Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vecteurs de paludisme'
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Abdoul, Osmann. "Le Paludisme d'importation des immigrés africains." Nantes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NANT051M.
Full textAnnan, Zeinab. "Structure génétique des populations de Plasmodium falciparum, agent de forme grave du paludisme, chez l'homme et les anophèles vecteurs en Afrique." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20158.
Full textAhui, Gabriel. "Caractérisation des espaces à risque de paludisme à M'bahiakro, Côte d'Ivoire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36451.
Full textRabarijaona, Léon Paul. "Epidémie de paludisme sur les Hautes Terres Centrales de Madagascar." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21092.
Full textOn the Central Highlands of Madagascar, malaria is unstable and due in majority to Plasmodium falciparum. The main vector responsible for transmission and malaria epidemic is Anopheles funestus. We report herein the results of our studies, that are particularly oriented on the vector control programme and the surveillance system. First we report the results of microepidemiology aproach for studying malaria infection in Saharevo. Then, we have studied the ability of a statistical method for an intervention epidemiology : Lot Quality Assurance Sampling method to rapidly classify zones according to predefined parasite prevalence thresholds. This method is an usefull tool for improving the speed and quality of confirmation enquiries. Dipstick tests are usefull for ameliorate the specificity of the system and therefore the reaction. We concluded with a proposal for new strategies for detecting and warning malaria epidemics in the Central Highlands, following Roll Back Malaria program
Pocquet, Nicolas. "Résistances aux insecticides chez les Culicidae vecteurs en territoires insulaires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20006/document.
Full textInsecticide resistance is a natural adaptation phenomenon of insects. When it occurs in a vector population, it compromises vector control interventions, and therefore limits the ability to control the diseases they transmit. Insecticide resistance in Culicidae is widespread throughout the world, and is also found in islands. However, their geographic isolation influences the presence and distribution of resistance alleles. We have worked on four mosquito species in several islands, and we tried to (i) assess the resistance levels and characterize the mechanisms involved, (ii) identify contextual and/or evolutionary factors explaining the presence and distribution of resistance genes in some of these species, and (iii) evaluate new control tools that can be implemented in the specific context of Mayotte island. Our results showed a strong resistance of Culex p. quinquefasciatus to all insecticide families used so far in the Indian Ocean. However, the distribution of resistance mechanisms showed a strong spatial heterogeneity. Indeed, some resistance alleles were not present on all islands and/or not at the same frequencies. In addition, at a more local scale in Mayotte, there were strong differences of resistance status between species. These differences between species and islands are discussed in relation to the influence of local selection pressures and their origins, and to the fitness cost of different alleles. Proposals for modification in vector control practices are set to Mayotte, integrating new tools we have evaluated on the field
Orlandi-Pradines, Eve. "Exposition de voyageurs à la transmission de plasmodium falciparum et aux moustiques vecteurs en afrique inter-tropicale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20693.
Full textDesenfant, Philippe. "Rôle et bioécologie de Anophèles albimanus (Wiedemann, 1820), vecteur du paludisme en Haïti." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112255.
Full textThe island of Hispaniola is the only caribbean island where the spread of paludism has not been interrupted. The reasons for this persistence are multiple but primarily due to the lack of understanding of the role of the vectors in its transmission. A. Albimanus, the major vector of paludism in Central America, has been principally the object of laboratory research. Studies of the land have been undertaken over several geographical features in order to better define the biological limits of this anopheles which represents 93 % of the anopheline population in Haïti. Consequently, we undertook field prospections and examinations of larva deposits and then studied the seasonal variations of differing biological patterns. During these examinations, A. Albimanus was found several times to be the carrier of sporozoides, which confirmed its role as the vector in Haïti. We also observed the presence of a new species of anopheles for the haïtian fauna, A. Pseudopunctipennis, which is placed as the third rank of the species present at the studied site where it was found. Finally we estimate the gonotrophic cycle of the observed females of A. Albimanus to be 5, 16 days. An epidemiological study of the transmission was doneby integrating the entomological and parasitological data, based on the different results gathered on one of the studied site for a whole year. The creation of mathematical model of the human population paludism prevalence evolution, allowed then the study of parameters values difficult to observed on the field. This study which quantifies the transmission of paludism, allows also to definethe thresholds of an aquilibrium for this transmission and therefore, to cristallize the objectives in the control to reach a regression in the transmission without generating strong selective pressures on the anopheles population which have already induced development of resistance against certain insecticides massively utilized
Manga, Lucien A. E. "Environnements, vecteurs et transmission du paludisme en milieux urbain et rural de la zône forestière du Sud Cameroun." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON13520.
Full textLe, Port Agnès. "Survenue des premières infections palustres chez le nouveau-né au Bénin." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066468.
Full textMarie, Alexandra. "Identification et validation de nouveaux bio-marqueurs immuno-épidémiologiques pour évaluer l'exposition humaine aux piqûres d'Anophèles, vecteurs de paludisme." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20040/document.
Full textMalaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. Morbidity and mortality are mainly due to Plasmodium falciparum transmitted to human individuals by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. In order to orientate appropriate strategies for malaria elimination and for a better evaluation of the efficacy of control methods, the indicators measuring the risk of transmission should be more sensitive. It has been shown that the human antibody response against Anopheles salivary proteins/peptides represents a biomarker of exposure to mosquito bites and could be an indicator of malaria transmission. However, this tool must be optimized. This work has thus two objectives: i) to validate the salivary protein cE5 as biomarker of exposure to Anopheles bites and as an indicator for evaluating the efficacy of vector control strategy, and 2) to identify new salivary proteins as a candidate biomarker only specific to human exposure to infective bites of Anopheles.First, we demonstrated that the IgG antibody response to cE5 protein could be an indicator of human-vector contact, complementary and very sensitive, measuring the human exposure to Anopheles bites and a tool evaluating the short-term efficacy of insecticide treated nets. Subsequently, the proteomic methods, 2D - DIGE and mass spectrometry, allowed to identify five salivary proteins (gSG6, gSG1b, TRIO, SG5 and the long form D7) which are overexpressed in the salivary glands of An . gambiae infected by wild P. falciparum. Peptides for each protein, identified in silico, appear antigenic in individuals exposed to Anopheles bites, after the evaluation by the epitope mapping technique.Altogether, this work is not only the first step to optimize this immuno-epidemiological tool assessing the human-vector contact, but also demonstrates the possibility to define a new biomarker specific to the infective bites of Anopheles
Njan, Nloga Alexandre Michel. "Bioécologie et rôle vecteur du paludisme d'"Anopheles moucheti" à Ebogo au Caméroun." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20226.
