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1

GUBLER, D. J. "Vector-borne diseases." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 28, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.28.2.1904.

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2

Rosenberg, Ronald, and C. Ben Beard. "Vector-borne Infections." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 5 (May 2011): 769–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.110310.

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3

Abdullah; YAZAR, INCI. "Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 60, no. 4 (2013): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000002593.

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4

Onmaz, A. C., R. G. Beutel, K. Schneeberg, A. N. Pavaloiu, A. Komarek, and R. van den Hoven. "Vectors and vector-borne diseases of horses." Veterinary Research Communications 37, no. 1 (September 30, 2012): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-012-9537-7.

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5

Dhopte, Pragati, and Irrusappan Hari. "VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 1055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11933.

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Vectors are transmitted diseases from person to person that diseases are known as vactor borne diseases. There are mainly six vector borne diseases present in India, tropical and subtropical rigion also. As per current medical importance, geographic distribution, epidemiology and potential spreading of vector borne diseases, Malaria total cases were 29340 and deaths 2 and Japanese encephalitis total cases were 111. Chikungunya and Kala azar total cases were 700 and no deaths were found in 2020 respectively. 87.25% of MDA were supplied to total population and the dengue cases were 136422 and deaths 132 were observed in 2019. The vector borne diseases in India are reviewed in this article.
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REITER, P. "The standardised freight container: vector of vectors and vector-borne diseases." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.29.1.1960.

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7

Rajagopalan, P. K. "Aspects of Vector Borne Disease Control." Journal of Communicable Diseases 50, no. 01 (March 29, 2018): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.201806.

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8

Blaustein, Leon, Richard S. Ostfeld, and Robert D. Holt. "A Community-Ecology Framework for Understanding Vector and Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 56, no. 3-4 (May 6, 2010): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.56.3-4.251.

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The integration of community ecology into the understanding and management of vectors and vector-borne diseases has largely occurred only recently. This compendium examines a variety of community interactions that can affect vector or vector-borne disease dynamics. They include: the importance of risk of predation, risk of ectoparasatism, competition, interactions of competition with transgenic control, apparent competition mediated through vectors, indirect effects of pesticides, vector diversity, and parasite diversity within a vector. In this paper, we summarize these studies and introduce several additional important questions in need of further exploration.
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9

Choi, Young Hwa. "Vector-borne infectious diseases." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 60, no. 6 (2017): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2017.60.6.449.

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Wang, Penghua, Fengwei Bai, Gong Cheng, Jianfeng Dai, and Michael J. Conway. "Vector-Borne Viral Diseases." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/582045.

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11

MONATH, THOMAS P. "Vector-borne Emergent Disease." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 740, no. 1 Disease in Ev (December 1994): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19862.x.

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12

Telford, Sam R., Richard J. Pollack, and Andrew Spielman. "Emerging Vector-Borne Infections." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30385-8.

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13

Burova, O. A., A. A. Blokhin, O. I. Zakharova, E. A. Liskova, I. V. Yashin, and N. A. Gladkova. "Vectors of vector-borne viral diseases of animals." Agricultural science Euro-North-East 66, no. 5 (2018): 04–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2018.66.5.04-17.

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14

Thein, P. "Vector-borne diseases in equidae: factors, vectors, germs." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 25, no. 4 (2009): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20090408.

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15

Parhizgari, Najmeh, Norair Piazak, and Ehsan Mostafavi. "Vector-borne diseases in Iran: epidemiology and key challenges." Future Microbiology 16, no. 1 (January 2021): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2019-0306.

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Vector-borne diseases have become a global health concern in recent decades as a result of global warming, globalization, growth in international trade and travel, use of insecticide and drug resistance. This review study addressed the key vector-borne diseases and their current status in Iran to emphasize the requirements for further research on vector-borne diseases. The dispersion patterns of these diseases differ in various regions. Some of them such as Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever are distributed all across Iran, whereas some others such as plague, leishmaniasis, tularemia, and malaria are restricted to specific areas. The high prevalence of vectors throughout the country necessitates enhancing the monitoring and surveillance of emerging and reemerging vector-borne diseases and their potential vectors.
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TATEM, A. J., Z. HUANG, A. DAS, Q. QI, J. ROTH, and Y. QIU. "Air travel and vector-borne disease movement." Parasitology 139, no. 14 (March 23, 2012): 1816–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000352.

