Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vecteurs de maladies'
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Gambart, Thomas Alliot Anne. "Les arthropodes vecteurs de maladies infectieuses chez l'Homme." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHgambart.pdf.
Full textDelaye, Christelle. "Structuration génétique de populations de tiques (Ixodes ricinus) vecteurs de micropathogènes." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20159.
Full textVinauger, Clément. "Apprentissage et mémoire chez les insectes vecteurs de maladies humaines." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4045/document.
Full textLearning and memory contribute to animals' fitness by allowing them adapting to variable environments. Thses two processes make them able to extract and use information from their environment in order to reduce the uncertainty associated with unpredictible environments. Among insects, fruit flies and honeybees are considered as classical models for the study of learning and memory. The amount of work that has been done on these models provide a considerable amount of information regarding the genetic, neurobiological and molecular basis of these processes and revealed the complexity of insects' cognitive abilities. All this knowledge acquired in model species, contrasts surprisingly with the lack of knowledge available regarding insect species that are involved in animal and human diseases transmission. Yet, it has been aknowledge that the detailed study of vectors cognitive abilities would allow the understanding of their adaptation to haematophagy, of their vectorial importance and provide new tools for diseases control. Up to date, studies focusing on disaese vectors, mainly in mosquitoes, were conducted in natural or not completely controled contexts and thus no clear demonstration of learning and memory is availaible.The main goal of this work was to provide a controled experimental context allowing the strudy of learning abilities in the haematophagous bug \textit{Rhodnius prolixus}. Our results show that these insectes are able to learn to associate the delivery of a same neutral odour either with the possibility to obtain a reward (blood-meal, appetitive conditioning) or with the possibility to receive a punishment (mechanical shock, aversive conditioning). We also showed that learning ans memory are involved in host selection processes. In a second part, we adapted to our biological model the paradigm of proboscis extension response conditioning, which allowed us to analyse and characterize its learning abilities. The maximal retention duration as well as the modulation of learning abilities by circadian clocks were evinced. Taken as a whole, this work provides the first experimental demonstration of learning abilities in Chagas disease vectors and provides experimental and methodological tools; These latters should allow improving the understanding of the mechanisms that are underlying cearning abilities of haematophagous insects in general. Results are also discussed in the context of host selection and parasite transmission
Pottier, Amandine Jacquiet Philippe. "Influence des modifications des facteurs environnementaux, socio-économiques et culturels sur l'épidémiologie des maladies vectorielles." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/3064/1/Jan_3064.pdf.
Full textLacroix, Renaud. "Etude de terrain d'Aedes albopictus vecteur du Chikungunya sur l'Ile de la Réunion." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0053.
Full textThe recent epidemics of Chikungunya confirmed the potential of Ae. Albopictus as a vector. For implementation of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), Mark-Release-Recapture (MLR) experiments were conducted in La Réunion Island. A mouse baited BG-Sentinel trap shown to be efficient at trapping both males and females. Results indicates that Ae. Albopictus has a limited dispersal range, higher activity during wet season, similar survival for both sexes but higher during wet season, mates before bloodmeal during dry season and preferred heavily shaded vegetated areas. We conclude that SIT should settle close release points, a low frequency of releases, adapt to season number released and places of releases. There is still a lot of work to be done before application of SIT, experiments with sterile males will be necessary for optimisation of vector population control
Martin, Estelle. "Les conséquences de l’infection par le virus chikungunya sur les vecteurs du genre Aedes." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066306.
Full textSabatier-Malaterre, Florence. "Les microparticules endothéliales : nouveaux vecteurs d'activités procoagulantes en pathologie vasculaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22950.
Full textDuque, Sandra. "Thérapie génique des maladies du motoneurone à l'aide de vecteurs dérivés des AAV." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077101.
Full textMotor neuron diseases (MND) such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are incurable degenerative disorders characterised by the selective loss of motor neurons (MNs) localised in the motor cortex, the brainstem and/or the spinal cord. To date, there is no treatment for these disorders because of the blood brain barrier (BBB) which hindered the crossing of the therapeutic molecules from the circulation flow to the central nervous System (CNS) parenchyma. New therapeutic strategies, based on gene transfer using viral vectors have thus been developed. This study aimed to evaluate new strategies for increasing the efficiency of MNs transduction using AAV vectors. The fîrst approach bypasses the problem of the BBB by injecting the viral vectors directly into brain areas at the origin of the descending spinal pathways. The injection of AAV vectors expressing therapeutic transgenes into these specific brain structures could indeed lead to the production and traffîcking of therapeutic proteins through descending pathways to the spinal cord by anterograde axonal transport mechanisms. The subsequent secretion of these proteins could thus influence the survival and the activity of the spinal cord MNs. The second approach is based on the systemic administration of a new serotype and genome AAV vectors, the self-complementary AAV9 vector. We identifîed the remarkable ability of AAV9 vectors to transduce cells of the CNS, including MNs, after a single intravenous injection in adult mice. This gene transfer strategy represents an efficient and non-invasive procedure to reach the CNS. This result raises thus great hopes for the treatment of MN disease and other neurological disorders
Ribault, Sébastien. "Thérapie génique des maladies cardiovasculaires Ciblage transcriptionnel des vecteurs de transfert de gènes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13206.