Full textPagès, Frédéric. "Approche entomologique des risques vectoriels pour les forces armées françaises outre mer." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20679.
Full textPoinsignon, Anne. "Étude de la relation homme-vecteur : de l'identification à la validation de protéines salivaires comme marqueur immunologique d'exposition aux piqûres d'Anopheles spp. et Glossina spp." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T034.
Full textBouh, Abdi Khaireh Bouh. "Etude du paludisme dans les zones de faible transmission : vers la pre-élimination du paludisme à Djibouti." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5057.
Full textNigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania represent 50% of malaria deaths and 47% of total malaria cases. However, the decrease in the number of cases and worldwide increased control activities were encouraging news which lead the WHO to declare that malaria can be controlled and eliminated later. The recommendations of experts in the worldwide fight against malaria recommend targeting areas where elimination is possible, areas of low transmission, and hence moving towards areas more affected by malaria. This requires a precise knowledge of the malaria situation in the region. Geographical regional assemblies where malaria transmission is experiencing a significant decrease, as the Horn of Africa, and having extremely porous frontiers to the movement of human populations, therefore pathogens, must be the priority target. Thus an assessment of the level of transmission and the risk of potential recurrence, posed by the importation of new strains, was indispensable in order to achieve sustainable elimination. In this context, the Republic of Djibouti, who showed extremely low prevalence in recent years, is embarked on an attempt to pre-eliminate malaria. The aim of our study was to observe changes, over a period of 11 years (1998-2009), in the level of malaria occurrence, malaria transmission, but also the level of its potential importation from neighboring countries and finally the vectors population dynamics. These results could serve as a basis of reflection, for the health authorities of the country or international partners, to a possible adjustment of the current policy of fight against malaria
Louvet, Samuel. "MODULATIONS INTRASAISONNIÈRES DE LA MOUSSON D'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST ET IMPACTS SUR LES VECTEURS DU PALUDISME À NDIOP (SÉNÉGAL) : DIAGNOSTICS ET PRÉVISIBILITÉ." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333234.
Full textBlandin, Stéphanie. "Functional analysis of thioester-containing proteins in immune responses of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/BLANDIN_Stephanie_2004.pdf.
Full textMoiroux, Nicolas. "Modélisation du risque d'exposition aux moustiques vecteurs de Plasmodium spp. dans un contexte de lutte anti-vectorielle." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812118.
Full textZogo, Mahugnon Barnabas. "Impact entomologique de stratégies complémentaires de lutte intégrée contre le paludisme dans un contexte de résistance des vecteurs aux insecticides au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT056.
Full textThe spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and the stalling of recent progress in malaria control in Africa highlight the urgent need to deploy complementary strategies to long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to accelerate the reduction in the disease burden. Strategies such as strengthened Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis isralensis (Bti) are available but the actual benefit of their use in combination with LLINs remains to be demonstrated. The main objective of this work was to measure the additional impact of these three strategies on malaria transmission through a randomized controlled trial run in 28 villages in the health district of Korhogo, northern Côte d’Ivoire, an area of vector resistance to pyrethroids. Prior to the deployment of these strategies, my work allowed us to 1) assess the efficacy of a new larvicide formulation under semi-field conditions; 2) study vector bionomics, insecticide resistance mechanisms and malaria transmission; 3) identify and characterize Anopheles spp. breeding habitats in the study area. Data from post-intervention surveys showed 1) a reduction of vector density (69%) five months after the beginning of the IEC strategy, of sporozoïte rate (84%) and of IER (86%) in the LLIN+IEC arm relative to the LLIN alone arm; 2) a reduction of vector density at months two (72%) and four post-IRS (69%) and of EIR (62%) in the LLIN+IRS arm relative to the LLIN alone arm; 3) a reduction of vector density (95%) three months after the beginning of larviciding intervention and of IER (88%) in the LLIN + larviciding arm relative to the LLIN alone arm. These results provide evidence that IEC, IRS and larviciding are effective complementary strategies to reduce transmission intensity in Korhogo. Analysis of epidemiological data collected during the trial will allow a better understanding of the additional benefit of these strategies on the malaria burden
Simard, Frédéric. "Variabilité génétique et flux de gènes chez les moustiques anophèles arabiensis et anophèles gambiae, vecteurs du paludisme en Afrique. Apport des loci microsatellites." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10147.
Full textNsango, Sandrine Eveline. "Interactions Plasmodium falciparum/Anopheles gambiae et mécanismes moléculaires de la transmission chez le vecteur." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6008.
Full textWith 250 million of clinical cases annually, of which 89% occur in sub-Saharan Africa, malaria remains one of the most devastating infectious disease in the world. During its life cycle within a mosquito, the parasite undergoes dramatic losses attributed to mosquito immunity, which in some cases can efficiently block parasite development leading to total mosquito refractoriness to Plasmodium. The genome sequencing of A. Gambiae and the development of reverse genetic tools such as in vivo gene silencing using dsRNA, benefited dramatically functional analysis of mosquito antiparasitic responses. During my PhD studies, I investigated the role of TEP1, the first mosquito factor identified that mediates killing of P. Berghei ookinetes, using experimental infections with fields isolates of P. Falciparum in Cameroon. I have demonstrated that TEP1 mediates killing of the human malaria P. Falciparum but, surprisingly, the antiparasitic effect of TEP1 was detected only in monoclonal infections or infections with low genetic complexity (MOI ≤ 2). These studies revealed a new parameter that regulates outcome of infections in natural conditions, which should be taken into consideration for accurate result analysis. Further, our comparative analysis revealed that rodent and human parasites were sensitive to distinct arms of the mosquito immune responses. I demonstrated that P. Falciparum parasites were particularly sensitive to mosquito wounding-induced responses and identified two new components of these responses, AP1/Kay and TGase9098. I have then tested a hypothesis that mosquito basal immunity induced at larval stages impacted vector competence of mosquitoes. Transcriptional analysis of expression of antimicrobial peptides defensin 1, gambicine and TEP1 in A. Gambiae larvae collected in a series of larval breeding sites in Cameroon, suggested that higher levels of expression of immune markers correlated with lower Plasmodium infection rates in adults. The identification of factors that limit P. Falciparum development should provide new approaches for innovative control measures to block parasite development within the mosquito
Fintz, Matthieu Raphaël. "Moustiques et gouvernement du paludisme en Afrique : de la conservation de la nature à l'organisation du marché des biens de lutte." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR30001.
