. Die Anzahl der kointegrierenden Beziehungen und die Koeffizientenmatrizen werden mit dem Johansen-Verfahren geschätzt. An einer einfachen Verallgemeinerung einer Konsumfunktion wird die Schätzung und Wirkungsweise eines VECM für Verbrauch, Einkommen und Aktienkurse in Deutschland gezeigt. Die Anwendung der Beveridge- Nelson-(BN)-Dekomposition auf vektorautoregressive Prozesse ermöglicht zudem, Abhängigkeiten zwischen den aus den kointegrierten Zeitreihen extrahierten zyklischen Komponenten zu schätzen.
Vector error correction models (VECM) allow to simultaneously model dependencies between the changes of several potentially endogenous variables. The idea is the modelling of a long-run equilibrium together with the short-run dynamics. Therefore a single equation approach (ECM) can be generalised to a multi equation approach (VECM) for variable vectors. The number of cointegration relations and the coefficient matrices are estimated with the Johansen procedure. The estimation of a VECM for income, consumption and stock prices for Germany is demonstrated by using a generalised consumption function. The Beveridge-Nelson-(BN)-Decomposition procedure for vectorautoregressive processes allows extracting cyclical components of cointegrated time series and estimating the degree of co-movement between these transitory components.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Mehnert, Alexander, and Andreas Nastansky. "Staatsverschuldung und Inflation : eine empirische Analyse für Deutschland." Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5918/.

Full text

Abstract:

In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll der Zusammenhang zwischen Staatsverschuldung und Inflation untersucht werden. Es werden theoretische Übertragungswege von der Staatsverschuldung über die Geldmenge und die langfristigen Zinsen hin zur Inflation gezeigt. Aufbauend auf diesen theoretischen Überlegungen werden die Variablen Staatsverschuldung, Verbraucherpreisindex, Geldmenge M3 und langfristige Zinsen im Rahmen eines Vektor-Fehlerkorrekturmodells untersucht. In der empirischen Analyse werden die Variablen für Deutschland in dem Zeitraum vom 1. Quartal 1991 bis zum 4. Quartal 2010 betrachtet. In ein Vektor-Fehlerkorrekturmodell fließen alle Variablen als potentiell endogen in das Modell ein. Die Ermittlung der Kointegrationsbeziehungen und die Schätzung des Vektor-Fehlerkorrekturmodells erfolgen mithilfe des Johansen-Verfahrens.
In the following study the relation between the public debt and the inflation will be analysed. The transmission from the public debt to the inflation through the money supply and long term interest rate will be shown. Based on these theoretical thoughts the variables public debt, consumer price index, money supply m3 and the long term interest rate will be analysed within a vector error correction model. In the empirical part of this paper we will evaluate the timeperiod from the first quarter in 1991 until the fourth quarter in 2010 for Germany. In a vector error correction model every variable can be taken as endogenous. The variables in the model will be tested for cointegrated relationships and estimated with the Johansen-Approach.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Král, Ondřej. "Phillipsova křivka z pohledu analýzy časových řad v České republice a Německu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-360701.

Full text

Abstract:

Government fiscal and monetary policy has long been based on the theory that was neither proven nor refuted since its origination. The original form of the Phillips curve has undergone significant modifications but its relevance remains questionable. This thesis examines the correlation between inflation and unemployment observed in the Czech Republic and Germany over the last twenty years. The validity of the theory is tested by advanced methods of time series analysis in the R environment. All the variables are gradually tested which results in the assessment of the correlation between the time series. The outcome of the testing is presented for both countries and a comparison at international level is drawn. Is is discovered that both of the countries have dependencies in their data. Czech republic has significant dependency in both ways, for Germany is the dependency significantly weaker and only in one way.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Delfino, Denísio Augusto Liberato. "Ensaios em dívida soberana." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9900.