Full textPoinsignon, Anne. "Étude de la relation homme-vecteur : de l'identification à la validation de protéines salivaires comme marqueur immunologique d'exposition aux piqûres d'Anopheles spp. et Glossina spp." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T034.
Full textBressan, Alberto. "Influenza delle interazioni fitoplasma-insetti vettori-piante ospiti nell'epidemiologia della Flavescenza dorata." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS048.
Full textEcological-biological interactions of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDP), host plants and vectors were investigated in field and laboratory conditions. Main results showed that (i) FDP reduced the fitness of its natural vector Scaphoideus titanus Ball and of the experimental vector Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum, congenital infection in S. Titanus offspring did not occur; (ii) FDP-affected tolerant grapevine cultivar Merlot was shown to be a poorer source of FDP for S. Titanus acquisition than the susceptible grapevine cultivar White Pinot; (iii) a statistical model describing the pattern of infected and infective S. Titanus occurrence in the vineyards was proposed on the basis of experimental data of a 4-year survey of the leafhopper species populations collected in severely FDP-affected vineyards; (iiii) results of assays of insect injection and artificial feeding suggested that vector specificity of FDP is restricted to the Cicadellidae family, subfamily Deltocephalinae
Vialatte, Aude. "Ecologie du puceron S. Avenae dans un paysage agricole : Application au raisonnement de la lutte intégrée et chimique sur blé au printemps." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NSARA047.
Full textIdentification of genetic discontinuities between populations is important for managing species in particular in the case of pests because it permits to define population management units. The aphid Sitobion avenae is a major pest of cereals in Europe and colonises a broad spectrum of Poaceae. Population buid ups are sporadic and induce important crop losses on wheat. The proper use of insecticide sprays requires then the help of decision making tools to treat only when necessary. The objectives of this thesis are (i) to analyse the S. Avenae population genetic structure in an agricultural landscape and the migratory movements associated in order to estimate the respective role of the diffenrent potential sources in the migrand productin and (ii) to use these ecological informations to design a decision making tool. Genetic diversity analysis of the populations from several wild and cultivated hosts was perfored during two years using microsatellite markers. The first year shows a strong genetic differentiation between populations from the cultivated and wild compartments. Moreover populations were grouped in genetic clusters corresponding to the host tribes. Stability vs. Instability to the wild and cultivated compartments seems to be a key factor of this structure. During the second year the genetic differentiation between the two compartments was much lower. This genetic proximity between all host populations suggest a homogenisation phenomenon between the two years of study. The survival and the reproductive success of parthenogenetic populations overwintering in cltivated reservoirs such as early sowings of cereals and regrowths probably dependant to local climatic conditions may be at the origin of this phenomenon at the landscape scale
Schmidt, Isabelle. "La transmission du virus de la mosaïque du chou-fleur (CaMV) par puceron : étude du mécanisme moléculaire d'action du facteur assistant de la transmission (FAT)." Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR4002.
Full textHouhamdi, Linda. "Le pou de corps humain comme vecteur de maladies infectieuses." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20673.
Full textThe human body louse is currently recognized as the vector of three human pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis and Bartonella quintana. In this thesis, we first established an efficient experimental model of human body louse infection with R. Prowazekii, which reproduces the natural infection. Then, we studied the infection of the louse with B. Recurrentis. We demonstrated for the first time that the louse excretes living borreliae within its feces. In addition, we assessed the role that it would play in the transmission of Acinetobacter baumannii to humans, previously isolated in our laboratory from lice naturally infected and collected worldwide. Finally, we demonstrated for the first time that the louse is able to transmit Rickettsia typhi (naturally transmitted by the Oriental rat flea), R. Rickettsii and R. Conorii (naturally transmitted by ticks). Moreover, we produced and efficiently applied monoclonal antibodies directed against R. Prowazekii, R. Typhi and R. Felis for their detection from their arthropod vectors
Pagès, Frédéric. "Approche entomologique des risques vectoriels pour les forces armées françaises outre mer." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20679.
Full textNoinski, Hervé. "LA maladie de Lyme dans le nord du Massif Central : approche épidémiologique : à propos de 45 observations." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF13051.
Full textFromont, Emmanuelle. "Analyse comparative de la transmission de cinq virus dans des populations de chats domestiques (Felis catus L. )." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10190.
Full textValiente, Moro Claire. "Étude du rôle vecteur de Dermanyssus Gallinae." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10161.