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SUMMARYRecent decades have seen substantial expansions in the global air travel network and rapid increases in traffic volumes. The effects of this are well studied in terms of the spread of directly transmitted infections, but the role of air travel in the movement of vector-borne diseases is less well understood. Increasingly however, wider reaching surveillance for vector-borne diseases and our improving abilities to map the distributions of vectors and the diseases they carry, are providing opportunities to better our understanding of the impact of increasing air travel. Here we examine global trends in the continued expansion of air transport and its impact upon epidemiology. Novel malaria and chikungunya examples are presented, detailing how geospatial data in combination with information on air traffic can be used to predict the risks of vector-borne disease importation and establishment. Finally, we describe the development of an online tool, the Vector-Borne Disease Airline Importation Risk (VBD-Air) tool, which brings together spatial data on air traffic and vector-borne disease distributions to quantify the seasonally changing risks for importation to non-endemic regions. Such a framework provides the first steps towards an ultimate goal of adaptive management based on near real time flight data and vector-borne disease surveillance.
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17

Copping, Leonard G. "Vector-Borne Diseases in Europe." Outlooks on Pest Management 20, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/20aug08.

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18

Senior, Kathryn. "Vector-borne diseases threaten Europe." Lancet Infectious Diseases 8, no. 9 (September 2008): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70192-0.

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19

Rasmussen, Eric. "Drones against vector-borne diseases." Science Robotics 5, no. 43 (June 15, 2020): eabc7642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abc7642.

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20

Carpenter, Simon. "In Focus: Vector-borne disease." Pest Management Science 63, no. 7 (2007): 623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1412.

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21

O’Kelly, Brendan, and John S. Lambert. "Vector-borne diseases in pregnancy." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 7 (January 2020): 204993612094172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049936120941725.

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Vector-borne infections cause a significant proportion of world-wide morbidity and mortality and many are increasing in incidence. This is due to a combination of factors, primarily environmental change, encroachment of human habitats from urban to peri-urban areas and rural to previously uninhabited areas, persistence of poverty, malnutrition and resource limitation in geographical areas where these diseases are endemic. Pregnant women represent the single largest ‘at risk’ group, due to immune-modulation and a unique physiological state. Many of these diseases have not benefitted from the same level of drug development as other infectious and medical domains, a factor attributing to the ‘neglected tropical disease’ title many vector-borne diseases hold. Pregnancy compounds this issue as data for safety and efficacy for many drugs is practically non-existent, precluding exposure in pregnancy to many first-line therapeutic agents for ‘fear of the unknown’ or overstated adverse pregnancy-foetal outcomes. In this review, major vector-borne diseases, their impact on pregnancy outcomes, current treatment, vaccination and short-comings of current medical practice for pregnant women will be discussed.
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22

Zorrilla-Vaca, A. "Bedbugs and Vector-Borne Diseases." Clinical Infectious Diseases 59, no. 9 (July 16, 2014): 1351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu575.

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23

Vlassoft, Carol. "Demography and vector-borne diseases." Parasitology Today 7, no. 1 (January 1991): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(91)90084-2.

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24

ERAZO, DIANA, JUAN CORDOVEZ, CAROLINA CABRERA, JOSE E. CALZADA, AZAEL SALDAÑA, and NICOLE L. GOTTDENKER. "Modelling the influence of host community composition in a sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi system." Parasitology 144, no. 14 (July 13, 2017): 1881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001287.

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SUMMARYSpecies composition of wild reservoir hosts can influence the transmission and maintenance of multi-host vector borne pathogens. The ‘pace of life’ hypothesis proposes that the life history strategy of reservoir hosts can influence pathogen transmission of vector borne generalist pathogens. We use empirical data to parameterize a mathematical model that investigates the impacts of host life history traits on vector transmission dynamics of the vector-borne multi-host parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in habitats characterized by different degrees of deforestation and varying host community structure. The model considers susceptible and infected vector and host populations. When comparing the proportion of vectors infected with T. cruzi predicted by the model with empirical data, we found a trend of increasing vector infection as anthropogenic landscape disturbance increases for both data and model output. The model's vector infection rates were significantly lower than empirical results, but when incorporating host congenital transmission in the model, vector infection approaches field data. We conclude that intervened habitats associated with r-selected host species communities predict higher proportions of infected vectors.
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25

Walsh, J. F., D. H. Molyneux, and M. H. Birley. "Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease." Parasitology 106, S1 (January 1993): S55—S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000086121.