Full text

Abstract:

Submitted by Denísio Liberato (denisioliberato@bb.com.br) on 2012-07-23T15:29:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_versão_final_23072012.pdf: 1132720 bytes, checksum: 866d5e254e7f90dedcaaf1e8e4ac25ab (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-07-23T15:38:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_versão_final_23072012.pdf: 1132720 bytes, checksum: 866d5e254e7f90dedcaaf1e8e4ac25ab (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-23T15:45:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_versão_final_23072012.pdf: 1132720 bytes, checksum: 866d5e254e7f90dedcaaf1e8e4ac25ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-22
O objetivo central desta tese é colaborar com a literatura de finanças internacionais, abordando a discussão sobre os limites 'toleráveis' de endividamento aos quais os governos estão submetidos, bem como, sobre os fatores que afetam a forma como os países denominam suas dívidas no mercado internacional. A análise dos limites de endividamento é baseada num modelo onde crises de dívida auto-realizáveis podem ocorrer quando o nível de endividamento encontra-se em determinado intervalo. Uma vez nesta região, a dívida pode (ou não) ser rolada e, caso os credores não concedam novos empréstimos, a crise torna-se, de fato, uma profecia auto-realizável. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o limite de endividamento, além de bastante persistente, é muito dependente da razão dívida/PIB, bem como, dos históricos de inflação, crises bancárias e de defaults (ou reestruturações) de dívida soberana. Posteriormente, é feita uma aplicação do modelo estimado aos países da periferia do euro, na qual os resultados sugerem que países como Portugal e Grécia, mesmo após a adoção da moeda única, apresentam dificuldades em administrar os seus níveis de endividamento. Em conjunto, os resultados apresentados sugerem que quanto pior o histórico macroeconômico, menor será a capacidade do país 'tolerar' dívidas. Em relação à denominação da dívida, o estudo procura identificar em que medida a volatilidade da taxa de câmbio real efetiva, controlada por diversos fatores, impacta a forma como países se endividam no mercado internacional. Os resultados indicam que a baixa volatilidade cambial é condição fundamental para que a moeda doméstica seja utilizada em transações internacionais. Além disso, porte econômico, estabilidade de regras, respeito aos contratos e ampla liquidez dos mercados financeiros domésticos, são fatores que contribuem para a aceitação de uma moeda nos contratos de dívida internacional. Evidências adicionais do estudo sugerem que a ampla liquidez internacional, observada principalmente nos anos 2000, foi incapaz de ampliar de maneira significativa o número de moedas utilizadas no mercado internacional de dívidas. Ainda em relação a este tema, a tese analisa os primeiros passos da economia brasileira no sentido de alongar o perfil da dívida pública interna, por intermédio da emissão de títulos denominados em reais no mercado internacional.
The aim of this dissertation is to collaborate with the international finance literature, addressing the debate on the "acceptable" sovereign debt limits debt, as well as addressing on debt denomination in the international market. The analysis of debt limits is based on a model in which self-fulfilling debt crises can occur when the debt level reaches a certain range. Once this range is reached, the debt may (or may not) be rolled over and, if creditors do not grant new loans, the crisis becomes, in fact, a self-fulfilling prophecy. The results indicate that the indebtedness limit, besides being persistent, depends highly on the debt/GDP ratio, as well as on historical inflation, banking crises and default (or restructuring) of sovereign debt. Subsequently, an application of the estimated model is made to peripheral countries of the Euro Zone. The results suggest that countries like Portugal and Greece, even after the adoption of the single currency, have difficulties in managing their debt levels. The results also suggest that the worse the macroeconomic history, the lower the country's ability "to tolerate" debt. In relation to debt denomination, the study seeks to identify to what extent the volatility of real effective exchange rate, controlled by several factors, have an influence on how countries gain access to the international bond market. The results indicate that low exchange rate volatility is a fundamental condition for debt denominated in local currency in international markets. Moreover, the size of the economy, stability of regulations, enforcement of contracts and ample liquidity in domestic financial markets are factors that contribute to the acceptance of a currency in international debt contracts. Additional evidence of the study suggests that the broad international liquidity, mainly observed in the 2000s, was unable to expand significantly the number of currencies used in international debts. Still regarding this issue, the dissertation analyzes the first steps of the Brazilian economy in order to extend the profile of its public debt through the issuance of bonds denominated in Reais in the international market.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Prettner, Catherine, and Klaus Prettner. "After Two Decades of Integration: How Interdependent are Eastern European Economies and the Euro Area?" WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3493/1/wp138.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

