Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vector Borne

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Vector Borne'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Vector Borne"

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GUBLER, D. J. "Vector-borne diseases." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 28, no. 2 (2009): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.28.2.1904.

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Rosenberg, Ronald, and C. Ben Beard. "Vector-borne Infections." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 5 (2011): 769–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.110310.

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Kidd, Linda. "Vector-Borne Diseases." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 52, no. 6 (2022): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(22)00122-x.

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Nie, Danyue, Jiaqiao Li, Qinghua Xie, et al. "Nanoparticles: A Potential and Effective Method to Control Insect-Borne Diseases." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2023 (May 11, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5898160.

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Insects act as vectors to carry a wide range of bacteria and viruses that can cause multiple vector-borne diseases in humans. Diseases such as dengue fever, epidemic encephalitis B, and epidemic typhus, which pose serious risks to humans, can be transmitted by insects. Due to the absence of effective vaccines for most arbovirus, insect control was the main strategy for vector-borne diseases control. However, the rise of drug resistance in the vectors brings a great challenge to the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. Therefore, finding an eco-friendly method for vector control is essential to combat vector-borne diseases. Nanomaterials with the ability to resist insects and deliver drugs offer new opportunities to increase agent efficacy compared with traditional agents, and the application of nanoagents has expanded the field of vector-borne disease control. Up to now, the reviews of nanomaterials mainly focus on biomedicines, and the control of insect-borne diseases has always been a neglected field. In this study, we analyzed 425 works of the literature about different nanoparticles applied on vectors in PubMed around keywords, such as“nanoparticles against insect,” “NPs against insect,” and “metal nanoparticles against insect.” Through these articles, we focus on the application and development of nanoparticles (NPs) for vector control, discussing the lethal mechanism of NPs to vectors, which can explore the prospect of applying nanotechnology in the prevention and control of vectors.
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Abdullah; YAZAR, INCI. "Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 60, no. 4 (2013): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000002593.

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Onmaz, A. C., R. G. Beutel, K. Schneeberg, A. N. Pavaloiu, A. Komarek, and R. van den Hoven. "Vectors and vector-borne diseases of horses." Veterinary Research Communications 37, no. 1 (2012): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-012-9537-7.

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Poh, Karen C., Jesse R. Evans, Michael J. Skvarla, and Erika T. Machtinger. "All for One Health and One Health for All: Considerations for Successful Citizen Science Projects Conducting Vector Surveillance from Animal Hosts." Insects 13, no. 6 (2022): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060492.

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Many vector-borne diseases that affect humans are zoonotic, often involving some animal host amplifying the pathogen and infecting an arthropod vector, followed by pathogen spillover into the human population via the bite of the infected vector. As urbanization, globalization, travel, and trade continue to increase, so does the risk posed by vector-borne diseases and spillover events. With the introduction of new vectors and potential pathogens as well as range expansions of native vectors, it is vital to conduct vector and vector-borne disease surveillance. Traditional surveillance methods can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, especially when surveillance involves sampling from animals. In order to monitor for potential vector-borne disease threats, researchers have turned to the public to help with data collection. To address vector-borne disease and animal conservation needs, we conducted a literature review of studies from the United States and Canada utilizing citizen science efforts to collect arthropods of public health and veterinary interest from animals. We identified common stakeholder groups, the types of surveillance that are common with each group, and the literature gaps on understudied vectors and populations. From this review, we synthesized considerations for future research projects involving citizen scientist collection of arthropods that affect humans and animals.
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Parhizgari, Najmeh, Norair Piazak, and Ehsan Mostafavi. "Vector-borne diseases in Iran: epidemiology and key challenges." Future Microbiology 16, no. 1 (2021): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2019-0306.

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Vector-borne diseases have become a global health concern in recent decades as a result of global warming, globalization, growth in international trade and travel, use of insecticide and drug resistance. This review study addressed the key vector-borne diseases and their current status in Iran to emphasize the requirements for further research on vector-borne diseases. The dispersion patterns of these diseases differ in various regions. Some of them such as Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever are distributed all across Iran, whereas some others such as plague, leishmaniasis, tularemia, and malaria are restricted to specific areas. The high prevalence of vectors throughout the country necessitates enhancing the monitoring and surveillance of emerging and reemerging vector-borne diseases and their potential vectors.
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Dhopte, Pragati, and Irrusappan Hari. "VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (2020): 1055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11933.

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Vectors are transmitted diseases from person to person that diseases are known as vactor borne diseases. There are mainly six vector borne diseases present in India, tropical and subtropical rigion also. As per current medical importance, geographic distribution, epidemiology and potential spreading of vector borne diseases, Malaria total cases were 29340 and deaths 2 and Japanese encephalitis total cases were 111. Chikungunya and Kala azar total cases were 700 and no deaths were found in 2020 respectively. 87.25% of MDA were supplied to total population and the dengue cases were 136422 and deaths 132 were observed in 2019. The vector borne diseases in India are reviewed in this article.
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Blaustein, Leon, Richard S. Ostfeld, and Robert D. Holt. "A Community-Ecology Framework for Understanding Vector and Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 56, no. 3-4 (2010): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.56.3-4.251.