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SUMMARYThis review addresses' changes in the ecology of vectors and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases which result from deforestation. Selected examples are considered from viral and parasitic infections (arboviruses, malaria, the leishmaniases, nlariases, Chagas Disease and schistosomiasis) where disease patterns have been directly or indirectly influenced by loss of natural tropical forests. A wide range of activities have resulted in deforestation. These include colonisation and settlement, transmigrant programmes, logging, agricultural activities to provide for cash crops, mining, hydropower development and fuelwood collection. Each activity influences the prevalence, incidence and distribution of vector-borne disease. Three main regions are considered – South America, West & Central Africa and South-East Asia. In each, documented changes in vector ecology and behaviour and disease pattern have occurred. Such changes result from human activity at the forest interface and within the forest. They include both deforestation and reafforestation programmes. Deforestation, or activities associated with it, have produced new habitats for Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes and have caused malaria epidemics in South America. The different species complexes in South-East Asia (A. dirus, A. minimus, A. balabacensis) have been affected in different ways by forest clearance with different impacts on malaria incidence. The ability of zoophilic vectors to adapt to human blood as an alternative source of food and to become associated with human dwellings (peridomestic behaviour) have influenced the distribution of the leishmaniases in South America. Certain species of sandflies (Lutzomyia intermedia, Lu. longipalpis, Lu. whitmani), which were originally zoophilic and sylvatic, have adapted to feeding on humans in peridomestic and even periurban situations. The changes in behaviour of reservoir hosts and the ability of pathogens to adapt to new reservoir hosts in the newly-created habitats also influence the patterns of disease. In anthroponotic infections, such as Plasmodium, Onchocerca and Wuchereria, changes in disease patterns and vector ecology may be more difficult to detect. Detailed knowledge of vector species and species complexes is needed in relation to changing climate associated with deforestation. The distributions of the Anopheles gambiae and Simulium damnosum species complexes in West Africa are examples. There have been detailed longitudinal studies of Anopheles gambiae populations in different ecological zones of West Africa. Studies on Simulium damnosum cytoforms (using chromosome identification methods) in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme were necessary to detect changes in distribution of species in relation to changed habitats. These examples underline the need for studies on the taxonomy of medically-important insects in parallel with long-term observations on changing habitats. In some circumstances, destruction of the forest has reduced or even removed disease transmission (e.g. S. neavei-transmitted Onchocerca in Kenya). Whilst the process of deforestation can be expected to continue, hopefully at a decreased rate, it is expected that unpredictable and sometimes rapid changes in disease patterns will pose problems for the public health services.
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WU, Y., F. LING, J. HOU, S. GUO, J. WANG, and Z. GONG. "Will integrated surveillance systems for vectors and vector-borne diseases be the future of controlling vector-borne diseases? A practical example from China." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 9 (February 22, 2016): 1895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816000297.

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SUMMARYVector-borne diseases are one of the world's major public health threats and annually responsible for 30–50% of deaths reported to the national notifiable disease system in China. To control vector-borne diseases, a unified, effective and economic surveillance system is urgently needed; all of the current surveillance systems in China waste resources and/or information. Here, we review some current surveillance systems and present a concept for an integrated surveillance system combining existing vector and vector-borne disease monitoring systems. The integrated surveillance system has been tested in pilot programmes in China and led to a 21·6% cost saving in rodent-borne disease surveillance. We share some experiences gained from these programmes.
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Nigusie, Adane, Zemichael Gizaw, Mulat Gebrehiwot, and Bikes Destaw. "Vector-Borne Diseases and Associated Factors in the Rural Communities of Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Environmental Health Insights 15 (January 2021): 117863022110430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302211043049.