This article investigates the interrelations between the initial members of the Euro area and five important Central and Eastern European economies. We set up a theoretical open economy model to derive the Purchasing Power Parity, the Interest Rate Parity, the Fisher Inflation Parity, and an output gap relation. After taking convergence into account, they are used as restrictions on the cointegration space of a structural vector error correction model. We then employ generalized impulse response analysis to assess the dynamic effects of shocks in output and interest rates on the respective other area as well as the implications of shocks in the exchange rate and in relative prices on both areas. The results show a high degree of interconnectedness between the two economies. There are strong positive spillovers in output to the respective other region with the magnitude of the impact being similarly strong in both areas. Furthermore, we find a multiplier effect being present in Eastern Europe and some evidence for the European Central Banks' desire towards price stability. (author's abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Brockwell, Erik. "State and industrial actions to influence consumer behavior." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93334.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis consists of an introductory part and three papers. Paper [I] examines how taxes affect consumption of commodities that are detrimental to health and the environment. Specifically, this paper examines if a tax increase leads to a significantly larger change in consumption than a producer price change, which is referred to as the signaling effect from taxation. The analysis uses aggregated cross-sectional time series data and information on major legislation introductions in Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom from 1970 to 2009. We find the main result to be that the signaling effect is significant for “Electricity” in Sweden and Denmark and significant for “Electricity” and “Petrol” in the United Kingdom. Paper [II] examines how sin taxation changes long-term consumer behavior regarding commodities which are deemed harmful for both health and the environment. These include tobacco, alcoholic beverages, sugar and confectionary, household energy, and motor fuel. Specifically, we examine the signaling effect from taxation which is seen if a tax increase leads to a significantly larger change in consumption than a producer price change. The empirical analysis is conducted by a US panel data study, during the period 1988-2012 for the four US census regions, using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). We find the main result to be that the signaling effect from taxation is significant for tobacco as well as for electricity and motor fuel. Paper [III] examines state and industry responses on consumption of cigarettes and petroleum in the United States from 1998-2012. Upon facing consumption choices, the consumer faces two competing sets of messages, one from the government and another from the industry. The objective of the state is to steer consumption in the right direction due to the harmful effects from consumption and asymmetric information among consumers. This is done mainly via taxation and state media expenditures. The industry, on the other hand, seeks to incentivize the public to ignore or reject state research and signals as well as maximizing net economic returns. This is mainly done via industry media and lobbying expenditures. We find that the main results indicate, for cigarettes, industrial media and lobbying expenditure is statistically significant on consumption. For petroleum, we find that producer prices, state media expenditure, and industrial lobbying expenditure are statistically significant on consumption.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Fidalgo, Cristina Patrícia Gouveia Dias. "Teoria generalizada da paridade do poder de compra : uma aplicação às economias da Europa Central." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21111.

Full text

Abstract:

Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e Previsão
No presente estudo pretende-se analisar se os três países da Europa Central em vias de aderir à União Económica Monetária - Hungria, Polónia e República Checa - constituem, de facto, uma Zona Monetária Ótima no espírito de Mundell (1961) com os países da Zona Euro vis-à-vis a economia da Alemanha, colocando, assim, um fim à fase de transição dos últimos 16 anos. Para tal, recorre-se à teoria Generalizada da Paridade do Poder de Compra, inicialmente proposta por Enders e Hurn (1994), empiricamente testável com recurso ao modelo vetorial de correção de erros. Os resultados empíricos indicam que, para o período entre 1993 e 2019, apesar da não estacionaridade das séries (do logaritmo) da taxa de câmbio real bilateral de cada economia, existe, efetivamente, um co-movimento entre as diferentes taxas em trajetória de equilíbrio, refletindo o processo de convergência real consistente com o critério de Zona Monetária Ótima.
The present study aims to analyze whether the three Central European countries that are about to join the Economic Monetary Union - Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic - constitute, indeed, an Optimum Currency Area in the spirit of Mundell (1961) with the countries of the Eurozone vis-à-vis the German economy, thus putting an end to the transition phase of the past 16 years. The theoretical framework is based on Generalized Theory of Purchasing Power Parity, an hypothesis initially proposed by Enders and Hurn (1994), empirically testable using the vector error correction model. The empirical results indicate that, for the period between 1993 and 2019, despite the non-stationarity of the series (of the logarithm) of the bilateral real exchange rate of each economy, there is, effectively, a co-movement between the different rates on an equilibrium path, reflecting the process of real convergence consistent with the Optimum Currency Area criterion.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Kang, Shin-jae. "Korea's export performance : three empirical essays." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/767.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Costantin, Paulo Dutra. "Fatores condicionantes da produtividade agrícola no Brasil no período de 1970 a 2005: uma abordagem neoclássica." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2007. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/839.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Dutra Costantin.pdf: 1161497 bytes, checksum: 80c40c8fcef9308bff7d9389b7a7a3f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-09
Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie
The current work aims to provide an inquiry into the causes of productivity increase observed in the Brazilian agricultural sector from the 1970s till the early years of the 2000s. Its working hypothesis is that gains in productivity are explained by factors like increased rural credit, research (technology), tractors, fertilizers and pesticides. More specifically, it analyses and estimates the impact of each of the foregoing variables on the trajectory of agriculture productivity increase in the period under study. In order to accomplish these tasks, we built up a database that gathered the relevant information for subsequent parametric (as well as non-parametric) estimation of the above specified explanatory variables. The first stage of the research consists of developing a conceptual analysis of the term productivity that fits well with neoclassical microeconomic theory and allows for a systematic explanation based on items like production function, cost function and technical progress. The second stage scrutinizes the properties of parametric and non-parametric research methods underlying the overall study. The third part specifies the selected techniques in tune with the available information. They refer to Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Cobb-Douglas Production Function, Translog Production Function and Model of Error Correction Vector. The DEA model suggests that there has been an improvement of technical efficiency as well as room for technological progress throughout the last three decades. Based on the Cobb Douglas model, we found out that the three main factors explaining productivity gains in the sector are harvest area, credit and investment. The Translog production function suggests neutrality of technical progress relative of factor employment over time and a positive effect on production. Additionally, it suggests that reduction of cultivated area,rural credit, pesticide and increase of employment of limestone (calcario)contributes to technical progress. Finally, the model of vector error correction identified that rural credit and R&D yield positive effects on agricultural productivity.
Esta tese constata que a agricultura brasileira apresentou ganhos de produtividade ao longo das décadas de 1970, 1980, 1990 e nos primeiros anos da década de 2000 em decorrência da utilização de fatores como crédito agrícola, pesquisa, maior número de tratores, fertilizantes, corretivos e defensivos agrícolas. Desse modo, procura-se analisar e mensurar a influência dessas variáveis sobre a produtividade agrícola. Para tanto, foi elaborado um banco de dados contendo as informações que serviram de base para a realização de estimativas paramétricas e não-paramétricas para buscar as evidências do impacto desses fatores sobre o aumento da produtividade agrícola. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu em definir o conceito de produtividade, em conformidade com a teoria microeconômica neoclássica, para instrumentalizar a explicação este fenômeno, a partir dos conceitos de função de produção, função custo e progresso técnico. A segunda etapa consistiu na avaliação das propriedades dos métodos paramétricos e não paramétricos a serem utilizados. A etapa seguinte implicou a definição das técnicas a serem empregadas, em função da disponibilidade de informações. Assim, foram selecionadas as seguintes técnicas: o Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a Função de Produção Cobb-Douglas, a Função de Produção Translog e o Modelo de Vetor de Correção de Erros. O modelo DEA indicou a existência, ao longo de um período de trinta anos, de melhora tanto da eficiência técnica quanto do progresso tecnológico. O modelo de Cobb-Douglas identificou como principais fatores que contribuíram para o aumento da produtividade neste período a área colhida e os créditos de custeio e investimento. A função de produção Translog identificou que o progresso técnico permaneceu neutro, no tempo, em relação ao emprego de fatores, tendo apresentado efeito positivo sobre a produção. Verificou, ainda, que as reduções da área colhida, do crédito agrícola e do uso de defensivos, assim como o aumento da quantidade empregada de calcário, contribuíram positivamente para o progresso técnico. Por fim, o Modelo de Vetor de Correção de Erros identificou nas variáveis crédito agrícola e pesquisa e desenvolvimento efeitos positivos para o aumento da produtividade agrícola.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Lu, Chien-Cheng, and 呂建徵. "The Study of Relationship between Stock Market and Business Cycle：The Application of Markov-Switching Vector Error Correction Model (MS-VECM)." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sbb7qc.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
銘傳大學
財務金融學系碩士班
92
This paper discusses the long term equilibrium and short term dynamics between stock market returns and business cycles. Most researches apply macroeconomic variables such as Industrial Production Index or GDP to predict business cycles. This paper uses the Leading Index, Coincident Index and unemployment rate to stand for macroeconomic conditions. We attempt to apply Markov-Switching Vector Error Correction Model (MS-VECM) to discover the long term and short term relations between stock market returns and Leading Index, Coincident Index and unemployment rate respectively and uses regime dependent impulse response function to analyze the effect toward the variable itself and how the variable effects other variables. We find Leading Index, Coincident Index, unemployment rate, and Taiwan’s stock index belong to I(1), which means they are stable time series after difference. The result shows that these variables have long term equilibrium relations after Johansen cointegration testing is conducted. By applying MS-VECM, we find that Taiwan’s business cycle experienced more expansion states than recession in the last 20 years. In the states of recession, we find the relation between stock market return and the Leading Index, Coincident Index is negative, however the relation is positive that is in expansion. Moreover, the relation between stock market return and unemployment rate is negative no matter in recession or expansion. After regime dependent impulse response function is conducted, we find the Coincident Index variable affects itself and other variables longer and stronger in expansion, while as we use Leading Index and unemployment rate as the substitutes variables, the effects are stronger and last longer in recession.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Νταλιάνη, Ευθυμία. "Εμπειρική ανάλυση της σχέσης τιμών ζωοτροφών και παραγωγού καταναλωτή κρέατος : Μοσχάρι, χοιρινό, κοτόπουλο και αρνί." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8234.