Full textD. Gallinae or the poultry red mite is the most important ectoparasite of laying hens in Europe. This hematophagous mite can, in fowl, induce anemia, loss of weight and reduced egg production. Moreover, it is suspected to be a vector for various pathogenic agents. The large number of salmonellosis infections declared in avian poultry farms and the simultaneous presence of mites have raised the question of the role of D. Gallinae in the transmission of S. Enteritidis. We set up efficient, reliable techniques for extracting DNA from mites as well as methods for detecting Salmonella and so evaluate the presence of this bacterium in mites and we have shown that D. Gallinae is a biological and experimental vector of S. Enteritidis. Naturally infected mites were also recovered from farms previously or currently contaminated with Salmonella suggesting the potential reservoir role of D. Gallinae in poultry farms. The further objective of this work was the study of the bacteria colonising mites in standard poultry farms in the Brittany region. The use of « broad range PCR-TTGE » allowed us, for the first time, to detect environmental bacteria, opportunistic pathogens, strict pathogens and symbiotic bacteria. We also determined the common microflora associated with the mites. In the future, it would be interesting to compare these bacteria to species detected in mites collected from different types of poultry farms or in other geographical regions
Chain, Florian. "Caractérisation et analyse de la durabilité de la résistance de deux lignées de blé au virus PAV de la jaunisse nanissante de l'orge." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSARC79.
Full textBarley yellow dwarf disease (BYDD) is an important cereal disease caused by a complex of viruses (B/CYDV, Luteoviridae) aphid-transmitted in a persisten manner. The BYDV-PAV species based on aphicid treatments two resistance genes deriving fro mThinopyrum intermedium have been itrogressed in wheat to produce Zhong ZH and TC14 lines. Those lines have been evaluated for their ability to limit the infection progression of BYDV-PAV isolates by monitoring viral infection. Both lines show partial resistance properties and could interfere with mechanisms of viral particles in plant. In other respects, durabilities of resistance of these lines have been analysed in laboratory conditions. A hundred serial passages enables a forced replication of one BYDV-PAV isolate in each line. Isolates resulting from passages on resistant hosts overcame partial resistance at passge 5 and induced increased damages when compared to reference isolates, both on susceptible and resistant hosts. These isolates have then been tested in natural conditions to assess the stability of these propoerties. Resuslts from a three-year field trial indicate that isolates issued from passages on Zhong ZH or on TC14 induce more severe yield losses than reference isolates. As a conclusion both resistance genes may be overcome. However their use in wheat breeding against BYDD may be pursued. Indeed, ecological conditions encountered by the virus in nature (obligatory host change) differ from those on the laboratory and could prevent the overcoming. Finally the association of both genes in one line could enable to obtaining of a stronger and more durable resistance than those they individually provide
Revollon, Sébastien. "Rôle des modifications posttraductionnelles des particules virales du CABYV dans la transmission par puceron." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6014.
Full textPrevious studies on the Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) have shown that a deglycosylation of virus structural proteins inhibit the transmission of the virus by aphids. This suggested that TuYV structural proteins were glycosylated and that glycosylation could have a leading role in the vection mechanism of the virus. First, this manuscript describes how we try to dermine the presence of glycosylation on the Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) structural proteins. Different approaches were used as point mutation of potential N-glycosylated sites, immunodetection and mass-spectrometry. All this approaches lead to an absence of glycosylation on CABYV structural proteins. However a plant protein copurifying with the virus was glycosylated and could explain the results obtained in the previous studies. The second part of this manuscript describes the study of the role of different plants protein in the transmission mechanism by aphid of polervoris. A stimulating effect is observed on the transmission process, however this effect is not specific
Bourgouin, Catherine. "Les Toxines de Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis et de Bacillus sphaericus leur utilisation en lutte biologique contre les vecteurs de maladies tropicales /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376121877.
Full textArias, Goeta Camilo. "Evolution et adaptation du virus chikungunya vis-à-vis des ses hôtes vecteurs." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066691.
Full textArboviruses are characterized by high rates of mutation. However, it has been assumed that their evolution is constrained by requirement for alternate replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Host change would favor the emergence of new viral variants pre-existing in the viral population. Indeed, during the 2004 outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the Indian Ocean, a newly emerged epidemic variant harboring a single amino-acid substitution in the E1 glycoprotein was highly transmitted by an unusual mosquito vector, Aedes albopictus. We showed that when the original and the newly emerged epidemic variants were provided at equal titers in blood-meals, the epidemic variant was preferentially transmitted by Ae. Albopictus. Interestingly, when inoculating both variants into mosquitoes bypassing the midgut barrier, the epidemic variant was no longer selected in Ae. Albopictus. Our findings suggest that the midgut barrier plays a key role in the selection of the epidemic variant. Subsequent adaptive mutations in the CHIKV genome are likely to emerge questioning on the evolution of CHIKV. We evaluated if host alternation can limit CHIKV evolution and results in fitness trade-offs. To test this hypothesis, the newly emerging variant of CHIKV was serially or alternately passaged in mammalian or mosquito cells. After 30 passages, obtained CHIKV strains were genetically and phenotypically characterized. Our results were not in line with the general assumption stating that host alternation constrains CHIKV evolution. However, our experimental approach suggested that new amino-acid substitutions in the E2 glycoprotein could modulate the vector competence in mosquitoes
TRAORE, LAMIZANA MOUMOUNI. "Contribution a l'etude des vecteurs de virus responsables de maladies emergentes ou reemergentes au senegal." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112270.