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The integration of community ecology into the understanding and management of vectors and vector-borne diseases has largely occurred only recently. This compendium examines a variety of community interactions that can affect vector or vector-borne disease dynamics. They include: the importance of risk of predation, risk of ectoparasatism, competition, interactions of competition with transgenic control, apparent competition mediated through vectors, indirect effects of pesticides, vector diversity, and parasite diversity within a vector. In this paper, we summarize these studies and introduce several additional important questions in need of further exploration.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vector Borne"

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Maître, Apolline. "Modulating the vector microbiota for the control of vector-borne pathogens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Maisons-Alfort, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENVA0005.

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Le cheptel corse, composé d'ovins, de caprins, de porcins et de bovins, est principalement élevé dans des systèmes d'élevage extensifs. Les interactions fréquentes entre le bétail, la faune sauvage et les populations humaines favorisent donc la circulation des tiques et des micro-organismes transmis par les tiques. Une forte prévalence de bactéries transmises par les tiques des familles Rickettsiaceae et Anaplasmataceae a été signalée chez les chèvres (Anaplasma ovis), les moutons (A. ovis), les bovins (Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma phagocytophilum et Ehrlichia minasensis) et les tiques (Rickettsia spp.) en Corse. Certaines de ces bactéries (par exemple, A. phagocytophilum et Rickettsia sp.) sont zoonotiques et pathogènes pour l'homme. Actuellement, il n'existe pas de mesures préventives pour le contrôle des tiques et des maladies transmises par les tiques. Le microbiome des tiques est un ensemble très complexe de micro-organismes en interaction qui ont un impact sur la physiologie des tiques et leur compétence vectorielle. Récemment, nous avons montré que les vaccins anti-microbiote des tiques peuvent produire une mortalité élevée chez celles-ci pendant leur alimentation. Les vaccins anti-microbiotiques peuvent également moduler le microbiome des tiques et peuvent donc être utilisés comme outil de contrôle de la transmission des pathogènes transmis par les tiques. Dans ce projet, nous utiliserons le séquençage de nouvelle génération des amplicons 16S pour étudier la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle du microbiome de Rhipicephalus bursa et Hyalomma marginatum, les principales tiques vectrices de pathogènes chez le bétail en Corse. En utilisant les réseaux de co-occurrence et la détection à haut débit des pathogènes, nous identifierons ensuite les bactéries clés interagissant avec les pathogènes détectés transmis par les tiques. Les bactéries clés de voûte seront utilisées pour formuler des vaccins anti-microbiotiques afin de bloquer l'acquisition et/ou la transmission des pathogènes<br>The Corsican livestock population, composed of sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, is mainly raised in extensive farming systems. Frequent interactions between livestock, wildlife and human populations can favor the circulation of ticks and tick-borne microorganisms. A high prevalence of tick-borne bacteria of the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae has been reported in goats (Anaplasma ovis), sheep (A. ovis), cattle (Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia minasensis) and ticks (Rickettsia spp.) in Corsica. Some of these bacteria (e.g., A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia sp.) are zoonotic and pathogenic to humans. Currently, there are no preventive measures for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The tick microbiome is a very complex set of interacting microorganisms that impact tick physiology and vector competence. Recently, we have shown that tick microbiota vaccines can produce high mortality in ticks during feeding. Anti-microbiota vaccines can also modulate the tick microbiome and thus can be used as a tool to control the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. In this project, we will use next-generation sequencing of 16S amplicons to study the taxonomic and functional diversity of the microbiome of Rhipicephalus bursa and Hyalomma marginatum, the main pathogen-vector ticks in cattle in Corsica. Using co-occurrence networks and high-throughput pathogen detection, we will then identify keystone bacteria interacting with the detected tick-borne pathogens. The keystone bacteria will be used to formulate antimicrobial vaccines to block pathogen acquisition and/or transmission
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Harrison, Eleanor Margaret. "Epidemiology and evolution of vector borne disease." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619145.

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In recent years the incidence of many vector borne-diseases has increased worldwide. We investigate the epidemiology and evolution of vector-borne disease, focussing on the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis to determine suitable strategies for control and prevention. We develop a compartmental mathematical model for leishmaniasis, and examine the dependence of disease spread on model parameters. We perform an elasticity analysis to establish the relative impact of disease parameters and pathways on infection spread and prevalence. We then use optimal control theory to determine optimal vaccination and spraying strategies for leishmaniasis, and assess the dependence of control on disease relapse. We investigate the evolution of virulence in vector-borne disease using adaptive dynamics and both non-spatial and metapopulation models for disease spread. Using our metapopulation model we also determine the impact of land-use change such as urbanisation and deforestation on disease spread and prevalence. We find that in the absence of evolution, control techniques which directly reduce the rate of vector transmission lead to the greatest reduction in potential disease spread. Although the spraying of insecticide can reduce the basic reproductive number $R_{0}$, we find that vaccination is more effective. Disease relapse is the driving force behind infection at endemic equilibrium and greatly increases the level of control required to prevent a disease epidemic. When a trade-off is in place between transmission and virulence we find that control techniques which reduce the duration of transmission lead to the fixation of pathogen strains with heightened virulence. Control techniques such as spraying can therefore be counterproductive, as increasing virulence increases human infection prevalence. This holds true when virulence is in either the host or vector and suggests that virulence within the vector should not be ignored. Urbanisation and deforestation can also lead to increases in both transmission and virulence, as reducing the distance between urban settlements and the vector natural habitat alters disease incidence.
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Morin, Cory William. "Climate and Environmental Influences on the Ecology of Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/241951.