Full text

Abstract:

Η παρούσα μελέτη εξετάζει τη δυναμική σχέση μεταξύ των τιμών των ζωοτροφών και παραγωγού, καταναλωτή για τέσσερα είδη κρέατος: μοσχάρι, χοιρινό, αρνί και κοτόπουλο. Η σχετική βιβλιογραφία δείχνει ότι πολλοί παράγοντες επιδρούν στις τιμές των αγροτικών προϊόντων αλλά οι τιμές των ζωοτροφών είναι ο κυριότερος. Αυτό συμβαίνει γιατί οι ζωοτροφές αποτελούν πρώτη ύλη για την παραγωγή κρέατος και κατ΄επέκταση θα επηρέασουν τις τιμές παραγωγού και καταναλωτή. Τα δεδομένα αποτελούνται από 279 μηνιαίες τιμές που εκτείνονται από τον Ιανουάριο 1990 έως τον Ιανουάριο 2013. Χρησιμοποιώντας Johansen cointegration tests, Granger causality tests και impulse response functions τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν πως οι τιμές των ζωοτροφών, οι τιμές παραγωγού και οι τιμές καταναλωτή δεν είναι ανεξάρτητες μεταξύ τους.
The present paper studies the relationship among feed prices, producer prices and consumer prices of meat: beef, pork, poultry and lamb. The literature indicates that there are many factors which affect agricultural commodity prices but the feed prices are the main. This is why feed has a principal role in the production of meat and will affect producer and consumer prices. The data consists of 279 monthly observations extending from January 1990 to January 2013. Using Johansen cointegration tests, Granger causality tests and impulse response functions, the empirical findings confirm that feed prices, consumer prices and producer prices are interdependent.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Freitas, Carlos Jorge Pereira. "Avaliação do Impacto do Mercado de Carbono nos Mercados Elétricos de Portugal e Espanha." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30979.

Full text

Abstract:

Tese de doutoramento em Gestão de Empresas, na especialidade de Finanças, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra
O Sistema de Comércio Europeu de Licenças de Emissão (CELE) constitui um dos instrumentos centrais da estratégia da União Europeia para o combate às alterações climáticas, sendo uma ferramenta chave para o desenho de uma solução custo-eficiente na redução das emissões de gases com efeito estufa. O objetivo do nosso trabalho consiste em estudar o impacto da participação dos setores elétricos Ibéricos no CELE nomeadamente pela avaliação da ligação entre os preços das licenças de emissão transacionadas nos mercados de carbono e os preços da eletricidade transacionada nos segmentos português e espanhol do Mercado Ibérico de Energia Elétrica (MIBEL) durante a Fase II (2008-2012) e início da Fase III (2013) de operação do CELE. A eficácia do funcionamento deste mecanismo de sinalização do custo da utilização de licenças de emissão de carbono ao preço da eletricidade é fundamental para que os estímulos à redução das emissões de gases com efeito estufa se propaguem da produção ao consumo. Para testar estatisticamente o vínculo entre aqueles preços recorremos a várias técnicas de ajustamento econométrico adequadas à natureza específica das séries de dados com que trabalhamos. Na modelização mais complexa ajustamos um Modelo Vetorial de Correção de Erros (VECM) onde os preços da eletricidade, do carbono e dos combustíveis usados na geração elétrica (gás natural e carvão) são modelados em conjunto como variáveis endógenas a que se somam um conjunto de variáveis exógenas de controlo destinadas a acomodar as características especificas de operação dos sistemas elétricos Ibéricos nomeadamente no que respeita ao papel das energias renováveis no abastecimento elétrico. A estimação dos diferentes modelos econométricos permitiu-nos concluir que o preço do carbono, a par do preço dos combustíveis, é relevante para o estabelecimento da relação de equilíbrio de longo prazo (relação de cointegração) à qual o preço da eletricidade está ancorado. Os resultados a que chegamos, em linha com trabalhos publicados para outros mercados europeus de energia elétrica, permitem concluir que os produtores elétricos Ibéricos têm capacidade para fazer refletir no preço da eletricidade o custo de oportunidade associado às licenças de emissão de carbono, tendo beneficiado de condições para acumular rendas económicas (lucros extraordinários) durante a Fase II de funcionamento do CELE uma vez que essas licenças lhes foram atribuídas gratuitamente. Nesta medida, os nossos resultados suportam a decisão da Comissão Europeia de introduzir uma alteração às regras de alocação das licenças de emissão ao setor elétrico no início da Fase III, passando de atribuição gratuita à obrigação de aquisição pelas empresas. Estimando a taxa de repercussão do preço do carbono no preço da eletricidade para diferentes períodos de funcionamento do CELE, concluímos que o vínculo entre aqueles preços se vem enfraquecendo como resultado do colapso do preço nos mercados de carbono, podendo estar a pôr em causa o mecanismo de transmissão do custo do carbono ao preço da eletricidade e por essa via a comprometer a eficácia do sistema no alcance dos seus objetivos ambientais. Nesse caso, desaparecerão os incentivos para que os produtores de eletricidade reduzam as suas emissões, nomeadamente trocando para tecnologias de produção menos intensivas em carbono ou investindo em nova capacidade de geração elétrica não poluente, e os estímulos para que os consumidores (domésticos ou industriais) reduzam no médio e longo prazo o seu consumo, incrementando a eficiência energética. Esta conclusão suporta a opinião dos que defendem a necessidade de implementação de políticas no âmbito do CELE que evitem a manutenção do preço do carbono em níveis excessivamente reduzidos durante longos períodos de tempo.
The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change and it’s a key tool for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of the EU ETS on the Iberian electricity systems throughout the assessment of the link between the carbon price and the wholesale electricity price traded on Iberian Electricity Market (MIBEL), Portuguese and Spanish systems. Our sample includes all Phase II (2008-2012) and the first year of Phase III (2013) of the EU ETS, from January 2008 to December 2013. The price signal mechanism between the carbon and electricity price is fundamental for an effective carbon cost transmission from production to consumption and thus provide incentives to producers and consumers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We tested empirically the link between those two prices through several econometric adjustment techniques specially designed to deal with financial time series. In the most complex econometric modeling, a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is applied to estimate not only long-run equilibrium relationships, but also short-run interactions between the electricity price, carbon price and fuel (natural gas and coal) prices. The four commodities prices are modeled as joint endogenous variables. Additionally, and motivated by the purpose of accounting for the specific operating conditions of Portuguese and Spanish electrical systems, a set of exogenous variables was integrated into the model, namely the amount of renewable energy. We found a long-run equilibrium relationship (cointegration relationship) between electricity price, carbon price and fuel prices demonstrating that carbon price, as the other fuels, plays an important role in formulating the equilibrium price of electricity. These empirical results, in line with studies concerning other European electricity markets, show evidence of a significant link between carbon and electricity prices demonstrating that during Phase II of EU ETS Iberian power producers passed on the opportunity costs of freely allocated emission allowances to the electricity price, enabling power companies to get windfall profits. Therefore, these results support the change in the allocation rule of emission allowances to the electricity sector, from grandfathering to auctioning, implemented by the European Commission for the Phase III of the EU ETS. By estimating the dynamic pass-through of carbon price into electricity price for different periods of our sample, it is possible to observe the weakening of the link between carbon and electricity prices as a result of the collapse on carbon price and consequently putting at risk the mechanism for transmission of the carbon cost to the electricity price and therefore compromising the efficacy of the system to reach proposed environmental goals. In such case, the incentives for electricity producers to reduce their emission, through the use of less carbon intensive production technologies or the investment in renewables, and the stimuli for end-users to cut their long term consumption, through increased energy efficiency, will disappear. This conclusion is in line with the need to shape new policies within the framework of the EU ETS that prevent excessive low prices for carbon over extended periods of time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Dvořák, Martin. "Monetární transmisní mechanizmus: pohled do černé skříňky." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-338190.