Full textMalaria collective prevention in Africa has gradually shifted from engineering of the infected person's natural environment into the management of her economic environment. Bednets, spraying and insecticide treated bednets are the working object of malaria control from which we narrow this shift. By following the inscription of these three prevention technologies into large-scale experiments, this thesis tries to stress upon how to issue of their generalization to a population brings about social differenciation between " savages " and " civilized " people on one hand and between " poor " and " developed " people on other hand. Deliberations about the comparative cost of mosquito control (loss of immunity ) and coverage practices (in the course of action) then emerge as two types of situations during which this differentiation is revealed
Czeher, Cyrille. "Distribution nationale de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide au Niger : effets sur les anophèles vecteurs." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581836.
Full textPierrat, Charlotte. "Des moustiques et des hommes : les territoires du paludisme à Tori-Bossito (sud du Bénin) : thèse présentée pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur en géographie." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591841.
Full textTraore, Amadou Sékou. "Étude des déterminants génétiques, physiologiques et environnementaux des rythmes journaliers d’activité chez les anophèles vecteurs du Plasmodium." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AGPT0005.
Full textThe appearance of new patterns in Anopheles biting behavior following the universal coverage of LLINs is worrying for malaria control. Indeed, the meticulous selection of vector populations that are able to escape the physical-chemical barrier of LLINs and bite when people are not protected is still ongoing. It is known that many Anopheles life rhythms are governed by an endogenous clock known as circadian which allows their temporal organization. In addition, several biotic (physiological resistance, nutritional status, parasitism, competition) or abiotic (light-dark cycle, temperature) environmental stimuli can modulate the insects’ behavioral rhythms. As part of a better understanding of the shifted aggressive behavior observed in the field among malaria vector, and the determinants that may be involved, we have undertaken experimental studies on the daily rhythm flight activity of population of vectors that are involved in the transmission of malaria in Burkina Faso
Girod, Romain. "La lutte contre la réintroduction du paludisme à la Réunion : étude entomo-épidémiologique des facteurs de risque de reprise de la transmission autochtone : apport des systèmes d'information géographique." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575039.
Full textPigeault, Romain. "Ecologie évolutive des interactions Hôte / Moustique / Plasmodium : sources d’hétérogénéité de l’infection des vecteurs." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS025/document.
Full textMosquitoes play a key role in the dynamics of malaria transmission. Indeed, several life history traits of these bloodsucking insects are closely associated with the basic reproductive rate of the malaria parasite. One of the most important parameters for the transmission of Plasmodium is the rate and intensity of the mosquito infection. However, within a single population, a great heterogeneity of mosquito infection levels is often observed: some mosquitoes are not infected, others are only weakly infected, and yet others have extremely high infection rates. Identifying the sources of variation responsible for this heterogeneity is essential in order to understand the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium. Certain genetic and environmental (temperature, nutrition) parameters have already been identified as having an impact on mosquito infection rates. Nevertheless, many factors remain to be explored. Using an experimental system composed of the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum, its natural vector Culex pipiens and one of its vertebrate host Serinus canaria, we have investigated the effect of several seldom investigated parameters on the infection of mosquitoes. We observed surprising effects of the effect of parental infection, mosquito age and genetic background. In parallel, we also studied a rarely investigated parameter: the impact of the vertebrate host on the mosquito infection rate. We showed that parasite infection dynamics within the host, at short but also long time scales, significantly influence the transmission of Plasmodium to the vector. The sources of heterogeneity of mosquito infection are therefore multiple and all members of this tripartite partnership (i.e. host / parasite / vector) are able to significantly influence the transmission dynamics of the parasite
Corbel, Vincent. "Interactions entre insecticides sur "Anopheles gambiae" giles et "Culex quinquefasciatus" say et impact sur l'évolution de la résistance." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20076.
Full textBoussari, Olayidé. "Contribution des modèles à classes latentes à l’étude de la répartition spatio-temporelle des vecteurs de Paludisme et à l’étude temporelle de l’observance aux antirétroviraux chez les patients VIH." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10095/document.
Full textThis work focuses on two health issues relating to two major pandemics in sub- Saharan Africa : i) the heterogeneity encountered in the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria vectors ; ii) the variability in adherence to antiretroviral treatment by people living with the human immunodeficiency virus. Methodologically, these two problems are related to the consideration of the heterogeneity in the modeling of data from repeated measurements. They also require the development of statistical tools to distinguish from the data, homogeneous clusters of localities, individuals. . . that are needed to make more efficient health measures often deployed by practitioners in the fight against malaria and HIV/AIDS. The finite mixture models, due to their flexibility, are statistical tools that not only provide good estimates in the presence of heterogeneity in the observations but also a good classification of statistical units. We show that they are able to deal with the problematics of our study. The spatial and temporal distributions of malaria vectors are modeled through two different applications of finite mixture models and a simple tool to evaluate the impact of vector control methods is generated. We introduce a ”variance trajectories” method in a third application of finite mixture models to data on adherence to antiretroviral therapy by people living with human immunodeficiency virus
Machault, Vanessa. "Utilisation de données d'observation de la terre par satellite pour l'évaluation des densités vectorielles et de la transmission du paludisme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20722/document.