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Recently researchers have recognized the potential effects of climate variability and climate change on infectious disease ecology. Mosquito-borne diseases are of considerable concern due to their reliance on temperature to regulate vector reproduction, survival, and vector and agent development. Precipitation is also influential because it helps maintain habitat for immature mosquitoes. The interactions between climate, vector, and agent are complex, however, and thus assessing the overall impact of climate on disease occurrence is difficult. Discerning the influence of climate on mosquito-borne diseases requires an interdisciplinary synthesis of knowledge about the relationships between components of the disease system and analysis techniques that account for the individual and interacting roles that each element contributes to the ecology of the disease. In this dissertation, climate and climate change influences on dengue fever and West Nile virus are identified through process based modeling to simulate changes in vector and viral transmission dynamics. Analysis of the literature pertaining to climate influences on dengue virus ecology reveals that climate variables often interact interdependently to influence dengue virus transmission. Statistical techniques correlating or modeling climate-dengue relationships are often inconsistent and location specific. Process based modeling has been employed to better simulate the intricacies and non-linear dynamics involved, but most models focus only on vector populations. Therefore, models should incorporate viral development and transmission components to better simulate dengue virus ecology. A model of West Nile virus vector dynamics across the southern United States reveals that impacts from climate change are very location and context-specific. While temperatures generally increase the season length of vector activity, changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration dynamics often lead to lower summer mosquito populations and limited population development in water-stressed areas. A simulation of dengue fever cases in San Juan County, Puerto Rico with a coupled vector-epidemiological model showed strong agreement when compared with reported case data (Willmott's d = 0.90 and r2 = 0.71). The model indicates that certain climate variables became disease limiting during specific times of the year. Temperature limits virus transmission during the winter by slowing viral development while lower precipitation limits spring transmission by suppressing vector populations.
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El, Moustaid Fadoua. "Modeling Temperature Effects on Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102579.

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Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) cause significant harm to humans, plants, and animals worldwide. For instance, VBDs are very difficult to manage, as they are governed by complex interactions. VBD transmission depends on the pathogen itself, vector-host movement, and environmental conditions. Mosquito-borne diseases are a perfect example of how all these factors contribute to changes in VBD dynamics. Although vectors are highly sensitive to climate, modeling studies tend to ignore climate effects. Here, I am interested in the arthropod small vectors that are sensitive to climate factors such as temperature, precipitation, and drought. In particular, I am looking at the effect of temperature on vector traits for two VBDs, namely, dengue, caused by a virus that infects humans and bluetongue disease, caused by a virus that infects ruminants. First, I collect data on mosquito traits' response to temperature changes, this includes adult traits as well as juvenile traits. Next, I use these traits to model mosquito density, and then I incorporate the density into our mathematical models to investigate the effect it has on the basic reproductive ratio R0, a measure of how contagious the disease is. I use R0 to determine disease risk. For dengue, my results show that using mosquito life stage traits response to temperature improves our vector density approximation and disease risk estimates. For bluetongue, I use midge traits response to temperature to show that the suitable temperature for bluetongue risk is between 21.5 �C and 30.7 �C. These results can inform future control and prevention strategies.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Uzcategui, Cuello Nathalie Yumari. "Evolution and dispersal of mosquito-borne flaviviruses." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288520.