Full text

Abstract:

The recent economic and financial turmoil has led central banks around the world to heavily utilize unconventional monetary policy measures. Unconventional in this sense means a deflection from traditional central bank policy measures, i.e. interest rate innovations. Although these measures were widely discussed, the uniformed, coherent and comprehensive framework of such measures is still missing. The aim of this thesis is to establish the framework for possible classification of such policies together with transmission channels to the real economy. The empirical part examines the impacts of unconventional policies on real data using vector autoregression and vector error correction models. This analysis is based on monthly data period between 1999 and 2013, which is strongly affected by implementation of the unconventional policies in its second half. The last section examines the possible future of these policies as a normal instrument of central banks and describes their main challenges and shortcomings. JEL classification: C32, E40, E44, E50, E52, E58, E60 Keywords: Unconventional monetary policy, Interest rate, Decoupling principle, Balance sheet policy stratification, Quantitative easing, Channels of transmission, Vector Autoregression, Vector error correction model Author's e-mail:...

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Wei, Ling-Ju, and 魏伶如. "The applications of the threshold vector error correction model in financial markets." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65502241085999660007.

Full text

Abstract:

博士
國立交通大學
管理科學系所
94
This dissertation employed the threshold vector error correction model (VECM) to investigate (1) the dynamic relationship between the prices of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) and their underlying stocks and (2) the effect of transaction cost reduction on the lead-lag relationship between the Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) Electronic Index and Futures. First, this study set out to estimate the dynamic relationship that exists between the prices of ADRs and their underlying stocks using a number of recent developments of the threshold cointegration framework. The empirical results support the notion of nonlinear mean-reversion of the prices of ADRs and their underlying stocks. The estimated coefficients of the error correction terms in the ‘extreme’ regime appeared to be larger than those in the linear VECM. The short-run dynamic effects of ADRs and UND prices showed significant differences between ‘typical’ and ‘extreme’ regimes. Second, this study explored the dynamic relationship that exists between prices of the TAIFEX Electronic Index and Futures, in both the short-run and the long-run, and examined the possible nonlinear relationship between them. Using prices of the TAIFEX Electronic Index and Futures, this study carried out a number of forecast comparisons of the out-of-sample predictability of linear and nonlinear models after TAIFEX Electronic Futures reduced the transaction tax from 5 basis points to 2.5 basis points on May 1, 2000. Results showed that the TAIFEX Electronic Futures plays a dominant price discovery role. The threshold value decreased after a transaction tax reduction. An out-of-sample comparison was conducted, which showed that the forecast results of the threshold VECM were more reliable than those of the linear VECM.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Tien, Chen-Hsuan, and 田宸瑄. "Oil Price, Stock Market and Business Cycle Relationship : Markov-Switching Vector Error Correction Model." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60513100746641241796.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
世新大學
財務金融學研究所(含碩專班)
95
Recently oil price surging is naturally leading to renewed fears that it will lead inflation or stagflation ,hit stock market hard and carry the potential of bringing the economy into the recession. Higher oil prices are negative for economic growth.Employing the Markov-Switching Vector Error Correction Model （MS-VECM）, the purpose of this research discussed the short term dynamics and long run equilibrium of oil price, inflation, Stock Index and business Cycle for period from first Quarter 1986 to second Quarter 2006. We find that oil price, WPI, Taiwan Stock Index and GDP are integrated of order 1 which means all variables are stable time series after difference. This result Johansen cointegration test shows that these variables have long run equilibrium relationships. Moreover, by applying MS-VECM, the results indicate that the most suitable model is MSIA（2）-VECM（7）.The results also show that the durations of expansion and recession are 4.85 and 4.15 quarters. Taiwan business Cycle experienced more Expansion than Recession. We find that relation is negative between WPI and Taiwan Stock Index, WPI and GDP, Taiwan Stock Index and GDP. In the state of recession, short term dynamics of oil price, WPI, Taiwan Stock Index and GDP are under-value and adjustment next session when they are far away from long run equilibrium. In the state of Expansion, the only GDP for short term dynamics is over-value and adjust strongly next session.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Chung, Tsong-Bin, and 鄭聰彬. "The Dynamic Relationship between Taiwan Stock Price and Macroeconomic Variabls: An Application of Vector Error Correction Model." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05240178321649062377.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立交通大學