Full textDespite national an international efforts, malaria remains a major public health in manycountries and sanitary systems are hindered by the lack of information on the actual burden ofmalaria, on the plasmodium transmission risk and on their geographical distribution.Nevertheless, spatial heterogeneity can be important and in this context, malaria control couldbe improved if could be focused in place and time. On one hand, the environment is a majordeterminant of malaria biodiversity, because of the vectorial transmission and the vectorsbioecological preferences. On another hand, orbiting satellites can provide environmental,climatic and meteorological data that already have been used for the study of infectiousdiseases. “Tele-epidemiology” has been defined as an integrated approach aiming atassociating medical, epidemiological or entomological ground data, with remotely-sensedenvironmental data, based on the in depth comprehension and measurement of the involvedphysical and biological mechanisms. In cities, it has already been possible to highlightassociations between mapped urban settings and malariometric indices, using satellite data atappropriate scales. Among travellers, in the objective to evaluate malaria risk or efficacy ofprophylactic devices, it would be useful to evaluate and predict transmission levels in thevisited places. The objective of the present thesis was to identify environmental factors thatcould be remotely-sensed and that could be used in the evaluation of malaria risk amongtravellers on one hand and in urban settings on the other hand.First, remotely-sensed data have been used to evaluate levels of exposure to malaria risk ofmilitaries, in the scope of a study on their risk factors for clinical malaria. Results haveshowed that, even when taking into account age and compliance to chemoprophylaxis asconfusion factors, the environment was the factor the most strongly associated to clinicalmalaria risk.In parallel, an extensive entomological study has been conducted during five years in Dakarand allowed demonstrating a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of malariatransmission in the city. Collected information were centralized in a georeferenced database(GIS - Geographic Information System) containing all entomological, environmental,meteorological, biological and physical data collected on the field or by remote sensing.Finally, modelling of entomological risk in the capital city of Senegal was undertaken, basedon data collected on the ground and environmental data issued from satellites. A first stepshowed the evolution of malaria transmission risk areas and allowed declaring that thefraction of human population that was at high risk for transmission decreased between 1996and 2007. A second step led to the development of 1) a map of the breeding sites with aproductivity indicator in Dakar city, 2) a map of aggressive adult Anopheles densities, and 3)a dynamic aspect was added to those maps, taking into account the variations of theirmeteorological determinants.The results of the work undertaken in this thesis demonstrated that remotely-sensedinformation, associated with a large amount of ground data, allow to adjust predictive models and to draw entomological risk maps, in urban settings or for moving populations
Argy, Nicolas. "Analyse des facteurs d’hôte et facteurs parasitaires dans le paludisme grave d’importation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB093/document.
Full textMalaria is a worldwide parasitic infection especially in tropical area where Plasmodium falciparum infection is responsible for hundreds of thousands annually mainly among children under five years old. Malaria is also a problem in France by the importation of malaria cases in travelers coming from endemic area. The Plasmodium falciparum infection in this population, considered at risk of developping severe malaria, can present different clinical forms more or less associated with mortality.While some risk factors for severity like age and immunity have been identified, this complex host-parasite interactions have been widely studied in children in endemic areas and few data are available for imported malaria. The aim of the thesis work is based on analysis of host factors and parasite factors in imported malaria.Through the monitoring network of the French National reference center of malaria, all the demographic, epidemiological, clinical and laboratory of imported malaria cases, notified between 2011 and 2015, were collected and also samples of the parasitological diagnosis. After diagnostic expertise, the plasma obtained after centrifugation was used for determinations of antimalarial drugs, for quantification of plasmatic HRP2 and for serological tests. RNA extracted by the Trizol® from red cells pellets was used to study the expression of var genes and domain cassettes by qRT-PCR. The pellet of parasitized red blood cells were cultured for maturation of parasitic forms for the study of phenotype cytoadherence on soluble receptor CD36, ICAM-1 and EPCR and for the study of the rosetting phenomenon. All of these studies was conducted in an imported malaria context,in a population of patients composed by first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and travelers / expatriates and whose clinical presentation of imported malaria was classified into very severe (VSM), mild severe (MSM) and uncomplicated malaria (UM).All the epidemiological, clinical and biological data collected during the study identified the high age, ethnicity, depth of thrombocytopenia and no history of malaria as factors risk associated with the occurrence of very severe malaria, clinical entity characterized by high sequestered parasite biomass. The effect of pre-exposure to the parasite, reflected by the serological status of patients, seems to be the cause of the clinical presentation of the disease in particular by limiting parasite biomass sequestered during malaria. The study of the expression of var genes and domain cassettes performed in this population, according to clinical presentation, ethnicity and the serological status of patients, revealed an overexpression of the group of var genes A and B and protein patterns of the domain cassette DC4, DC8 and DC13 in mild severe and very severe malaria within this heterogeneous patient population. The study of cytoadherence phenotype and rosetting, made in another group of patients in imported malaria context, identified the rosetting as adhesion phenotype causing very severe malaria. The expression profile of var genes and domain cassettes corresponding to this population confirmed earlier observations and correlates rosetting phenotype to the expression of DBLß3 and DBLa2 of DC4 and DC8 (...)
Dusfour, Isabelle. "Anopheles sundaicus s. L. , vecteur majeur du paludisme du littoral sud-est asiatique : De la caractérisation du complexe d'espèces à sa surveillance dans le sud Vietnam." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20184.
Full textMustfa, Kamla. "Effets des antipaludiques sur les stades hépatiques et les stades sexués (transmission) des plasmodies murines, Plasmodium yoelii." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3310/document.
Full textThe objective of this study is to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of "classic" (primaquine, Malarone®, amino-4-quinoline) and "future" (artesunate, ferroquine, alone or associated) antimalarials on the liver forms and sexual stages of the parasite responsible for malaria transmission. The experimental model was : swiss mouse female infected with Plasmodium yoelii and Anophelesstephensi as the vector. The action of Malarone® (proguanil-atovaquuone) on liver stages is almost complete and more than that, incomplete, primaquine, the ferroquine or artesunate. If the previous molecules (ferroquine, artesunate), prescribed at subcurative doses, often lead to an increase in gametocytogenesis, they alter certain stages of gametocytes and statistically inhibit the formation of oocysts in the mosquito; hence, their number involve negatively in the transmission of the parasite
Artadji, Attoumane. "Recul et persistance du paludisme en Union des Comores : une approche géographique pour déterminer l’importance des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans son maintien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0003/document.