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Costa, Maria Carolina Regateiro Machado e. "Vector-borne pathogens found in carnivores in wild Namibia." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18037.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>This dissertation aimed to identify and molecularly characterize vector-borne pathogens from several parasite families, all possessing stages found in peripheral blood, from a wide variety of free-ranging carnivores living in Namibia, in the southern part of Africa. Blood samples collected from 9 bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis), 17 brown hyenas (Parahyaena brunnea), 19 spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and 85 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) were screened by Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) and tested for pathogens of the Onchocercidae family, the order Piroplasmida, bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae and the Rickettsiaceae families and, lastly, the Hepatozoidae family. The PCRs targeted both the ITS-2 and 12S, 18S, 16S, 18S and 18S rRNA genes respectively and were followed by nucleotide sequencing. In total, sampled animals showed a 43.1% rate of Onchocercidae infection, 67.7% of Piroplasmida, 60% of them were positive for Anaplasmataceae, 10% for Rickettsiaceae and Hepatozoidae were detected in 47.7% of them. Obtained filaroid sequences showed high homologies with both Acanthocheilonema reconditum and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides and further phylogenetic analysis were performed in both brown and spotted hyenas, with the construction of a phylogenetic tree. Piroplasmida results were not studied any further. For Anaplasmataceae, subsequent sequencing results indicated high similarity with both Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys and varied PCR protocols were conducted in order to differentiate between these organisms, but no conclusions were reached. The Rickettsiaceae found displayed high homologies with Rickettsia raoultii. And finally, the Hepatozoidae infection showed to be a mixed one with both Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon felis. These results are important not only on a conservation level for the infected host species, but are also relevant for domestic animals coexisting in the surrounding areas, as well as humans, especially since a few of the parasites found may have zoonotic potential. Future studies should focus on understanding vectors, transmission routes, infection dynamics and host specificity in order to better evaluate the possible danger these infections may withhold.<br>RESUMO - Agentes patogénicos transmitidos por vetores presentes em carnívoros na Namíbia - Esta dissertação teve como principal objetivo identificar e caracterizar molecularmente agentes patogénicos transmitidos por vetores de várias famílias parasitárias, com o aspeto em comum de todas possuírem fases do desenvolvimento encontradas no sangue, de espécies variadas de carnívoros selvagens que habitam na Namíbia, no Sul de África. Foram testadas amostras sanguíneas de 9 raposas-orelhas-de-morcego (Otocyon megalotis), 17 hienas-castanhas (Parahyaena brunnea), 19 hienas-malhadas (Crocuta crocuta) e 85 chitas (Acinonyx jubatus) por PCR e analisadas para pesquisa de parasitas da família Onchocercidae, da ordem Piroplasmida, bactérias das famílias Anaplasmataceae e Rickettsiaceae e, finalmente, da família Hepatozoidae. Os PCRs foram direcionados aos genes do rRNA ITS-2 e 12S, 18S, 16S, 18S e 18S respetivamente e foram seguidos de sequenciação de nucleótidos. Na totalidade, os animais testados mostraram uma taxa de infeção de 43.1% por Onchocercidae, de 67.7% de Piroplasmida, 60% deles tiveram resultados positivos para Anaplasmataceae, 10% para Rickettsiaceae e Hepatozoidae foram detetados em 47.7% da população. As sequências obtidas de filarídeos, mostraram possuir elevadas homologias com Acanthocheilonema reconditum e Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides, e estudos filogenéticos mais intensivos foram realizados, nomeadamente uma árvore filogenética que inclui ambas as espécies de hienas. Os resultados relativos a Piroplasmida não foram aprofundados. Para as Anaplasmataceae, as sequenciações subsequentes indicaram elevada similaridade com Anaplasma phagocytophilum e Anaplasma platys e múltiplos protocolos de PCRs foram efetuados, com o intuito de diferenciar entre estas duas espécies, mas não foram retiradas quaisquer conclusões. As Rickettsiaceae presentes evidenciaram fortes semelhanças com Rickettsia raoultii. E finalmente, as infeções por Hepatozoidae mostraram ser uma infeção mista por ambos Hepatozoon canis e Hepatozoon felis. A importância destes resultados não se limita apenas à conservação das espécies animais em causa, mas são também relevantes em termos dos animais domésticos coabitantes na mesma região, assim como humanos, especialmente tendo em conta o possível potencial zoonótico de algumas espécies parasitárias. Estudos futuros devem ter como principais objetivos o estudo dos vetores respetivos, tipo de transmissão, dinâmica da infeção e especificidade parasitária, para melhor avaliar os possíveis perigos que podem advir da presença destes parasitas.<br>N/A
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Xue, Ling. "Modeling and analysis of vector-borne diseases on complex networks." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16788.

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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering<br>Caterina Scoglio<br>Vector-borne diseases not only cause devastating economic losses, they also significantly impact human health in terms of morbidity and mortality. From an economical and humane point of view, mitigation and control of vector-borne diseases are essential. Studying dynamics of vector-borne disease transmission is a challenging task because vector-borne diseases show complex dynamics impacted by a wide range of ecological factors. Understanding these factors is important for the development of mitigation and control strategies. Mathematical models have been commonly used to translate assumptions concerning biological (medical, demographical, behavioral, immunological) aspects into mathematics, linking biological processes of transmission and dynamics of infection at population level. Mathematical analysis translates results back into biology. Classical deterministic epidemic models do not consider spatial variation, assuming space is homogeneous. Spatial spread of vector-borne diseases observed many times highlights the necessity of incorporating spatial dynamics into mathematical models. Heterogeneous demography, geography, and ecology in various regions may result in different epidemiological characteristics. Network approach is commonly used to study spatial evolution of communicable diseases transmitted among connected populations. In this dissertation, the spread of vector-borne diseases in time and space, is studied to understand factors that contribute to disease evolution. Network-based models have been developed to capture different features of disease transmission in various environments. Network nodes represent geographical locations, and the weights represent the level of contact between regional pairings. Two competent vector populations, Aedes mosquitoes and Culex mosquitoes, and two host populations, cattle and humans were considered. The deterministic model was applied to the 2010 Rift Valley fever outbreak in three provinces of South Africa. Trends and timing of the outbreak in animals and humans were reproduced. The deterministic model with stochastic parameters was applied to hypothetical Rift Valley fever outbreak on a large network in Texas, the United States. The role of starting location and size of initial infection in Rift Valley fever virus spread were studied under various scenarios on a large-scale network. The reproduction number, defined as the number of secondary infections produced by one infected individual in a completely susceptible population, is typically considered an epidemic threshold of determining whether a disease can persist in a population. Extinction thresholds for corresponding Continuous-time Markov chain model is used to predict whether a disease can perish in a stochastic setting. The network level reproduction number for diseases vertically and horizontally transmitted among multiple species on heterogeneous networks was derived to predict whether a disease can invade the whole system in a deterministic setting. The complexity of computing the reproduction number is reduced because the expression of the reproduction number is the spectral radius of a matrix whose size is smaller than the original next generation matrix. The expression of the reproduction number may have a wide range of applications to many vector-borne diseases. Reproduction numbers can vary from below one to above one or from above one to below one by changing movement rates in different scenarios. The observations provide guidelines on executing movement bans in case of an epidemic. To compute the extinction threshold, corresponding Markov chain process is approximated near disease free equilibrium. The extinction threshold for Continuous-time Markov chain model was analytically connected to the reproduction number under some assumptions. Numerical simulation results agree with analytical results without assumptions, proposing a mathematical problem of proving the existence of the relationships in general. The distance of the extinction threshold were shown to be closer to one than the reproduction number. Consistent trends of probability of extinction varying with disease parameters observed through numerical simulations provide novel insights into disease mitigation, control, and elimination.
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McOdimba, Francis Awuor. "Epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in cattle from SE Uganda." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30498.

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Institutions involved in vector-borne diseases research, epidemiological studies as well as vaccine development require reliable and sensitive assays to support the development of vaccine products and new drugs for treatment. These diagnostic assays also aid in identifying disease control target populations, and to monitor infection during trials for assessing the efficacy of preventive or curative drug. Molecular techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification have been used in detecting parasites of several species, sub-species and types and are favoured over microscopic examination of blood or the immunological methods because of their superior sensitivity and higher throughput. Two of the most commonly used diagnostic methods, microscopy and molecular techniques for pathogen detection and species characterization, were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity and subsequently used in screening cattle for parasites in the blood of cattle kept under traditional mixed farming management system. Molecular methods revealed higher VBD prevalence in the cattle from the villages of Tororo and Busia districts of SE Uganda. The prevalence of trypanosome species pathogenic to livestock was found to be higher than previously documented in this area. Based on the data obtained by PCR amplification the effect of prophylactic drug intervention against trypanosomiasis was assessed over a period of six months. While isometamidium chloride treatment of cattle appeared to control trypanosomiasis in areas with low prevalence, the drug had no effect in controlling the disease in high prevalence areas. It would therefore be necessary to combine the use of drug intervention with other methods such as vector control, to reduce the prevalence, in order to realize effective control of trypanosomiasis.
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Kumsa, Bersissa. "Molecular investigation of arthropods and vector-borne bacteria from Ethiopia." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5054/document.

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En outre, nous avons fait une expérience sur les nouveaux outils pour identifier les tiques par MALDI-TOF MS protéines profilage et des méthodes moléculaires. Notre étude visant à explorer les bactéries dans les ixodidae prélevés sur des animaux domestiques en Éthiopie a révélé une prévalence globale de 6% (46/767) des rickettsies de SFG, 3,8% (29/767) ADN de Borrelia et 6,4% (54/842) de C. burnetii dans différentes espèces de tiques. L'étude pour étudier les bactéries dans 303 puces prélevés sur des chiens et des chats domestiques en Ethiopie qui ont été identifiés comme étant morphologiquement Ctenocephalides felis felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans et Echidnophaga gallinacé montré Rickettsia felis dans 21% des puces, principalement dans Ctenocephalides felis, avec un semblable prévalence dans les puces de chiens et de chats. La présence d'Acinetobacter spp. dans M. ovinus, Heterodoxus spiniger, Bovicola ovis et Linognathus vituli. La séquence du gène rpoB partiel a révélé la présence de A. soli, A. lowffii, A. Pitti et 3 nouveaux Acinetobacter spp. dans les poux et Keds. Bartonella melophagi a été identifié par une PCR standard, suivi par un séquençage du fragment de la gltA et gène rpoB chez M. ovinus. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats alerte les médecins en charge des patients avec fièvre d'étiologie inconnue en Ethiopie et ceux qui se soucient de voyageurs en provenance de l'Ethiopie à prendre en compte la présence de plusieurs espèces zoonotiques à transmission vectorielle de bactéries, y compris SFG rickettsies, C. burnetii, R. felis, B. henselae et B. melophagi comme agents pathogènes potentiels<br>Our study to explore bacteria in ixodid ticks collected from domestic animals in Ethiopia revealed an overall prevalence of 6% (46/767) SFG rickettsiae, 3.8% (29/767) Borrelia DNA and 6.4% (54/842) C. burnetii in different tick species. The study to investigate bacteria in 303 fleas collected from domestic dogs and cats in Ethiopia that were morphologically identified as Ctenocephalides felis felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans and Echidnophaga gallinacean showed Rickettsia felis in 21% of fleas, mainly in Ctenocephalides felis, with a similar prevalence in fleas from dogs and cats. The study to investigate bacteria in lice and sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus) revealed Acinetobacter spp. in M. ovinus, Heterodoxus spiniger, Bovicola ovis and Linognathus vituli. Partial rpoB gene sequence revealed A. soli, A. lowffii, A. pitti and 3 new Acinetobacter spp. in the lice and keds. Molecular identification of lice using an 18S rRNA gene analysis confirmed the morphological methods of lice identification. Bartonella melophagi was identified by standard PCR followed by sequencing of fragments of the gltA and rpoB genes in M. ovinus.Overall, our findings alert physicians managing patients with fever of unknown aetiology in Ethiopia and those who care for travellers from Ethiopia to consider the presence of several vector-borne zoonotic species of bacteria including SFG rickettsiae, C. burnetii, R. felis, B. henselae and B. melophagi as potential causative agents
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Shearer, Freya. "Improving geospatial models of risk for vector-borne, zoonotic diseases." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfe8ffa9-453b-4e10-9009-e387a39db6de.

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Public health surveillance data are often incomplete, particularly where resources are lacking, but geospatial models can help to fill the gaps by providing estimates where data are sparse. By combining information on locations where diseases have been recorded with geographic data on environmental and socioeconomic covariates known to affect disease transmission using machine-learning models (such as boosted regression trees), niche modelling can generate fine-resolution, evidence-based risk maps for a variety of diseases of public health importance. This thesis investigates the geographical distribution of two vector-borne, zoonotic diseases of public health importance: Plasmodium knowlesi malaria and yellow fever (YF). A number of new methodological approaches to niche modelling are developed for: mapping diseases whose distributions are impacted by multiple host and vector species, ameliorating spatial bias in disease reporting rates, and accounting for human vaccination coverage. Chapter 2 investigates spatial variation in risk of human P. knowlesi infection across Southeast Asia. The infection risk model for P. knowlesi malaria is based on improvements to a standard niche modelling approach, and incorporates a novel joint distribution model to leverage data from a number of host species. Chapter 3 estimates YF vaccination coverage through time across all age cohorts in every district/municipality of countries at risk of YF, globally. These estimates are used to estimate the additional vaccination coverage needed to prevent further YF outbreaks, and they provide information needed to account for population immunity when estimating YF infection risk. Chapter 4 describes the development of a novel Poisson point process niche model, which is then used to predict YF infection risk in humans and demonstrates how vaccination coverage can be efficiently accounted for in disease niche models. The disease risk maps of P. knowlesi malaria and YF produced through this thesis will act as resources to improve the targeting, implementation and evaluation of disease prevention, surveillance and control strategies. Methods developed to account for vaccination coverage, reporting rate biases, and complex transmission systems will be applicable to risk mapping for a range of vector-borne, zoonotic diseases of public health importance.
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Books on the topic "Vector Borne"

1

Society for General Microbiology. Symposium. Microbe-vector interactions in vector-borne diseases. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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W, Service M., ed. Demography and vector-borne diseases. CRC Press, 1989.

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Service, Michael W. Demography and Vector-Borne Diseases. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003574422.

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International Symposium of Vectors & Vector-borne Diseases (8th 2006 Madurai, India). Vector-borne diseases: Epidemiology and control. Edited by Tyagi B. K and Indian Council of Medical Research. Centre for Research in Medical Entomology. Scientific Publishers, India on behalf of Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, ICMR, 2008.

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Mack, Alison, ed. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases. National Academies Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/21792.

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Takken, Willem, and Bart G. J. Knols, eds. Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-626-7.

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Aksoy, Serap, ed. Transgenesis and the Management of Vector-Borne Disease. Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6.

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W, Takken, and Knols B. G. J, eds. Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2007.

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Serap, Aksoy, ed. Transgenesis and the management of vector-borne disease. Springer Science+Business Media, 2008.

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India) Symposium on Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases (11th 2011 Jabalpur. XI Symposium on Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases, 15th - 17th October 2011: Abstracts. Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals, Indian Council of Medical Research, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vector Borne"

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Dantas-Torres, Filipe, and Domenico Otranto. "Vector-Borne Zoonoses." In Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_27.

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Zolnikov, Tara Rava. "Vector-Borne Disease." In Autoethnographies on the Environment and Human Health. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69026-1_9.

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Müller, Ruth, Friederike Reuss, Vladimir Kendrovski, and Doreen Montag. "Vector-Borne Diseases." In Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02318-8_4.

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Seifert, Horst S. H. "Vector-borne Diseases." In Tropical Animal Health. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0147-6_5.

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Wilder-Smith, Annelies. "Vector-borne diseases." In Essential Travel Medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118597361.ch7.

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Dantas-Torres, Filipe, and Domenico Otranto. "Vector-Borne Zoonoses." In Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27164-9_27.

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Gupta, Pankaj. "Vector-Borne Diseases." In Environmental Health and Occupational Safety. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003464785-9.

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Hojjatie, Sara L., Steven Yeh, Jessica G. Shantha, Lucileia Teixeira, and John L. Johnson. "Vector-Borne Infections." In Emerging Ocular Infections. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24559-6_6.

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Sharma, Satyavan. "Vector-borne diseases." In Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques. Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7133-4_8.

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Dantas-Torres, Filipe, and Domenico Otranto. "Vector-Borne Zoonoses." In Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_27-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vector Borne"

1

Abinaya, N., V. S. Harikrishnan, S. Santhiya, et al. "Optimizing Tabular Vector-Borne Disease Surveillance with Machine Learning Classification Techniques." In 2024 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computation, Communication and Information Technology (ICAICCIT). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiccit64383.2024.10912396.

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Doulani, Khushbu, Samarth Sharma, Mainak Adhikari, and Y. Vijayalata. "Robust and Interpretable Vector Borne Disease Prediction in IoT-Enabled Edge Networks." In 2024 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tensymp61132.2024.10752298.

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Satish, E. G., Quazi Mohd Imranul Haq, Y. M. Mahaboob John, Muntather Muhsin Hassan, and E. Jothi. "Predictive Modeling of Epidemic Diseases based on Vector-Borne Diseases using Support Vector Machine with Extreme Gradient Boost." In 2024 First International Conference on Software, Systems and Information Technology (SSITCON). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ssitcon62437.2024.10796513.

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Faur, Daniela, Corina Vaduva, Mihai Datcu, Cristi Damian, Mihai Coca, and Liviu Miron. "Harmonizing One Health and Earth Observation to Unravel Climate Change Impact on Vector-Borne Transmitted Disease." In 2024 Advanced Topics on Measurement and Simulation (ATOMS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/atoms60779.2024.10921529.

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Munirathnam, Rajesh, Meenakshi Maindola, Bhargav H. K, Prachi Ramesh Patil, Pooja Bhatt, and Natrayan L. "A Novel Hybrid AI Framework for Real-Time Prediction and Risk Assessment of Vector-Borne Epidemics using Spatiotemporal Data." In 2024 4th International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icmnwc63764.2024.10872354.

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Huang, Chi-Tse, Cheng-Yang Chang, Hsiang-Yun Cheng, and An-Yeu Wu. "BORE: Energy-Efficient Banded Vector Similarity Search with Optimized Range Encoding for Memory-Augmented Neural Network." In 2024 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546659.

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Rampane, Liga, Zane Zelca, and Chaima Salmi. "POLYLACTIC ACID/ZINC OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURED FIBROUS MATERIAL BY NEEDLELESS ONE SOLVENT ELECTROSPINNING FOR PROTECTION AGAINST TICK-BORNE DISEASES." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/6.1/s24.12.

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Ticks (Ixodidae and Argasidae) pose significant health risks as vectors for infectious diseases, with their prevalence expanding across Europe and North America. Ticks employ sophisticated sensory mechanisms, notably utilizing Haller's organs, to locate and sense their hosts. These sensory structures detect various cues, including chemosensation, changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration, and radiant heat emitted by potential hosts. Once a host is detected, landing is facilitated by electrostatic attraction, accelerating the precise positioning of the tick for feeding. Reports indicate that ZnO nanoparticles exhibit acaricidal activity. The strong thermal and electrical conductivity of ZnO may effectively impede tick host-seeking mechanisms. This study focuses on fabricating ZnO-containing nanostructured polylactic acid (PLA) fiber material for tick repellency. In this research, acetone, chosen for its low toxicity and compatibility with natural acaricides, is utilized in a single-solvent system to produce nanofibers with long-lasting acaricidal properties. Successful electrospinning of acetone-based systems has been limited to needle electrospinning. Here, we present a method employing needleless electrospinning to fabricate ZnO nanoparticle-loaded PLA nanofibers by using pike-type electrode. The PLA-ZnO solutions were characterized by density, conductivity, viscosity, and other parameters, while the resulting fiber mats underwent analysis via FTIR, SEM, and evaluation of thermal conductivity. Optimization of spinning parameters including critical voltage, collector distance, and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity was conducted. Our study demonstrates the creation of PLA-ZnO fibers in a single solvent system through needleless electrospinning. Obtained membranes contain 1-3 wt% ZnO within an 8-10 wt% PLA matrix solution and exhibit heightened electrical conductivity. This advancement underscores the potential of ZnO in tick-repellent materials and strategies against tick-borne diseases.
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ROGERS, DAVID. "NEW APPROACHES FOR STUDYING VECTORS AND VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 40th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814289139_0033.

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Barker, Michelle, Donald Brower, and Natalie Meyers. "Vector-Borne Disease Network digital library." In 2014 IEEE/ACM Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcdl.2014.6970212.

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MIRON, Liviu-Dan, and Gerard JITĂREANU. "Synthese of vectors and vector borne-diseases in the context of climate change." In International Congress "Research – Innovation – Innovative Entrepreneurship". Ion Creangă Pedagogical State University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.46727/c.17-18-05-2024.p39-49.

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In this work we have proposed the presentation a synthetic view of some publications developed by researchers of the DTECLIMATE – Digital Twin Earth Intelligence for Climate Changes project, carried out by PNRR, from the specific project entitled: "Evaluation of the impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases in the context of One-Health" (Assessing climate change on the vector transmitted diseases in the One –Health context). There are presented the ways by which climate change influences the appearance or re-appearance of diseases transmitted by haematophagous vectors in Romania are presented.
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Reports on the topic "Vector Borne"

1

Bunn, Sarah, and Jonida Tafilaku. Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease in Humans in the UK. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn597.