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Background: Human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors are called vector-borne diseases. Vector-borne diseases usually affect the poorest populations, particularly where there is a lack of access to adequate housing, safe drinking water, and sanitation. This community-based cross-sectional study was, conducted to assess the prevalence of self-reported vector-borne diseases and associated factors in the rural communities of northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design with structured observation was conducted among 1191 randomly selected rural households in northwest Ethiopia from April to June 2017. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire; and observation checklist. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with the prevalence of self-reported vector-borne diseases on the basis of adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-values <.05. Results: In the current study, 216 (18.1%) of the rural households reported one or more vector-borne diseases. Scabies (9.5%) were the most reported vector-borne disease followed by Malaria (6.9%). The prevalence of self-reported vector-borne diseases was statistically associated with the head of the family (mother) (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.02-0.72), regular cleaning of the living environment (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.36-0.74), poor cleanness of the living rooms (AOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.03-3.03), and moderate cleanness of the floor (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.06-2.52). Conclusion: The prevalence of self-reported vector-borne diseases was high in the rural communities of northwest Ethiopia. The low prevalence was associated with family head; regular cleaning of living environment and cleanness of the floor. Designing and strengthening an intervention strategy for environmental sanitation, regular cleaning of living house, and keeping personal hygiene shall be considered.
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MEDEIROS, MATTHEW C. I., ROBERT E. RICKLEFS, JEFFREY D. BRAWN, and GABRIEL L. HAMER. "Plasmodium prevalence across avian host species is positively associated with exposure to mosquito vectors." Parasitology 142, no. 13 (September 23, 2015): 1612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015001183.

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SUMMARYThe prevalence of vector-borne parasites varies greatly across host species, and this heterogeneity has been used to relate infectious disease susceptibility to host species traits. However, a few empirical studies have directly associated vector-borne parasite prevalence with exposure to vectors across hosts. Here, we use DNA sequencing of blood meals to estimate utilization of different avian host species by Culex mosquitoes, and relate utilization by these malaria vectors to avian Plasmodium prevalence. We found that avian host species that are highly utilized as hosts by avian malaria vectors are significantly more likely to have Plasmodium infections. However, the effect was not consistent among individual Plasmodium taxa. Exposure to vector bites may therefore influence the relative number of all avian Plasmodium infections among host species, while other processes, such as parasite competition and host-parasite coevolution, delimit the host distributions of individual Plasmodium species. We demonstrate that links between avian malaria susceptibility and host traits can be conditioned by patterns of exposure to vectors. Linking vector utilization rates to host traits may be a key area of future research to understand mechanisms that produce variation in the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens among host species.
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Manning, Jessica E., and Tineke Cantaert. "Time to Micromanage the Pathogen-Host-Vector Interface: Considerations for Vaccine Development." Vaccines 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7010010.

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The current increase in vector-borne disease worldwide necessitates novel approaches to vaccine development targeted to pathogens delivered by blood-feeding arthropod vectors into the host skin. A concept that is gaining traction in recent years is the contribution of the vector or vector-derived components, like salivary proteins, to host-pathogen interactions. Indeed, the triad of vector-host-pathogen interactions in the skin microenvironment can influence host innate and adaptive responses alike, providing an advantage to the pathogen to establish infection. A better understanding of this “bite site” microenvironment, along with how host and vector local microbiomes immunomodulate responses to pathogens, is required for future vaccines for vector-borne diseases. Microneedle administration of such vaccines may more closely mimic vector deposition of pathogen and saliva into the skin with the added benefit of near painless vaccine delivery. Focusing on the ‘micro’–from microenvironments to microbiomes to microneedles–may yield an improved generation of vector-borne disease vaccines in today’s increasingly complex world.
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30

Killiny, Nabil, Arash Rashed, and Rodrigo P. P. Almeida. "Disrupting the Transmission of a Vector-Borne Plant Pathogen." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 3 (November 18, 2011): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06996-11.

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ABSTRACTApproaches to control vector-borne diseases rarely focus on the interface between vector and microbial pathogen, but strategies aimed at disrupting the interactions required for transmission may lead to reductions in disease spread. We tested if the vector transmission of the plant-pathogenic bacteriumXylella fastidiosawas affected by three groups of molecules: lectins, carbohydrates, and antibodies. Although not comprehensively characterized, it is known thatX. fastidiosaadhesins bind to carbohydrates, and that these interactions are important for initial cell attachment to vectors, which is required for bacterial transmission from host to host. Lectins with affinity to substrates expected to occur on the cuticular surface of vectors colonized byX. fastidiosa, such as wheat germ agglutinin, resulted in statistically significant reductions in transmission rate, as did carbohydrates withN-acetylglucosamine residues. Presumably, lectins bound to receptors on the vector required for cell adhesion/colonization, while carbohydrate-saturated adhesins onX. fastidiosa's cell surface. Furthermore, antibodies againstX. fastidiosawhole cells, gum, and afimbrial adhesins also resulted in transmission blockage. However, no treatment resulted in the complete abolishment of transmission, suggesting that this is a complex biological process. This work illustrates the potential to block the transmission of vector-borne pathogens without directly affecting either organism.
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31

Wright, Ian, and Philippa Richmond. "Vector-borne parasite transmission in the UK and the role of the veterinary nurse in education." Veterinary Nurse 10, no. 9 (November 2, 2019): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2019.10.9.480.

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Vector-borne infections account for 17% of infectious diseases globally, presenting a risk to humans. They are also a significant cause of disease in cats and dogs, which can act as reservoirs for certain zoonotic vector-borne pathogens, thus further increasing this risk. As a result of changes in climate and pet travel guidelines, there is the potential for introduction of new vectors or vector-borne parasites in the UK. The veterinary nurse plays a vital role in educating clients on the risks presented by these parasites and their associated diseases, as well as in formulating tailored parasite control plans in partnership with clients.
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32

van der Sluijs, Mirjam Tineke Willemijn, Abraham J. de Smit, and Rob J. M. Moormann. "Vector independent transmission of the vector-borne bluetongue virus." Critical Reviews in Microbiology 42, no. 1 (March 19, 2014): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1040841x.2013.879850.

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VERWOERD, D. W. "Definition of a vector and a vector-borne disease." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 34, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.34.1.2343.

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34

Cozzarolo, Camille-Sophie, Nicolas Sironi, Olivier Glaizot, Romain Pigeault, and Philippe Christe. "Sex-biased parasitism in vector-borne disease: Vector preference?" PLOS ONE 14, no. 5 (May 2, 2019): e0216360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216360.

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35

Jones, Robert T., Elizabeth Pretorius, Thomas H. Ant, John Bradley, Anna Last, and James G. Logan. "The use of islands and cluster-randomized trials to investigate vector control interventions: a case study on the Bijagós archipelago, Guinea-Bissau." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1818 (December 28, 2020): 20190807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0807.

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Vector-borne diseases threaten the health of populations around the world. While key interventions continue to provide protection from vectors, there remains a need to develop and test new vector control tools. Cluster-randomized trials, in which the intervention or control is randomly allocated to clusters, are commonly selected for such evaluations, but their design must carefully consider cluster size and cluster separation, as well as the movement of people and vectors, to ensure sufficient statistical power and avoid contamination of results. Island settings present an opportunity to conduct these studies. Here, we explore the benefits and challenges of conducting intervention studies on islands and introduce the Bijagós archipelago of Guinea-Bissau as a potential study site for interventions intended to control vector-borne diseases. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.
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36

Rathor, H. R. "The role of vectors in emerging and re-emerging diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1996.2.1.61.

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Considerable attention has recently been drawn at a global level to the serious threat to humans by the new, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Among the infectious vector-borne diseases, dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, plague, malaria, leishmaniasis, rodent-borne viruses and arboviruses are considered to be persisting, and sometimes re-emerging, with serious threats to human health. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, dengue, malaria and leishmaniasis are the significant vector-borne diseases. This article discusses the role of vectors in the re-emergence of malaria, leishmaniasis and dengue fever and their control
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37

Botto-Mahan, Carezza, Antonella Bacigalupo, Juana P. Correa, Francisco E. Fontúrbel, Pedro E. Cattan, and Aldo Solari. "Prevalence, infected density or individual probability of infection? Assessing vector infection risk in the wild transmission of Chagas disease." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1922 (March 11, 2020): 20193018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.3018.

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Vector-borne infectious disease dynamics result mainly from the intertwined effect of the diversity, abundance, and behaviour of hosts and vectors. Most studies, however, have analysed the relationship between host–species diversity and infection risk, focusing on vector population instead of individuals, probably dismissing the level at which the transmission process occurs. In this paper, we examine the importance of the host community in accounting for infection risk, at both population and individual levels, using the wild transmission of the protozoan that causes Chagas disease as a vector-borne disease model. Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , transmitted by triatomine insects to mammals. We assessed if T. cruzi infection in vectors is explained by small mammal diversity and their densities (total and infected), when infection risk is measured at population level as infection prevalence (under a frequency-dependent transmission approach) and as density of infected vectors (density-dependent transmission approach), and when measured at individual level as vector infection probability. We analysed the infection status of 1974 vectors and co-occurring small mammal hosts in a semiarid-Mediterranean ecosystem. Results revealed that regardless of the level of analysis, only one host rodent species accounted for most variation in vector infection risk, suggesting a key role in the transmission cycle. To determine the factors explaining vector-borne disease dynamics, infection risk should be assessed at different scales, reflecting the factors meaningful from the vector's perspective and considering vector class-specific features.
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38

de la Fuente, José, and Agustín Estrada-Peña. "Why New Vaccines for the Control of Ectoparasite Vectors Have Not Been Registered and Commercialized?" Vaccines 7, no. 3 (July 28, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030075.

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The prevention and control of vector-borne diseases is a priority for improving global health. Despite recent advances in the characterization of ectoparasite-host-pathogen molecular interactions, vaccines are not available for most ectoparasites and vector-borne diseases that cause millions of deaths yearly. In this paper, in response to the question of why new vaccines for the control of ectoparasite vectors have not been registered and commercialized, and to contribute developing new effective vaccines against ectoparasite vectors, we propose challenges and approaches to be addressed.
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Hurwitz, Ivy, Annabeth Fieck, Amber Read, Heidi Hillesland, Nichole Klein, Angray Kang, and Ravi Durvasula. "Paratransgenic Control of Vector Borne Diseases." International Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 9 (2011): 1334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.7.1334.

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Glaser, C., P. Lewis, and S. Wong. "Pet-, Animal-, and Vector-borne Infections." Pediatrics in Review 21, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.21-7-219.

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41

Andric, Bogdanka. "VECTOR BORNE TRANSMISSIBLE ZOONOSES IN MONTENEGRO." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 18, 1, no. 2012 (April 11, 2012): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2012181.220.

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42

M, Retneswari. "THE MENACE OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES." Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 11, no. 2 (December 29, 2008): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jummec.vol11no2.1.

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43

Epstein, Paul R. "Global warming and vector-borne disease." Lancet 351, no. 9117 (June 1998): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)77777-1.

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Haines, Andy. "Global warming and vector-borne disease." Lancet 351, no. 9117 (June 1998): 1737–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)77778-3.

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Reiter, Paul. "Global warming and vector-borne disease." Lancet 351, no. 9117 (June 1998): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)77779-5.

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Sutherst, R. W., J. S. I. Ingram, and H. Scherm. "Global Change and Vector-borne Diseases." Parasitology Today 14, no. 8 (August 1998): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(98)01271-x.

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Byrd, Brian, Stephanie L. Richards, Jennifer D. Runkle, and Margaret M. Sugg. "Vector-borne Diseases and Climate Change." North Carolina Medical Journal 81, no. 5 (September 2020): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18043/ncm.81.5.324.

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Van der Hoek, Wim, and Flemming Konradsen. "Water, Agriculture and Vector-Borne Diseases." Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) 37, no. 1 (June 16, 2009): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v37i1.498.

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Schorderet-Weber, Sandra, Sandra Noack, Paul M. Selzer, and Ronald Kaminsky. "Blocking transmission of vector-borne diseases." International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 7, no. 1 (April 2017): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.01.004.

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Moore, Karen S. "Vector-borne Diseases: An Ongoing Threat." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 15, no. 6 (June 2019): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.01.010.

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