Full textMalaria has been present in the Comoros archipelago since 1925, when a major epidemic was first recorded in Grande Comore. The islands have been favourable to the development of vectors causing malaria transmission (Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus) due to the high tropical rainfall, high hydrographic density, the suitable environment with forests and wetlands, as well as the construction of water reservoirs in households. This disease has been endemic since the 1970s and a major public health problem until the 2000s. From the end of the 1990s, the Comorian government has decided to implement a strategy to control malaria by anti-malaria vector control and population protection against mosquito bites. In the last twenty years, malaria control efforts have been intensified and for a first time, mass treatment with Artequick has been carried out in Mohéli (2007-2009), Anjouan (2012-2013) and Grande Comore (2013). There has since been a dramatic decline in malaria on all the islands, as Mohéli and Anjouan have entered a pre-elimination phase and Grande Comore is in the control phase. In the first part, this thesis describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria before and after mass treatment in order to understand the impact of different control actions. A mapping of hospital prevalence and incidence of malaria at the district and village levels shows its decline in Anjouan and Mohéli and its persistence in Grande Comore. Spatial autocorrelation tests have revealed a similarity in malaria transmission between neighbouring localities that are forming clusters in Grande Comore. In the second part, it was demonstrated that environmental factors have an influence on malaria transmission, despite the greater importance of control actions. At the district level, simple and multiple linear regression models have been established between the incidence of malaria and land cover / land use patterns of islands and landscape indicators at the village level in Grande Comore. A survey on people's knowledge, practices and vulnerabilities was conducted among 1,288 households in the Union of the Comoros to assess factors of vulnerability that contribute to malaria transmission. Beyond having water reservoirs in households, the waste disposal location would also have an impact on malaria in Grande Comore. The survey revealed that several households on the large island did not take the 2013 mass treatment. This thesis provides a better understanding of the human and environmental aspects of malaria maintenance and thus aims to better target future control actions
Pennetier, Cédric. "Interactions entre insecticides non-pyréthrinoïdes et répulsifs pour la lutte contre Anopheles gambiae : mécanismes, efficacité et impact sur la sélection de la résistance." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T004.
Full textNgo, Chung Thuy. "Capacité vectorielle des populations d’Anopheles dans la co-transmission de Plasmodium et Wuchereria bancrofti et biodiversité bactérienne de l’estomac des moustiques du centre-sud Vietnam." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13501/document.
Full textIn Vietnam, despite the success of the Government in controlling malaria, the disease persists in forest areas along the international borders, especially with Cambodia, and few data are available on the Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (BLF). No vaccine is currently available to protect from these two diseases, then vector control of Anopheles mosquitoes, that may transmit both malarial and BLF agents, remains one of the key element to control these two diseases. As there is a real lack of information on the transmission of these two diseases in south-central region of Vietnam, it was necessary to apprehend the vectors occurring in endemic areas and to study their vectorial capacity. As bacterial flora in Anopheles midgut may have a strong influence on the vectorial capacity of the mosquito, its biodiversity was estimated in order to better understand bacterial families present in mosquitoes from the field, in particular the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that can have an influence on the development of Plasmodium, agent of malaria. This field of investigation of bacteria has never studied in malaria vectors of Vietnam.This thesis focuses on two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species in the co-transmission of Plasmodium spp. and Wuchereria bancrofti (BLF agent) in the Provinces of Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc in south-central Vietnam (near the border with Cambodia), and (2) to estimate the biodiversity of the bacterial flora in the midgut of Anopheles populations of south-central Vietnam and evaluate the influence of certain bacteria on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species.Morphological and molecular identification of Anopheles specimens collected in the study sites allowed us to apprehend and better understand the Anopheles fauna in south-central Vietnam composed of 24 taxa, including primary and secondary vectors. The dominant species were Anopheles dirus (48.2%), An. maculatus (19.1%) and An. minimus (9.8%), three major vectors of malaria and the BLF. For the first time, An. scanloni, one of the 8 species of Dirus Complex and malaria vector in Thailand, was collected in Vietnam and confirmed by molecular and sequencing techniques. The relationship between An. crawfordi and An. dangi, a species informally named in Vietnam in 1987, was clarified through a phylogenetic study that allows us to establish that An. dangi is a morphological variation of An. crawfordi.The parasites infection rate of Anopheles was investigated using both real-time PCR and conventional PCR to determine the vectorial capacity of the collected species. Of the 765 Anopheles specimens, 2 individuals, such as 1 An. dirus and 1 An. pampanai, were found infected by P. vivax. Then, the infection rates were of 0.26% on the total sample, 0.41% in Binh Phuoc, 0.28% for An. dirus, and 20% for An. pampanai. No mosquito was found infected by either P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or Wuchereria bancrofti.The bacterial flora in Anopheles midguts was analyzed using 2 identification methods based on culture and on 16S PCR-TTGE processed on 200 abdomens of 11 different Anopheles species. The results obtained showed the presence of 116 bacterial genera, including 18 common genera, belonging to 7 phyla such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Synergistetes. The dominant genus in Dak Nong was Acinetobacter and Staphyloccocus in Binh Phuoc. Acinetobacter was dominant in the bacterial community of all studied Anopheles. The genus Enterobacter, which can influence the development of the Plasmodium, represented a prevalence of 1.7% of the microbiome of our specimens compared to 39.2% for the predominant genus Acinetobacter. This latter genus was significantly associated to Anopheles infected with Plasmodium vivax
Vittu, Anaïs. "Outils bioinformatiques pour l'analyse génétique de la résistance du moustique Anopheles gambiae vis-à-vis des parasites du paludisme." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ096/document.
Full textDuring my PhD, I developed and implemented new methods and tools using the latest technologies of the Next Generation Sequencing, bioinformatics tools and the « reciprocal allele-specific RNA interference » (rasRNAi) method with the aim of identifying genetic and non-genetic factors responsible for the resistance of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to the mouse malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei. I have implemented a strategy for identifying polymorphisms in the resistant and susceptible lines to (1) select genetic markers for future genetic analysis and (2) list the polymorphicgenes. I contributed to the development of a new allele-specific dsRNA probe for the rasRNAi method by identifying how mosquitoes process the injected dsRNA by the analysis of sequenced small RNAs from the injected dsRNA. I developed a pipeline to identify the microbiota composition in susceptible and resistant lines in order to compare them
Fontaine, Albin. "Diversité et Immunogénicité des protéines salivaires de Culicidae." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20661/document.
Full textThe primary mean to protect individuals from arthropod-borne diseases is the prevention of bites from infected arthropods which could be achieved by vector control strategies. Mosquito saliva could induce a specific antibody response in exposed individuals that could be used to assess the effectiveness of anti-vector measures. The aim of this study is to assess the possibility to use anti-mosquito saliva antibody responses in order to evaluate the exposure to specific species of vectors and to identify salivary protein candidates that can be used as immunological markers of exposure. We first verify the lack of intraspecific differences among several mosquito colonies which is essential to further observe potential differences at the species level. Moreover, a convenient storage method was developed to preserve salivary samples in non optimal condition on the field. Based on these preliminary results, we evaluated the salivary gland protein repertory diversity among four Anopheles species using complementary approaches and we shown a genus and species specificity at the protein and antigen level. At least, a spatio-temporal evolution of anti-saliva antibody responses was shown according to the Aedes caspius density using sera of differentially exposed individuals. The specificity of this response was also reported at the genus and species level. All together, these results suggest the feasibility to characterize genus and species specific salivary antigens which could be used as immunological markers of exposure to evaluate host/vector contacts, the risk of vector-borne disease transmission or the effectiveness of anti-vector strategies
Redmond, Seth. "Population structure and genome-wide association in the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066085/document.
Full textDespite successes in the use of insecticides in the control of malaria, malaria transmission continues in much of sub-saharan Africa. The search for novel methods of control (in particular genetic modification of vector populations), or of superior implementation of the currently available methods will require both greater knowledge of the population structure of the mosquito, and of the immune processes that are important in the wild. It is important to note that the mapping of novel immune genes, via genome wide association studies (GWAS) is predicated on a firm understanding of the population structure.My thesis will include a detailed description of the mosquito innate immune system based on current research and comparative genomics; this will illustrate the major pathways that might be employed in the anti-malarial response, and some potential uncharacterised genes that might be implicated in any GWAS study. It will also include a summary of what is known about the mosquito’s population structure, in particular the gambiae / coluzzii speciation event and the implication of chromosomal inversions in the speciation process.I will present the development of a novel approach to the identification of chromosomal inversions; using machine-learning techniques in order to call inversion karyotypes directly from sequence, leading to calls of unprecedented accuracy.I will also present the first truly genome-wide association study to have been performed in the mosquito. Strata-controlled populations of mosquitoes were derived from the wild, including restriction on the basis of subspecies and chromosomal inversion. A two-stage mapping design was then devised in which loss-of-heterozygosity is used to identify broad regions in phenotype pools, before fine-resolution mapping by Sequenom genotyping in individuals. This was used to identify a novel locus with a phenotypic effect on infection prevalence.Finally I will describe how these techniques and findings could be important in the future application of genetic control in the wild
Djogbenou, Luc Salako. "Dynamique des mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides liés à la modification de cibles dans les populations naturelles d’Anopheles gambiae s. L. D’Afrique de l’Ouest." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20085.
Full textVector control is one of the most effective methods of malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (kdr mutation) has appeared in vectors of malaria, especially in An. Gambiae s. L. The effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated nets seems to be threatened by this resistance and the search for alternative insecticides is a priority. In the laboratory, as in field studies, the presence of an acetylcholinesterase mutation (ace-1R), which confers resistance to carbamates and organophosphates (insecticides proposed as alternatives to pyrethroids), provides an advantage to An. Gambiae s. S. In contact with the insecticide. This advantage is shown in heterozygotes by measuring the partial dominance of the gene. In the absence of insecticides, a genetic cost affects some life history traits of resistant mosquitoes, reducing their chances of reproduction. This genetic cost is probably due to the important reduction of enzymes activity coded by ace-1R. The ace-1R mutation is already present in high frequencies in natural populations of West Africa. This distribution results from a single mutation event that has been spread across our study sites by migration. Its presence in M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae s. S. Is due to a introgression phenomenon. The mutation is present in the two alleles : one ace-1R resistant allele made of a copy of the ace-1 gene carrying the G119S mutation, and one duplicated allele, Ag-ace-1D, that carries one susceptible and one resistant G119S copy linked on the same chromosome. This duplication might reduce the cost associated with the resistance and impair vector control strategies based on alternating insecticides. These alleles are in competition in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of malaria in West Africa. In Benin, two species of the An. Gambiae complex (An. Gambiae s. S. And An. Arabiensis) were found either alone or in sympatry. In An. Gambiae s. S. , the S molecular form is present in almost all localities, whereas the M form was found in high proportions only in the south and the north. The study of resistance mechanisms due to target site modification in Anopheles gambiae s. L. And Culex quinquefasciatus reveal that many populations are resistant to DDT and permethrin. In Anopheles gambiae, the comparison of mortality with DDT and permethrin indicates that the resistance is due in large part to the kdr mutation. However, the distribution of this mutation is variable between sites. Our study showed a strong link between the frequency of the kdr mutation and agricultural use of insecticide against cotton pests. In all cases, very few samples of the two species (An. Gambiae and Cx. Quinquefasciatus) were found to be resistant to the carbamates and organophosphates used. The frequency of the ace-1R mutation was also small. This indicates that the use of carbamates and organophosphates might still be used in a resistance management strategy. These studies offer interesting perspectives on the possibilities of vector control for prevention of malaria. In fact, they allow improving our understanding of the biology and ecology of the vector and on the resistance mechanisms. In the pursuit of a better vector control strategy, it would be interesting for scientists in developed countries studying genomic to work in collaboration with scientists in areas where malaria is present and with local institutions
Bayibeki, Ngano Albert. "Résistance des moustiques vs virulence du parasite : étude des interactions génétiques entre le parasite humain Plasmodium falciparum et les vecteurs Anopheles gambiae et Anopheles coluzzii en conditions naturelles." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ036.
Full textAnopheles coluzzii mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Still, even within a vector species, the ability of mosquitoes to carry malaria parasites varies extensively between individuals, with some mosquitoes that eliminate all parasites, and are therefore unable to transmit the disease. Polymorphism in the complement-like protein TEP1 was shown to contribute to determine mosquito susceptibility to the murine malaria parasite P. berghei (Blandin et al., 2009) as well as to the human malaria parasite P. falciparum (White et al., 2010). Still, we demonstrated that TEP1 alone could not fully explain mosquito resistance and we set up to identify additional genetic factors that determine mosquito vector competence in the Ngousso line that was recently colonised in Cameroon and whose phenotype range varies extensively when exposed to P. berghei infection. To be independent from variations in the TEP1 locus, we first selected a parental line homozygous for a single TEP1 allele, TEP1*S1, that was previously linked to mosquito susceptibility. We then created isofemale families and selected them according to their phenotype upon infection with the murine malaria parasite P. berghei over several generations to create two lines carrying either many (S1high) or few (S1low) parasites. To identify the regions of the genomes that are linked to this phenotypic difference, we performed crosses and QTL mapping. To test whether the phenotypic difference selected upon P. berghei infections was conserved for P. falciparum, we subjected our two lines to blood meals infected with natural isolates of the human parasite collected in Cameroon. Results of the selection process and field infections will be presented
Lefevre, Thierry. "Manipulation parasitaire et maladies vectorielles." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20091.
Full textParasites are a very common life form on earth and drive many ecological and evolutionary processes. Hosts and parasites are locked in a continual coevolutionary race, which generates antagonistic selection. While parasites evolve to optimise the exploitation of their host and between-host transmission, hosts evolve to minimize the parasite-induced fitness losses. In the context of transmission, parasites have evolved adaptive strategies that maximise their probability of host to host transfer. Some parasites are indeed able to substantially alter the physiology, morphology or behaviour of their host in a way that increases their probability of transmission, a phenomenon named parasitic manipulation. Despite an increasing attention devoted to the investigation of this parasite strategy of transmission, many hurdles remain to be overcome. The goal of this dissertation was to (i) increase our fundamental knowledge concerning parasitic manipulation by using vector-borne parasites as study systems and (ii) merging the field of parasitic manipulation and its evolutionary ecology approach with those of medicine, epidemiology, and medical entomology. Our works generated considerable fundamental knowledge on the evolution, proximate mechanisms and multidimensionnality (when more than one host phenotypic traits are altered) of parasitic manipulation. In addition, we brought crucial information concerning feeding behaviour in Anopheles gambiae, the major malaria vector in sub-Saharian Africa
Vézilier, Julien. "Résistance aux insecticides et transmission de la malaria chez le moustique Culex pipiens." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20038.
Full textThe evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes threatens our ability to control many-vector-transmitted diseases, thereby raising serious public health issues. Insecticide resistance entails numerous physiological changes in mosquitoes. This thesis investigates whether these physiological changes alter the quality of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria. To address this issue, we developed a new experimental system consisting in the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum SGS1 and its natural vector, the mosquito Culex pipiens. We investigated the impact of two insecticide resistance mechanisms (target site resistance and metabolic resistance) on several mosquito and parasite life history traits relevant for malaria transmission. The effect of different insecticide resistant genes was investigated using both isogenic laboratory mosquito strains (i.e. against a homogeneous genetic background) and sympatric field caught mosquitoes (i.e. under the more realistic, albeit noisier, conditions of a heterogeneous genetic background). We show that insecticide resistance has a pleiotropic effect on several mosquito traits (immunocompetence, longevity, fecundity), whereas it has only a limited effect on Plasmodium development. We discuss, on the one hand, the need to pursue such a multi-factorial approach (combining the mosquito physiology, immunity and behavior) to better understand the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission and, on the other hand, the promising perspectives offered by this new experimental system for studying the evolutionary-ecology of infectious diseases
Goupeyou, Youmsi Jessy Marlène. "Contribution des anophèles à la transmission de Plasmodium falciparum et de Plasmodium vivax à Madagascar. Mise en place d'une plateforme expérimentale pour l'étude de leur compétence vectorielle." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS178/document.
Full textMalaria remains a major health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The limited number of antimalarial drugs, the emergence of resistances and the lack of an effective vaccine, make vector control the main preventive strategy for this disease. Current methods of vector control aim at limiting or interrupting parasite development in the vector mosquito. It is therefore necessary to improve our understanding on interactions between the Anopheles vector, its environment and the parasite Plasmodium. In Madagascar, Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus are the major vectors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Anopheles mascarensis, an endemic species, may also be an important vector. In this context, the main objective of my PhD was to deepen the knowledge on An. mascarensis through a review. The data collected indicate that An. mascarensis is a complex of sibling species. I could thus provide the foundation for targeted molecular analysis. In parallel, in order to evaluate their vector competence, I contributed in a major way to the establishment of the first experimental platform of Madagascar to infect anopheline mosquitoes by P. falciparum and P. vivax. Finally, combining entomology and immuno-parasitology, we analysed the contribution of vectors to malaria transmission in two neighbouring villages. All the work done during my PhD contributes to a better knowledge of the diversity of malaria transmission in Madagascar, especially on the effective contribution of the different vector species. In addition, the establishment of the experimental platform for infections will further allow the analysis of the competence of vector Anopheles populations
Ehounoud, Hervé Cyrille Bile. "Maladies bactériennes, y compris vectorisées, en Afrique de l'Ouest (Côte d'Ivoire et Guinée-Conakry)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5051.
Full textFebrile illnesses including bacterial diseases are poorly known in Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.In the first part of our work, we researched by molecular biology bacteria transmitted by ticks in Côte d’Ivoire. We analyzed different species of ticks collected from cattle and highlighted pathogenic bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases such as Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and twenty potential new species. In the second part, our goal was to detect using molecular biology several microorganisms in humans in Guinea (Conakry) and Côte d'Ivoire. As regards the study of wounds and healthy skin in Guinea, most patients were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, several species of Acinetobacter.Among the febrile patients and healthy controls afebrile recruited in Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire, Plasmodium falciparum is the most common detected microorganism especially in blood samples from febrile patients although several bacteria were also identified. In Guinea, it was Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella spp., and R. felis. These bacteria were also identified as well as Salmonella enterica Typhi, Salmonella enterica Paratyphi, Tropheryma whipplei and a potential new species of Wolbachia in Côte d’Ivoire.This work allowed establishing the repertory of bacteria transmitted by ticks in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as those involved in bacteremia in Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea (Conakry)
Cohuet, Anna. "Biologie et génétique des populations d'"Anopheles funestus", vecteur du paludisme en Afrique." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20123.
Full textMosnier, Emilie. "Epidémiologie des maladies infectieuses et épidémiques en milieu isolé Amazonien." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0007/document.
Full textPublic health data in isolated areas of French Guiana are scarce. However, a number of different communities live in tropical forest areas.The principal objective of this study is to analyse the main epidemiological data that have resulted from clinical practice and investigations conducted at health centres in isolated areas of French Guiana and its borders. The results of HIV studies have highlighted particular events that promote the spread of outbreaks. Illegal gold miners therefore represent a significant number of cases. The importance of specific geographical border areas in epidemic dynamics has also been demonstrated. Investigations on shigellosis, influenza and, most importantly, on thiamine deficiency outbreaks in gold miners underline that precarious conditions lead to poor health. Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks among immunocompetent children also reflect the multifactorial dynamics of infectious diseases, including human behaviour and the characteristics of tropical ecosystems. The severity and diversity of parasitic, viral and bacterial co-infection associated to the need for nutrition security indicates the complexity of delivering medical care to remote populations. Finally, a study on malaria has attempted to offer a novel approach to identifying and treating asymptomatic infections in an Amerindian endemic transmission area. A description of the health status of neglected populations in remote areas is crucial to implementing a health policy in French Guiana. Considering the importance of controlling communicable disease and the severity and range of specific illnesses, new strategies are needed and should be discussed with the communities involved
Ayala, Gonzalez Diego. "Mécanismes d’adaptation à l’environnement des populations d'Anopheles funestus, vecteur de Plasmodium, au Cameroun." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20217.
Full textThe diversity of environmental settings affects species distribution and abundance in nature. The species ability to spread across different habitats and to become established will affect gene flow between populations and act as an evolutionary force in speciation and adaptation. Major afrotropical malaria vectors within the genus Anopheles represent a emerging model to explore the genetics of ecological adaptation and to assess the role of ecological divergence in the speciation process. Moreover, a clear understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of these deadly pests is a requisite for the development and implementation of efficient disease control programs aiming at disrupting parasite transmission. The malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and An. Funestus are able to colonize a wide range of ecological settings in sub-Saharan Africa. This ubiquity is reflected, at the genetic level, by a large amount of chromosomal polymorphism. Polymorphic paracentric chromosomal inversions are non-randomly distributed among and between geographical populations within each species, and their role in promoting ecological divergence and speciation has been questioned. Here, we present in-depth investigations of the ecological relevance and adaptive value of chromosomal polymorphisms, with a major focus on the poorly documented An. Funestus. Based on ad-hoc sampling, we first modeled the ecological niche of the species in Cameroon, a country in Central Africa with highly contrasted environmental settings. Using presence-only data, we implemented an Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework to explore the ecological requirements of An. Funestus and compared its realized ecological niche to those of An. Gambiae and other common vector species. Through Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA), we provided evidence that the realized ecological niche is dependant upon chromosomal inversions arrangements in both An. Gambiae and An. Funestus, and interpreted our findings as indicative of “ecological synteny”. We show that the distribution of chromosomal inversions in An. Funestus is highly structured among ecological domains in Cameroon, in sharp contrast with a shallow population genetic structure depicted by neutral molecular markers. These results are in agreement with a strong impact of environmental selection on inversions, supporting the adaptive value of these polymorphisms. However, our findings also demonstrate that common polymorphic inversions alone are not involved in reproductive isolation, although they might contribute to the process of speciation by promoting assortative mating between carriers of alternative chromosomal arrangements. The phenotypic effect of chromosomal polymorphism was further investigated by comparing wing size and shape of karyotyped females across the distinct ecological domains in Cameroon. Our results shed light on the adaptive potential of major malaria vectors in Africa and their underlying genetic and biological determinants. Their implications are discussed in the context of global climatologic and demographic changes that are likely to impact to a considerable extent on the epidemiology of malaria throughout the continent
Garros, Claire. "Le Groupe d'anophèles Minimus, vecteur majeur d'agents du paludisme en Asie du sud-est : de l'échelle moléculaire à l'analyse spatiale." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20192.
Full textMoua, Yi. "Correction de l’effet du biais d’échantillonnage dans la modélisation de la qualité des habitats écologiques : application au principal vecteur du paludisme en Guyane française." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0002/document.
Full textSpecies distribution models are identified as relevant to map and characterize the habitat quality of Anopheles genusmosquitoes, transmitting malaria, and thus to both participate in the estimation of the transmission risk of this disease and inthe definition of targeted vector control actions. The malaria transmission depends on the presence and distribution of thevectors, which are themselves dependent on the environmental conditions that define the quality of the ecological habitats of the Anopheles. However, in some areas, Anopheles collection data remain scarce, making it difficult to model these habitats. In addition, the collection of these data is very often subjected to significant sampling biases, due, in particular, to unequal accessibility to the entire study area. This thesis provides a solution to the mapping of malaria vectors, considering two very few studied aspects in modeling: the low number of available presence sites and the existence of a sampling bias. An original method for correcting the effect of the sampling bias is proposed and then applied to presence data of Anopheles darlingi species - the main vector of malaria in South America - in French Guiana. Then, a distribution model of An. darlingi was built to obtain a map of habitat quality consistent with entomologists’ knowledge and providing high prediction performances. The proposed correction method was then compared to existing methods in an application context characterized by the scarcity of the species occurence data and the presence of a sampling bias. The results show that the developed method is adapted to cases where the number of sites of presence is low. This thesis contributes, on the one hand, to fill theoretical and applicability lacuna of current methods intended to correct the effect of the sampling bias and, on the other hand, to supplement the knowledge on both the spatial distribution and the bio-ecology of the main malaria vector in French Guiana
Goetz, Alice-Anne. "Propriétés antiparasitaires des benzyl-ménadiones : étude de leur mécanisme d'action et de leur potentiel à bloquer la transmission des parasites du paludisme au moustique vecteur Anopheles gambiae." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ115.
Full textPlasmodione is a benzylmenadione, synthetized as a flavoenzyme inhibitor. These enzymes use FAD as a cofactor and are involved in numerous biologic processes, including the regulation of the redox equilibrium through thioredoxin and glutathione metabolisms. Plasmodione is very efficient in vitro against all stages of the human parasite P. falciparum, especially on ring stages, and is a fast killer. The aims of my PhD were to monitor the ability of Plasmodione to block parasite transmission to mosquitoes and to characterized its mode of action. For that, I had to implement new protocols. My results showed (i) that Plasmodione decrease both the parasite development in vivo and its transmission to mosquitoes while acting on every sexual stage infectious for the mosquito. (ii) A derivative from the same chemical family, more soluble, is more efficient than Plasmodione, especially on asexual stages and on transmission. (iii) When compounds are directly deliver into mosquitoes, neither methylene blue or Plasmodione have an effect on the survival. (iv) Finally, the use of knock out parasites for the GR, GS, γGCS or GluPho genes suggest that the proposed mode of action of the benzylmenadiones has to be corrected and other flavoenzymes could be targeted rather than GR