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A POSTnote that summarises the latest data on vector-borne disease in the UK, explores how climate may influence the geographical distribution of species, examines the consequences for public health, and highlights potential adaptation and mitigation strategies.
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Ross, S. G., M. C. Thomson, and T. Pultz. RADARSAT-1 for Monitoring Vector-borne Diseases in Tropical Environments: A Review. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219826.

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Estrugo, Andrés, and Rodrigo García Ayala. Assessing the Effects of Climate and Socioeconomic Factors on Vulnerability to Vector-Borne Diseases in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011647.

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Climate change is imposing a large burden on the most vulnerable populations, particularly in the developing world. Establishing consistent causal relationships, however, is difficult because a multiplicity of climatic, economic and sociodemographic elements are combined to create the conditions for an outbreak of vector-borne disease. Based on a two-step procedure, this paper presents and tests an approach to estimating the effects of epidemic outbreaks on health vulnerability. The model proposed is empirically tested for five countries in Latin America where dengue is a national health priority. Using data from national censuses, satellite climate information and data from a newly developed disease outbreak surveillance online platform, the paper finds that climate has nonnegligible effects on health vulnerability. The evidence found and the vulnerability index constructed can be used to analyze the main determinants of vulnerability in order to address policy concerns.
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VanderNoot, Victoria A., Deanna Joy Curtis, Chung-Yan Koh, Benjamin H. Brodsky, and Todd Lane. Enhanced vector borne disease surveillance of California Culex mosquito populations reveals spatial and species-specific barriers of infection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1154713.

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Ibáñez, Ana María, Sandra Rozo, and Maria J. Urbina. Forced Migration and the Spread of Infectious Diseases. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002894.

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We examine the role of Venezuelan forced migration on the propagation of 15 infectious dis-eases in Colombia. For this purpose, we use rich municipal-monthly panel data. We exploit the fact that municipalities closer to the main migration entry points have a disproportionate ex-posure to infected migrants when the cumulative migration flows increase. We find that higher refugee inflows are associated with increments in the incidence of vaccine-preventable dis-eases, such as chickenpox and tuberculosis, as well as sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS and syphilis. However, we find no significant effects of migration on the propagation of vector-borne diseases. Contact with infected migrants upon arrival seems to be the main driving mechanism.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.

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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Valencia-Amaya, Mauricio G., and Dolores de la Mata. The Health Impacts of Severe Climate Shocks in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011649.

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This paper studies the link between severe weather shocks in Colombia and municipality-level incidence of dengue and malaria. The unexpectedly high variability of the 2010 rainfalls relative to previous periods and their regional heterogeneity are exploited as an identification strategy. A differences-indifferences DD) strategy is thereby implemented where the period 2007-2009 is defined as the pre-treatment period and 2010-2011 as the post-treatment period. The treatment group is all municipalities that experienced higher intra-year rain variability in 2010 than in 2007-2009. The results from the different specifications confirm that the relationship between climate events and vector-borne diseases is intricate. The 2010 weather shocks are associated with not only an increase in the number of dengue cases, in the case of high variability (but not extreme) yearly rain, but also a decrease in its incidence, in particular in the presence of extreme rain events. Floods seem to have decreased the number of dengue cases.
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Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, et al. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.

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In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.
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Siriyasatien, Padet. Effect of double dengue serotypes infection in dengue mosquito (Aedes aegypti). Chulalongkorn University, 2012. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2012.19.

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We demonstrated the results of laboratory induced dengue virus infection more than 1 serotype in female Aedes aegypti through membrane feeding apparatus. Forty female mosquitoes were allowed to feed human blood contained 4 dengue serotypes at the concentration of 103 pfu/ml. One week after infection, dengue virus were detected by RT-PCR technique. Seven and two mosquitoes were positive for dengue serotype 3 and 4, respectively. Mix infection of dengue virus serotype 3 and 4 was found in 4 female mosquitoes. To determine the infectivity of dengue serotype 1 and 2, both serotypes were used to infect 46 female mosquitoes. Eight and two mosquitoes were infect with serotype 1 and 2, respectively while no co-infection of these two serotypes were observed. The results showed that difference in capability of infection between dengue serotype in mosquito. Furthermore, co-infection between dengue virus serotypes 3 (DEN 3) and chikungunya (CHIKV) virus was also determined in Ae. albopictus (C6/36) by one-step duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (D-RT-PCR). The D-RT-PCR showed positive for both viruses either infection with equal titer of multiplicity of infection of both viruses and infection with higher titer of CHIKV than DENV 3. In contrast, co-infection with DENV 3 higher titer than CHIKV was shown only positive D-RT-PCR dengue virus. We demonstrate that inhibition of CHIKV replication by DENV 3 depends on virus titer. Field studies of dengue infection rates in Ae. aegypti female obtained from various seasons also showed that dengue infection rate in the mosquito vector depended on time and season. Thus, this study provides the interaction between pathogen against the host cells, in the mosquito vector both in laboratory and in the field which could be applied for predicting the outbreak and furthermore for effectively controls these mosquitos borne disease in the future.
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10

Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.
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