Full textBlandin, Stéphanie. "Functional analysis of thioester-containing proteins in immune responses of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/BLANDIN_Stephanie_2004.pdf.
Full textSocolovschi, Cristina. "Interrelations entre les tiques et les rickettsies." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20653.
Full textTick borne rickettsioses have limited geographic distributions that are determined by their tick vectors. During the last 20 years, 16 additional rickettsial species or subspecies were identified and characterized by epidemiologic, microbiological and molecular tools, but there are many unknown questions on the relation between the rickettsiae and their vectors. We used a simple and effective molecular approach to study the epidemiology of the tick borne rickettsioses in France, in Morocco, in Chad, in Djibouti, in Ethiopia, in Uganda and French Guiana. The same approach can be extended to other countries. Three colonies of the naturally infected ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with R. Conorii, Amblyomma variegatum infected with R. Africae and Dermacentor marginatus infected with Rickettsia sp. DmS1 and some colonies of not infected ticks were established in the laboratory. Studies of transmission, maintenance, infectivity, virulence, and pathogenicity of tick borne agents require the use of large numbers of live laboratory-raised ticks. A protocol of maintenance of laboratory ticks was established. The vertical transmission of these rickettsiae was studied and these infected ticks could be used to study other aspects of the relations ticks-rickettsiae. One of important point of our work is the results obtained on the relation of Rh. Sanguineus and R. Conorii, agent of the Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) endemic in the countries of the Mediterranean area. Rh. Sanguineus are not only a vector but could be a reservoir of R. Conorii. A focus of spotted fever was investigated in France in May 2007. In addition to the originality of theses cases (ophthalmic involvements, the second reported case of R. Massiliae infection), we provide evidence that this cluster of cases was related to a warming-mediated increase in the aggressiveness of Rh. Sanguineus, leading to increased human attacks. The temperature seems to be essential on the ecology and the epidemiology of the tick borne rickettsioses. New studies are necessary to better understand the relation between the rickettsies and their vector - ticks
Hendrikx, Pascal. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'indicateurs de performance du fonctionnement de réseaux de surveillance épidémiologique des maladies animales." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE18005.
Full textThis work consisted in developing a procedure for the definition of performance indicators for animal diseases epidemiological surveillance networks which can be applied to any type of network. The developed indicators consist in a limited number of variables making it possible to follow up on a continuous way the operation level of the priority activities of the network in order to monitor it. The procedure is based on the performance determinants resulting from work of organisational sociology and work psychology. The procedure consist in the sequence of 10 successive stages and has been validated by the application to three animal diseases surveillance networks chosen for their diversity. This validation shows the adaptation of the procedure to various situations as well as the possibility and the interest of the use of performance indicators privileging a continuous improvement of the performance
Levaltier, Xavier. "Babésiose humaine européenne." Caen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CAEN3061.
Full textOlayat, Sophie. "Utilisation de vecteurs rétroviraux aviaires pour l'étude de l'implication de gènes dans la resistance des oiseaux aux maladies viro-induites." Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR3309.
Full textGarjito, Triwibowo Ambar. "Dynamique des principales maladies transmises par les moustiques en Indonésie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT037.
Full textThis thesis summarized the study of the dynamic of the main mosquito-borne diseases in Indonesia. A large number and diversity of samples were analyzed with an emphasis on operational and implementation research. This study provide an overview of the current dynamics and risk of transmission of the main mosquito-borne diseases in Indonesia, particularly japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue. Study of Anopheles species diversity is also conducted for identifying and implementing targeted and more effective malaria vector-control strategies. This Anopheles study has revealed that a better knowledge on this new species is necessary to better define its geographic distribution and role as malaria vector. The assessment of mosquito collection methods and stegomyia indices for dengue vector surveillance were also studied to support the implementation of dengue surveillance and control program in Indonesia
Piver, Eric. "Mobilisation hétérologue de vecteurs dérivés du virus de la forêt de Semliki." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR3314.
Full textThébaud, Gaël. "Etude du développement spatio-temporel d'une maladie transmise par vecteur en intégrant modélisation statistique et expérimentation : cas de l'ESFY (European stone fruit yellows)." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0028.
Full textEmerging and re-emerging diseases can give rise to serious economical - and even social - crises. Improving the knowledge that allows coping with such diseases is an immediate stake in this field of research. An approach to this issue is proposed and applied to European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), a disease of Prunus trees that re-emerges in Europe. This disease is responsible for an incurable decline, mainly on apricot and Japanese plum. It is caused by a phytoplasma ('Candida/us Phytoplasma prunorum') specifically transmitted by Cacopsylla pruni on the persistent mode. Wc analysed the risk factors and the processes of ESFY epidemics through integrating several approaches: a statistical model at a regional scale for analysing the factors correlated to ESFY prevalence, experiments on the cycle of the vector and on the potential infectivity of its different stages, and hypothesis tests based on the location of diseased trees. The statistical approaches highlight the major impact on disease dynamics of the cultivar/rootstock combination. The experiments demonstrate that C. Prumi is a univoltine vector whose young stages acquire the phytoplasma, multiply it, and then conserve it during their summering and overwintering on conifers (alternative hosts). In the most probable scenario arising from the comparison of the different approaches, the reimmigrants infected since the year before would be the only efficient vectors of ESFY in apricot orchards, where they would land at random and independently; then, they would often perform several short-distance primary inoculations: therefore, this disease would be monocyclic in apricot orchards. This scenario was incorporated into a simulation model at the orchard scale, which, in the future, will unable estimating the parameters linked to the local behaviour of the vector
Théraud, Magali. "Contamination de l'environnement par les levures et impact en termes de santé publique." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN1B074.
Full textLemarchand, Patricia. "Thérapie génique des maladies respiratoires : Transfert de gènes par voie vasculaire à l'aide de vecteurs adénoviraux." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05CD01.
Full textMasse, Florence, and Florence Masse. "Développement de nouveaux vecteurs de médicaments à base de nanoparticules d'or pour la thérapie oculaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37628.
Full textLe traitement de maladies oculaires par voie topique est simple pour le patient. Il est préconisé dans plus de 90% des cas puisqu’il est généralement moins invasif que les traitements alternatifs. Cependant, l’efficacité des médicaments administrés par voie topique demeure limitée en raison de processus physiologiques qui entraînent une faible absorption. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette maîtrise visent l’amélioration de la biodisponibilité des médicaments pour la thérapie oculaire grâce à un vecteur à base de nanoparticules d’or. L’intérêt de l’utilisation des nanoparticules d’or comme vecteur consiste à utiliser leurs propriétés mucoadhésives afin d’augmenter le temps de rétention des médicaments à la cornée, et ainsi, d’en permettre une plus grande absorption. Ce projet se divise en cinq volets. Le premier volet vise l’étude des connaissances actuelles sur les nanoparticules d’or en ophtalmologie, et souligne les caractéristiques qui mènent à la synthèse de nanoparticules non-toxiques. Le deuxième volet présente l’évaluation des propriétés mucoadhésives des nanoparticules d’or. Cela implique d’évaluer leur affinité pour les mucines, soit des protéines du film pré-cornéen. Afin d’obtenir des nanoparticules pouvant supporter les conditions nécessaires à leur usage in vivo, la synthèse et la caractérisation de nanoparticules d’or ultrastables ont été réalisées. L’optimisation de l’encapsulation de médicaments dans la couronne périphérique de la nanoparticule constitue le quatrième volet. Finalement, l’étude de la cytotoxicité des nanoparticules d’or représente le cinquième volet. Les expériences ont démontré que nos nanoparticules d’or mucoadhésives et ultrastables supportent des conditions drastiques, dont l’autoclave, permettant leur stérilisation pour des usages in vivo. Des molécules actives utilisées en thérapie oculaire peuvent y être encapsulées. De plus, les nanoparticules ne semblent pas affecter les mécanismes biologiques. Ces données suggèrent l’amélioration potentielle de la thérapie oculaire grâce aux nanoparticules d’or.
Topical ocular therapy is a simple administration route used in more than 90% of cases when a patient need ocular treatment. It is generally less invasive than other available treatments which often involve intraocular injections and puncture wounds. However, efficiency of active molecules administered topically is limited considering that less than 0.02 % is successfully absorbed by the cornea. This master’s project aims the amelioration of ocular therapy by enhancing biodisponibility of active molecules thanks to a drug vector based on gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles present mucoadhesive properties, leading to the increase of the retention time of drugs at the cornea, thus enhancing their absorption. This project is divided in 5 aspects. The first aspect aims to overview the actual knowledge on gold nanoparticles in ophthalmology and to highlight synthesis parameters leading to non-toxic nanoparticles. Second part presents the evaluation of gold nanoparticles’ mucoadhesive properties, which imply the evaluation of their affinity for pre-corneal film proteins, as mucins. To be used in vivo , gold nanoparticles must support sterilization, formulation treatments as well as physiological media. Third aspect presents the synthesis and characterization of ultrastable gold nanoparticles. Their capacity to encapsulate active molecules within their polymeric crown is evaluated as the fourth aspect. Finally, as the fifth aspect, the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was evaluated. The mucoadhesive ultrastable gold nanoparticles support drastic conditions, as autoclave sterilization predicting their use in vivo. Active molecules were successfully encapsulated within their ligands. Furthermore, they do not seem to cause any alteration of biological mechanism in cells. These results suggest potential improvement of ocular therapy thanks to gold nanoparticles.
Topical ocular therapy is a simple administration route used in more than 90% of cases when a patient need ocular treatment. It is generally less invasive than other available treatments which often involve intraocular injections and puncture wounds. However, efficiency of active molecules administered topically is limited considering that less than 0.02 % is successfully absorbed by the cornea. This master’s project aims the amelioration of ocular therapy by enhancing biodisponibility of active molecules thanks to a drug vector based on gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles present mucoadhesive properties, leading to the increase of the retention time of drugs at the cornea, thus enhancing their absorption. This project is divided in 5 aspects. The first aspect aims to overview the actual knowledge on gold nanoparticles in ophthalmology and to highlight synthesis parameters leading to non-toxic nanoparticles. Second part presents the evaluation of gold nanoparticles’ mucoadhesive properties, which imply the evaluation of their affinity for pre-corneal film proteins, as mucins. To be used in vivo , gold nanoparticles must support sterilization, formulation treatments as well as physiological media. Third aspect presents the synthesis and characterization of ultrastable gold nanoparticles. Their capacity to encapsulate active molecules within their polymeric crown is evaluated as the fourth aspect. Finally, as the fifth aspect, the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was evaluated. The mucoadhesive ultrastable gold nanoparticles support drastic conditions, as autoclave sterilization predicting their use in vivo. Active molecules were successfully encapsulated within their ligands. Furthermore, they do not seem to cause any alteration of biological mechanism in cells. These results suggest potential improvement of ocular therapy thanks to gold nanoparticles.
Penaud, Magalie. "Characterization of rAAV vectors packaging in baculovirusinfected insect cells." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT1003.
Full textDue to their efficiency and safety, recombinant adenoassociated virus (rAAV) vectors have been widely used for gene therapy. ln the past few years, there have been a large number of positive clinical outputs using AAVbased products spanning broad therapeutic areas. However, the generation of rAAV at sufficient quantity and quality appears as a bottleneck on the path to commercialization. The baculovirus-infected insect cell platform has proven to tackle this challenge, yet, surprisingly, the biology of rAAV in insect cells remains largely unknown. As a result, current vectors suffer from quality problems such as generation of empty particles or reduced infectivity. The objectives of the present work are 1) to determine the rAAV packaging efficiency and specificity in insect cells 2) to investigate the link between packaging and Rep proteins expression, and 3) to decipher the role of the assembly-activating protein (AAP). First, we showed that less than 30% of rAAV particles contained the gene of interest in S19 cells cleared lysate. Second, we found that baculoviral DNA contamination is below 2.1% of encapsidated DNA, with a higher representativity for sequences close to the inverted terminal repeats. Finally, we demonstrated that functional AAP is strictly required for rAAV2 particles assembly in insect cells. Altogether, our data provide novel insights into the biological mechanism of rAAV genome packaging in insect cells and suggest that there is still room for improvement in order to increase vector quality. From a safety perspective, this project has allowed the development of an accurate quality control method to assess DNA contamination in viral vector stocks
L'Hostis, Monique. "Babesia divergens en France : épidémiologie descriptive et analytique." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON13515.
Full textGrande, Brenza Nathalie. "Caractérisation des exoantigènes de babesia divergens issus d'une culture en milieu asérique et leur utilisation en vaccination." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON13509.
Full textBerho, Nathalie. "Déterminants génétiques de la transmission de Spiroplasma Citri par son insecte vecteur Circulifer Haematoceps : d'un candidat à l'autre." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21302.
Full textIn the plant pathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma citri, spiralin is the most abundant lipoprotein at the cell surface. Spiralin is not essential for helicity, motility, or pathogenicity but is required for efficient transmission of the spiroplasma by its vector insect. Adhesin-like proteins (Scarp), which are thought to be involved in adherence of spiroplasmas to insect cells, are present in S. Citri GII-3 but absent in non insect-transmissible strains. The eight scarp genes are carried by conjugative plasmids. A survey of transmissible and non transmissible strains of S. Citri established a correlation between transmissibility by insect and the presence of plasmids pSci-6. Plasmid transfer though electrotransformation from S. Citri GII-3 to the non transmissible strain 44 revealed that the only plasmid pSci6 conferred transmissibility. The genetic determinants encoded by this plasmid are still to be characterized
Haack, Lucie. "Génétique et dynamique des populations de pucerons vecteurs de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge en culture de maïs. Effet d'un traitement à l'imidaclopride." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4008.
Full textCottis, Solène. "Viral manipulation and vectorial specificity mediated by interaction with the G3BP protein, Rasputin in Anopheles mosquitoes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS437.
Full textAedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of many arboviruses including chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus. In contrast Anopheles gambiae transmit the parasite Plasmodium, causative agent of malaria. The response of Anopheles mosquitoes to pathogens has been studied mainly for Plasmodium due to the clinical importance of malaria. The only known arbovirus for which Anopheles is the primary vector is o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV). It is not understood why Anopheles apparently do not display more vectorial potential for arboviruses, particularly because the presence of a virome and transmission of ONNV suggests a potential risk for Anopheles to become a more prominent arbovirus vector in the future. Antiviral response in Anopheles has primarily been studied using ONNV, although only relatively few reports have been published on the subject. The mosquito orthologs of Ras-GAP SH3 domain binding proteins (G3BP), called Rasputin, has been studied in mammals but barely examined in mosquitoes where Rasputin was shown to act as a proviral factor in Aedes, but the proviral molecular mechanism is not understood yet. The first objective of this thesis is to assess the role of Rasputin during ONNV infection in Anopheles mosquitoes and to determine the mechanism mediated by Rasputin. We hypothesis that Rasputin may interact with host antiviral immunity. By using a combination of genomic, cellular, and biochemical methods, I provide evidence that Rasputin is proviral because of the viral manipulation of Rasputin to modulate antiviral immune signaling pathways. These results indicate, for the first time, that Rasputin is required for viral hijacking as a physical target of the viral non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) of ONNV. The second part of my thesis project focused on vectorial specificity in mosquitoes by using the comparison of two closely related alphaviruses, ONNV and CHIKV, as an experimental model. ONNV and CHIKV display many similarities in their biology and pathology, with the major difference being their use of vector species (Anopheles and Aedes, respectively). Previous evidence suggested that nsP3 could be a determinant of vectorial specificity between those two viruses, and here we hypothesize that the role of the interaction between Rasputin and nsP3 of the two different viruses and mosquitoes has a role in vector specificity. By using genomic and cellular methods, I highlighted that Rasputin also acts as a proviral factor for CHIKV in an Anopheles cellular model. Moreover, we found that the match between Anopheles or Aedes Rasputin and the nsP3 of each virus is an important determinant of the cell-specific viral infection. Thus, the interaction between Rasputin and nsP3 of CHIKV and ONNV at least in part influences vectorial specificity for these alphaviruses. Finally, I studied the role of a new host factor involved in ONNV infection of Anopheles encoded by the gene AGAP000570. I characterized the proviral role of this extracellular factor during ONNV infection through a possible paracrine-like mechanism. I also assess the relationship between this secreted factor and Rasputin during viral infection and revealed that those two proteins could act in the same functional pathway. These results generate novel biological insight for the proviral function of Rasputin in manipulating antiviral immune pathways in mosquitoes that could be extended to the role of G3BP in mammals
Mahieu-Caputo, Dominique. "Les hépatocytes foetaux, vecteurs potentiels de thérapie cellulaire des maladies hépatiques. Transplantation chez l'adulte et in utero." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05N048.
Full textTransplantation of hepatocytes is a promising approche for the treatment of severe liver disease. The hurdles faced with adult hepatocytes could be surmounted with the use of human fetal hepatoblasts. Intra-uterine transplantation could improve chimerism and avoid termination of pregnancy in case of prenatal diagnosis. Primate fetal hepatocytes can be isolated, cryopreserved and immortalized. In utero allo-transplantation is feasible, allowing for short-term detection of donor hepatocytes. We have isolated, characterized,transduced and cryopreserved hepatoblasts from human livers at an early stage of development (11-13 weeks of gestation). After transplantation, cryopreserved cells engrafted into the liver of athymic mice for long term (12 sem), proliferated(up to 10% repopulation) and matured expressing Alb, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Cytochrome P450.
Tchikounzi, Honoré-Benjamin-Dodji. "L'œil de Nairobi : l'atteinte de l'œil et de ses annexes par les insectes vésicants du genre paederus-staphylinidae." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25158.
Full textBecker, Claire. "Étude des stades de transmission de Babesia divergens." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S020.
Full textBabesia divergens is a protozoan parasite of bovine red blood cells. It is transmitted by the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. The life cycle of this parasite inside its vector is not precisely known. The aim was here to identify the transmission stages of B. Divergens, on one hand the sporozoite (transmission from the vector to the vertebrate host) and on the other hand the gametocyte (transmission from the vertebrate to the vector). First numerous tick experimental infections were conducted to isolate the sporozoites from the tick transmitting organ, the salivary glands. Even if no parasite could be isolated for B. Divergens, the identification of sporozoites from another species B. Sp. EU1 inside I. Ricinus confirmed that the developed methods were appropriate. Concerning the gametocyte, genes, that are conserved among the Apicomplexa and specific of sexual stages, were selected in P. Falciparum genome by bioinformatics. Three orthologs bdccp1, 2 & 3 were identified in B. Divergens and their mRNA were proved to be present inside the intraerythrocytic parasite population. The study of one of the corresponding proteins, BdCCp2, using immune sera directed against recombinant peptides, confirm the existence of B. Divergens’ sexual stages inside tick gut. Produced tools and methods will allow the acquisition of knowledge on B. Divergens’ transmission
Barbu-Covantes, Corentin. "Dynamique de population et contrôle des vecteurs non domiciliés de la maladie de Chagas." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP1000.
Full textChagas disease is a human and animal parasitic disease of Latin America. The parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is widespread in wild fauna populations and the disease is transmitted to man by insects of the Triatominae family, since men arrived in Latin America. Since the 1980‘s, large actions of prevention have been implemented to eliminate vectors inhabiting houses (domiciliated vectors). Although these initiatives have, overall, a resounding success, non-domiciliated vectors continue to spread the disease in several regions and generate significant prevalence in man. After assessing the presence and importance of different species of non-domiciliated vectors across the continent, a modeling approach was developed to refine our understanding of their populations and evaluate the potential of control methods. The confrontation between model and large data sets allowed the identification of key parameters of reproduction and migration of the vectors in the region of Yucatan, Mexico. These results were used to estimate several methods of control at the house level, the village level and then consider optimizing costs and benefits of vector control at a regional level in the Yucatan Peninsula. Although the proposed approach should be further strengthened, the results allow us to propose a general methodology for establishing priorities for research and treatment, relying heavily on the tools developed here: taxonomy mapping and optimization of vector control
Terrien, Vincent Alliot Anne. "Les culicidés transmission vectorielle des infections et parasitoses à l'homme /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=46631.
Full textFlamant, Frédéric. "Utilisation de vecteurs dérivés du virus de l'érythroblastose aviaire (AEV) pour le transfert de gène chez les embryons de poulet." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO19007.
Full textCzeher, Cyrille. "Distribution nationale de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide au Niger : effets sur les anophèles vecteurs." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581836.
Full textLefevre, Thierry. "Manipulation parasitaire et maladies vectorielles." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20091.
Full textParasites are a very common life form on earth and drive many ecological and evolutionary processes. Hosts and parasites are locked in a continual coevolutionary race, which generates antagonistic selection. While parasites evolve to optimise the exploitation of their host and between-host transmission, hosts evolve to minimize the parasite-induced fitness losses. In the context of transmission, parasites have evolved adaptive strategies that maximise their probability of host to host transfer. Some parasites are indeed able to substantially alter the physiology, morphology or behaviour of their host in a way that increases their probability of transmission, a phenomenon named parasitic manipulation. Despite an increasing attention devoted to the investigation of this parasite strategy of transmission, many hurdles remain to be overcome. The goal of this dissertation was to (i) increase our fundamental knowledge concerning parasitic manipulation by using vector-borne parasites as study systems and (ii) merging the field of parasitic manipulation and its evolutionary ecology approach with those of medicine, epidemiology, and medical entomology. Our works generated considerable fundamental knowledge on the evolution, proximate mechanisms and multidimensionnality (when more than one host phenotypic traits are altered) of parasitic manipulation. In addition, we brought crucial information concerning feeding behaviour in Anopheles gambiae, the major malaria vector in sub-Saharian Africa
ROSSO, MARIE-LAURE. "Caracterisation des toxines de bacillus thuringiensis serovar jegathesan, actif sur les larves de dipteres vecteurs de maladies tropicales." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066443.
Full textPocquet, Nicolas. "Résistances aux insecticides chez les Culicidae vecteurs en territoires insulaires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20006/document.
Full textInsecticide resistance is a natural adaptation phenomenon of insects. When it occurs in a vector population, it compromises vector control interventions, and therefore limits the ability to control the diseases they transmit. Insecticide resistance in Culicidae is widespread throughout the world, and is also found in islands. However, their geographic isolation influences the presence and distribution of resistance alleles. We have worked on four mosquito species in several islands, and we tried to (i) assess the resistance levels and characterize the mechanisms involved, (ii) identify contextual and/or evolutionary factors explaining the presence and distribution of resistance genes in some of these species, and (iii) evaluate new control tools that can be implemented in the specific context of Mayotte island. Our results showed a strong resistance of Culex p. quinquefasciatus to all insecticide families used so far in the Indian Ocean. However, the distribution of resistance mechanisms showed a strong spatial heterogeneity. Indeed, some resistance alleles were not present on all islands and/or not at the same frequencies. In addition, at a more local scale in Mayotte, there were strong differences of resistance status between species. These differences between species and islands are discussed in relation to the influence of local selection pressures and their origins, and to the fitness cost of different alleles. Proposals for modification in vector control practices are set to Mayotte, integrating new tools we have evaluated on the field