資訊管理研究所
84
This paper test whether innovations in macroeconomic variables are risks that are rewarded in the stock market. According to the standard valuationmodel, the determinants of stock price are the expected cask flow from the stock and the required rate of return commensurate with the cash flow's riskiness. Chen, Roll, and Ross(1986) demonstrate that economic state variabls, via their effect on future dividends and the discount rates, exertsystematic influence on stock returns. Financial theory suggests that thefollowing macroeconomic variables should systematically affect stock market returns: exchange rate, inflation, money supply, real economic activity, long-term government bond rate, and call money rate. By Employing the vector error correction model(VECM) in a system of seven equation, we find that Taiwan stock index is cointegrated with a group od six macroeconomic variables. The sign of the long-term elasticity coefficients of the macroeconomic variables on stock prices generally support the hypothesized equilibrium relation. Our findings are robust to different combinations of 5macroeconomic variables in six-dimension systems and two subperiods. Lastly, having determining how many cointegration vectors there are, we test for weak exogeneity and some structural economic hypotheses. On the basisof these tests, both exchange rate and short-term interest rate are weakly exogenous to the system. The results obtained from testing for linear hypotheses on cointegration relations suggest that the term structure ofinterest rate doesn't exist in the cointegration space.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Tu, Ming-Kai, and 涂凱茗. "Application Threshold Vector Error Correction Model to Explore the Transmission Effect of the International Price of Sugar." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24514344280803227681.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業研究所
101
Application threshold vector error correction model to explore the transmission effect of the international price of sugar Recently, the prices of raw materials are rising and the issues about the international sugar prices are gradually noticed by many organizations around the world. Sugar which is used to food materials processing is a remarkable commodity in the international future market. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate whether the sugar prices will be affected by the exchange rate using data from the New York sugar prices in the ICE future market of America and the London sugar prices in the LIFFE future market of United Kingdom as well as the exchange rate between these two nations. First, this research applied the traditional time series method to examine the cointegration between the variables. In addition, this research adpots a nonlinear model, Threshold Vector Error Correction Model, proposed by Hansen and Seo (2002), to revisit the model. Results of this study show that the relationship of raw sugar prices in New York and London are negative, caused by the over expectation on the sugar prices in that examined time. This study finally provides investment strategy to the investors in international future market and viewpoints to the domestic sugar industry. Key Words：International Sugar Prices, Cointegration Test, TVECM Model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Wang, Yu-wun, and 王鈺雯. "An Examination of the Relationship between Oil Price and Income in Taiwan by Threshold Vector Error Correction Model." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6kar7v.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立中山大學
經濟學研究所
95
Since petroleum is a kind of exhaustive resource, it can not be regenerated after being consumed. And petroleum is distributed extremely uneven in the world, more than half of petroleum is distributed in the Middle East area. In the recent years, the oil price was so fluctuating and broke the record again and again. However, the productivity of petroleum in Taiwan is very low and we are a price taker. So it turns to be important that how the oil price affects the economy. According to Economics, high oil price often causes the staginflation. In the purpose of this study we examine the long run relationship between oil price and personal income in Taiwan by cointegration theory. And we find that there indeed exists a negative longrun relationship. In addition, we consider a nonlinear model, Threshold Vector Error Correction Model, to test a threhold effect in the long run relationship between variables. Finally we have a result that there is a threshold cointegrating relationship between the oil price and personal income in Taiwan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'VECM (Vector Error Correction Model)'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles